Assessing the density and distribution of spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) in Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Authors: Roberts, Peter Jean
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Spotted hyena Home range South Africa Hluhluwe Game Reserve , Spotted hyena Habitat South Africa Hluhluwe Game Reserve , Animal population density South Africa Hluhluwe Game Reserve , Scouting cameras , Home range (Animal geography) , Spatially-explicit mark recapture (SECR)
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/292681 , vital:57006
- Description: Protected areas are becoming increasingly isolated refugia for large carnivores and are critical for their survival. Spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) have, for centuries, been ‘managed’ as problem causing animals and their conservation has been largely overlooked. To preserve a population, it is paramount to understand its distribution and abundance through reliable and cost-effective monitoring techniques. My study estimated the density of spotted hyaenas and their use of space in Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park (HiP), South Africa. I compared camera trap by-catch data and call-up surveys between 2013–2018 to assess spotted hyaena densities. The camera trap data estimated an average of 16.72 (SD: ±2.22) hyaenas per 100 km2 between 2013–2018, with an annual estimated high of 19.01 in 2018 and a low of 12.77 in 2015. The call-up surveys consistently produced lower estimates than those obtained from the camera trap data. These results highlight the importance of calibrating the response probability factor for call-up surveys to maintain precision. The space use of spotted hyaenas was analysed using the photo-capture data obtained during the same six-year period, to produce individual 100% Minimum Convex Polygon’s (MCPs). Seven clan territories were identified from individual female home ranges that overlapped by more than 66% of their MCPs. Territory sizes were similar to historical estimates for the park, with averages of 13.96 (SD: ±6.48) km2 in Hluhluwe and 34.61 (SD: ±23.87) km2 in iMfolozi. My study successfully used by-catch camera data to calculate annual density estimates and investigate the spatial use patterns for spotted hyaenas in HiP. I demonstrate that this approach is cost-effective and reliable for calculating density estimates. Conservation practitioners should take heed of the advancements in technology and analytical capacity now available to them to improve monitoring efforts. My study specifically calls for collaborative efforts to use existing camera trap data to improve regional estimates and population trends of spotted hyaenas across their range. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
- Authors: Roberts, Peter Jean
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Spotted hyena Home range South Africa Hluhluwe Game Reserve , Spotted hyena Habitat South Africa Hluhluwe Game Reserve , Animal population density South Africa Hluhluwe Game Reserve , Scouting cameras , Home range (Animal geography) , Spatially-explicit mark recapture (SECR)
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/292681 , vital:57006
- Description: Protected areas are becoming increasingly isolated refugia for large carnivores and are critical for their survival. Spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) have, for centuries, been ‘managed’ as problem causing animals and their conservation has been largely overlooked. To preserve a population, it is paramount to understand its distribution and abundance through reliable and cost-effective monitoring techniques. My study estimated the density of spotted hyaenas and their use of space in Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park (HiP), South Africa. I compared camera trap by-catch data and call-up surveys between 2013–2018 to assess spotted hyaena densities. The camera trap data estimated an average of 16.72 (SD: ±2.22) hyaenas per 100 km2 between 2013–2018, with an annual estimated high of 19.01 in 2018 and a low of 12.77 in 2015. The call-up surveys consistently produced lower estimates than those obtained from the camera trap data. These results highlight the importance of calibrating the response probability factor for call-up surveys to maintain precision. The space use of spotted hyaenas was analysed using the photo-capture data obtained during the same six-year period, to produce individual 100% Minimum Convex Polygon’s (MCPs). Seven clan territories were identified from individual female home ranges that overlapped by more than 66% of their MCPs. Territory sizes were similar to historical estimates for the park, with averages of 13.96 (SD: ±6.48) km2 in Hluhluwe and 34.61 (SD: ±23.87) km2 in iMfolozi. My study successfully used by-catch camera data to calculate annual density estimates and investigate the spatial use patterns for spotted hyaenas in HiP. I demonstrate that this approach is cost-effective and reliable for calculating density estimates. Conservation practitioners should take heed of the advancements in technology and analytical capacity now available to them to improve monitoring efforts. My study specifically calls for collaborative efforts to use existing camera trap data to improve regional estimates and population trends of spotted hyaenas across their range. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
The role of elephants in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park: Perceived versus measured effects on woody vegetation
- Authors: Mbongwa, Siphesihle
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Woody plants -- Environmental aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/48467 , vital:40879
- Description: Elephants were successfully reintroduced into the 900 km2 fenced Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP) from 1981 onwards and their population has increased exponentially since. Their initial reintroduction was motivated by the need to control bush encroachment and to maintain ecosystems such as grassland and open woodland, and to restore ecological processes offered by elephants. The subject of the HiP elephant population and their impact on vegetation in the Park has become controversial; with some concerns being raised that the population is too high and is negatively affecting the vegetation. An absence of a vegetation monitoring programme in protected areas with elephants creates uncertainty leading to an ‗elephant impact‘ debate. This study aimed to compare the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the issue of elephant impact in HiP with measured elephant impact on the vegetation in the Park. The perceptions and concerns of stakeholders regarding the effects of