The conservation and management of freshwater fishes in the Greater Addo Elephant National Park
- Authors: Traas, Graham Ronald Louis
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Addo Elephant National Park (South Africa) , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5247 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005090 , Addo Elephant National Park (South Africa) , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Freshwater fish are the most imperilled vertebrate group with a high projected extinction rate. In general, the world's freshwater ichthyofauna is in a poor state and is threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, the effects of alien species, damming, water extraction and overfishing. Within South Africa, legislation supporting the conservation of aquatic habitats and its associated fauna is strong, but there is a lack of capacity and poor co-ordination between agencies responsible for the conservation and management. The Greater Addo Elephant National Park (GAENP) includes the upper catchments of five of the Sundays River tributaries. Since the optimal method of conserving freshwater aquatic biota is to conserve the headwaters of either the river or its tributaries, there is an opportunity to conserve the native ichthyofauna of the Sundays River system. The principal objective of this thesis was, therefore, to provide information pertinent to the conservation and management of the fishes in the Sundays River system. Sixteen species of freshwater and estuarine fish were sampled, of which eight were alien. Species composition in each of the rivers, with the exception of the Kabouga River, had changed significantly from previous studies. The distribution ranges of several indigenous species had reduced, while those of some alien species was increased. Two species not previously recorded, Labeo capensis and Gambusia affinis, were sampled. Alien species were sampled from all the tributaries. Diversity indices and community assemblage models were identified as approaches for monitoring the ichthyofauna in this species depauperate system. Diversity indices were not recommended for use as a monitoring tool, as they provided insufficient detail on community composition and structure. A modified depletion estimator was applied to multiple pass electrofishing data to determine the effects of various physico-chemical variables on the absolute abundance of Pseudobarbus afer, an endangered species. Pseudobarbus afer density was found to be positively correlated to the presence of boulders. Where P. afer were present, they were abundant. Of the total sampled catch, 21.8% was comprised of alien fishes. Clarias gariepinus was the most successful invader having penetrated all but one of the tributaries. Micropterus salmoides changed the species composition of the Wit River significantly through predation, and is potentially the most dangerous of the alien species in the Sundays River system, capable of extirpating a population of P. afer in as little as three days. Only one man-made barrier to the upstream migration of alien fishes was present on the tributaries, and several addition barriers are required to safeguard the populations of indigenous fish in the headwaters of these tributaries. Several management and conservation tools are presented and discussed, including river rehabilitation, translocation, eradication of alien species, erection of barrier weirs and captive breeding programmes. Public awareness and education is stressed because without support from the communities surrounding the GAENP, management plans for conservation of the indigenous ichthyofauna will, in all likelihood, fail.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Traas, Graham Ronald Louis
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Addo Elephant National Park (South Africa) , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5247 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005090 , Addo Elephant National Park (South Africa) , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fishery management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Freshwater fish are the most imperilled vertebrate group with a high projected extinction rate. In general, the world's freshwater ichthyofauna is in a poor state and is threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, the effects of alien species, damming, water extraction and overfishing. Within South Africa, legislation supporting the conservation of aquatic habitats and its associated fauna is strong, but there is a lack of capacity and poor co-ordination between agencies responsible for the conservation and management. The Greater Addo Elephant National Park (GAENP) includes the upper catchments of five of the Sundays River tributaries. Since the optimal method of conserving freshwater aquatic biota is to conserve the headwaters of either the river or its tributaries, there is an opportunity to conserve the native ichthyofauna of the Sundays River system. The principal objective of this thesis was, therefore, to provide information pertinent to the conservation and management of the fishes in the Sundays River system. Sixteen species of freshwater and estuarine fish were sampled, of which eight were alien. Species composition in each of the rivers, with the exception of the Kabouga River, had changed significantly from previous studies. The distribution ranges of several indigenous species had reduced, while those of some alien species was increased. Two species not previously recorded, Labeo capensis and Gambusia affinis, were sampled. Alien species were sampled from all the tributaries. Diversity indices and community assemblage models were identified as approaches for monitoring the ichthyofauna in this species depauperate system. Diversity indices were not recommended for use as a monitoring tool, as they provided insufficient detail on community composition and structure. A modified depletion estimator was applied to multiple pass electrofishing data to determine the effects of various physico-chemical variables on the absolute abundance of Pseudobarbus afer, an endangered species. Pseudobarbus afer density was found to be positively correlated to the presence of boulders. Where P. afer were present, they were abundant. Of the total sampled catch, 21.8% was comprised of alien fishes. Clarias gariepinus was the most successful invader having penetrated all but one of the tributaries. Micropterus salmoides changed the species composition of the Wit River significantly through predation, and is potentially the most dangerous of the alien species in the Sundays River system, capable of extirpating a population of P. afer in as little as three days. Only one man-made barrier to the upstream migration of alien fishes was present on the tributaries, and several addition barriers are required to safeguard the populations of indigenous fish in the headwaters of these tributaries. Several management and conservation tools are presented and discussed, including river rehabilitation, translocation, eradication of alien species, erection of barrier weirs and captive breeding programmes. Public awareness and education is stressed because without support from the communities surrounding the GAENP, management plans for conservation of the indigenous ichthyofauna will, in all likelihood, fail.
- Full Text:
The contribution of municipal commonage to local people's livelihoods in small South African towns
- Authors: Davenport, Nicholas Ashbury
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Land tenure -- South Africa , Land reform -- South Africa , Property -- South Africa , Property rights -- South Africa , Commons -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Natural resources, Communal -- Management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Households -- Economic aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4749 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006976 , Land tenure -- South Africa , Land reform -- South Africa , Property -- South Africa , Property rights -- South Africa , Commons -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Natural resources, Communal -- Management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Households -- Economic aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: To redress past discrepancies in land tenure, the ANC government acknowledged that land needs to be made accessible to the previously disadvantaged, announcing that commonage would be a pillar of their land reform programme. Municipal commonage is land granted by the state to municipalities for urban households to use. Presently many urbanites in South Africa seek a livelihood from commonage. However, there has been no livelihood valuation of the contribution commonage makes to previously disadvantaged households. Thus there is a need to calculate the benefits of the commonage programme. Through a two phase approach, this thesis investigated firstly, the proportion of township households which use commonage; and the main characteristics of those households. Secondly, the thesis looks at the extent to which commonage contributes to users' livelihoods and the dominant livelihood strategies pursued by user households. Data was collected for three towns in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa; Bathurst, Fort Beaufort, and Grahamstown. Firstly it was found that between 27-70% of households used commonage, with the largest town having the lowest proportion of users, and vice versa for the smallest town. In terms of household characteristics, each study town was unique. Both Bathurst and Grahamstown user households were poorer than non-using households, however all Fort Beaufort households were considered poor. To assess the benefits of the commonage programme, the marketed and non-marketed consumptive direct-use values of land-based livelihoods on commonage were calculated via the 'own reported values' method. Commonage contributions to total livelihoods ranged between 14-20%. If the contributors from commonage were excluded, over 10% of households in each study town would drop to living below the poverty line. Additionally, commonage was being used productively, with the productivity at each study town being worth over R1 000 per hectare and over R4.7 million per commonage. Finally, a typology of subsistence/survivalist commonage users is presented, with four types being identified. Overall, results suggest that commonage use has increased over the last decade. Moreover, due to food inflation and urbanisation the use of commonage is expected to increase further, highlighting the need for holistic commonage management plans to be created, which should include strategies such as sustainable grazing regimes and natural resource management.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Davenport, Nicholas Ashbury
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Land tenure -- South Africa , Land reform -- South Africa , Property -- South Africa , Property rights -- South Africa , Commons -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Natural resources, Communal -- Management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Households -- Economic aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4749 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006976 , Land tenure -- South Africa , Land reform -- South Africa , Property -- South Africa , Property rights -- South Africa , Commons -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Natural resources, Communal -- Management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Households -- Economic aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: To redress past discrepancies in land tenure, the ANC government acknowledged that land needs to be made accessible to the previously disadvantaged, announcing that commonage would be a pillar of their land reform programme. Municipal commonage is land granted by the state to municipalities for urban households to use. Presently many urbanites in South Africa seek a livelihood from commonage. However, there has been no livelihood valuation of the contribution commonage makes to previously disadvantaged households. Thus there is a need to calculate the benefits of the commonage programme. Through a two phase approach, this thesis investigated firstly, the proportion of township households which use commonage; and the main characteristics of those households. Secondly, the thesis looks at the extent to which commonage contributes to users' livelihoods and the dominant livelihood strategies pursued by user households. Data was collected for three towns in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa; Bathurst, Fort Beaufort, and Grahamstown. Firstly it was found that between 27-70% of households used commonage, with the largest town having the lowest proportion of users, and vice versa for the smallest town. In terms of household characteristics, each study town was unique. Both Bathurst and Grahamstown user households were poorer than non-using households, however all Fort Beaufort households were considered poor. To assess the benefits of the commonage programme, the marketed and non-marketed consumptive direct-use values of land-based livelihoods on commonage were calculated via the 'own reported values' method. Commonage contributions to total livelihoods ranged between 14-20%. If the contributors from commonage were excluded, over 10% of households in each study town would drop to living below the poverty line. Additionally, commonage was being used productively, with the productivity at each study town being worth over R1 000 per hectare and over R4.7 million per commonage. Finally, a typology of subsistence/survivalist commonage users is presented, with four types being identified. Overall, results suggest that commonage use has increased over the last decade. Moreover, due to food inflation and urbanisation the use of commonage is expected to increase further, highlighting the need for holistic commonage management plans to be created, which should include strategies such as sustainable grazing regimes and natural resource management.
