- Title
- Occurrence, feeding ecology, and population structure of two dolphin species, Tursiops aduncus and Delphinus delphis, off the Wild Coast of South Africa
- Creator
- Caputo, Michelle Anne
- ThesisAdvisor
- Froneman, William
- Subject
- Delphinus -- South Africa-- Kwazulu-Natal -- Ecology
- Subject
- Tursoops -- South Africa-- Kwazulu-Natal -- Ecology
- Subject
- Delphinus -- South Africa-- Kwazulu-Natal -- Feeding and feeds
- Subject
- Tursoops -- South Africa-- Kwazulu-Natal -- Feeding and feeds
- Subject
- Dolphins -- South Africa-- Kwazulu-Natal
- Subject
- Delphinus -- South Africa-- Kwazulu-Natal -- Behavior
- Subject
- Tursoops -- South Africa-- Kwazulu-Natal -- Behavior
- Subject
- Marine ecology -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal
- Date
- 2019
- Type
- text
- Type
- Thesis
- Type
- Doctoral
- Type
- PhD
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10962/115612
- Identifier
- vital:34197
- Description
- Dolphins are apex predators and their movements, foraging activities and population dynamics play an important role in shaping their environment. Understanding their occurrence, movement patterns, and trophic ecology is essential to their conservation, especially as they are considered sentinel species. The Wild Coast of South Africa’s Eastern Cape, is characterized by the annual sardine (Sardinops sagax) run, which serves as an important foraging event for apex predators, including Indo-Pacific bottlenose (Tursiops aduncus) and long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis). Despite the ecological significance of this event, no dedicated surveys for these species have previously been conducted in this area. The main objectives of this research were to: investigate long-term occurrence of dolphins during the sardine run to determine if there have been any changes over the past 19 years, as has been predicted from common dolphin dietary investigations and anecdotal evidence; to determine short-term occurrence and movement patterns of selected inshore delphinids within the area, which is characterized by three marine protected areas (MPAs); and to use stable isotope analyses to determine trophic relationships and population structure of bottlenose and common dolphins within the region. Long-term data consisted of 131 opportunistic aerial surveys conducted between May and July over the period 1996 to 2014. Results from these surveys indicate that common dolphins, typically associated with sardines, decreased significantly in average group size over the study period (p=0.0343). Bottlenose dolphins, demonstrated no such trend (p=0.916). For both species, greater majority (> 70% of total counts) of sightings were made inside the MPAs. Short-term boat-based surveys were conducted three times a year between June 2014 and December 2016, contributing to a total of 47 days of surveys divided into three locations: Amathole, Hluleka, and Pondoland, each containing a MPA. Density and group size data were analyzed for both species and photographic identification analysis was performed for photographs of bottlenose dolphin dorsal fins. Results indicate that animal and sighting density did not differ temporally (bottlenose dolphin: sighting density – p=0.398, individual density –p=0.781; common dolphin: sighting density –p=0.472, individual density – p=0.204). Environmental factors (sea surface temperature, depth, substrate, and distance from shore) appeared to have limited effect on individual and sighting density and group size for both species (p>0.05). Photographic identification of bottlenose dolphins resulted in 2149 individuals, with a 11.8% resighting rate, with the highest resighting rate within the Pondoland MPA (16.1%). The resighting count did not differ temporally between monthly survey based on generalized linear models (p=0.866), but did differ between study areas (p<0.0001). These results provide the first evidence of the occurrence of both species of dolphin off the Wild Coast, as they were sighted in this region in all survey months. There was no trend in density based on temporal or environmental factors, which suggests other factors are influencing their occurrence. Resightings of bottlenose dolphins within the area suggest that there is some degree of residency, though the majority of animals were only sighted on a single occasion and there was no plateau in the discovery curve. A total of 256 biopsy samples (bottlenose dolphins =128; common dolphins=128) were collected during boat-based surveys. Bottlenose dolphin samples were also collected from adjacent areas to the southwest (Algoa Bay, n=22) and northeast (KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), n=20) of the Wild Coast to investigate similarities and differences between these areas. Despite a high degree of niche overlap between the two species (41%), common dolphins fed with a broader niche (standard ellipse area probability 0.89) than bottlenose dolphins in the summer and a narrower niche in the winter (probability 0.94). There was a clear spatial variation in the diet of bottlenose dolphins along the coast, with individuals from Algoa Bay and Amathole demonstrating 0% niche overlap with individuals from KZN, but the mechanism for these differences remains unclear as other species from South African waters demonstrate a strong southwest to northeast gradient in nitrogen for the Eastern Cape coastline. This research provides valuable baseline information regarding dolphins off the Wild Coast of South Africa, which remained largely unknown. My results indicate that bottlenose dolphins may be more resident in the Wild Coast than previous predicted, and confirm that common dolphins are highly mobile in this area.
- Format
- 150 pages, pdf
- Publisher
- Rhodes University, Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology
- Language
- English
- Rights
- Caputo, Michelle Anne
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| Thumbnail | File | Description | Size | Format | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| View Details Download | SOURCE1 | CAPUTO-PhD-TR20-28.pdf | 3 MB | Adobe Acrobat PDF | View Details Download |