Co-loading of isoniazid-grafted phthalocyanine-in-cyclodextrin and rifampicin in crude soybean lecithin liposomes: Formulation, spectroscopic and biological characterization
- Authors: Nkanga, Christian I , Roth, Michael , Walker, Roderick B , Noundou, Xavier S , Krause, Rui W M
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/183481 , vital:43999 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2020.2880"
- Description: An inclusion complex of isoniazid-grafted phthalocyanine with gamma-cyclodextrin (Complex) was co-encapsulated with rifampicin (RIF) in crude soybean lecithin liposomes using a heating method. The encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of the Complex-RIF co-loaded liposomes (Rif-Complex-Lips) was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Rif-Complex-Lips formulations were evaluated using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 1H-NMR, absorption and emission spectroscopy. Dialysis was used for drug release study in two different media, pH 6.4 and 7.4. HeLa cells were used to assess potential cytotoxicity, and the uptake by lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells was investigated using fluorescence microscopy. The particle size and Zeta potential of Rif-Complex-Lips were approximately 594 nm and –50 mV. Spectroscopic analyses demonstrated molecular distribution of the cargo within the lipid core, and encapsulation efficiency of 58% for Complex and 86% for RIF. TEM analysis unveiled the existence of spherical nanoparticles in our samples, indicating the presence of liposomes. Rif-Complex-Lips exhibited much higher release rates for both INH and RIF at pH 6.4 compared to those tested at pH 7.4. In addition, there was no cytotoxicity on HeLa cells, but remarkable Rif-Complex-Lips internalization by peripheral lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Hence, Rif-Complex-Lips are promising vehicles for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial drugs.
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Compounds isolation and biological activities of Piptadeniastrum africanum (hook. f.) Brennan (Fabaceae) roots:
- Authors: Teinkela, Jean E M , Noundou, Xavier S , Mimba, Jeanne E Z , Meyer, Franck , Tabouguia, Octavie M , Nguedia, Jules C A , Hoppe, Heinrich C , Krause, Rui W M , Wintjens, René , Azebaze, Anatole G B
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150084 , vital:38938 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112716
- Description: The dicotyledonous plant Piptadeniastrum africanum (hook.f.) Brennan (Fabaceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat various human complaints including bronchitis, coughing, urino-genital ailments, meningitis, abdominal pain, treatment of wounds, malaria and gastrointestinal ailments, and is used as a purgative and worm expeller. The present study describes the phytochemical investigation and the determination of the antimicrobial, antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities of crude extract, fractions and compounds extracted from Piptadeniastrum africanum roots.
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Encapsulation and physicochemical evaluation of efavirenz in liposomes
- Authors: Okafor, Nnamdi Ikemefuna , Nkanga, Christian I , Walker, Roderick B , Noundou, Xavier S , Krause, Rui W M
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/183414 , vital:43988 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-019-00458-8"
- Description: Antiretroviral therapy remains the most efective means of managing the human immune defciency virus/acquired immune defciency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Application of therapeutics has been hampered by factors including poor bioavailability of most anti-retroviral compounds (ARV), side efects and an alarming emergence of drug resistant strains of the virus. Recent developments and use of drug delivery systems (DDS) has shown potential for improving the pharmacological profle of ARV. Amongst these complex DDS, liposomes have been explored for delivery of ARV. In this study, we have aimed at exploring efcient encapsulation of efavirenz (EFV), a potent ARV using diferent mass ratios of crude soybean lecithin and cholesterol. The EFV-loaded liposomes (EFL) were prepared using thin flm hydration and evaluated for particle size, zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efciency (EE%), morphology and drug release studies. Diferential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray difraction (XRD), energy dispersity spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used for comprehensive physicochemical characterization of EFL. EFL exhibited high encapsulation (99%) in 1:1 crude lecithin to cholesterol mass ratio. The average particle size and Zeta Potential of EFL were found to be 411.10±7.40 nm and −53.5.3±0.06 mV, respectively. EFL showed a relatively controlled EFV release behaviour that was similar to the dissolution profle of un-encapsulated EFV. This suggests that EFL represents a promising vehicle for efective EFV delivery while providing the advantages of a nano-scaled delivery system
