An assessment of the Kenyan coastal artisanal fishery and implications for the introduction of fish aggregation devices
- Authors: Mbaru, Emmanuel Kakunde
- Date: 2013 , 2013-07-30
- Subjects: Fisheries -- Kenya , Fishery management -- Kenya , Fish aggregation devices , Small-scale fisheries -- Kenya , Small-scale fisheries -- Economic aspects -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5341 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006055 , Fisheries -- Kenya , Fishery management -- Kenya , Fish aggregation devices , Small-scale fisheries -- Kenya , Small-scale fisheries -- Economic aspects -- Kenya
- Description: The marine fishery in Kenya is predominantly small-scale and artisanal with about 11,000 fishers intensely fishing near shore coastal reefs using minimally selective fishing gears. A large majority (88%) of fishers use outdated equipment such as basket traps, beach seines, hand lines (hook and lines), fence traps, gillnets, spearguns and cast nets. Handmade canoes propelled by paddles (kasia) or sail power are used to access offshore waters, while only a few fishers have motorized boats. Although fishers along this coast know and express the potential of offshore fishing, most of them are disempowered and unable to access any of the largely untapped offshore pelagic resources. Using a unique dataset from four distinct coastal areas: Funzi-Shirazi bay area, Diani-Chale area, Mombasa-Kilifi north coast area and the Malindi-Ungwana bay area, containing species level length frequency catch data from the multi-gear and multi-species fishery, abundance of specific species, gear use comparisons in various regions, catch per unit effort and total catch estimate over a nine year period (2001 – 2009) were evaluated. Despite high diversity in the fishery, five species (Lethrinus lentjan, Siganus sutor, Leptoscarus vaigiensis, Lethrinus harak and Parupeneus macronemus) represented over 75% of the catch. A total of 11 legitimate gears were observed in this coastal artisanal fishery with basket traps (42%) being the most popular. Fishers along the Mombasa-Kilifi area predominatly used beach seines while those in Diani-Chale, Malindi-Ungwana bay and Funzi-shirazi bay predominaltly used spearguns, gillnets and basket traps, respectively. Apart from gillnets, a general declining trend for most of the gear types was observed since 2004. Beach seines recorded the lowest (20.9±0.2 cm) mean length while gillnets recorded the highest (34.2±0.3 cm). The highest catch (~26,000 metric tons) came in 2001 and the lowest (~15,000 metric tons) in 2005. The highest number of fishers was observed in 2008 while 2009 recorded the highest (4.8±2.3) mean number of hours per outing. The mean annual CPUE per region ranged from (1.5 kg.fisher-1.hr-1) in Diani-Chale to (1.0 kg.fisher-1.hr-1) in Malindi-Ungwana bay. Making use of questionnaire data, the attitudes towards offshore fishing strategies, FADs in particular, were evaluated. Some communities (about 25% in every location) were not even aware of FAD fisheries. With the imminent introduction of a FAD fishery in Kenya, it was concluded that, for this fishery to realize its full potential, training on FAD fishing techniques has to be done. Finally, effective management is necessary if small-scale fisheries are to continue providing food security for many poor coastal communities. Gear-based management in Kenya, although under represented and under studied, has the potential to be adaptive, address multiple objectives, and be crafted to the socio-economic setting. Management effectiveness in near shore fisheries has generally been evaluated at the scale of the fish community. However, community level indicators can mask species-specific declines that provide significant portions of the fisheries yields and income. This thesis seeks to identify ways in which the Kenyan artisanal fishery can be sustained and managed from within coastal communities, giving them the resources and education to effectively improve their lives. The introduction of a offshore FAD fishery and hence access to offshore pelagic species provides an opportunity to not only alleviate pressure on coastal resources but also to empower coastal communities and contribute to the growth of Kenya’s national economy as a whole.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Mbaru, Emmanuel Kakunde
- Date: 2013 , 2013-07-30
- Subjects: Fisheries -- Kenya , Fishery management -- Kenya , Fish aggregation devices , Small-scale fisheries -- Kenya , Small-scale fisheries -- Economic aspects -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5341 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006055 , Fisheries -- Kenya , Fishery management -- Kenya , Fish aggregation devices , Small-scale fisheries -- Kenya , Small-scale fisheries -- Economic aspects -- Kenya
- Description: The marine fishery in Kenya is predominantly small-scale and artisanal with about 11,000 fishers intensely fishing near shore coastal reefs using minimally selective fishing gears. A large majority (88%) of fishers use outdated equipment such as basket traps, beach seines, hand lines (hook and lines), fence traps, gillnets, spearguns and cast nets. Handmade canoes propelled by paddles (kasia) or sail power are used to access offshore waters, while only a few fishers have motorized boats. Although fishers along this coast know and express the potential of offshore fishing, most of them are disempowered and unable to access any of the largely untapped offshore pelagic resources. Using a unique dataset from four distinct coastal areas: Funzi-Shirazi bay area, Diani-Chale area, Mombasa-Kilifi north coast area and the Malindi-Ungwana bay area, containing species level length frequency catch data from the multi-gear and multi-species fishery, abundance of specific species, gear use comparisons in various regions, catch per unit effort and total catch estimate over a nine year period (2001 – 2009) were evaluated. Despite high diversity in the fishery, five species (Lethrinus lentjan, Siganus sutor, Leptoscarus vaigiensis, Lethrinus harak and Parupeneus macronemus) represented over 75% of the catch. A total of 11 legitimate gears were observed in this coastal artisanal fishery with basket traps (42%) being the most popular. Fishers along the Mombasa-Kilifi area predominatly used beach seines while those in Diani-Chale, Malindi-Ungwana bay and Funzi-shirazi bay predominaltly used spearguns, gillnets and basket traps, respectively. Apart from gillnets, a general declining trend for most of the gear types was observed since 2004. Beach seines recorded the lowest (20.9±0.2 cm) mean length while gillnets recorded the highest (34.2±0.3 cm). The highest catch (~26,000 metric tons) came in 2001 and the lowest (~15,000 metric tons) in 2005. The highest number of fishers was observed in 2008 while 2009 recorded the highest (4.8±2.3) mean number of hours per outing. The mean annual CPUE per region ranged from (1.5 kg.fisher-1.hr-1) in Diani-Chale to (1.0 kg.fisher-1.hr-1) in Malindi-Ungwana bay. Making use of questionnaire data, the attitudes towards offshore fishing strategies, FADs in particular, were evaluated. Some communities (about 25% in every location) were not even aware of FAD fisheries. With the imminent introduction of a