- Title
- An evaluation of recirculating artificial stream designs for acute toxicity testing using two South African Ephemeroptera species exposed to sodium sulphate
- Creator
- Binder, Markus
- ThesisAdvisor
- Scherman, Patricia-Ann
- ThesisAdvisor
- Palmer, Carolyn
- Subject
- Water -- Pollution -- Toxicology
- Subject
- Toxicology -- Research
- Subject
- Aquatic organisms -- Effect of water pollution on
- Subject
- Sodium sulfate
- Subject
- Mayflies
- Date
- 2000
- Type
- Thesis
- Type
- Masters
- Type
- MSc
- Identifier
- vital:5690
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005376
- Identifier
- Water -- Pollution -- Toxicology
- Identifier
- Toxicology -- Research
- Identifier
- Aquatic organisms -- Effect of water pollution on
- Identifier
- Sodium sulfate
- Identifier
- Mayflies
- Description
- Three artificial stream designs, termed Large Artificial Stream Units (LASUs), Raceways, and Channels, at two major scales (1700 L, 12.5 L and 20 L recirculated volume) were developed at the Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, in order to explore the possibilities of using indigenous rheophilic macroinvertebrates in routine toxicity tests. This study compared these systems, using 96h-EC50 values from sodium sulphate toxicity tests as the experimental response. Two local Ephemeroptera (Leptophlebiidae: Adenophlebia auriculata Eaton, and Baetidae: Afroptilum sudafricanum Lestage) were evaluated for their suitability in routine toxicity tests; and the possible effects of elevated salinity levels in South African rivers on the test species were assessed. Two sets of experiments with each mayfly species were conducted, following an unreplicated regression design. Dechlorinated tap water was used as the water source. Experiments in the Channels were repeated to determine experimental variability. Results were compared statistically by testing for overlap of 95% confidence limits (95%Cls) of EC50 values. The differences between A. auriculata EC50 values in the different systems were statistically significant (no overlap of 95%CLs), but they were not more variable than has been considered normal for biological systems (Coefficient of variation 20.1 %; ratio of greatest EC50 / smallest EC50 1.63). The differences were not related to the scale or the average current velocity characteristic of each stream design (average current velocity LASUs - Raceways - Channels 0.090 - 0.083 - 0.038 m/s). The Channels proved to be most efficient with regard to practical performance as they are portable and easily transportable, user-friendly, reliable, splash-free, cost effective to construct, and can easily be adapted to specific requirements. These systems are therefore recommended for regular use. The suitability of the two mayfly species for routine toxicity testing was evaluated. A. auriculata EC50 values showed a significant negative correlation with the corresponding average body-size (range 1476 - 1610 μm, mean 1555 μm). The different average body-sizes probably reflected the abundance of a certain size range present in the Palmiet River at the time of collection. Both species reacted similarly to Na₂S0₄ (similar slopes of the toxicity curves), identifying this salt as a slow acting toxicant. A. sudafricanum populations were more sensitive to Na₂S0₄ (EC50 3.404 g/L) than A. auriculata (EC50 8.090 g/L), probably because of its smaller body-size (mean 709 μm) and a lack of extremely tolerant individuals. In comparison to other freshwater macro invertebrates, including the standard toxicity test organism Daphnia spp., both mayfly species seemed to be moderately tolerant of Na₂S0₄; therefore there was no particular advantage to using these indigenous taxa rather than Daphnia spp. An assessment of the effects of elevated salinity/TDS levels on the test taxa yielded preliminary insights. A NaCI-EC50 for A. sudafricanum could be extrapolated and suggested a higher sensitivity to Na₂S0₄ than to NaCl. When Na₂S0₄ EC50 values of both species were compared to selected TDS levels of South African rivers, 4. auriculata would mostly not be affected, but A. sudafricanum might occasionally suffer from sub-lethal effects, depending on the sulphate proportion of the TDS. The South African guideline for TDS seemed to protect both species sufficiently.
- Format
- 212 p., pdf
- Publisher
- Rhodes University, Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology
- Language
- English
- Rights
- Binder, Markus
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