- Full Text:
The design and synthesis of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors
- Authors: Tukulula, Matshawandile
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Protease Inhibitors HIV infections -- Treatment AIDS (Disease) -- Treatment HIV (Viruses) Indolizine -- Derivatives Heterocyclic compounds -- Derivatives Nuclear magnetic resonance Quinoline
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4305 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004963
- Description: This study has focused on the synthesis of truncated analogues of the hydroxyethylene dipeptide isosteres, such as Ritonavir®, currently in clinical use as HIV-1 protease inhibitors. The reactions of pyridine-2- and quinoline-2-carbaldehydes with methyl acrylate, in the presence of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) or 3- hydroxyquinuclidine (3-HQ) as nucleophilic catalysts, have afforded a series of Baylis- Hillman adducts, acetylation and cyclisation of which have provided access to a series of indolizine-2-carboxylate esters. The carboxylic acids, obtained by base-catalyzed hydrolysis of these esters, have been coupled with various protected (and unprotected) amino compounds using the peptide coupling agent, 1,1’-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), to afford a series of indolizine-2-carboxamides as indolizine-based truncated Ritonavir® analogues in quantitative yield. Aza-Michael reactions of pyridine-3-carbaldehydederived Baylis-Hillman adducts with various amino compounds have provided access to a range of pyridine-based products as mixtures of diastereomeric aza-Michael products. The assignment of the relative stereochemistry of the aza-Michael products has been established using 1-D and 2-NOESY experiments and computer modelling techniques. Computer modelling studies have also been conducted on selected aza-Michael products using ACCELRYS Cerius2 software, followed by interactive docking into the HIV-1 protease receptor site, using AUTODOCK 4.0. The docking studies have revealed hydrogen-bonding interactions between the enzyme and the synthetic ligands. Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR experiments have also indicated binding of some of the aza-Michael products to the HIV-1 protease subtype C enzyme, thus indicating their binding and possible inhibitory potential.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Tukulula, Matshawandile
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Protease Inhibitors HIV infections -- Treatment AIDS (Disease) -- Treatment HIV (Viruses) Indolizine -- Derivatives Heterocyclic compounds -- Derivatives Nuclear magnetic resonance Quinoline
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4305 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004963
- Description: This study has focused on the synthesis of truncated analogues of the hydroxyethylene dipeptide isosteres, such as Ritonavir®, currently in clinical use as HIV-1 protease inhibitors. The reactions of pyridine-2- and quinoline-2-carbaldehydes with methyl acrylate, in the presence of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) or 3- hydroxyquinuclidine (3-HQ) as nucleophilic catalysts, have afforded a series of Baylis- Hillman adducts, acetylation and cyclisation of which have provided access to a series of indolizine-2-carboxylate esters. The carboxylic acids, obtained by base-catalyzed hydrolysis of these esters, have been coupled with various protected (and unprotected) amino compounds using the peptide coupling agent, 1,1’-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), to afford a series of indolizine-2-carboxamides as indolizine-based truncated Ritonavir® analogues in quantitative yield. Aza-Michael reactions of pyridine-3-carbaldehydederived Baylis-Hillman adducts with various amino compounds have provided access to a range of pyridine-based products as mixtures of diastereomeric aza-Michael products. The assignment of the relative stereochemistry of the aza-Michael products has been established using 1-D and 2-NOESY experiments and computer modelling techniques. Computer modelling studies have also been conducted on selected aza-Michael products using ACCELRYS Cerius2 software, followed by interactive docking into the HIV-1 protease receptor site, using AUTODOCK 4.0. The docking studies have revealed hydrogen-bonding interactions between the enzyme and the synthetic ligands. Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR experiments have also indicated binding of some of the aza-Michael products to the HIV-1 protease subtype C enzyme, thus indicating their binding and possible inhibitory potential.
- Full Text:
The development of a practical diet for juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, for the South African mariculture industry
- Authors: Woolley, Lindsey
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5257 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005100 , Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition
- Description: The lack of locally manufactured marine finfish diets motivated the current project, which aimed to develop a practical diet specifically formulated for dusky kob. The first growth trial investigated the effect of pellet texture (i.e. hard versus soft pellets) and the inclusion of an additional binder, test treatments were compared to two reference diets. There was no significant difference in weight gain between fish fed the hard or soft pellets (p=0.17), over nine weeks. The fish fed the local trout feed weighed significantly less than those fed the test diets (p=0.003). There was no significant difference in leaching rate amongst treatments (p=0.45). A hard pelleted diet without gelatin is recommended in the commercial culture of dusky kob. Pellets with different physical shapes were tested to determine the effect of shape on settling speeds. A square shaped pellet had a slower sinking rate compared to a round shaped pellet (p<0.0001). Juvenile dusky kob, held in cages, fed the square pellets grew significantly faster than the fish fed the round pellet, with a mean weight gain of 16.81 ± 0.45 g (p=0.018). A growth trial was used to optimize the protein to energy (PE) ratio by adjusting dietary protein and lipid levels. Fish fed the diets with high levels of protein (46 % protein) achieved the better growth rates (125 % weight gain) compared to the lower protein diets (92 % weight gain) (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in total ammonia production (TAN) level for the 46 and 42 % protein diets (p=0.68). The overall performance of the prototype diet was investigated in a closed recirculating system. Growth and FCR of the fish fed the prototype diet was on a par to those fed the commercially available diet currently used in the local farming industry. There was no significant difference in the blood chemistry for fish held at increased stocking densities. The prototype diet is suitable for use in recirculating systems, as there were no negative effects on water quality parameters. This study has laid a foundation for the manufacture of a practical commercial dusky kob diet in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Woolley, Lindsey
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5257 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005100 , Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition
- Description: The lack of locally manufactured marine finfish diets motivated the current project, which aimed to develop a practical diet specifically formulated for dusky kob. The first growth trial investigated the effect of pellet texture (i.e. hard versus soft pellets) and the inclusion of an additional binder, test treatments were compared to two reference diets. There was no significant difference in weight gain between fish fed the hard or soft pellets (p=0.17), over nine weeks. The fish fed the local trout feed weighed significantly less than those fed the test diets (p=0.003). There was no significant difference in leaching rate amongst treatments (p=0.45). A hard pelleted diet without gelatin is recommended in the commercial culture of dusky kob. Pellets with different physical shapes were tested to determine the effect of shape on settling speeds. A square shaped pellet had a slower sinking rate compared to a round shaped pellet (p<0.0001). Juvenile dusky kob, held in cages, fed the square pellets grew significantly faster than the fish fed the round pellet, with a mean weight gain of 16.81 ± 0.45 g (p=0.018). A growth trial was used to optimize the protein to energy (PE) ratio by adjusting dietary protein and lipid levels. Fish fed the diets with high levels of protein (46 % protein) achieved the better growth rates (125 % weight gain) compared to the lower protein diets (92 % weight gain) (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in total ammonia production (TAN) level for the 46 and 42 % protein diets (p=0.68). The overall performance of the prototype diet was investigated in a closed recirculating system. Growth and FCR of the fish fed the prototype diet was on a par to those fed the commercially available diet currently used in the local farming industry. There was no significant difference in the blood chemistry for fish held at increased stocking densities. The prototype diet is suitable for use in recirculating systems, as there were no negative effects on water quality parameters. This study has laid a foundation for the manufacture of a practical commercial dusky kob diet in South Africa.
- Full Text:
The development of sustainability criteria to facilitate the selection of sanitation technologies within the Buffalo City Municipality (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa)
- Authors: Hoossein, Shafick
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Sanitation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Water -- Purification -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Sewage disposal -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Water quality -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Environmental health -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Environmental management -- South Africa -- Buffalo City
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:32275 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004595
- Description: Two and a half billion people mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia remain without improved sanitation facilities despite the Millennium Development Goal 7's target to halve this number by 2015. While it might be tempting for developing countries such as South Africa to implement the cheapest and most rapidly constructed sanitation services simply to meet the desired target, this could have significant negative implications on human health and the environment over the long-term. As a result, there is a need to ensure that the most appropriate sustainable sanitation technologies are selected during the planning stage. The purpose of this research was therefore to document the development and pilot application of a flexible context-specific decision-support tool for sustainable sanitation technology selection within Buffalo City Municipality (BCM) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The first step in the development process was to ascertain the current status of sanitation within the municipality, with a specific focus on the main challenges related to the provision, maintenance and performance of these technologies. Thereafter, a participatory approach was employed involving BCM stakeholders to develop a series of sustainability criteria and indicators that took into consideration economic, social, environmental and technical concerns as well as legal requirements. The development process resulted in a list of 38 BCM sustainable sanitation selection criteria that were applied in a pilot study involving rural, urban and peri-urban communities within BCM. Certain criteria related to topographical features and the availability of piped water and land were considered useful for 'coarse screening' while others were applied during 'fine screening'. In order to enhance the context specificity of criteria, each was weighted, through consultation with key BCM stakeholders. This research confirmed that the sanitation situation in BCM was poor and preliminary evidence indicated that sanitation systems were negatively impacting on the quality of water resources within BCM justifying the need for a sustainable sanitation decision support tool. Based on the pilot application of the BCM Sustainability Selection Criteria List, the urine diversion technology was considered the most sustainable technology option in each study site. There were however, certain social criteria that received relatively low sustainability scores and these would need to be addressed prior to the approval of this technology for implementation. The approach adopted in this thesis was considered highly context-specific yet flexible and appropriate for adoption not only by BCM but other municipalities on a range of spatial scales.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Hoossein, Shafick
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Sanitation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Water -- Purification -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Sewage disposal -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Water quality -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Environmental health -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Environmental management -- South Africa -- Buffalo City
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:32275 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004595
- Description: Two and a half billion people mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia remain without improved sanitation facilities despite the Millennium Development Goal 7's target to halve this number by 2015. While it might be tempting for developing countries such as South Africa to implement the cheapest and most rapidly constructed sanitation services simply to meet the desired target, this could have significant negative implications on human health and the environment over the long-term. As a result, there is a need to ensure that the most appropriate sustainable sanitation technologies are selected during the planning stage. The purpose of this research was therefore to document the development and pilot application of a flexible context-specific decision-support tool for sustainable sanitation technology selection within Buffalo City Municipality (BCM) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The first step in the development process was to ascertain the current status of sanitation within the municipality, with a specific focus on the main challenges related to the provision, maintenance and performance of these technologies. Thereafter, a participatory approach was employed involving BCM stakeholders to develop a series of sustainability criteria and indicators that took into consideration economic, social, environmental and technical concerns as well as legal requirements. The development process resulted in a list of 38 BCM sustainable sanitation selection criteria that were applied in a pilot study involving rural, urban and peri-urban communities within BCM. Certain criteria related to topographical features and the availability of piped water and land were considered useful for 'coarse screening' while others were applied during 'fine screening'. In order to enhance the context specificity of criteria, each was weighted, through consultation with key BCM stakeholders. This research confirmed that the sanitation situation in BCM was poor and preliminary evidence indicated that sanitation systems were negatively impacting on the quality of water resources within BCM justifying the need for a sustainable sanitation decision support tool. Based on the pilot application of the BCM Sustainability Selection Criteria List, the urine diversion technology was considered the most sustainable technology option in each study site. There were however, certain social criteria that received relatively low sustainability scores and these would need to be addressed prior to the approval of this technology for implementation. The approach adopted in this thesis was considered highly context-specific yet flexible and appropriate for adoption not only by BCM but other municipalities on a range of spatial scales.