FAD fishery in Kenya, it was concluded that, for this fishery to realize its full potential, training on FAD fishing techniques has to be done. Finally, effective management is necessary if small-scale fisheries are to continue providing food security for many poor coastal communities. Gear-based management in Kenya, although under represented and under studied, has the potential to be adaptive, address multiple objectives, and be crafted to the socio-economic setting. Management effectiveness in near shore fisheries has generally been evaluated at the scale of the fish community. However, community level indicators can mask species-specific declines that provide significant portions of the fisheries yields and income. This thesis seeks to identify ways in which the Kenyan artisanal fishery can be sustained and managed from within coastal communities, giving them the resources and education to effectively improve their lives. The introduction of a offshore FAD fishery and hence access to offshore pelagic species provides an opportunity to not only alleviate pressure on coastal resources but also to empower coastal communities and contribute to the growth of Kenya’s national economy as a whole.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
Movement bahaviour of three South African inshore sparid species in rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats
- Authors: Watt-Pringle, Peter Andrew
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Sparidae -- South Africa , Diplodus , Sparodon Durbanensis , Fisheries -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5302 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005147 , Sparidae -- South Africa , Diplodus , Sparodon Durbanensis , Fisheries -- South Africa
- Description: This study investigated the movement behaviour of three inshore South African sparids – blacktail (Diplodus sargus capensis), zebra (Diplodus cervinus hottentotus) and white musselcracker (Sparodon durbanensis), popular inshore fishery species caught in appreciable numbers along much of the South African coast. The first study component examined movements of juveniles in a rocky intertidal nursery area at Schoenmakerskop near Port Elizabeth. Juveniles in a single gully were tagged with Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) and resighted at the study site on snorkelling gear over a seven-month period. Tagged zebra and musselcracker displayed limited movement between potential low tide refuges, being observed repeatedly in the same gully over the full duration of the study. However, blacktail displayed greater movements and were seen infrequently in the later period of the study, probably having undergone an ontogenetic habitat shift to subtidal areas. There was evidence that blacktail maintain use of their intertidal nursery over high tide, during which the other two species moved into shallower areas adjacent to their low tide refuge. The results of three national tagging programs were analysed to determine the movement patterns of adolescent and adult fishes. The coast-wide ORI-WWF National Voluntary Tagging Program and two dedicated research programs in marine protected areas (MPAs) at De Hoop MPA and Tsitsikamma National Park (TNP) recorded few large-scale movements of tagged adult blacktail, zebra and juvenile musselcracker. High spatial-resolution data from the TNP suggested movements were usually on scales far smaller than one km. Together with long periods at liberty for many recaptured individuals, this suggests these fishes are longterm residents of small home range areas. However, tagged musselcracker over 600 mm forklength (adults) were observed to make large-scale movements, including some in excess of 800 km from Eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal waters. Predominantly eastward movements of adults recaptured during the spawning season indicate seasonal spawning migrations that occur in different regions of the coast. These enable the use of prevailing oceanographic currents to disperse eggs and larvae to suitable rocky nursery habitat. The third component of this study made use of high-resolution data on the temporal and spatial distribution of catches by scientific angling in the TNP to examine the daily activity patterns of the study species in relation to diel and tidal cycles, and habitat use. Blacktail capture probability was correlated with the diurnal light cycle, with peaks close to twilight suggesting elevated crepuscular foraging activity. Catches of blacktail, zebra and small musselcracker were correlated with the tidal cycle, foraging peaking over high tide periods. All three species used shallow inshore habitats extensively for foraging, blacktail showing a preference for sandy areas, while zebra and small musselcracker preferred shallow reef. Capture probability of larger musselcracker, however, was unrelated to habitat, possibly evidence of increasing area and habitat use with an ontogenetic change in diet. The lifetime movement patterns of these three species are discussed in relation to conservation measures and their management in South African fisheries. Restricted movement throughout post-settlement life for blacktail and zebra, and during the juvenile phase for musselcracker, makes local populations vulnerable to overexploitation. At present, MPAs probably play an important role in protecting local blacktail and zebra populations from overexploitation, and limited post-settlement movements mean the degree of larval dispersal between protected and adjacent areas will likely determine the effectiveness of MPAs in enhancing fisheries for these species. By contrast, MPAs likely provide recruits to fisheries for musselcracker during ontogenetic movements and dispersal from MPAs during spawning migrations. MPAs only offer partial protection to adult musselcracker populations in the spawning season, but this could nevertheless be significant under high levels of exploitation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Watt-Pringle, Peter Andrew
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Sparidae -- South Africa , Diplodus , Sparodon Durbanensis , Fisheries -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5302 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005147 , Sparidae -- South Africa , Diplodus , Sparodon Durbanensis , Fisheries -- South Africa