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Synthesis of pH sensitive dual capped CdTe QDs: their optical properties and structural morphology
- Authors: Daramola, Olamide A , Noundou, Xavier S , Nkanga, Christian I , Tseki, Potlaki F , Krause, Rui W M
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/156364 , vital:39983 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-020-02526-x
- Description: We herein report five different types of thiol dual capped cadmium tellurite quantum dots (CdTe QDs) namely glutathionemercapto-propanoic acid (QD 1), glutathione-thiolglycolic acid (QD 2), L-cysteine-mercapto-propanoic acid (QD 3), L-cysteinethiol-glycolic acid (QD 4) and mercapto-propanoic acid-thiol-glycolic (QD 5). Dual-capped CdTe QDs were prepared using a one pot synthetic method. Cadmium acetate and sodium tellurite were respectively used as cadmium and tellurium precursors. Photo-physical properties of the synthesized QDs were examined using UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy while structural characterization was performed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
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Anti-HIV-1 integrase potency of methylgallate from Alchornea cordifolia using in vitro and in silico approaches:
- Authors: Noundou, Xavier S , Musyoka, Thommas M , Moses, Vuyani , Ndinteh, Derek T , Mnkandhla, Dumisani , Hoppe, Heinrich C , Tastan Bishop, Özlem , Krause, Rui W M
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/162975 , vital:41001 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1038/s41598-019-41403-x
- Description: According to the 2018 report of the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), remains a significant public health problem. The non-existence of a cure or effective vaccine for the disease and the associated emergence of resistant viral strains imply an urgent need for the discovery of novel anti-HIV drug candidates. The current study aimed to identify potential anti-retroviral compounds from Alchornea cordifolia.
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Co-encapsulation of rifampicin and isoniazid in crude soybean lecithin liposomes
- Authors: Nkanga, Christian I , Noundou, Xavier S , Walker, Roderick B , Krause, Rui W M
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/183536 , vital:44005 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17159/0379-4350/2019/v72a11"
- Description: Despite the well-known anti-mycobacterial actions of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), the clinical success of tuberculosis (TB) therapy requires prolonged administration of multiple drugs in high doses, which often result in frequent adverse effects and low patient adherence. Although liposomes are promising candidates for controlled delivery of anti-TB drug, the high cost of synthetic and highly purified natural lipids currently used in liposomal technology might preclude the universal application of therapeutic liposomes. This work aimed at evaluating the potential of a cost-effective lipid material, crude soybean lecithin (CL), to co-encapsulate RIF and INH for liposomal dual delivery. RIF was encapsulated in CL-liposomes with/without cholesterol using film hydration method, after which INH was incorporated using a freeze–thawing technique. Dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and dialysis were used for liposome characterization. Liposomes containing CL alone (CLL) exhibited 90%encapsulation efficiency for RIF and 59%for INH. The mean size and surface charge of CLL were 1114nm and –63mV, respectively. In addition, CLL showed a controlled release profile for the co-encapsulated drugs. CLL would be promising vehicles for macrophage-targeting drug delivery. The present findings demonstrate the feasibility of using CL for preparation of combination products for liposomal delivery.