- Full Text:
The effect of load and technique on biomechanical and perceptual responses during dynamic pushing and pulling
- Authors: Desai, Sheena Dhiksha
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Work -- Physiological aspects , Biomechanics , Human engineering , Lifting and carrying
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5109 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005187 , Work -- Physiological aspects , Biomechanics , Human engineering , Lifting and carrying
- Description: Changes in the industrial job profile, from lifting and lowering to repetitive dynamic pushing and pulling have been facilitated through the use of manual vehicles, aimed at minimising the workload. Yet, the demands of pushing and pulling have not been well documented. Using measures of the horizontal component of the hand forces, spinal kinematics, muscle activity at various sites on the upper body and body discomfort ratings, this study aimed at quantifying the biomechanical and perceptual demands of various dynamic push/pull techniques. 36 healthy male participants performed two-handed forward pushing, two-handed backward pulling and one-handed forward pulling, employing an industrial pallet jack supporting two loads of 250kg or 500kg. While no single technique was definitively identified as preferable regarding hand forces, pushing at 500kg elicited higher initial and sustained forces (p<0.05) than one- and two-handed pulling respectively. Increments in load mass from 250kg to 500kg resulted in significant differences in the initial, sustained and ending forces. With regard to spinal kinematics in the sagittal plane, two-handed pulling elicited the highest trunk flexion, and may therefore expose individuals to prolonged forward bending. Generally this technique was found to evoke the highest sagittal responses. Spinal kinematic measures in the lateral and transverse planes suggested that one-handed pulling was accompanied by the highest measures, and hence the greatest risk of developing lower back disorders related to this plane. Although various combinations of muscles were active during each technique, one-handed pulling and pushing, most often induced the highest muscle activation levels and two-handed pulling, the lowest. While erector spinae evidenced no significant differences between techniques at each load or between loads for the same technique, activation levels were high under all conditions. Perceptual ratings of body discomfort revealed that not only is the upper body susceptible to injuries during pushing and pulling, but also that the lower extremities may have a considerable role to play in these tasks, with the calves being a particular area of concern. Findings concluded that symmetrical pushing and pulling tasks are preferable.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Desai, Sheena Dhiksha
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Work -- Physiological aspects , Biomechanics , Human engineering , Lifting and carrying
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5109 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005187 , Work -- Physiological aspects , Biomechanics , Human engineering , Lifting and carrying
- Description: Changes in the industrial job profile, from lifting and lowering to repetitive dynamic pushing and pulling have been facilitated through the use of manual vehicles, aimed at minimising the workload. Yet, the demands of pushing and pulling have not been well documented. Using measures of the horizontal component of the hand forces, spinal kinematics, muscle activity at various sites on the upper body and body discomfort ratings, this study aimed at quantifying the biomechanical and perceptual demands of various dynamic push/pull techniques. 36 healthy male participants performed two-handed forward pushing, two-handed backward pulling and one-handed forward pulling, employing an industrial pallet jack supporting two loads of 250kg or 500kg. While no single technique was definitively identified as preferable regarding hand forces, pushing at 500kg elicited higher initial and sustained forces (p<0.05) than one- and two-handed pulling respectively. Increments in load mass from 250kg to 500kg resulted in significant differences in the initial, sustained and ending forces. With regard to spinal kinematics in the sagittal plane, two-handed pulling elicited the highest trunk flexion, and may therefore expose individuals to prolonged forward bending. Generally this technique was found to evoke the highest sagittal responses. Spinal kinematic measures in the lateral and transverse planes suggested that one-handed pulling was accompanied by the highest measures, and hence the greatest risk of developing lower back disorders related to this plane. Although various combinations of muscles were active during each technique, one-handed pulling and pushing, most often induced the highest muscle activation levels and two-handed pulling, the lowest. While erector spinae evidenced no significant differences between techniques at each load or between loads for the same technique, activation levels were high under all conditions. Perceptual ratings of body discomfort revealed that not only is the upper body susceptible to injuries during pushing and pulling, but also that the lower extremities may have a considerable role to play in these tasks, with the calves being a particular area of concern. Findings concluded that symmetrical pushing and pulling tasks are preferable.
- Full Text:
The effect of load and technique on biomechanical and psychophysical responses to level dynamic pushing and pulling
- Authors: Bennett, Anthea Iona
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Work -- Physiological aspects , Human engineering -- Case studies , Lifting and carrying -- Case studies , Biomechanics -- Case studies , Musculoskeletal system -- Wounds and injuries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5110 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005188 , Work -- Physiological aspects , Human engineering -- Case studies , Lifting and carrying -- Case studies , Biomechanics -- Case studies , Musculoskeletal system -- Wounds and injuries
- Description: Pushing and pulling research has yet to fully elucidate the demands placed on manual workers despite established epidemiological links to musculoskeletal disorders. The current study therefore aimed to quantify biomechanical and perceptual responses of male operators to dynamic pushing and pulling tasks. Three common push/pull techniques (pushing, one handed and two handed pulling) were performed at loads of 250kg and 500kg using an industrial pallet jack in a laboratory environment. Thirty six healthy male subjects (age: 21 ±2 years, stature: 1791 ±43 mm and body mass: 77 ±10 kg) were required to perform six loaded experimental and two unloaded control conditions. Hand force exertion, muscle activity and gait pattern responses were collected during 10m push/pull trials on a coefficient controlled walkway; body discomfort was assessed on completion of the condition. Horizontal hand force responses were significantly (p<0.05) affected by load, with a linear relationship existing between the two. This relationship is determined by specific environmental and trolley factors and is context specific, depending on factors such as trolley maintenance and type of flooring. Hand force exertion responses were tenuously affected by technique at higher loads in the initial and sustained phases, with pushing inducing the greatest hand forces. Comparison of the motion phases revealed significant differences between all three phases, with the initial phase evidencing the greatest hand forces. Muscle activity responses demonstrated that unloaded backward walking evoked significantly higher muscle activation than did unloaded forward walking whilst increased muscular activity during load movement compared to unloaded walking was observed. However increasing load from 250kg to 500kg did not significantly impact the majority of muscle activity responses. When considering technique effects on muscle activity, of the significant differences found, all indicated that pushing imposed the least demand on the musculoskeletal system. Gait pattern responses were not significantly affected by load/technique combinations and were similar to those elicited during normal, unloaded walking. Perceptually, increased load led to increased perception of discomfort while pushing resulted in the least discomfort at both loads. From these psychophysical responses, the calves, shoulders and biceps were identified as areas of potential musculoskeletal injury, particularly during one and two handed pulling. Pushing elicited the highest hand forces and the lowest muscle activity responses in the majority of the conditions whilst psychophysical responses identified this technique as most satisfactory. Current results advocate the use of pushing when moving a load using a wheeled device. Suitability of one and two handed pulling remains contradictory, however results suggest that one handed pulling be employed at lower loads and two handed pulling at higher loads.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Bennett, Anthea Iona
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Work -- Physiological aspects , Human engineering -- Case studies , Lifting and carrying -- Case studies , Biomechanics -- Case studies , Musculoskeletal system -- Wounds and injuries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5110 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005188 , Work -- Physiological aspects , Human engineering -- Case studies , Lifting and carrying -- Case studies , Biomechanics -- Case studies , Musculoskeletal system -- Wounds and injuries
- Description: Pushing and pulling research has yet to fully elucidate the demands placed on manual workers despite established epidemiological links to musculoskeletal disorders. The current study therefore aimed to quantify biomechanical and perceptual responses of male operators to dynamic pushing and pulling tasks. Three common push/pull techniques (pushing, one handed and two handed pulling) were performed at loads of 250kg and 500kg using an industrial pallet jack in a laboratory environment. Thirty six healthy male subjects (age: 21 ±2 years, stature: 1791 ±43 mm and body mass: 77 ±10 kg) were required to perform six loaded experimental and two unloaded control conditions. Hand force exertion, muscle activity and gait pattern responses were collected during 10m push/pull trials on a coefficient controlled walkway; body discomfort was assessed on completion of the condition. Horizontal hand force responses were significantly (p<0.05) affected by load, with a linear relationship existing between the two. This relationship is determined by specific environmental and trolley factors and is context specific, depending on factors such as trolley maintenance and type of flooring. Hand force exertion responses were tenuously affected by technique at higher loads in the initial and sustained phases, with pushing inducing the greatest hand forces. Comparison of the motion phases revealed significant differences between all three phases, with the initial phase evidencing the greatest hand forces. Muscle activity responses demonstrated that unloaded backward walking evoked significantly higher muscle activation than did unloaded forward walking whilst increased muscular activity during load movement compared to unloaded walking was observed. However increasing load from 250kg to 500kg did not significantly impact the majority of muscle activity responses. When considering technique effects on muscle activity, of the significant differences found, all indicated that pushing imposed the least demand on the musculoskeletal system. Gait pattern responses were not significantly affected by load/technique combinations and were similar to those elicited during normal, unloaded walking. Perceptually, increased load led to increased perception of discomfort while pushing resulted in the least discomfort at both loads. From these psychophysical responses, the calves, shoulders and biceps were identified as areas of potential musculoskeletal injury, particularly during one and two handed pulling. Pushing elicited the highest hand forces and the lowest muscle activity responses in the majority of the conditions whilst psychophysical responses identified this technique as most satisfactory. Current results advocate the use of pushing when moving a load using a wheeled device. Suitability of one and two handed pulling remains contradictory, however results suggest that one handed pulling be employed at lower loads and two handed pulling at higher loads.