- Description: This study investigated the movement behaviour of three inshore South African sparids – blacktail (Diplodus sargus capensis), zebra (Diplodus cervinus hottentotus) and white musselcracker (Sparodon durbanensis), popular inshore fishery species caught in appreciable numbers along much of the South African coast. The first study component examined movements of juveniles in a rocky intertidal nursery area at Schoenmakerskop near Port Elizabeth. Juveniles in a single gully were tagged with Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) and resighted at the study site on snorkelling gear over a seven-month period. Tagged zebra and musselcracker displayed limited movement between potential low tide refuges, being observed repeatedly in the same gully over the full duration of the study. However, blacktail displayed greater movements and were seen infrequently in the later period of the study, probably having undergone an ontogenetic habitat shift to subtidal areas. There was evidence that blacktail maintain use of their intertidal nursery over high tide, during which the other two species moved into shallower areas adjacent to their low tide refuge. The results of three national tagging programs were analysed to determine the movement patterns of adolescent and adult fishes. The coast-wide ORI-WWF National Voluntary Tagging Program and two dedicated research programs in marine protected areas (MPAs) at De Hoop MPA and Tsitsikamma National Park (TNP) recorded few large-scale movements of tagged adult blacktail, zebra and juvenile musselcracker. High spatial-resolution data from the TNP suggested movements were usually on scales far smaller than one km. Together with long periods at liberty for many recaptured individuals, this suggests these fishes are longterm residents of small home range areas. However, tagged musselcracker over 600 mm forklength (adults) were observed to make large-scale movements, including some in excess of 800 km from Eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal waters. Predominantly eastward movements of adults recaptured during the spawning season indicate seasonal spawning migrations that occur in different regions of the coast. These enable the use of prevailing oceanographic currents to disperse eggs and larvae to suitable rocky nursery habitat. The third component of this study made use of high-resolution data on the temporal and spatial distribution of catches by scientific angling in the TNP to examine the daily activity patterns of the study species in relation to diel and tidal cycles, and habitat use. Blacktail capture probability was correlated with the diurnal light cycle, with peaks close to twilight suggesting elevated crepuscular foraging activity. Catches of blacktail, zebra and small musselcracker were correlated with the tidal cycle, foraging peaking over high tide periods. All three species used shallow inshore habitats extensively for foraging, blacktail showing a preference for sandy areas, while zebra and small musselcracker preferred shallow reef. Capture probability of larger musselcracker, however, was unrelated to habitat, possibly evidence of increasing area and habitat use with an ontogenetic change in diet. The lifetime movement patterns of these three species are discussed in relation to conservation measures and their management in South African fisheries. Restricted movement throughout post-settlement life for blacktail and zebra, and during the juvenile phase for musselcracker, makes local populations vulnerable to overexploitation. At present, MPAs probably play an important role in protecting local blacktail and zebra populations from overexploitation, and limited post-settlement movements mean the degree of larval dispersal between protected and adjacent areas will likely determine the effectiveness of MPAs in enhancing fisheries for these species. By contrast, MPAs likely provide recruits to fisheries for musselcracker during ontogenetic movements and dispersal from MPAs during spawning migrations. MPAs only offer partial protection to adult musselcracker populations in the spawning season, but this could nevertheless be significant under high levels of exploitation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Home range dynamics of spotted grunter, pomadasys commersonnii, in a South African intermittently open estuary
- Authors: O'Connell, Bronwyn Anne
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Grunts (Fishes) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Pomadasys -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- Habitat -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishes -- Home range , Fishes -- Home range -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5286 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005130 , Grunts (Fishes) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Pomadasys -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- Habitat -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishes -- Home range , Fishes -- Home range -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii) is an important, estuarine-dependent, fishery species in southern Africa. Since estuaries are essential habitats in the life history of this species, the quantification of area use patterns and movements is important for fisheries management. In this study, acoustic telemetry was used to investigate movements, use of habitat and home range dynamics of spotted grunter in the small intermittently open East Kleinemonde Estuary on the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa. Nine spotted grunter (range: 326-489mm TL) were surgically equipped with uniquely coded acoustic transmitters. Positional fixes were obtained by manual tracking tagged individuals on six days and six nights during five tracking sessions from March to November 2004. In addition, five stationary data-logging receivers, moored at specific locations from the mouth to the top of the estuary provided additional long-term monitoring. Kernel home ranges (95% UD) varied in size (26 296-165 321m²) but were all located in a common high use area situated between 300-1 300m from the estuary mouth, which coincided with the highest abundance of prey items. There was no significant variation in home range size [C² (N = 9, df = 4) = 4.18; p = 0.38] between the temporally segregated tracking sessions (over nine months). The persistence of these home range estimates were confirmed by the long-term data-logging receivers. There was no significant diel variation in home range size [F(4, 64) = 0.05, p = 0.99] or core area size [F(4, 64) = 1.40, p = 0.25]. Fish length showed negative, although not significant, relationships between home range size (p = 0.225); number of home range areas (p = 0.065); core area size (p = 0.512) and home range length (p = 0.320). Use of habitat and home range dynamics of spotted grunter in the East Kleinemonde Estuary were consistent over the nine month study period, and they appeared to be influenced more by biotic than abiotic factors. However, when the mouth opened at the end of the study, most tagged fish vacated their home ranges and emigrated to sea.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: O'Connell, Bronwyn Anne