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Molecular Networking Reveals Two Distinct Chemotypes in Pyrroloiminoquinone-Producing Tsitsikamma favus Sponges
- Authors: Kalinski, Jarmo-Charles J , Waterworth, Samantha C , Noundou, Xavier S , Jiwaji, Meesbah , Parker-Nance, Shirley , Krause, Rui W M , McPhail, Kerry L , Dorrington, Rosemary A
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/131618 , vital:36673 , https://doi.org/10.3390/md17010060
- Description: The temperate marine sponge, Tsitsikamma favus, produces pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids with potential as anticancer drug leads. We profiled the secondary metabolite reservoir of T. favus sponges using HR-ESI-LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking analysis followed by preparative purification efforts to map the diversity of new and known pyrroloiminoquinones and related compounds in extracts of seven specimens. Molecular taxonomic identification confirmed all sponges as T. favus and five specimens (chemotype I) were found to produce mainly discorhabdins and tsitsikammamines. Remarkably, however, two specimens (chemotype II) exhibited distinct morphological and chemical characteristics: the absence of discorhabdins, only trace levels of tsitsikammamines and, instead, an abundance of unbranched and halogenated makaluvamines. Targeted chromatographic isolation provided the new makaluvamine Q, the known makaluvamines A and I, tsitsikammamine B, 14-bromo-7,8-dehydro-3-dihydro-discorhabdin C, and the related pyrrolo-ortho-quinones makaluvamine O and makaluvone. Purified compounds displayed different activity profiles in assays for topoisomerase I inhibition, DNA intercalation and antimetabolic activity against human cell lines. This is the first report of makaluvamines from a Tsitsikamma sponge species, and the first description of distinct chemotypes within a species of the Latrunculiidae family. This study sheds new light on the putative pyrroloiminoquinone biosynthetic pathway of latrunculid sponges
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Beneficial effects of medicinal plants in fish diseases
- Authors: Stratev, Deyan , Zhelyazkov, Georgi , Noundou, Xavier S , Krause, Rui W M
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/126177 , vital:35856 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-017-0219-x
- Description: Fish are constantly in contact with pathogens inhabiting water. High populationdensity as well as poor hydrodynamic conditions and feeding lead to an increased sensitivitytowards infections. In order to prevent major economic losses due to diseases, variousmedications are used for treatment and prevention of infections. The use of antimicrobialdrugs in aquacultures could lead to emergence of resistance in pathogenic microorganisms.Alternatives are being sought over the last few years to replace antibiotics, and medicinalplants are one of available options for this purpose. These plants are rich in secondarymetabolites and phytochemical compounds, which have an effect against viral, bacterial, andparasitic diseases in fish. Their main advantage is their natural origin and most of these plantsdo not represent threat for human health, the fish, and the environment. The goal of this reviewis to present information on the treatment of viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases in fishthrough medicinal plants, with focus on the mechanisms of action of the identified secondarymetabolites, fractions, or plant extracts.
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Biological activities of plant extracts from Ficus elastica and Selaginella vogelli: an antimalarial, antitrypanosomal and cytotoxity evaluation
- Authors: Meyer, Franck , Isaacs, Michelle , Noundou, Xavier S , Krause, Rui W M , Teinkela, J E M , Hoppe, Heinrich C , Mpondo, Albert E M , Azebaze, Anatole G B , Nguemfo, Edwige L , Wintjens, Rene
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/126142 , vital:35853 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.07.002
- Description: The cytotoxic, antiplasmodial, and antitrypanosomal activities of two medicinal plants traditionally used in Cameroon were evaluated. Wood of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. aerial roots (Moraceae) and Selaginella vogelii Spring (Selaginellaceae) leaves were collected from two different sites in Cameroon. In vitro cell-growth inhibition activities were assessed on methanol extract of plant materials against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 and Trypanosoma brucei brucei, as well as against HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells. Criteria for activity were an IC50 value 10 μg/mL. The extract of S. vogelii did not significantly reduce the viability of P. falciparum at a concentration of 25 μg/mL but dramatically affected the trypanosome growth with an IC50 of 2.4 μg/mL. In contrast, at the same concentration, the extract of F. elastica exhibited plasmodiacidal activity (IC50 value of 9.5 μg/mL) and trypanocidal (IC50 value of 0.9 μg/mL) activity. Both extracts presented low cytotoxic effects on HeLa cancer cell line. These results indicate that the selected medicinal plants could be further investigated for identifying compounds that may be responsible for the observed activities and that may represent new leads in parasitical drug discovery.