- Full Text:
The effect of progressive resistance training on the blood lipid profile in post-menopausal women
- Authors: Viljoen, Janet Erica
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Weight training for women -- Physiological aspects , Weight training -- Physiological aspects , Exercise for women -- Physiological aspects , Physical fitness for women -- Physiological aspects , Energy metabolism , Middle aged women -- Health and hygiene
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5113 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005191 , Weight training for women -- Physiological aspects , Weight training -- Physiological aspects , Exercise for women -- Physiological aspects , Physical fitness for women -- Physiological aspects , Energy metabolism , Middle aged women -- Health and hygiene
- Description: The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of progressive resistance training on the blood lipid profile in post-menopausal women. Thirty-four female subjects aged 50 to 75 years were selected from the population of Grahamstown, South Africa. All participants were previously sedentary and possessed at least one lipid profile abnormality but were otherwise healthy. Pre-tests included a sub-maximal stress Electrocardiogram, measures of stature, mass, central and limb girths as well as an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a total blood lipid profile. Participants took part in a 24-week progressive resistance training programme, consisting of three supervised sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes and were not permitted to lose more than 10% of initial body mass during the 24-week study. All pre-test measures, excluding the stress ECG and the OGTT, were repeated every four weeks for the duration of the study. Results were that body mass, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio did not change. Girth measures at mid-humerus, chest, waist, hip, mid-quadricep and mid-gastrocnemius all decreased significantly (p=0.05). LDL-cholesterol increased significantly over the course of 24 weeks (3.61mmol.L-1 to 4.07mmol.L-1) as did total cholesterol (5.81mmol.L-1 to 6.24mmol.L-1). Triglyceride concentration remained unchanged and HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly between the pre-test measure (1.55mmol.L-1) and the measure after six months (1.42mmol.L-1). It can be concluded that the blood lipid profile in a sample of post-menopausal women was not positively affected by a progressive resistance training programme over a 24 week period. , Maiden name: Kelly, Janet Erica
- Full Text:
- Authors: Viljoen, Janet Erica
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Weight training for women -- Physiological aspects , Weight training -- Physiological aspects , Exercise for women -- Physiological aspects , Physical fitness for women -- Physiological aspects , Energy metabolism , Middle aged women -- Health and hygiene
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5113 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005191 , Weight training for women -- Physiological aspects , Weight training -- Physiological aspects , Exercise for women -- Physiological aspects , Physical fitness for women -- Physiological aspects , Energy metabolism , Middle aged women -- Health and hygiene
- Description: The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of progressive resistance training on the blood lipid profile in post-menopausal women. Thirty-four female subjects aged 50 to 75 years were selected from the population of Grahamstown, South Africa. All participants were previously sedentary and possessed at least one lipid profile abnormality but were otherwise healthy. Pre-tests included a sub-maximal stress Electrocardiogram, measures of stature, mass, central and limb girths as well as an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a total blood lipid profile. Participants took part in a 24-week progressive resistance training programme, consisting of three supervised sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes and were not permitted to lose more than 10% of initial body mass during the 24-week study. All pre-test measures, excluding the stress ECG and the OGTT, were repeated every four weeks for the duration of the study. Results were that body mass, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio did not change. Girth measures at mid-humerus, chest, waist, hip, mid-quadricep and mid-gastrocnemius all decreased significantly (p=0.05). LDL-cholesterol increased significantly over the course of 24 weeks (3.61mmol.L-1 to 4.07mmol.L-1) as did total cholesterol (5.81mmol.L-1 to 6.24mmol.L-1). Triglyceride concentration remained unchanged and HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly between the pre-test measure (1.55mmol.L-1) and the measure after six months (1.42mmol.L-1). It can be concluded that the blood lipid profile in a sample of post-menopausal women was not positively affected by a progressive resistance training programme over a 24 week period. , Maiden name: Kelly, Janet Erica
- Full Text:
The geological framework and depositional environments of the coal-bearing Karoo strata in the Central Kalahari Karoo Basin, Botswana
- Authors: Segwabe, Tebogo
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Coal -- Geology -- Botswana , Sedimentation and deposition -- Botswana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4955 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005567 , Coal -- Geology -- Botswana , Sedimentation and deposition -- Botswana
- Description: The investigation of the geological history (i.e., stratigraphy and sedimentology) and the dynamics of coal depositional environments, in particular, the forces responsible for changes in the accommodation space (e.g., subsidence vs. sedimentation rates) in the Permian coal-bearing Karoo strata in the Central Kalahari Karoo Basin (Botswana) revealed new details about the depositional processes and environments. Detailed review of the temporal and spatial stratigraphic variation of the coal-bearing Ecca Group successions via the analysis of facies changes based on core descriptions, gamma logs, field observations and palaeo-current measurements, lead to the identification of two main informal stratigraphic units, namely the Basal and Upper Units. The Basal Unit is characterised by an upward-coarsening succession, and it is interpreted as a product of a progradational deltaic setting (i.e., regressive deltaic cycle). This is followed by five sequences of fining-upward successions of sandstones and siltstones in the Upper Unit, interpreted as deposits of distributary channels (the basal arenaceous member) capped by finer argillaceous sequences of the deltaic floodplains (the upper coal-bearing member). The Upper Unit thus is interpreted as a delta plain facies association which was formed during transgressive phases when conditions for coal-quality peat accumulation (e.g., high water table) were present and the available accommodation space was partly controlled by tectonic uplift (repeated?) at basin margins. Limited palaeo-current analysis indicates deposition by channels flowing from the east, south-east and north-east. The lack of good quality exposures hampers the reconstruction of the plan form of the channel patterns. However, the little available evidence indicates a high-energy fluvio-deltaic system with irregular discharge and a high proportion of bedload sediments. Coal-seam thickness in the upper coal-bearing member reflect the complex control of the geological processes associated with and following peat formation, such as differential compaction of the underlying lithology, and the erosive or protective nature of the immediately overlying lithology.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Segwabe, Tebogo
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Coal -- Geology -- Botswana , Sedimentation and deposition -- Botswana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4955 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005567 , Coal -- Geology -- Botswana , Sedimentation and deposition -- Botswana
- Description: The investigation of the geological history (i.e., stratigraphy and sedimentology) and the dynamics of coal depositional environments, in particular, the forces responsible for changes in the accommodation space (e.g., subsidence vs. sedimentation rates) in the Permian coal-bearing Karoo strata in the Central Kalahari Karoo Basin (Botswana) revealed new details about the depositional processes and environments. Detailed review of the temporal and spatial stratigraphic variation of the coal-bearing Ecca Group successions via the analysis of facies changes based on core descriptions, gamma logs, field observations and palaeo-current measurements, lead to the identification of two main informal stratigraphic units, namely the Basal and Upper Units. The Basal Unit is characterised by an upward-coarsening succession, and it is interpreted as a product of a progradational deltaic setting (i.e., regressive deltaic cycle). This is followed by five sequences of fining-upward successions of sandstones and siltstones in the Upper Unit, interpreted as deposits of distributary channels (the basal arenaceous member) capped by finer argillaceous sequences of the deltaic floodplains (the upper coal-bearing member). The Upper Unit thus is interpreted as a delta plain facies association which was formed during transgressive phases when conditions for coal-quality peat accumulation (e.g., high water table) were present and the available accommodation space was partly controlled by tectonic uplift (repeated?) at basin margins. Limited palaeo-current analysis indicates deposition by channels flowing from the east, south-east and north-east. The lack of good quality exposures hampers the reconstruction of the plan form of the channel patterns. However, the little available evidence indicates a high-energy fluvio-deltaic system with irregular discharge and a high proportion of bedload sediments. Coal-seam thickness in the upper coal-bearing member reflect the complex control of the geological processes associated with and following peat formation, such as differential compaction of the underlying lithology, and the erosive or protective nature of the immediately overlying lithology.
- Full Text:
The ichthyofauna associated with Taylor's salt marsh, Kariega estuary (Eastern Cape), South Africa
- Authors: Booth, Tara Loren
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fish communities -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Salt marsh animals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Eelgrass -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Gray mullets -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5710 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005396 , Fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fish communities -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Salt marsh animals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Eelgrass -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Gray mullets -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The spatial and temporal patterns in the ichthyofaunal community composition and structure in Taylor’s salt marsh and adjacent eelgrass beds (Zostera capensis) in the Kariega Estuary, was investigated every two months between May 2006 and March 2007. Total ichthyofaunal abundances and biomass in the salt marsh ranged between 0.55 and 21.7 ind.10m-2 and between 0.03 and 1.9 g.wwt.10m⁻², respectively. There were no significant spatial patterns in the values evident (P > 0.05 in all cases) although seasonal trends were marked, with highest values consistently recorded during the warmer summer months. Investigations into the community structure showed that the ichthyofaunal community within salt marsh was composed almost exclusively of juveniles of estuarine dependant (category II) species, mainly juvenile Mugilidae (<20mm SL) that comprised up to 83% of all fish sampled. Hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling did not identify any distinct spatial patterns in the ichthyofaunal community within the salt marsh. The absence of any spatial patterns in the community structure could be related to the absence of any significant spatial patterns in the physico-chemical (temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentrations) and biological (water column and microphytobenthic algal concentrations) variables within the salt marsh (P > 0.05 in all cases). Temporal shifts in the ichthyofaunal community structure within the salt marsh were, however, evident largely reflecting the breeding cycles of individual species within the sub-region. Within the adjacent eelgrass beds, total ichthyofaunal abundances and biomass ranged between 8.4 and 49.4 ind.10m⁻² and between 2.9 and 94.5 g.wwt.10m⁻², respectively. Once again there were no distinct spatial patterns in the abundance and biomass values evident although seasonal patterns were marked. In contrast to the salt marsh, within the in the eelgrass community, there were a large number of adult individuals recorded. Again category II species, the estuarine dependent species, were numerically and gravimetrically dominant. The dominance of category II species reflects the marine dominance of Kariega Estuary. The remaining estuarine utilisation categories did not contribute significantly to abundance or standing stock totals. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the salt marsh and eelgrass beds represented two distinct habitats within the Kariega Estuary. Within the salt marsh, the family Mugilidae were numerically dominant contributing 83% of the total catch. Within the eelgrass beds, the sparid, Rhabdosargus holubi and representatives of the family Gobidae contributed 36.3% and 33.9% respectively to the total catch. Estuaries with a wide range of microhabitats have been demonstrated to support a more diverse ichthyofaunal community. Shallow water habitats in general are important areas for juvenile fish within estuaries. Taylor’s salt marsh provides an alternative shallow water habitat, occupied by a distinct ichthyofaunal community composition, with increased food availability and decreased predation pressure, for a wide range of fish species.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Booth, Tara Loren
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fish communities -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Salt marsh animals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Eelgrass -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Gray mullets -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5710 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005396 , Fishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fish communities -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Salt marsh animals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Eelgrass -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Gray mullets -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The spatial and temporal patterns in the ichthyofaunal community composition and structure in Taylor’s salt marsh and adjacent eelgrass beds (Zostera capensis) in the Kariega Estuary, was investigated every two months between May 2006 and March 2007. Total ichthyofaunal abundances and biomass in the salt marsh ranged between 0.55 and 21.7 ind.10m-2 and between 0.03 and 1.9 g.wwt.10m⁻², respectively. There were no significant spatial patterns in the values evident (P > 0.05 in all cases) although seasonal trends were marked, with highest values consistently recorded during the warmer summer months. Investigations into the community structure showed that the ichthyofaunal community within salt marsh was composed almost exclusively of juveniles of estuarine dependant (category II) species, mainly juvenile Mugilidae (<20mm SL) that comprised up to 83% of all fish sampled. Hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling did not identify any distinct spatial patterns in the ichthyofaunal community within the salt marsh. The absence of any spatial patterns in the community structure could be related to the absence of any significant spatial patterns in the physico-chemical (temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentrations) and biological (water column and microphytobenthic algal concentrations) variables within the salt marsh (P > 0.05 in all cases). Temporal shifts in the ichthyofaunal community structure within the salt marsh were, however, evident largely reflecting the breeding cycles of individual species within the sub-region. Within the adjacent eelgrass beds, total ichthyofaunal abundances and biomass ranged between 8.4 and 49.4 ind.10m⁻² and between 2.9 and 94.5 g.wwt.10m⁻², respectively. Once again there were no distinct spatial patterns in the abundance and biomass values evident although seasonal patterns were marked. In contrast to the salt marsh, within the in the eelgrass community, there were a large number of adult individuals recorded. Again category II species, the estuarine dependent species, were numerically and gravimetrically dominant. The dominance of category II species reflects the marine dominance of Kariega Estuary. The remaining estuarine utilisation categories did not contribute significantly to abundance or standing stock totals. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the salt marsh and eelgrass beds represented two distinct habitats within the Kariega Estuary. Within the salt marsh, the family Mugilidae were numerically dominant contributing 83% of the total catch. Within the eelgrass beds, the sparid, Rhabdosargus holubi and representatives of the family Gobidae contributed 36.3% and 33.9% respectively to the total catch. Estuaries with a wide range of microhabitats have been demonstrated to support a more diverse ichthyofaunal community. Shallow water habitats in general are important areas for juvenile fish within estuaries. Taylor’s salt marsh provides an alternative shallow water habitat, occupied by a distinct ichthyofaunal community composition, with increased food availability and decreased predation pressure, for a wide range of fish species.