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Grunts (Fishes) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Pomadasys -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- Habitat -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishes -- Home range , Fishes -- Home range -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5286 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005130 , Grunts (Fishes) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Pomadasys -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- Habitat -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishes -- Home range , Fishes -- Home range -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii) is an important, estuarine-dependent, fishery species in southern Africa. Since estuaries are essential habitats in the life history of this species, the quantification of area use patterns and movements is important for fisheries management. In this study, acoustic telemetry was used to investigate movements, use of habitat and home range dynamics of spotted grunter in the small intermittently open East Kleinemonde Estuary on the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa. Nine spotted grunter (range: 326-489mm TL) were surgically equipped with uniquely coded acoustic transmitters. Positional fixes were obtained by manual tracking tagged individuals on six days and six nights during five tracking sessions from March to November 2004. In addition, five stationary data-logging receivers, moored at specific locations from the mouth to the top of the estuary provided additional long-term monitoring. Kernel home ranges (95% UD) varied in size (26 296-165 321m²) but were all located in a common high use area situated between 300-1 300m from the estuary mouth, which coincided with the highest abundance of prey items. There was no significant variation in home range size [C² (N = 9, df = 4) = 4.18; p = 0.38] between the temporally segregated tracking sessions (over nine months). The persistence of these home range estimates were confirmed by the long-term data-logging receivers. There was no significant diel variation in home range size [F(4, 64) = 0.05, p = 0.99] or core area size [F(4, 64) = 1.40, p = 0.25]. Fish length showed negative, although not significant, relationships between home range size (p = 0.225); number of home range areas (p = 0.065); core area size (p = 0.512) and home range length (p = 0.320). Use of habitat and home range dynamics of spotted grunter in the East Kleinemonde Estuary were consistent over the nine month study period, and they appeared to be influenced more by biotic than abiotic factors. However, when the mouth opened at the end of the study, most tagged fish vacated their home ranges and emigrated to sea.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Towards a new approach for coastal governance with an assessment of the Plettenberg Bay shore-based linefishery
- Authors: King, Claire Margaret
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Fishery management -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay , Fisheries -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay , Coastal zone management -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5326 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005172 , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay , Fisheries -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay , Coastal zone management -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay
- Description: The overall aim of this thesis, as required by the funders, was to provide research that would contribute towards the development of a bay management plan, specifically information on the local fisheries. The thesis therefore includes an assessment of the local shore-based linefishery in terms of catch and effort and socio-economics, and the development of indicators from this information with which to assess the sustainability of the fishery. Finally an implementation strategy for an integrated coastal management approach for local resource governance is proposed The shore-based linefishery of Plettenberg Bay was assessed through a combination of roving creel and access point surveys which included questions aimed at the quantification of total effort, total catch and cpue, as well as the spatial trends in catch and effort. Angler demographics as well as opinions and knowledge of current fisheries regulations were obtained and the efficiency of the fishery inspectorate was assessed. The survey period extended from August 2003 to September 2004 during which 1189 angler interviews were conducted. Catch data obtained during this study was compared to catch data gathered during a research tagging program conducted in an area closed to fishing (Tsitsikamma National Park) and a semi-open area (Rebelsrus – Cape St. Francis), thereby highlighting differences in species composition, abundance and size distribution of certain species between areas of differing fishing pressures. The fishery surveys revealed that the shore-based fishery is primarily recreational (99%) and dominated by white males. Most anglers agreed with the current fisheries regulations (60%) and admitted to abiding by them, however when tested on the regulations of their target species, their knowledge was poor. Effort in the fishery was highly seasonal with peaks coinciding with major school holidays. Total annual effort was estimated at 102 566 angler-hours, with distinct spatial patterns in effort. Total annual catch for the Plettenberg Bay shore-based linefishery was estimated at 31 217 fish.year⁻¹ with a total mass of 13.6 tons. Thirty-six fish species (26 teleost species and 10 elasmobranchs species) were identified during the survey period with Blacktail Diplodus capensis, Strepie Sarpa salpa, Red tjor-tjor Pagellus natalensis, Shad Pomatomus saltatrix and Sand steenbras Lithognathus mormyrus being the five most commonly caught species. Only 32% of interviewed anglers were successful in catching a fish with just 22% catching their primary target species. In addition, a large proportion of the anglers (69%) reported a decline in catch rate, with most blaming the commercial sector as a reason for the decline. The overall catch rate was (cpue) 0.374 fish.angler.hour⁻¹ or 170 grams.angler.hour⁻¹, considerably lower than that obtained from the fishery exempt area (TNP = 1. 02 fish.angler.hour⁻¹) and the partially exploited area (Rebelsrus = 0.91 fish.angler.hour⁻¹). In terms of species composition the most obvious difference between the three areas was the low proportion of non-migratory reef-associated species like red roman, poenskop, John brown, santer and bronze bream in Plettenberg Bay. Size comparisons revealed that the majority of species (particularly reef-associated species) were larger in the TNP than both the semi-exploited (Rebelsrus) and exploited area (Plettenberg Bay). Collectively theses findings suggest that certain species have been locally depleted, that recreational fishing has impacted heavily on the fish stocks and that even partial closure or limited access to an area can offer protection. From the results key issues were identified and sustainability indicators proposed according to the three sustainability domains (ecological, institutional and social) proposed by Pajak (2000). Within the ecological domain the most pertinent issue was the low catch rate, particularly for reef-associated species. Indicators to track these issues included: percentage of successful trips (where fish were caught), percentage of anglers that reached their daily bag limits and the proportion of the overall catch that comprised larger, more desirable species. Institutionally the most pertinent issue was the apparent inability of management institutions to manage effectively marine resources within Plettenberg Bay. Indicators within this domain included the proportion of anglers who were inspected, the existence of a localised management plan and an associated monitoring programme. Socially the fishery proved to be fairly sustainable. Indicators included in this domain were the proportion of subsistence anglers in the local fishing community, the percentage of correct answers pertaining to current fishery regulations, the level of noncompliance and the percentage of undersize fish retained. Aggregation of all the indicators within a sustainability matrix revealed that the Plettenberg Bay shore-based linefishery was unsustainable and thus requires increased local management effort. Since there is no local management strategy in place, an integrated coastal management approach for the governance of the coastal resources in Plettenberg Bay has been proposed. The development of a Coastal Management Plan and a subsidiary Bay Management Plan provide the frameworks within which management strategies can be put into operation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: King, Claire Margaret