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Biological activity of plant extracts and isolated compounds from Alchornea laxiflora: Anti-HIV, antibacterial and cytotoxicity evaluation
- Authors: Ndinteh, Derek T , Olivier, Denise K , Noundou, Xavier S , Krause, Rui W M , Mnkandhla, D , Isaacs, Michelle , Hoppe, Heinrich C , Muganza, F M , Mbafor, J T , Van Vuuren, S F , Patnala, S
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/126634 , vital:35907 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.08.010
- Description: This study was designed to assess the cytotoxicity, anti-HIV and antibacterial efficacy of various solvent extracts of roots, stem and leaves of Alchornea laxiflora, as well as five compounds isolated from its methanolic stem extract viz.; ellagic acid (1); 3-O-methyl-ellagic acid (2), 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-sitosterol (3), 3-O-acetyl-oleanolic acid (4) and 3-O-acetyl-ursolic acid (5). The tested crude extracts were prepared from several solvent polarities including: hexane (Hex), chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH) and water (H2O). The anti-HIV properties were assessed on HIV-1 subtype C integrase while the cytotoxicity was tested against Hela cells. The antibacterial activity was studied on a panel of pathogens including gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory and urinary-tract infection causing Gram positive bacteria viz.; Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (ATCC 15305)] and Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Moraxella catarrhalis (ATCC 23246). All the tested samples were determined to be non-toxic due to the low inhibitions observed. The most potent anti-HIV activity was observed for the methanolic extract of A. laxiflora root (ALR4) with an IC50 value of 0.21 ng/ml, which was more active than chicoric acid used as reference drug (6.82 nM). Roots, stem and leaves of A. laxiflora extracts exhibited antibacterial activities against most of the Gram-positive bacteria with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging between 50 and 63 μg/ml. Compounds 1–5 displayed antibacterial activities against S. saprophyticus with MIC values as low as 4 μg/ml. The results inferred from this study demonstrate the potential of A. laxiflora root as a source for new anti-HIV drugs and scientifically validate the traditional use of A. laxiflora in the treatment of gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory and urinary tract related infections. These results reaffirm the ethnopharmacological significance of African traditional medicines.
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In vitro antimalarial, antitrypanosomal and HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activities of two Cameroonian medicinal plants: Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae) and Diospyros conocarpa (Ebenaceae)
- Authors: Fouokeng, Y , Feusso, H M Feumo , Noundou, Xavier S , Krause, Rui W M , Teinkela, Jean E Mb , Wintjens, R , Hoppe, Heinrich C , Azebaze, Anatole G B , Vardamides, Juliette C , Isaacs, Michelle
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/126653 , vital:35908 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.10.008
- Description: Antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal and anti-HIV-1 activities of crude extracts, fractions and some isolated compounds from two Cameroonian medicinal plants: Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre (Anacardiaceae) and Diospyros conocarpa Gürke ex K. Schum. (Ebenaceae) were assessed. The phytochemical studies led to the isolation of eight compounds (1–8) from Diospyros conocarpa and six compounds (6, 9–13) from Antrocaryon klaineanum. These compounds were identified as mangiferolic acid (1), 3β, 22(S)-dihydroxycycloart-24E-en-26-oic acid (2), lupeol (3), aridanin (4), betulin (5), betulinic acid (6), bergenin (7), D-quercitol(8), entilin C(9), entilin A(10), antrocarine A(11), 7R,20(S)-dihydroxy-4,24(28)-ergostadien-3-one(12) and stigmasterol glucoside (13). The criteria for activity were set as follows: an IC50 value
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Isolation and Characterisation of Stigmasterol and β–Sitosterol from Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev.
- Authors: Okoro, Ijeoma S , Tor-Anyiin, Terrumun A , Igoli, John O , Noundou, Xavier S , Krause, Rui W M
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/126191 , vital:35857 , https://doi.org/10.9734/AJOCS/2017/37147
- Description: Aim: Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev. is a plant with several chemical constituents whichaccounts for its ethno-pharmacological uses. The present study is aimed at identifying and characterizing the active principles from the roots of the plant. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Organic Chemistry,Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa between March and July 2016. Methodology: The root powder was subjected to maceration with methanol to obtain the crude extract. The methanol extract was fractionated using hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone successively. The acetone extract was thereafter subjected to column chromatography to isolate any pure components. Results: White needle-like crystals were obtained which on spectral analysis(IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2D- NMR, and ESI-MS ) were identified as a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. Conclusion: The compounds isolated were identified as stigmasterol and β-sitosterol.