- Full Text:
The impact of angling on smallmouth and largemouth yellowfish, labeobarbus aeneus and labeobarbus kimberleyensis, in Lake Gariep, South Africa
- Authors: Ellender, Bruce Robert
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Barbus aeneus , Largemouth bass , Labeobarbus , Fishing -- South Africa -- Gariep Dam
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5289 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005133 , Barbus aeneus , Largemouth bass , Labeobarbus , Fishing -- South Africa -- Gariep Dam
- Description: A large sportfishery that targets both smallmouth (Labeobarbus aeneus) and largemouth (Labeobarbus kimberleyensis) yellowfish exists in South Africa. Both species have high conservation priority, and no assessments documenting the effect of angling on L. aeneus and L. kimberleyensis have been undertaken. The overall aim of this study was to provide an assessment of the impact of angling on L. aeneus and L. kimberleyensis. The specific objectives of this study were to characterise the sectors utilising Lake Gariep, document catch, effort and total catch for the fishery as well as the locality specific biology of L. aeneus and L. kimberleyensis. The study was undertaken on Lake Gariep, South Africa's largest impoundment, situated on the Orange River system in central South Africa. Subsistence fishers were the dominant user group, constituting 60 % of the fishery, the remainder constituted recreational anglers. Angler catches were dominated by carp (Cyprinus carpio; 74 %), followed by mudfish (Labeo capensis; 13 %) and smallmouth yellowfish (8 %). Catches of largemouth yellowfish contributed < 0.5 % to the total catch. The relative abundance of species by weight differed by area (χ² test of independence: χ² = 182, df = 4, p ≤ 0.05). On any sampling day time fished was the best predictor for differences in probability of capture (PC) (Wald X²(1) = 7.169, p = 0.007). The probability of capturing L. aeneus differed significantly between month (Wald X²(5) = 20.690, p = 0.000) and region (Wald X²(3) = 46.755, p = 0.000). The single best predictor of differences in log abundance and non-zero CPUE was region (Factorial ANOVA p ≤ 0.05). Mean CPUE ranged from 0.21 ± 0.06 kg. man⁻¹.hr⁻¹ to 0.82 ± 0.11 kg. man⁻¹.hr⁻¹ in the OV region and 0.42 ± 0.10 kg. man⁻¹.hr⁻¹ to 1.17 ± 0.24 kg. man⁻¹.hr⁻¹ in the GD region. Angler effort was higher in OV than in GD and ranged from 17 ± 3 anglers/day to 45 ± 9 anglers/day and 6 ± 1 anglers/day to 41 ± 8 anglers/day, respectively. Total catch was higher in the GD 46.0 [95 % CI = 15:102.6] t. period⁻¹ than the OV region 40.0 [95 % CI = 13.9:89.6] t. period⁻¹. The total catch from the Lake Gariep fishery between March and December 2007 was estimated to be 86.0 [95 % CI = 40.4:154.8] t. period⁻¹. Age and growth was determined using whole otoliths. The growth of L. aeneus was best described by the von Bertalanffy growth model as Lt = 481.80 (1- e⁻°·²²⁽t⁺°·⁶¹⁾). Gonadal development for L. aeneus was seasonal, with the gonadosomatic index peaking in January, revealing a distinct spawning season. The length at 50 % maturity for female L. aeneus was attained at a fork length of 354.7 mm. Natural mortality (M) was estimated at 0.55 year⁻¹. The growth of L. kimberleyensis was described by the von Bertalanffy growth model as Lt = 763.22 (1- e⁻°·¹¹⁽t⁺°·⁶³⁾). Only 6 mature female and 15 mature male L. kimberleyensis were recorded during the study period. The smallest mature female was a 390 mm FL stage four female and the earliest recorded mature male was a 337 mm FL, ripe running male. Natural mortality (M) was estimated at 0.08 year⁻¹ for L. kimberleyensis. Per recruit analysis indicated that current fishing mortality reduces the L. aeneus spawner biomass by 7 %, which is considered negligible. Labeobarbus kimberleyensis forms an insignificant proportion of anglers catches and stock status is currently considered pristine.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ellender, Bruce Robert
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Barbus aeneus , Largemouth bass , Labeobarbus , Fishing -- South Africa -- Gariep Dam
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5289 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005133 , Barbus aeneus , Largemouth bass , Labeobarbus , Fishing -- South Africa -- Gariep Dam
- Description: A large sportfishery that targets both smallmouth (Labeobarbus aeneus) and largemouth (Labeobarbus kimberleyensis) yellowfish exists in South Africa. Both species have high conservation priority, and no assessments documenting the effect of angling on L. aeneus and L. kimberleyensis have been undertaken. The overall aim of this study was to provide an assessment of the impact of angling on L. aeneus and L. kimberleyensis. The specific objectives of this study were to characterise the sectors utilising Lake Gariep, document catch, effort and total catch for the fishery as well as the locality specific biology of L. aeneus and L. kimberleyensis. The study was undertaken on Lake Gariep, South Africa's largest impoundment, situated on the Orange River system in central South Africa. Subsistence fishers were the dominant user group, constituting 60 % of the fishery, the remainder constituted recreational anglers. Angler catches were dominated by carp (Cyprinus carpio; 74 %), followed by mudfish (Labeo capensis; 13 %) and smallmouth yellowfish (8 %). Catches of largemouth yellowfish contributed < 0.5 % to the total catch. The relative abundance of species by weight differed by area (χ² test of independence: χ² = 182, df = 4, p ≤ 0.05). On any sampling day time fished was the best predictor for differences in probability of capture (PC) (Wald X²(1) = 7.169, p = 0.007). The probability of capturing L. aeneus differed significantly between month (Wald X²(5) = 20.690, p = 0.000) and region (Wald X²(3) = 46.755, p = 0.000). The single best predictor of differences in log abundance and non-zero CPUE was region (Factorial ANOVA p ≤ 0.05). Mean CPUE ranged from 0.21 ± 0.06 kg. man⁻¹.hr⁻¹ to 0.82 ± 0.11 kg. man⁻¹.hr⁻¹ in the OV region and 0.42 ± 0.10 kg. man⁻¹.hr⁻¹ to 1.17 ± 0.24 kg. man⁻¹.hr⁻¹ in the GD region. Angler effort was higher in OV than in GD and ranged from 17 ± 3 anglers/day to 45 ± 9 anglers/day and 6 ± 1 anglers/day to 41 ± 8 anglers/day, respectively. Total catch was higher in the GD 46.0 [95 % CI = 15:102.6] t. period⁻¹ than the OV region 40.0 [95 % CI = 13.9:89.6] t. period⁻¹. The total catch from the Lake Gariep fishery between March and December 2007 was estimated to be 86.0 [95 % CI = 40.4:154.8] t. period⁻¹. Age and growth was determined using whole otoliths. The growth of L. aeneus was best described by the von Bertalanffy growth model as Lt = 481.80 (1- e⁻°·²²⁽t⁺°·⁶¹⁾). Gonadal development for L. aeneus was seasonal, with the gonadosomatic index peaking in January, revealing a distinct spawning season. The length at 50 % maturity for female L. aeneus was attained at a fork length of 354.7 mm. Natural mortality (M) was estimated at 0.55 year⁻¹. The growth of L. kimberleyensis was described by the von Bertalanffy growth model as Lt = 763.22 (1- e⁻°·¹¹⁽t⁺°·⁶³⁾). Only 6 mature female and 15 mature male L. kimberleyensis were recorded during the study period. The smallest mature female was a 390 mm FL stage four female and the earliest recorded mature male was a 337 mm FL, ripe running male. Natural mortality (M) was estimated at 0.08 year⁻¹ for L. kimberleyensis. Per recruit analysis indicated that current fishing mortality reduces the L. aeneus spawner biomass by 7 %, which is considered negligible. Labeobarbus kimberleyensis forms an insignificant proportion of anglers catches and stock status is currently considered pristine.