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Fishery management -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay , Fisheries -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay , Coastal zone management -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5326 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005172 , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay , Fisheries -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay , Coastal zone management -- South Africa -- Plettenberg Bay
- Description: The overall aim of this thesis, as required by the funders, was to provide research that would contribute towards the development of a bay management plan, specifically information on the local fisheries. The thesis therefore includes an assessment of the local shore-based linefishery in terms of catch and effort and socio-economics, and the development of indicators from this information with which to assess the sustainability of the fishery. Finally an implementation strategy for an integrated coastal management approach for local resource governance is proposed The shore-based linefishery of Plettenberg Bay was assessed through a combination of roving creel and access point surveys which included questions aimed at the quantification of total effort, total catch and cpue, as well as the spatial trends in catch and effort. Angler demographics as well as opinions and knowledge of current fisheries regulations were obtained and the efficiency of the fishery inspectorate was assessed. The survey period extended from August 2003 to September 2004 during which 1189 angler interviews were conducted. Catch data obtained during this study was compared to catch data gathered during a research tagging program conducted in an area closed to fishing (Tsitsikamma National Park) and a semi-open area (Rebelsrus – Cape St. Francis), thereby highlighting differences in species composition, abundance and size distribution of certain species between areas of differing fishing pressures. The fishery surveys revealed that the shore-based fishery is primarily recreational (99%) and dominated by white males. Most anglers agreed with the current fisheries regulations (60%) and admitted to abiding by them, however when tested on the regulations of their target species, their knowledge was poor. Effort in the fishery was highly seasonal with peaks coinciding with major school holidays. Total annual effort was estimated at 102 566 angler-hours, with distinct spatial patterns in effort. Total annual catch for the Plettenberg Bay shore-based linefishery was estimated at 31 217 fish.year⁻¹ with a total mass of 13.6 tons. Thirty-six fish species (26 teleost species and 10 elasmobranchs species) were identified during the survey period with Blacktail Diplodus capensis, Strepie Sarpa salpa, Red tjor-tjor Pagellus natalensis, Shad Pomatomus saltatrix and Sand steenbras Lithognathus mormyrus being the five most commonly caught species. Only 32% of interviewed anglers were successful in catching a fish with just 22% catching their primary target species. In addition, a large proportion of the anglers (69%) reported a decline in catch rate, with most blaming the commercial sector as a reason for the decline. The overall catch rate was (cpue) 0.374 fish.angler.hour⁻¹ or 170 grams.angler.hour⁻¹, considerably lower than that obtained from the fishery exempt area (TNP = 1. 02 fish.angler.hour⁻¹) and the partially exploited area (Rebelsrus = 0.91 fish.angler.hour⁻¹). In terms of species composition the most obvious difference between the three areas was the low proportion of non-migratory reef-associated species like red roman, poenskop, John brown, santer and bronze bream in Plettenberg Bay. Size comparisons revealed that the majority of species (particularly reef-associated species) were larger in the TNP than both the semi-exploited (Rebelsrus) and exploited area (Plettenberg Bay). Collectively theses findings suggest that certain species have been locally depleted, that recreational fishing has impacted heavily on the fish stocks and that even partial closure or limited access to an area can offer protection. From the results key issues were identified and sustainability indicators proposed according to the three sustainability domains (ecological, institutional and social) proposed by Pajak (2000). Within the ecological domain the most pertinent issue was the low catch rate, particularly for reef-associated species. Indicators to track these issues included: percentage of successful trips (where fish were caught), percentage of anglers that reached their daily bag limits and the proportion of the overall catch that comprised larger, more desirable species. Institutionally the most pertinent issue was the apparent inability of management institutions to manage effectively marine resources within Plettenberg Bay. Indicators within this domain included the proportion of anglers who were inspected, the existence of a localised management plan and an associated monitoring programme. Socially the fishery proved to be fairly sustainable. Indicators included in this domain were the proportion of subsistence anglers in the local fishing community, the percentage of correct answers pertaining to current fishery regulations, the level of noncompliance and the percentage of undersize fish retained. Aggregation of all the indicators within a sustainability matrix revealed that the Plettenberg Bay shore-based linefishery was unsustainable and thus requires increased local management effort. Since there is no local management strategy in place, an integrated coastal management approach for the governance of the coastal resources in Plettenberg Bay has been proposed. The development of a Coastal Management Plan and a subsidiary Bay Management Plan provide the frameworks within which management strategies can be put into operation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
An assessment of the shore baitfishery in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Mackenzie, Bernard Louis
