Macroinvertebrate population dynamics, community composition and diversity patterns of two coastal lakes in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Authors: Campbell, Kaylee Maria
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Indicators (Biology) , Lakes South Africa KwaZulu-Natal , Sibayi, Lake (South Africa) , Lake Mzingazi Dam , Biological monitoring South Africa KwaZulu-Natal , Biodiversity , Geospatial data South Africa KwaZulu-Natal , Land use Planning South Africa KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464406 , vital:76508
- Description: The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA) identified eight freshwater lakes of national ecological importance and a lack of understanding of their biology. The assessment further called for baseline foundational data for their conservation. Aquatic invertebrates are considered to be reliable and sensitive biological indicators of environmental and water quality changes, and understanding aquatic invertebrate dynamics in these systems will provide a comprehensive understanding of how they can be better protected. The NBA also highlighted a gap in data associated with ecological response to landscape developments and climate change (mainly below average precipitation and increased temperatures) and how this contributes to aquatic resource conservation. This further complicates the modelling of important ecological thresholds and hampers the prediction of possible responses of these ecosystems to environmental changes. This gap informed the aims and rationale of this dissertation; to identify longer-term spatiotemporal trends in aquatic invertebrate communities in Lake Sibaya and Lake Mzingazi and to determine whether the surrounding land use changes could lead to long-term changes in aquatic invertebrate communities of both lakes by comparing recent survey data with historical datasets. In Chapter 2, this dissertation investigated the population dynamics of freshwater shrimp, Caridina africana in Lake Sibaya and Mzingazi and compared the data to that of 1975 study published by Hart (1981). This was done to assess any changes in the C. africana populations due to the considerable changes in land use and weather patterns that have occurred in the last 48 years in and around the systems. Results from Lake Sibaya and Lake Mzingazi were also compared to determine any differences in urban and agricultural stressors presented to C. africana populations. This chapter hypothesised that increases in anthropogenic pollution, invasive species and other habitat modifications at Lake Sibaya and Lake Mzingazi would lead to (1) reductions in shrimp densities and changes in population dynamics when comparing with the 1975 data from Hart (1981). Additionally, it was predicted that (2) Caridina africana abundances found at Lake Mzingazi would be lower than those found at Lake Sibaya (3) due to different water quality variables associated with land use. Results showed that C. africana population densities at Lake Sibaya and lake level recordings had experienced significant decreases since 1975 with densities being significantly lower in 2021. Additional differences seen in 2021 when compared to 1975 were that females were more abundant than males, individuals between the sizes of 3mm and 5mm were most abundant instead of those in the smallest size class (<0.83mm – 1.67mm) and females only dominated size classes above 4mm instead of all size classes above 2.5mm. Populations at Lake Sibaya were negatively correlated with nitrate concentrations in 2021 and populations at Lake Mzingazi were negatively correlated with temperature according to generalised linear models. These results emphasized the importance of pollution mitigation, sustainable water abstraction and the maintenance of natural water temperature ranges in the conservation of lentic C. africana populations. There was also no evidence that urbanisation and agriculture presented different threats to freshwater shrimp populations. In Chapter 3, this dissertation aimed to quantify the littoral aquatic invertebrate diversity and assemblage patterns from Lake Sibaya and Lake Mzingazi to provide comprehensive baseline datasets for these coastal systems. This chapter also aimed to investigate the impacts of landscape developments and habitat change on aquatic invertebrate communities by understanding significant water quality parameters as drivers of community variation. Predictions for Chapter 3 were that increases in agricultural and anthropogenic disturbance and habitat modification will lead to (1) aquatic invertebrate community composition at lakes Sibaya and Mzingazi being structured according to water quality variables that stem from surrounding land-use activities, leading to (2) differing community structures at each lake. Lastly, it was hypothesised that (3) the presence of the invasive snail Tarebia granifera would likely be affecting the aquatic invertebrate diversity and composition of both lakes. According to linear models, aquatic invertebrate abundance at Lake Sibaya was negatively affected by salinity, lake level and phosphate concentration, and positively associated with temperature. Taxa richness and Pielou’s evenness at the lake were negatively associated with conductivity and nitrate concentrations respectively. The aquatic invertebrate community at Lake Sibaya also followed typical seasonal patterns. At Lake Mzingazi, Pielou’s evenness was negatively associated