- Full Text:
The impact on biodiversity, and integrated control, of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae) on the Lake Nsezi - Nseleni River system
- Authors: Jones, Roy William
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Water hyacinth -- Control -- South Africa , Eichhornia crassipedes , Pontederiaceae , Aquatic plants -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake , Aquatic weeds -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake , Invasive plants -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5711 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005397 , Water hyacinth -- Control -- South Africa , Eichhornia crassipedes , Pontederiaceae , Aquatic plants -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake , Aquatic weeds -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake , Invasive plants -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake
- Description: Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae), a free floating aquatic plant was discovered by C. von Martius in 1823 in Brazil. It is believed to have been introduced into South Africa, as an ornamental plant, in 1908 to the Cape Province and Natal. Since its introduction, water hyacinth has spread throughout South Africa to the detriment of all aquatic systems that it has been introduced to directly or indirectly. The weed was first positively identified on the Nseleni and Mposa rivers on the Nseleni Nature Reserve which is a protected area near Richards Bay in KwaZulu- Natal in 1982 and formed a 100% cover of the river by 1983. An integrated management plan was implemented in 1995 and resulted in a reduction of the weed from a 100% cover to less than 20% cover in 5 years. The keys to success of the water hyacinth integrated management plan, presented here, were finding the source of the weed, mapping the extent of the water hyacinth infestation, identifying sources of nutrient pollution, appointing a champion to drive the programme, dividing the river into management units, consultation with interested and affected parties, judicious use of herbicides and biological control and a commitment to follow-up. This study further showed that water hyacinth on the Nseleni and Mposa river systems had a negative impact on the biodiversity of the protected area and the control of water hyacinth resulted in the recovery of the benthic invertebrate, amphibian, reptile, fish and avian fauna. The implementation of this integrated management plan was very cost-effective and serves as a model approach to the control of water hyacinth in both South Africa and the rest of the world.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Jones, Roy William
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Water hyacinth -- Control -- South Africa , Eichhornia crassipedes , Pontederiaceae , Aquatic plants -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake , Aquatic weeds -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake , Invasive plants -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5711 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005397 , Water hyacinth -- Control -- South Africa , Eichhornia crassipedes , Pontederiaceae , Aquatic plants -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake , Aquatic weeds -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake , Invasive plants -- South Africa -- Nsezi, Lake
- Description: Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae), a free floating aquatic plant was discovered by C. von Martius in 1823 in Brazil. It is believed to have been introduced into South Africa, as an ornamental plant, in 1908 to the Cape Province and Natal. Since its introduction, water hyacinth has spread throughout South Africa to the detriment of all aquatic systems that it has been introduced to directly or indirectly. The weed was first positively identified on the Nseleni and Mposa rivers on the Nseleni Nature Reserve which is a protected area near Richards Bay in KwaZulu- Natal in 1982 and formed a 100% cover of the river by 1983. An integrated management plan was implemented in 1995 and resulted in a reduction of the weed from a 100% cover to less than 20% cover in 5 years. The keys to success of the water hyacinth integrated management plan, presented here, were finding the source of the weed, mapping the extent of the water hyacinth infestation, identifying sources of nutrient pollution, appointing a champion to drive the programme, dividing the river into management units, consultation with interested and affected parties, judicious use of herbicides and biological control and a commitment to follow-up. This study further showed that water hyacinth on the Nseleni and Mposa river systems had a negative impact on the biodiversity of the protected area and the control of water hyacinth resulted in the recovery of the benthic invertebrate, amphibian, reptile, fish and avian fauna. The implementation of this integrated management plan was very cost-effective and serves as a model approach to the control of water hyacinth in both South Africa and the rest of the world.
- Full Text:
The investigation of novel marine microorganisms for the production of biologically active metabolites
- Authors: Sunkel, Vanessa Ann
- Date: 2009 , 2013-07-15
- Subjects: Antibiotics , Drugs -- Research , Metabolites , Marine biotechnology , Marine metabolites -- Therapeutic use , Microorganisms -- Effect of drugs on , Penicillium
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3812 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004579 , Antibiotics , Drugs -- Research , Metabolites , Marine biotechnology , Marine metabolites -- Therapeutic use , Microorganisms -- Effect of drugs on , Penicillium
- Description: New drugs, particularly antibiotics, are urgently required to combat the increasing problem of antibiotic resistant human pathogens. Due to the scarcity of products available today, the pharmaceutical industry is now under pressure to reassess compounds derived from plants, soil and marine organisms. Pharmaceutical companies are showing renewed interest in marine biotechnology as the oceans represent a rich source of both biological and chemical diversity of novel molecular structures with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties. Formerly unexplored locations, such as deep ocean sediments, show great potential as a source of genetically novel microorganisms producing structurally unique secondary metabolites. In this research, a metabolite producing marine Pseudoalteromonas strain, known as AP5, was initially used to develop methods for the detection, optimisation of production and extraction of bioactive metabolites from other potentially novel marine isolates. Two hundred and seventy six (276) marine isolates from water and sediment samples from the Antarctic Ocean and Marion Island were isolated. Ten visually different isolates were screened for bioactivity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi and yeast. Three out of the 10 isolates, WL61 , WL 114 and WL 136, appeared to be novel Streptomyces spp. showing activity against different test organisms. Many of these marine microorganisms are difficult to culture in the laboratory, particularly when they are cultivated continuously in shake flasks as they can stop producing bioactive compounds. The cultivation of marine isolates in bioreactors may be a more beneficial process for the optimisation of metabolite production compared to conventional liquid fermentation techniques whereby the solid-liquid-air interface of membrane bioreactors can imitate the natural environment of microbes. The membrane bioreactor system is a stable growth environment with low shear that supports steady-state biofilm growth consisting of a high cell density due to a high mass transfer of nutrients and oxygen to the cells. This approach was employed and isolates WL61, WL114 and WL136 were immobilised onto ceramic membranes using Quorus single fibre bioreactors (SFR). The SFRs were used to establish the most suitable growth medium for continuous secondary metabolite production. The best growth conditions were applied to the Quorus multifibre bioreactor (MFR) for scale up of biologically active metabolites, highlighting the potential of bioreactor technology for use in bioprospecting for isolating and screening novel and known organisms for new and interesting natural products. Furthermore, the Quorus MFR was shown to be suitable for the production of high yields of antimicrobial metabolites and is an efficient new fermentation production system. Purification by HPLC fractionation was used to characterise four major compounds from isolate WL 114 extracts. NMR structure elucidation identified one of the two primary compounds as Bisphenol A. The complete chemical structure for the second potent bioactive compound could not be determined due to the low concentration and volume of material. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Authors: Sunkel, Vanessa Ann
- Date: 2009 , 2013-07-15
- Subjects: Antibiotics , Drugs -- Research , Metabolites , Marine biotechnology , Marine metabolites -- Therapeutic use , Microorganisms -- Effect of drugs on , Penicillium
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3812 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004579 , Antibiotics , Drugs -- Research , Metabolites , Marine biotechnology , Marine metabolites -- Therapeutic use , Microorganisms -- Effect of drugs on , Penicillium
- Description: New drugs, particularly antibiotics, are urgently required to combat the increasing problem of antibiotic resistant human pathogens. Due to the scarcity of products available today, the pharmaceutical industry is now under pressure to reassess compounds derived from plants, soil and marine organisms. Pharmaceutical companies are showing renewed interest in marine biotechnology as the oceans represent a rich source of both biological and chemical diversity of novel molecular structures with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties. Formerly unexplored locations, such as deep ocean sediments, show great potential as a source of genetically novel microorganisms producing structurally unique secondary metabolites. In this research, a metabolite producing marine Pseudoalteromonas strain, known as AP5, was initially used to develop methods for the detection, optimisation of production and extraction of bioactive metabolites from other potentially novel marine isolates. Two hundred and seventy six (276) marine isolates from water and sediment samples from the Antarctic Ocean and Marion Island were isolated. Ten visually different isolates were screened for bioactivity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi and yeast. Three out of the 10 isolates, WL61 , WL 114 and WL 136, appeared to be novel Streptomyces spp. showing activity against different test organisms. Many of these marine microorganisms are difficult to culture in the laboratory, particularly when they are cultivated continuously in shake flasks as they can stop producing bioactive compounds. The cultivation of marine isolates in bioreactors may be a more beneficial process for the optimisation of metabolite production compared to conventional liquid fermentation techniques whereby the solid-liquid-air interface of membrane bioreactors can imitate the natural environment of microbes. The membrane bioreactor system is a stable growth environment with low shear that supports steady-state biofilm growth consisting of a high cell density due to a high mass transfer of nutrients and oxygen to the cells. This approach was employed and isolates WL61, WL114 and WL136 were immobilised onto ceramic membranes using Quorus single fibre bioreactors (SFR). The SFRs were used to establish the most suitable growth medium for continuous secondary metabolite production. The best growth conditions were applied to the Quorus multifibre bioreactor (MFR) for scale up of biologically active metabolites, highlighting the potential of bioreactor technology for use in bioprospecting for isolating and screening novel and known organisms for new and interesting natural products. Furthermore, the Quorus MFR was shown to be suitable for the production of high yields of antimicrobial metabolites and is an efficient new fermentation production system. Purification by HPLC fractionation was used to characterise four major compounds from isolate WL 114 extracts. NMR structure elucidation identified one of the two primary compounds as Bisphenol A. The complete chemical structure for the second potent bioactive compound could not be determined due to the low concentration and volume of material. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
The principle of inclusion-exclusion and möbius function as counting techniques in finite fuzzy subsets
- Authors: Talwanga, Matiki
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Fuzzy logic , Fuzzy sets , Fuzzy systems , Möbius function
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5413 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005227 , Fuzzy logic , Fuzzy sets , Fuzzy systems , Möbius function
- Description: The broad goal in this thesis is to enumerate elements and fuzzy subsets of a finite set enjoying some useful properties through the well-known counting technique of the principle of inclusion-exclusion. We consider the set of membership values to be finite and uniformly spaced in the real unit interval. Further we define an equivalence relation with regards to the cardinalities of fuzzy subsets providing the Möbius function and Möbius inversion in that context.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Talwanga, Matiki
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Fuzzy logic , Fuzzy sets , Fuzzy systems , Möbius function
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5413 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005227 , Fuzzy logic , Fuzzy sets , Fuzzy systems , Möbius function
- Description: The broad goal in this thesis is to enumerate elements and fuzzy subsets of a finite set enjoying some useful properties through the well-known counting technique of the principle of inclusion-exclusion. We consider the set of membership values to be finite and uniformly spaced in the real unit interval. Further we define an equivalence relation with regards to the cardinalities of fuzzy subsets providing the Möbius function and Möbius inversion in that context.