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Fishing baits -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fisheries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5232 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005075 , Fishing baits -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fisheries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: The collection of bait organisms goes hand-in-hand with shore-angling in South Africa, hence the level of bait-collection can be used as an indicator of fishing effort and vice versa. This emphasises the importance of understanding the fisheries for bait organisms. In 1998 the South African fisheries policy was revised, culminating in the Marine Living Resources Act No. 18 (1998) which supported sustainable development, equitable access to resources and stability of the industry. The policy also dealt with the needs of subsistence fishers who had previously been all but ignored. This study looks to continue in this direction by investigating the opportunities for the establishment and management implications of small-scale commercial baitfisheries in the Eastern Cape. Data were collected from eight clearly demarcated sampling areas using the roving survey method. A total of 97 survey trips were undertaken between September 2001 and April 2003 and 469 interviews were conducted on individual anglers. The data was analysed and discussed on the basis of three wider study regions and this allowed for a more accurate and focussed assessment of the fishery area and the potential for its formalisation. Recreational fishers (91.5%) dominated in each of the three regions surveyed. The low number of subsistence fishers encountered in this study is not a standard pattern throughout South Africa. The dominance of local residents in the shore-fishery could have an important impact on the success of a formalised baitfishery in that the greater proportion of the potential market is accessible throughout the year. Most recreational shore-anglers were middle-aged (43.8 years ± 12.9 years), and hence at the peak of their earning years and this may contribute towards the potential success of a small-scale commercial baitfishery. Most anglers and baitfishers were of the opinion that all South Africans owned and were responsible for managing the living marine resources. The vast majority of recreational users paid for and were in possession of valid permits and approved of the baitfishery regulations. This implies that the greater majority of users recognise that the state is the rightful custodian of the resource and is responsible for management. No subsistence users were in possession of permits. Resource users in the Gamtoos to Tsitsikamma National Park region, where the inspection rate was highest, had the best knowledge of the regulations regarding both baitfishing (67.2% ± 38.8%) and angling (79.8 ± 21.4%). This substantiates the hypothesis that there is a direct correlation between knowledge of the regulations and the rate of inspection. About 475 000 angler-days/year were fished in the study area, with the highest number of angler-days recorded in or near urban and peri-urban areas. Bronze bream (65.9%) and dusky kob (61.1%) were the two most commonly targeted species, followed by white steenbras (31.7%), white musselcracker (31.4%) and blacktail (20.2%). A total of four purchased and 19 collected bait species was recorded during the study. Sardine, chokka and pink prawn were the most frequently encountered purchased bait. Red bait, sand prawn, mullet, siffie, sand mussel, bloodworm and saddleback were the most frequently encountered collected bait species. Sand prawn was identified as the preferred bait species for a wide range of angling species. The total quantity of bait organisms used per fishing trip was markedly less than the total amount collected per trip. The ban of off-road vehicles (ORV's) from beaches (20 January 2002) resulted in spatial shifts in angler effort in certain areas, suggesting that total effort has reduced in areas where ORV's were commonly used. Subsequent to the ban, fishers were encountered, on average, much closer to access points. The value of small-scale baitfisheries within the total study area was estimated at about R7 million per year. Across the entire study area red bait was identified as the most valuable bait in the rock-and-surf fishery in monetary terms, while sand prawn was also important. The findings led to the conclusion that small-scale commercial baitfisheries in the study area are potentially viable. Scenarios for the establishment of baitfisheries are suggested and discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Mackenzie, Bernard Louis
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Fishing baits -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fisheries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5232 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005075 , Fishing baits -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fisheries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: The collection of bait organisms goes hand-in-hand with shore-angling in South Africa, hence the level of bait-collection can be used as an indicator of fishing effort and vice versa. This emphasises the importance of understanding the fisheries for bait organisms. In 1998 the South African fisheries policy was revised, culminating in the Marine Living Resources Act No. 18 (1998) which supported sustainable development, equitable access to resources and stability of the industry. The policy also dealt with the needs of subsistence fishers who had previously been all but ignored. This study looks to continue in this direction by investigating the opportunities for the establishment and management implications of small-scale commercial baitfisheries in the Eastern Cape. Data were collected from eight clearly demarcated sampling areas using the roving survey method. A total of 97 survey trips were undertaken between September 2001 and April 2003 and 469 interviews were conducted on individual anglers. The data was analysed and discussed on the basis of three wider study regions and this allowed for a more accurate and focussed assessment of the fishery area and the potential for its formalisation. Recreational fishers (91.5%) dominated in each of the three regions surveyed. The low number of subsistence fishers encountered in this study is not a standard pattern throughout South Africa. The dominance of local residents in the shore-fishery could have an important impact on the success of a formalised baitfishery in that the greater proportion of the potential market is accessible throughout the year. Most recreational shore-anglers were middle-aged (43.8 years ± 12.9 years), and hence at the peak of their earning years and this may contribute towards the potential success of a small-scale commercial baitfishery. Most anglers and baitfishers were of the opinion that all South Africans owned and were responsible for managing the living marine resources. The vast majority of recreational users paid for and were in possession of valid permits and approved of the baitfishery regulations. This implies that the greater majority of users recognise that the state is the rightful custodian of the resource and is responsible for management. No subsistence users were in possession of permits. Resource users in the Gamtoos to Tsitsikamma National Park region, where the inspection rate was highest, had the best knowledge of the regulations regarding both baitfishing (67.2% ± 38.8%) and angling (79.8 ± 21.4%). This substantiates the hypothesis that there is a direct correlation between knowledge of the regulations and the rate of inspection. About 475 000 angler-days/year were fished in the study area, with the highest