elephants on vegetation in HiP were investigated using a questionnaire. Stakeholders reported that elephants and fire were the main factors shaping vegetation change in HiP over the past decade. Sclerocarya birrea, Senegalia burkei and Schotia brachypetala were reported as the most negatively affected species. Also reported that they are concerned about the effects of elephants on the number of tall trees in the park, tree mortality and elephant‘s effect on rare indigenous vegetation. Most interestingly, the results showed that the groups of stakeholders had different perceptions of the level of elephant impact on the vegetation in the park; except for researchers and tourists whose were not significantly different from each other. Managers had the most respondents that reported that the level of elephant impact is unacceptable, while most researchers and tourists reported that the level of elephant impact is at an acceptable level. Vegetation plots that had been surveyed in 1999, 2003 and 2007, were resurveyed in this study during 2017 to assess elephant impact on vegetation over time. Comparison between the years sampled showed that there was a decrease in the density of tall trees, while the density of trees in 0.5-2 and 2-4 m height classes increased over the same period. Elephants had a strong preference for utilizing tall trees (>4 m) and a strong avoidance for trees in the height range from 0.5-2m tall (Jacobs selection index 0.56 and -0.69, respectively). This trend was apparent for all sample periods. In addition, elephants also showed a strong preference for some rare species including S. brachypetala and Sideroxylon inerme. Between 1999 and 2017, the density of preferred species has decreased while the density of avoided species has increased. I conclude that elephants are having a noticeable impact on the vegetation at HiP by changing vegetation structure to a shrub dominated vegetation, and causing a shift in species composition towards avoided species. The findings of this study show that the perceptions of stakeholders on the effects of elephants and the level of elephant impact on vegetation match the results from measured elephant impact - vegetation survey. However, Thresholds of Potential Concern (TPCs) should be outlined in the elephant management plan and are required to determine whether the levels of elephant impact at HiP have exceeded an acceptable level or not. This study conforms to previous research that an uncontrolled elephant population can have substantial impacts in fenced reserves. This study shows the importance for long-term and continuous vegetation monitoring programme to obtain reliable data to determine trends in vegetation changes over time.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Mbongwa, Siphesihle
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Woody plants -- Environmental aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/48467 , vital:40879
- Description: Elephants were successfully reintroduced into the 900 km2 fenced Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP) from 1981 onwards and their population has increased exponentially since. Their initial reintroduction was motivated by the need to control bush encroachment and to maintain ecosystems such as grassland and open woodland, and to restore ecological processes offered by elephants. The subject of the HiP elephant population and their impact on vegetation in the Park has become controversial; with some concerns being raised that the population is too high and is negatively affecting the vegetation. An absence of a vegetation monitoring programme in protected areas with elephants creates uncertainty leading to an ‗elephant impact‘ debate. This study aimed to compare the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the issue of elephant impact in HiP with measured elephant impact on the vegetation in the Park. The perceptions and concerns of stakeholders regarding the effects of elephants on vegetation in HiP were investigated using a questionnaire. Stakeholders reported that elephants and fire were the main factors shaping vegetation change in HiP over the past decade. Sclerocarya birrea, Senegalia burkei and Schotia brachypetala were reported as the most negatively affected species. Also reported that they are concerned about the effects of elephants on the number of tall trees in the park, tree mortality and elephant‘s effect on rare indigenous vegetation. Most interestingly, the results showed that the groups of stakeholders had different perceptions of the level of elephant impact on the vegetation in the park; except for researchers and tourists whose were not significantly different from each other. Managers had the most respondents that reported that the level of elephant impact is unacceptable, while most researchers and tourists reported that the level of elephant impact is at an acceptable level. Vegetation plots that had been surveyed in 1999, 2003 and 2007, were resurveyed in this study during 2017 to assess elephant impact on vegetation over time. Comparison between the years sampled showed that there was a decrease in the density of tall trees, while the density of trees in 0.5-2 and 2-4 m height classes increased over the same period. Elephants had a strong preference for utilizing tall trees (>4 m) and a strong avoidance for trees in the height range from 0.5-2m tall (Jacobs selection index 0.56 and -0.69, respectively). This trend was apparent for all sample periods. In addition, elephants also showed a strong preference for some rare species including S. brachypetala and Sideroxylon inerme. Between 1999 and 2017, the density of preferred species has decreased while the density of avoided species has increased. I conclude that elephants are having a noticeable impact on the vegetation at HiP by changing vegetation structure to a shrub dominated vegetation, and causing a shift in species composition towards avoided species. The findings of this study show that the perceptions of stakeholders on the effects of elephants and the level of elephant impact on vegetation match the results from measured elephant impact - vegetation survey. However, Thresholds of Potential Concern (TPCs) should be outlined in the elephant management plan and are required to determine whether the levels of elephant impact at HiP have exceeded an acceptable level or not. This study conforms to previous research that an uncontrolled elephant population can have substantial impacts in fenced reserves. This study shows the importance for long-term and continuous vegetation monitoring programme to obtain reliable data to determine trends in vegetation changes over time.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
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