- Full Text:
The protein and energy requirements of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae
- Authors: Green, Alistair John
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Haliotis midae -- South Africa Abalone culture -- South Africa Abalones -- Nutrition Abalones -- Physiology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5352 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008261
- Description: The abalone (Haliotis midae) culture industry in South Africa is becoming increasingly dependent on the use of formulated feeds, due to limitations in the supply of kelp. The bulk of the feeds that are currently available were developed based on the requirements of juvenile abalone cultured within the optimal temperature range for growth (18 - 20 °C). However, most abalone farming facilities are land-based pump ashore operations and are thus mostly exposed to temperatures outside of this range. In addition, these feeds have been found to be unsuitable for abalone cultured at elevated water temperatures (> 20°C). The aim of the study was to develop size and temperature specific diets for H midoe through optimisation of dietary protein, energy and lipid levels. Abalone were cultured under farm-like conditions in three partially recirculating temperature controlled systems at either 18, 22 or 24°C and fed formulated diets containing graded levels of protein (18,22 and 26 %) and energy (11.6, 13.5 and 16.2 MJ.kg·I ). Abalone were stocked into baskets at 5 % of available of surface area (n=36) and each diet (n=9) was fed to four baskets of abalone at each of the three temperature regimes for ten weeks. Abalone growth was temperature dependent, with growth declining from 4.33 g.month-I for abalone cultured at 18°C to 0.77 g.month-I at 24°C. Dietary protein could be reduced from 26 to 18 % provided dietary energy levels were maintained at 13.5 MJ.kg- l • A dietary energy level of 11.6 MJ.kg-1 was insufficient to meet the energetic requirements of H midae regardless of the protein content of the diet. The effects of water temperature and body size on the protein requirements of H midae were investigated by culturing abalone at temperatures within the optimal range for abalone farming (i.e. 14, 16 and 18°C). Three size classes of abalone (15, 50 and 80 mm) were fed formulated feed containing graded levels of dietary protein (20, 26, 32, 38 and 44 %) under controlled laboratory conditions for 12 weeks, and, in a separate experiment, under commercial farm conditions for 24 weeks. It was not possible to convincingly define the optimal protein levels for abalone of different sizes in this experiment because growth rates fell below average commercial growth rates obtained on farms. Growth was temperature dependent in the laboratory trial, with the rate of weight gain of the 15 mm (ANOV A: p=0.002) and 50 mm abalone (ANOV A: p=0.02) increasing significantly with an increase in temperature from 14 to 18°C. In the farm trial, dietary protein content did not affect the growth rate of the 10-15 or 80 mm abalone (ANOVA: p>0.05), however, the 50 mm abalone displayed significantly higher weight gain on the 32 % (4.72±0.20 g.month-I ) and 38 % (5.01±0.34 g.month-I ) protein diets compared to those fed the 20 % protein diet (3.75±0.13 g.month-I ) (ANOVA: p=O.OI). Although definition of optimal dietary protein levels were not possible, the effects of dietary protein content and water temperature on the growth of H midae were independent signifying that the protein requirements of abalone are temperature independent. In addition, there was no evidence to indicate that abalone of the different sizes tested here had different dietary protein requirements. The size specific dietary lipid and protein requirements of H midae were investigated by feeding two size classes of abalone (30 and 60 mm initial shell length) diets containing graded levels of dietary lipid (4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 %) and protein (34 - 39 %) for 12 weeks. The 30 and 60 mm abalone were stocked at 7 (n=200) and 9 % (n=36) of the available basket surface area respectively and each diet was fed to four baskets of abalone of each size class. The protein requirements of H. midae are influenced by the amount of available dietary energy and thus it is possible that the ability of abalone to utilise lipids as a source of energy differs in the presence of varying levels of dietary protein. High levels of dietary lipid negatively affected the growth, condition factor and soft tissue glycogen content of both size classes of abalone. This negative effect was greater in the 30 mm size class compared to the 60 mm abalone. The corresponding increase in feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in response to increasing levels of dietary protein also provides evidence that abalone are unable to utilise dietary lipids as an energy source and high levels of dietary lipid probably inhibit the uptake of carbohydrates and protein. High dietary lipid levels did however appear to promote gonad maturation. It was possible to reduce dietary protein from 34 to 20 % without negatively affecting growth through the maintenance of dietary energy levels and thus it is recommended that future experiments on the energy content of formulated feeds should focus on the improved use of carbohydrates. Reductions in the protein portion of formulated feeds for H. midae are possible provided the diet contains sufficient levels of energy supplied from carbohydrates. As the ability of abalone to utilise dietary lipid is limited, lipids are unlikely to play a significant role as an energy source in abalone feeds. Further investigations should focus on the utilisation of various carbohydrate sources in abalone feeds.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Green, Alistair John
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Haliotis midae -- South Africa Abalone culture -- South Africa Abalones -- Nutrition Abalones -- Physiology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5352 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008261
- Description: The abalone (Haliotis midae) culture industry in South Africa is becoming increasingly dependent on the use of formulated feeds, due to limitations in the supply of kelp. The bulk of the feeds that are currently available were developed based on the requirements of juvenile abalone cultured within the optimal temperature range for growth (18 - 20 °C). However, most abalone farming facilities are land-based pump ashore operations and are thus mostly exposed to temperatures outside of this range. In addition, these feeds have been found to be unsuitable for abalone cultured at elevated water temperatures (> 20°C). The aim of the study was to develop size and temperature specific diets for H midoe through optimisation of dietary protein, energy and lipid levels. Abalone were cultured under farm-like conditions in three partially recirculating temperature controlled systems at either 18, 22 or 24°C and fed formulated diets containing graded levels of protein (18,22 and 26 %) and energy (11.6, 13.5 and 16.2 MJ.kg·I ). Abalone were stocked into baskets at 5 % of available of surface area (n=36) and each diet (n=9) was fed to four baskets of abalone at each of the three temperature regimes for ten weeks. Abalone growth was temperature dependent, with growth declining from 4.33 g.month-I for abalone cultured at 18°C to 0.77 g.month-I at 24°C. Dietary protein could be reduced from 26 to 18 % provided dietary energy levels were maintained at 13.5 MJ.kg- l • A dietary energy level of 11.6 MJ.kg-1 was insufficient to meet the energetic requirements of H midae regardless of the protein content of the diet. The effects of water temperature and body size on the protein requirements of H midae were investigated by culturing abalone at temperatures within the optimal range for abalone farming (i.e. 14, 16 and 18°C). Three size classes of abalone (15, 50 and 80 mm) were fed formulated feed containing graded levels of dietary protein (20, 26, 32, 38 and 44 %) under controlled laboratory conditions for 12 weeks, and, in a separate experiment, under commercial farm conditions for 24 weeks. It was not possible to convincingly define the optimal protein levels for abalone of different sizes in this experiment because growth rates fell below average commercial growth rates obtained on farms. Growth was temperature dependent in the laboratory trial, with the rate of weight gain of the 15 mm (ANOV A: p=0.002) and 50 mm abalone (ANOV A: p=0.02) increasing significantly with an increase in temperature from 14 to 18°C. In the farm trial, dietary protein content did not affect the growth rate of the 10-15 or 80 mm abalone (ANOVA: p>0.05), however, the 50 mm abalone displayed significantly higher weight gain on the 32 % (4.72±0.20 g.month-I ) and 38 % (5.01±0.34 g.month-I ) protein diets compared to those fed the 20 % protein diet (3.75±0.13 g.month-I ) (ANOVA: p=O.OI). Although definition of optimal dietary protein levels were not possible, the effects of dietary protein content and water temperature on the growth of H midae were independent signifying that the protein requirements of abalone are temperature independent. In addition, there was no evidence to indicate that abalone of the different sizes tested here had different dietary protein requirements. The size specific dietary lipid and protein requirements of H midae were investigated by feeding two size classes of abalone (30 and 60 mm initial shell length) diets containing graded levels of dietary lipid (4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 %) and protein (34 - 39 %) for 12 weeks. The 30 and 60 mm abalone were stocked at 7 (n=200) and 9 % (n=36) of the available basket surface area respectively and each diet was fed to four baskets of abalone of each size class. The protein requirements of H. midae are influenced by the amount of available dietary energy and thus it is possible that the ability of abalone to utilise lipids as a source of energy differs in the presence of varying levels of dietary protein. High levels of dietary lipid negatively affected the growth, condition factor and soft tissue glycogen content of both size classes of abalone. This negative effect was greater in the 30 mm size class compared to the 60 mm abalone. The corresponding increase in feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in response to increasing levels of dietary protein also provides evidence that abalone are unable to utilise dietary lipids as an energy source and high levels of dietary lipid probably inhibit the uptake of carbohydrates and protein. High dietary lipid levels did however appear to promote gonad maturation. It was possible to reduce dietary protein from 34 to 20 % without negatively affecting growth through the maintenance of dietary energy levels and thus it is recommended that future experiments on the energy content of formulated feeds should focus on the improved use of carbohydrates. Reductions in the protein portion of formulated feeds for H. midae are possible provided the diet contains sufficient levels of energy supplied from carbohydrates. As the ability of abalone to utilise dietary lipid is limited, lipids are unlikely to play a significant role as an energy source in abalone feeds. Further investigations should focus on the utilisation of various carbohydrate sources in abalone feeds.