number of angler-days recorded in or near urban and peri-urban areas. Bronze bream (65.9%) and dusky kob (61.1%) were the two most commonly targeted species, followed by white steenbras (31.7%), white musselcracker (31.4%) and blacktail (20.2%). A total of four purchased and 19 collected bait species was recorded during the study. Sardine, chokka and pink prawn were the most frequently encountered purchased bait. Red bait, sand prawn, mullet, siffie, sand mussel, bloodworm and saddleback were the most frequently encountered collected bait species. Sand prawn was identified as the preferred bait species for a wide range of angling species. The total quantity of bait organisms used per fishing trip was markedly less than the total amount collected per trip. The ban of off-road vehicles (ORV's) from beaches (20 January 2002) resulted in spatial shifts in angler effort in certain areas, suggesting that total effort has reduced in areas where ORV's were commonly used. Subsequent to the ban, fishers were encountered, on average, much closer to access points. The value of small-scale baitfisheries within the total study area was estimated at about R7 million per year. Across the entire study area red bait was identified as the most valuable bait in the rock-and-surf fishery in monetary terms, while sand prawn was also important. The findings led to the conclusion that small-scale commercial baitfisheries in the study area are potentially viable. Scenarios for the establishment of baitfisheries are suggested and discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Towards sustainable utilisation of the fishery resources of the Kowie Estuary, South Africa
- Authors: Nsubuga, Yvonne Nakalo
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Estuarine fisheries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Kowie Estuary , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Kowie Estuary
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4761 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007154 , Estuarine fisheries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Kowie Estuary , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Kowie Estuary
- Description: The annual biomass of fish caught from estuaries in South Africa is currently estimated at over 24,800 tons. These estuarine fishes are caught by over 73,000 fishers, most of them recreational. Annual income derived from South Africa’s total estuarine fishery was worth approximately R430,000,000 in 1997. There is increasing concern that unless our estuarine fisheries are effectively managed, we will not be able to sustain these benefits into the future. Two factors that contribute to inadequate management of the estuarine fisheries in South Africa are a lack of data on which to base management decisions, and the lack of indicators by which to assess trends towards sustainability. The main aims of this study were to provide a description of the Kowie estuary fishery, identify suitable indicators of sustainability for this fishery, and assess its sustainability. Boat-based and shore-based roving creel surveys were carried out on the Kowie estuary between July 2000 and June 2001; 1,091 interviews were conducted with linefishers, and 277 interviews with bait collectors. In the boat-based interviews, data were collected on fisher demographics, fishing site, fishing method, choice of bait, fishing duration and catch statistics. In the shore-based surveys, additional data were collected from shore-based linefishers and bait collectors on their perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of fishery regulations. Total annual fishing effort on the Kowie estuary was estimated at 30,952 angler hours (SD=154); 84% of it recreational, and the rest subsistence. Most fishing occurred during December and January, and decreased during winter, especially June and July. The annual yield of fish from the estuary was estimated at 16,240 fish (SD=667) or 5.99 tons (SD=0.81). By number, recreational anglers caught 69% of the annual catch. Three species dominated the catch by number: Rhabdosargus holubi (62%), Pomadasys commersonnii (17%) and Argyrosomus japonicus (7%). By mass, the dominant species caught were Argyrosomus japonicus (60%) and Pomadasys commersonnii (19%). Overall catch rate on the estuary was 0.57 fish.ang.⁻¹h⁻¹ (SD=0.24), or 0.298 kg ang.⁻¹h⁻¹ (SD=0.31). Overall catch rate by number was highest in the subsistence sector at 1.13 fish.ang.⁻¹h⁻¹(SD=0.70), while the boat-based recreational sector recorded the highest overall catch rate by mass (0.427 kg.ang.⁻¹h⁻¹, SD=0.625). Argyrosomus japonicus had the highest overall catch rate by mass on the estuary (0.496 kg ang.⁻¹h⁻¹), and Rhabdosargus holubi the highest overall catch rate by number (1.233 fish.ang.⁻¹h⁻¹). Only 19% of the catch of R. holubi was above the minimum legal size, while the estimates for P. commersonnii and A. japonicus were 21% and 25%, respectively. The annual number of bait collecting outings on the estuary was estimated at 2,889, of which 75% were subsistence. The highest numbers of bait collecting outings were recorded in December and April. The Bay of Biscay was the most popular site for bait collecting. A total of five invertebrate species were collected from the estuary to be used as bait, of which the mud prawn Upogebia africana was the dominant species. Total annual number of mud prawns collected from the estuary was estimated at 260,648; of which 41% was collected by subsistence bait collectors. Thirteen indicators were selected to assess sustainability in three fishery sectors on the Kowie estuary: namely, the shore-based recreational linefishery, the subsistence linefishery and the subsistence bait fishery. Social sustainability was evaluated on the basis of the use fishery resources to fulfil Maslow's basic human needs of food and employment, safety and security, affiliation, self-esteem and selfactualisation. Indicators of ecosystem sustainability assessed the productivity, diversity, disturbance and degree of water quality in the estuary. Institutional sustainability was assessed on the basis that management systems in the fishery should be results-oriented, consent-based, truth-seeking and adaptable. Data on indicator performance was collected during the shore-based roving creel survey, and from published literature. Arbitrarily set reference points were used to assess indicator performance, which was graded on a scale from 1 (indicating minimum probability of sustainability) to 4 (indicating maximum probability of sustainability). Sustainability was illustrated with the aid of amoeba plots. Overall sustainability was low in all three fishery sectors investigated. Nine of the 13 indicators in the shore-based recreational fishery performed poorly, while 11 of 13 in the subsistence line fishery, and 10 of 13 in the subsistence bait fishery, performed poorly. In all three fishery sectors all four selected indicators of institutional sustainability performed poorly. The probability of social sustainability was higher in the shore-based recreational line fishery, where the performance of two of the five selected indicators was very good. The probability of ecological sustainability was lowest in the shore-based recreational linefishery, while in the subsistence linefishery only one selected indicator performed very well. Recommendations made towards assessing sustainability in small-scale estuarine fisheries include the formulation of national policy for assessing sustainability in fisheries, the involvement of fishers in the assessment process, use of fisher perceptions where data gaps exist, and the use of research results to guide future management decisions. Management changes recommended for the Kowie estuary fishery include the formulation of an effective and integrated management plan, identification of the key stakeholders in the fishery, inclusion of fishers in management, the protection of the estuary’s Zostera capensis beds, and the establishment of a programme to increase research and monitoring in the fishery.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Nsubuga, Yvonne Nakalo