with nitrate and ammonium concentrations and no typical seasonal patterns were evident in the community composition. Communities at Lake Mzingazi also exhibited resilience despite changes in physicochemical parameters, emphasising the difficulty in predicting aquatic community response to habitat modification due to lake-specific community resilience. Tarebia granifera populations at Lake Sibaya were found to negatively affect invertebrate diversity scores according to generalised linear models. Additionally, no individuals of Melanoides tuberculata were found in either system indicating the possibility that these native snails may have been outcompeted by their invasive counterpart. The prevalence of significant stressors associated with habitat disturbance and the unexpected results seen at Lake Mzingazi emphasized the importance of monitoring aquatic invertebrate communities in response to climate change and associated land use developments to adequately understand the long-term threats these changes pose to freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity conservation. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2024
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- Date Issued: 2024-10-11
Phytoplankton and aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages from coastal and inland lakes of South Africa
- Authors: Nkibi, Esethu
- Date: 2023-10-13
- Subjects: Aquatic biodiversity South Africa , Indicators (Biology) , Lakes South Africa , Physicochemical process , Salinity , Phytoplankton , Aquatic macroinvertebrates
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/424435 , vital:72153
- Description: Freshwater lakes are generally defined as permanent natural standing water bodies, with some of them having a direct and indirect connection with groundwater, rivers, and the ocean. Freshwater lakes provide essential socio-economic and ecological goods and services including recreation, aesthetic, support aquatic biodiversity, food in a form of fisheries and water for domestic use. Given their critical role in sustainability in providing socio-economic services, freshwater lakes are among the most threatened ecosystems globally due to intense human impacts over the last decades. South Africa has limited freshwater lakes, which according to the National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA 2018), we know little about their current biology except historic aquatic biodiversity studies conducted in the early 1940s. There are no management strategies in place to protect and conserve freshwater lake biodiversity and important ecosystem services. This thesis aims to: (1) produce a biodiversity inventory of phytoplankton and aquatic macroinvertebrate species and, (2) investigate important environmental drivers responsible for phytoplankton and aquatic macroinvertebrate species composition from six South African freshwater lakes. It was hypothesized that the three lake types will show different phytoplankton and aquatic macroinvertebrates species composition attributed by the geographical region (coastal and inland lake) and related physico-chemical parameters. Study sites consisted of two Northern KwaZulu-Natal coastal lakes (hereafter Coastal Lakes, CL) i.e., Lake Sibaya, Lake Mzingazi; two fresh inland lakes (hereafter Fresh Inland Lakes, FIL) i.e., Lake Banagher fresh and Lake Tevrede Se Pan; and two inland salt lakes (hereafter Salt Inland Lakes, SIL) i.e., Lake Banagher salt and Lake Chrissiesmeer, all inland lakes are situated in Mpumalanga province, together with other Pans making up the Mpumalanga Lake District of South Africa. The study sites were categorized based on their geographical position i.e., coastal vs inland and physico-chemical characteristics i.e., the presence and absence of aquatic vegetation, dominate substrate, salinity and different physico-chemical concentration i.e., Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected from four littoral zone sites (< 1-meter depth) around each lake, whereas phytoplankton samples were collected from four water column sites (> 5-meters depth) and (0.5-meter depth) from the water surface at each lake during summer and winter season. The results were consistent with our hypothesis that both phytoplankton and aquatic macroinvertebrate species composition were influenced by physico-chemical parameters and that the differences in salinity concentration and aquatic vegetation between CL, FIL, and SIL were the driving factors for phytoplankton and aquatic macroinvertebrate species composition. In summary, one hundred and twenty-two phytoplankton taxa were collected and identified during this study, belonging to seven Phyla which included Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Cyanophyta, Chrysophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyta, and Cryptophyta. The most abundant phytoplankton groups were Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta. Phytoplankton relative taxa abundance, Pielou’s evenness, taxa richness, and Shannon diversity were significantly different between lake types. Aquatic macroinvertebrates, on the other hand, summed up to 10 orders, 67 families, and 80 taxa. The most abundant group were the order Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, and Gastropoda. Aquatic macroinvertebrate relative taxa abundance, taxa richness, and Shannon diversity were also significantly different between lake types. Aquatic macroinvertebrate relative taxa abundance, Pielous evenness, and Shannon diversity index were not significant between seasons, and only taxa richness was significant. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) results further showed unique and distinct phytoplankton and aquatic macroinvertebrates community composition between lake types. The present study provides baseline biodiversity inventory (or species list) for important lake ecosystems biological indicators i.e., phytoplankton and aquatic macroinvertebrates and species composition in relation to lake type for six freshwater lakes in South Africa. Furthermore, the study provides empirical evidence that will inform policy and the development of management strategies for freshwater lakes in South Africa which is currently missing. The current study will also contribute to the next National Biodiversity Assessment Report (2024), concerning the freshwater lakes biological data deficiency noted in the previous NBA (2018) report. The study will also fill up the gaps to better understand species composition in lake systems and how they function which is currently limited. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2023
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- Date Issued: 2023-10-13
The enigmatic subterranean amphipod genus (sternophysinx: sternophysingidae): conservation and systematics
- Authors: Mlungu, Zizile
- Date: 2023-10-13
- Subjects: Amphipoda South Africa , Sternophysingidae , Koi , Groundwater , Groundwater animals South Africa , Cave animals South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/424424 , vital:72152
- Description: Sternophysingidae Holsinger, 1992 is a monotypic subterranean amphipod family endemic to Namibia and South Africa. It currently has eight described species under the genus Sternophysinx. The species in this family are considered narrow endemics, having only been identified using morphological characters. However, the apparent wide distribution of certain species, reported in several subterranean waters in different provinces, suggests that our current taxonomic understanding of these species needs to be completed, thus needing revision. Further, detailed knowledge of the distribution and phylogenetic relationship between species of this taxon still needs to be improved. This study aimed to use integrative taxonomy to analyse both morphology and molecular biology to study hidden diversity and to further our understanding of the distribution in this taxon. The available morphological keys were used to identify species, and 12S rRNA was also used to investigate the relationships of Sternophysinx species and delimit species boundaries. The study primarily aimed to use mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). However, due to technical issues such as getting the correct primers, this study's aims were altered, and 12S was used instead of CO1. However, the process of getting CO1 sequences is still ongoing, and the results will be made available elsewhere. The current study aimed to visit all the type localities of the seven species of Sternophysinx reported in South Africa, including all known localities in which these amphipods have been recorded in the past. Nevertheless, this study did not get samples from Nelspruit, De Hoop Nature Reserve, and Nash Nature Reserve, which cover type localities of S. travaleensis, Matlapitse and Chaos cave that harbours S. calceola. Instead, the current study added five new localities Graaff-Reinet, Beaufort West, Hogsback, Makhambathi Nature Reserve and Ntsikeni Nature Reserve, for the distribution, including two new provinces (i.e., Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal) that had records of this genus in the country. Three delimitation methods, Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP), Bayesian implementation of the Poison Tree Processor (bPTP) and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), were used to identify cryptic species within Sternophysinx. Phylogenetic analyses and three delimitation methods (ASAP, bPTP and ABGD) revealed considerable hidden cryptic diversity within this Sternophysinx. Preliminary morphological examination revealed at least two species as undescribed from Bakwena and Sterkfontein caves, and several that were morphologically identified using the current taxonomic keys did not match with the molecular analysis. For example, S. basilobata from three different systems, Boesmansgat cave (Northern Cape), Beaufort West (Western Cape) and Potchefstroom (North West), was in genetically different putative species. The same is true for S. robertsi and S. alca in Ficus and Peppercorn cave in Limpopo. Overall, the results of the current study demonstrate the need for a comprehensive integrative taxonomic revision of Sternophysinx. These findings suggest that S. basilobata is a complex of distinct lineages and requires further study. On the other hand, species delimitation methods suggested that there are 12- 14 candidate species (Figure 2.5). Lastly, this study investigated the threat posed by the invasive koi fish introduced to an important cave, Boesmansgat cave in the Northern Cape, which is a type locality of two endemic species (S. megacheles and S. basilobata). Stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) and gut content analyses of the fish were investigated to establish whether this invasive fish feed on these critical creatures, thus endangering their long-term survival. Stable isotope signatures and the stomach gut content proved to be helpful in determining the diet of the koi fish, revealing it to be an omnivorous feeder with high invertebrate preference, including amphipods. These results indicate that the introduction of koi fish in the Boesmansgat cave threatens the long-term sustainability of these amphipods and other invertebrate assemblages in this cave. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2023