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pH-Dependent release of isoniazid from isonicotinic acid (4-hydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazide loaded liposomes
- Authors: Nkanga, Christian I , Tor-Anyiin, Terrumun A , Igoli, John O , Noundou, Xavier S , Krause, Rui W M
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/126427 , vital:35884 , https://doi.org/10.9734/AJOCS/2017/37147
- Description: Liposomes are considered as potential vehicles for the delivery of anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATBD) due to their rapid uptake by alveolar macrophages, where the mycobacterium often resides. This may provide macrophage-targeting effects that would be key to site specific ATBD delivery using pH-sensitive liposomes, considering the pH-gradient found in the phagocytotic pathway. In this study, isoniazid (INH) was conjugated to 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde via a hydrazone bond to yield isonicotinic acid (4-hydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazide (INH-HB). This conjugate was encapsulated in crude soybean lecithin liposomes using film hydration method. INH-HB loaded liposomes (IHL) were characterized by means of dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The release of INH from IHL was evaluated in media of different pH using a dialysis method. The particle size, Zeta Potential and encapsulation efficiency of IHL were about 945 nm, −62 mV and 89% respectively. In media of pH 7.4, 6.4, 5.4 and 4.4; the IHL exhibited respectively 22, 69, 83 and 100% of release over 12 h. In addition to possible targeted delivery, this pH-dependent release behavior may be suitable for minimizing the loss of INH by leakage from liposomes. The characteristics of IHL are promising for potential site-specific delivery of ATBD.
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Three new pentacyclic triterpenoids from twigs of Manniophyton fulvum (Euphorbiaceae)
- Authors: Mbeunkeu, Ahri B D , Noundou, Xavier S , Krause, Rui W M , Teinkela, Jean E M , Laatsch, Hartmut , Azebaze, Anatole G B , Vardamides, Juliette C , Tala, Michel F
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/126782 , vital:35922 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2018.06.019
- Description: Phytochemical investigation of the methanol extracts of the twigs of Manniophyton fulvum has led to the isolation and characterization of three new pentacyclic triterpenoids, designated as 3α,28-dihydroxyfriedelan-1-one (1), manniotaraxerol A (3) and manniotaraxerol B (4), along with fourteen known compounds, 3α-hydroxy-1-oxofriedelane (2), betulinic acid (5), friedelin (S1), taraxerol (S2), a mixture of stigmasterol (S3) and β-sitosterol (S4), herranone (S5), docosanoic acid (S6), ursolic acid (S7), nasutin B (S8), bergenin (S9), stigmasterol-3-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (S10), 1,2-di-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6-sulfo-α-D-quinovopyranosyl)glycerol (S11), and aridanin (S12). The structures of all compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D NMR, EI and ESI-MS). 3α,28-Dihydroxyfriedelan-1-one (1), 3α-hydroxy-1-oxofriedelane (2), manniotaraxerol A (3), manniotaraxerol B (4), and betulinic acid (5) were evaluated against HeLa (human cervix adenocarcinoma) cancer cells. Manniotaraxerol A (3) showed weak in vitro cytotoxicity with a cell viability value of 49.3%. Betulinic acid (5) also showed significant cytotoxicity against HeLa cell with a cell viability value of 4.0%; the other compounds were inactive in this test.
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Do microplastic loads reflect the population demographics along the southern African coastline?
- Authors: Nel, Holly A , Hean, Jeffrey W , Noundou, Xavier S , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67961 , vital:29174 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.056
- Description: Publisher version , Plastic pollution is a major anthropogenic contaminant effecting the marine environment and is often associated with high human population densities and industrial activities. The microplastic (63 to 5000 μm) burden of beach sediment and surf-zone water was investigated at selected sites along the entire length of the South African coastline. It was predicted that samples collected in areas of high population density, would contain a higher microplastic burden than those along coasts that demonstrate very low population densities. With the exception of water column microplastics within Richard's Bay Harbour (413.3 ± 77.53 particles·m− 3) and Durban Harbour (1200 ± 133.2 particles·m− 3), there were no significant spatial differences in microplastic loads. This supports the theory that harbours act as a source of microplastics for the surrounding marine environment. Additionally, the absence of any spatial variation highlights the possible long range distribution of microplastic pollutants by large scale ocean currents.
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Preparation and characterization of isoniazid-loaded crude soybean lecithin liposomes
- Authors: Nkanga, Christian I , Isaacs, Michelle , Noundou, Xavier S , Krause, Rui W M , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125654 , vital:35804 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.074
- Description: Unexpected substituent-dependent regioselectivty challenges in the synthesis of C-benzylated (N-arylcarbamoyl)phosphonate esters have been resolved. The C-benzylated N-furfurylcarbamoyl derivative showed low micromolar PfLDH inhibition, while one of the C-benzylated N-arylcarbamoyl analogues was active against Nagana Trypanosoma brucei parasites which are responsible for African trypanosomiasis in cattle.
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