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Estuarine fisheries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Kowie Estuary , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Kowie Estuary
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4761 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007154 , Estuarine fisheries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Kowie Estuary , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Kowie Estuary
- Description: The annual biomass of fish caught from estuaries in South Africa is currently estimated at over 24,800 tons. These estuarine fishes are caught by over 73,000 fishers, most of them recreational. Annual income derived from South Africa’s total estuarine fishery was worth approximately R430,000,000 in 1997. There is increasing concern that unless our estuarine fisheries are effectively managed, we will not be able to sustain these benefits into the future. Two factors that contribute to inadequate management of the estuarine fisheries in South Africa are a lack of data on which to base management decisions, and the lack of indicators by which to assess trends towards sustainability. The main aims of this study were to provide a description of the Kowie estuary fishery, identify suitable indicators of sustainability for this fishery, and assess its sustainability. Boat-based and shore-based roving creel surveys were carried out on the Kowie estuary between July 2000 and June 2001; 1,091 interviews were conducted with linefishers, and 277 interviews with bait collectors. In the boat-based interviews, data were collected on fisher demographics, fishing site, fishing method, choice of bait, fishing duration and catch statistics. In the shore-based surveys, additional data were collected from shore-based linefishers and bait collectors on their perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of fishery regulations. Total annual fishing effort on the Kowie estuary was estimated at 30,952 angler hours (SD=154); 84% of it recreational, and the rest subsistence. Most fishing occurred during December and January, and decreased during winter, especially June and July. The annual yield of fish from the estuary was estimated at 16,240 fish (SD=667) or 5.99 tons (SD=0.81). By number, recreational anglers caught 69% of the annual catch. Three species dominated the catch by number: Rhabdosargus holubi (62%), Pomadasys commersonnii (17%) and Argyrosomus japonicus (7%). By mass, the dominant species caught were Argyrosomus japonicus (60%) and Pomadasys commersonnii (19%). Overall catch rate on the estuary was 0.57 fish.ang.⁻¹h⁻¹ (SD=0.24), or 0.298 kg ang.⁻¹h⁻¹ (SD=0.31). Overall catch rate by number was highest in the subsistence sector at 1.13 fish.ang.⁻¹h⁻¹(SD=0.70), while the boat-based recreational sector recorded the highest overall catch rate by mass (0.427 kg.ang.⁻¹h⁻¹, SD=0.625). Argyrosomus japonicus had the highest overall catch rate by mass on the estuary (0.496 kg ang.⁻¹h⁻¹), and Rhabdosargus holubi the highest overall catch rate by number (1.233 fish.ang.⁻¹h⁻¹). Only 19% of the catch of R. holubi was above the minimum legal size, while the estimates for P. commersonnii and A. japonicus were 21% and 25%, respectively. The annual number of bait collecting outings on the estuary was estimated at 2,889, of which 75% were subsistence. The highest numbers of bait collecting outings were recorded in December and April. The Bay of Biscay was the most popular site for bait collecting. A total of five invertebrate species were collected from the estuary to be used as bait, of which the mud prawn Upogebia africana was the dominant species. Total annual number of mud prawns collected from the estuary was estimated at 260,648; of which 41% was collected by subsistence bait collectors. Thirteen indicators were selected to assess sustainability in three fishery sectors on the Kowie estuary: namely, the shore-based recreational linefishery, the subsistence linefishery and the subsistence bait fishery. Social sustainability was evaluated on the basis of the use fishery resources to fulfil Maslow's basic human needs of food and employment, safety and security, affiliation, self-esteem and selfactualisation. Indicators of ecosystem sustainability assessed the productivity, diversity, disturbance and degree of water quality in the estuary. Institutional sustainability was assessed on the basis that management systems in the fishery should be results-oriented, consent-based, truth-seeking and adaptable. Data on indicator performance was collected during the shore-based roving creel survey, and from published literature. Arbitrarily set reference points were used to assess indicator performance, which was graded on a scale from 1 (indicating minimum probability of sustainability) to 4 (indicating maximum probability of sustainability). Sustainability was illustrated with the aid of amoeba plots. Overall sustainability was low in all three fishery sectors investigated. Nine of the 13 indicators in the shore-based recreational fishery performed poorly, while 11 of 13 in the subsistence line fishery, and 10 of 13 in the subsistence bait fishery, performed poorly. In all three fishery sectors all four selected indicators of institutional sustainability performed poorly. The probability of social sustainability was higher in the shore-based recreational line fishery, where the performance of two of the five selected indicators was very good. The probability of ecological sustainability was lowest in the shore-based recreational linefishery, while in the subsistence linefishery only one selected indicator performed very well. Recommendations made towards assessing sustainability in small-scale estuarine fisheries include the formulation of national policy for assessing sustainability in fisheries, the involvement of fishers in the assessment process, use of fisher perceptions where data gaps exist, and the use of research results to guide future management decisions. Management changes recommended for the Kowie estuary fishery include the formulation of an effective and integrated management plan, identification of the key stakeholders in the fishery, inclusion of fishers in management, the protection of the estuary’s Zostera capensis beds, and the establishment of a programme to increase research and monitoring in the fishery.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- «
- ‹
- 1
- ›
- »