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- Date Issued: 2023-10-13
Assessing invasive alien aquatic plant species, phytoremediation effects using biological indicators in the Swartkops River system
- Authors: Tshithukhe, Getrude
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Aquatic weeds -- Biological control -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Alien plants -- Biological control -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Phytoremediation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/167665 , vital:41501
- Description: Pollution effluents in freshwater ecosystems are becoming increasingly ubiquitous as a result of cumulative anthropogenic activities, such as wastewater treatments works, and industrial, agricultural and mining activities. These activities are more noticeable in urban river atchments where there is greater human population densities and industrial developments. The ecological effects of anthropogenic activities on freshwater ecosystems include: excessive deposition of contaminants such as nutrients, pharmaceuticals, microplastics and other chemicals, which change physicochemical properties, causing a decline in aquatic biodiversity. These effects, impact negatively on the resilience of freshwater, making the systems vulnerable to invasion by alien aquatic plants. Ultimately, the loss of local biodiversity associated with the invasive alien aquatic plants (IAAP) results in a loss of some ecosystem goods and services. The Swartkops River system, Eastern Cape Province, drains most of the neighbouring formal and informal settlements, agricultural lands and industries, and hence is exposed to water pollution from human activities along the river catchment. Various water quality assessments are needed to evaluate the extent of pollutants and their impacts on the river ecosystem. Phytoremediation is one approach employed internationally for removing harmful nutrients and chemicals in freshwater ecosystems. Most studies measure the success of phytoremediation through measuring the reduction of contaminants in water or soil chemistry in mesocosm settings, which may not take into account all the important environmental factors that exist in the field. The present study assesses the phytoremediation potential of Pontederia (Eichhornia) crassipes and Salvinia molesta by evaluating water and sediment chemistry, periphyton and aquatic macroinvertebrate community recovery along seven field sites (excluding IAAP species mats sites) located upstream and downstream IAAP species mats on the Swartkops River between April and September 2018. Water and sediment samples were collected once monthly on ten seven field sites, including the IAAP species mat sites. Periphyton and aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected on seven sites, excluding the IAAP mat sites. Pontederia crassipes and S. molesta infestation in Swartkops River showed positive phytoremediation results and improved some water and sediment chemistry in the downstream treatments as compared to upstream treatments. Although there were some fluctuations with some variables, important water and sediment chemistry were reduced downstream. By contrast, biological assessment results did not show any response to the presence of IAAP species and phytoremediation. Periphyton and aquatic macroinvertebrates diversity and community assemblages were more influenced by water quality. Although IAAP species did provide improvement in water and sediments chemistry, multiple effluent point and non-point sources in Swartkops outpaced phytoremediation. Taxa evenness and relative taxa abundance showed significant differences between the upstream and downstream sites, however taxa richness and Shannon’s diversity showed no significant differences, indicating no relative recovery in biodiversity for either periphyton or aquatic macroinvertebrates. Similarly, the upstream and downstream sites showed similar periphyton and aquatic macroinvertebrates assemblages structure, all dominated by pollution tolerant taxa, thus indicating no functional diversity improvement down river; because of improvement in water chemistry downstream sites, it was expected that periphyton and aquatic macroinvertebrates assemblage structure would also improve at these downstream sites.It is possible that the phytoremediation process is outpaced by effluent discharges, given the multiple sources and distance between upstream and downstream mat sites. The study showed phytoremediation potential but the results were not indicated by biological indicators. A replica study conducted on a moderately disturbed river system is recommended to measure the success and recovery of biological indicators and assemblage composition following IAAP species phytoremediation; a moderately disturbed river compared to a largely disturbed river will broaden findings and look at differences for a wider application of phytoremediation.
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- Date Issued: 2020