- Full Text:
The spatial ecology and activity patterns of leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Baviaanskloof and Greater Addo Elephant National Park (GAENP), Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: McManus, Jeannine Stephanie
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Leopard -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Spatial ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Animal populations -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5823 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007601 , Leopard -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Spatial ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Animal populations -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The conservation of leopards in the Eastern Cape Province requires a holistic approach that considers both predator-human interactions as well as the biology of the carnivore. Numerous studies have been conducted on leopards within protected areas; however more information regarding the species is needed outside these areas to facilitate effective management of predators. The spatial ecology of the leopard (Panthera pardus) were studied in the Baviaanskloof and GAENP in the Eastern Cape. The Baviaanskloof is an extensive area of mountainous terrain (approximately 2665km²) which has a mosaic of land uses, and leopards move from conservation areas to farmland where they come into contact and conflict with farmers. This study examined the spatial ecology of leopards living on farmlands adjacent to protected land. The space utilization and activity patterns of six leopards were analysed. These animals were caught and released on farmlands in the Baviaanskloof (n=4) or translocated (n=2) when not possible to release on site. The animals were caught by means of fall-door, walk-in traps and fitted with Vectronic GPS collars that facilitated the collection of high quality GPS fixes from each animal. Data was collected using VHF and UHF telemetry to download data. An understanding of spatial requirements in areas with different land use, and the extent of overlap of space use with other leopards allow, for the first time in the region, the calculation of possible maximum population size. Analysis of range size was carried out using two methods: minimum convex polygon, and Kernel Utilization Distribution. Finally, a key predictor of space use is prey availability. I assessed the prey base using a grid of camera traps. The studied leopards revealed large range utilization with minimal overlap. The activity patterns suggest there is no preference between diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns and the population density was estimated between 0.3 - 1.3 leopards per 100km². Large home range sizes and low population densities suggest that leopards require large areas of suitable habitat, and that conservation efforts need to be extended beyond protected areas to ensure the long-term viability of leopard populations in such areas.
- Full Text:
- Authors: McManus, Jeannine Stephanie
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Leopard -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Spatial ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Animal populations -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5823 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007601 , Leopard -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leopard -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Spatial ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Animal populations -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The conservation of leopards in the Eastern Cape Province requires a holistic approach that considers both predator-human interactions as well as the biology of the carnivore. Numerous studies have been conducted on leopards within protected areas; however more information regarding the species is needed outside these areas to facilitate effective management of predators. The spatial ecology of the leopard (Panthera pardus) were studied in the Baviaanskloof and GAENP in the Eastern Cape. The Baviaanskloof is an extensive area of mountainous terrain (approximately 2665km²) which has a mosaic of land uses, and leopards move from conservation areas to farmland where they come into contact and conflict with farmers. This study examined the spatial ecology of leopards living on farmlands adjacent to protected land. The space utilization and activity patterns of six leopards were analysed. These animals were caught and released on farmlands in the Baviaanskloof (n=4) or translocated (n=2) when not possible to release on site. The animals were caught by means of fall-door, walk-in traps and fitted with Vectronic GPS collars that facilitated the collection of high quality GPS fixes from each animal. Data was collected using VHF and UHF telemetry to download data. An understanding of spatial requirements in areas with different land use, and the extent of overlap of space use with other leopards allow, for the first time in the region, the calculation of possible maximum population size. Analysis of range size was carried out using two methods: minimum convex polygon, and Kernel Utilization Distribution. Finally, a key predictor of space use is prey availability. I assessed the prey base using a grid of camera traps. The studied leopards revealed large range utilization with minimal overlap. The activity patterns suggest there is no preference between diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns and the population density was estimated between 0.3 - 1.3 leopards per 100km². Large home range sizes and low population densities suggest that leopards require large areas of suitable habitat, and that conservation efforts need to be extended beyond protected areas to ensure the long-term viability of leopard populations in such areas.
- Full Text:
Trophodynamics of carnivorous zooplankton in the region of the subtropical convergence within the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, with particular emphasis on chaetognaths
- Authors: Sterley, Jessica Anne
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Zooplankton -- Antarctic Ocean , Chaetognatha , Euphausiacea , Amphipoda , Predation (Biology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5790 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005478 , Zooplankton -- Antarctic Ocean , Chaetognatha , Euphausiacea , Amphipoda , Predation (Biology)
- Description: Trophodynamics of carnivorous zooplankton in the region of the Subtropical Convergence (STC) in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean was investigated during austral autumn (April 2007) as part of the first cruise of the Southern Ocean Ecosystem Variability Study. Within the region of the study, the STC was well defined by the 14°C surface isotherm which separated the Agulhas Return Current and Subtropical water in the north from Sub-Antarctic waters to the south. Total average abundance (3.89 ± 5.46ind 100m-3) and biomass (0.14 ± 0.27mg Dwt 100m-3) of carnivorous zooplankton south of the front were significantly higher than the total average abundance (1.33 ± 1.81ind 100m-3) and biomass (0.03 ± 0.05mg Dwt 100m-3) north of the front (p<0.001). There were no significant correlations between the selected physico-chemical (temperature and salinity) and the biological (mesozooplankton abundance and biomass) variables and the total abundance and biomass of the carnivorous zooplankton during the investigation (p>0.05 in all cases). There was no evidence of enhanced biomass and abundance values at stations occupied in the immediate vicinity of the front. Total average carnivorous zooplankton abundance was dominated by chaetognaths (Eukrohnia hamata Möbius 1875, Sagitta gazellae Ritler-Záhony 1909 and S. zetesios Fowler 1905) and euphausiids (Nematoscelis megalops Sars 1883, Euphausia longirostris Hansen 1908 and E. spinifera Sars 1883), which contributed up to 86.58 ± 32.91% of the total counts. The total average biomass was dominated by euphausiids and amphipods (Themisto gaudichaudii Guérin-Méneville 1825, Phronima sedentaria Forsskål 1775 and Vibilia armata Bovallius 1887) which contributed up to 71.45 ± 34.85% of the total counts. In general the populations of both the euphausiids and amphipods were dominated by females while the chaetognaths were dominated by juveniles. Numerical analysis identified two major zooplankton groupings within the survey area which did not coincide with the water masses within the survey area. The SIMPER procedure of the PRIMER package indicated differences between the groups were mainly attributed to changes in the abundance of the numerically dominant species rather than the presence or absence of individual species. The absence of any significant spatial patterns in the distribution of the carnivorous zooplankton suggests that the STC did not act as a biogeographical barrier during the present study. The mean feeding rates of the chaetognaths E. hamata, S. gazellae and S. zetesios were 1.82 ± 0.85prey d-1, 3.63 ± 2.08prey d-1 and 2.18 ± 0.59prey d-1, respectively. These rates correspond to a combined predation impact equivalent to <5% of the mesozooplankton standing stock or <10% of the mesozooplankton secondary production. Mesozooplankton, comprising mainly copepods was the dominant prey in the guts of the three chaetognath species. Total predation impact of the euphausiids, chaetognaths and amphipods, estimated using published daily ration data, on the mesozooplankton standing stock and secondary production ranged from 0.01% to 1.53% and from 0.03% to 30.54%, respectively. Among the carnivorous zooplankton, chaetognaths were generally identified as the dominant predators of mesozooplankton. Low predation impact of selected carnivorous zooplankton suggested that these organisms contributed little to the vertical carbon flux within the region of investigation during the study.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Sterley, Jessica Anne
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Zooplankton -- Antarctic Ocean , Chaetognatha , Euphausiacea , Amphipoda , Predation (Biology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5790 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005478 , Zooplankton -- Antarctic Ocean , Chaetognatha , Euphausiacea , Amphipoda , Predation (Biology)
- Description: Trophodynamics of carnivorous zooplankton in the region of the Subtropical Convergence (STC) in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean was investigated during austral autumn (April 2007) as part of the first cruise of the Southern Ocean Ecosystem Variability Study. Within the region of the study, the STC was well defined by the 14°C surface isotherm which separated the Agulhas Return Current and Subtropical water in the north from Sub-Antarctic waters to the south. Total average abundance (3.89 ± 5.46ind 100m-3) and biomass (0.14 ± 0.27mg Dwt 100m-3) of carnivorous zooplankton south of the front were significantly higher than the total average abundance (1.33 ± 1.81ind 100m-3) and biomass (0.03 ± 0.05mg Dwt 100m-3) north of the front (p<0.001). There were no significant correlations between the selected physico-chemical (temperature and salinity) and the biological (mesozooplankton abundance and biomass) variables and the total abundance and biomass of the carnivorous zooplankton during the investigation (p>0.05 in all cases). There was no evidence of enhanced biomass and abundance values at stations occupied in the immediate vicinity of the front. Total average carnivorous zooplankton abundance was dominated by chaetognaths (Eukrohnia hamata Möbius 1875, Sagitta gazellae Ritler-Záhony 1909 and S. zetesios Fowler 1905) and euphausiids (Nematoscelis megalops Sars 1883, Euphausia longirostris Hansen 1908 and E. spinifera Sars 1883), which contributed up to 86.58 ± 32.91% of the total counts. The total average biomass was dominated by euphausiids and amphipods (Themisto gaudichaudii Guérin-Méneville 1825, Phronima sedentaria Forsskål 1775 and Vibilia armata Bovallius 1887) which contributed up to 71.45 ± 34.85% of the total counts. In general the populations of both the euphausiids and amphipods were dominated by females while the chaetognaths were dominated by juveniles. Numerical analysis identified two major zooplankton groupings within the survey area which did not coincide with the water masses within the survey area. The SIMPER procedure of the PRIMER package indicated differences between the groups were mainly attributed to changes in the abundance of the numerically dominant species rather than the presence or absence of individual species. The absence of any significant spatial patterns in the distribution of the carnivorous zooplankton suggests that the STC did not act as a biogeographical barrier during the present study. The mean feeding rates of the chaetognaths E. hamata, S. gazellae and S. zetesios were 1.82 ± 0.85prey d-1, 3.63 ± 2.08prey d-1 and 2.18 ± 0.59prey d-1, respectively. These rates correspond to a combined predation impact equivalent to <5% of the mesozooplankton standing stock or <10% of the mesozooplankton secondary production. Mesozooplankton, comprising mainly copepods was the dominant prey in the guts of the three chaetognath species. Total predation impact of the euphausiids, chaetognaths and amphipods, estimated using published daily ration data, on the mesozooplankton standing stock and secondary production ranged from 0.01% to 1.53% and from 0.03% to 30.54%, respectively. Among the carnivorous zooplankton, chaetognaths were generally identified as the dominant predators of mesozooplankton. Low predation impact of selected carnivorous zooplankton suggested that these organisms contributed little to the vertical carbon flux within the region of investigation during the study.
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Trophodynamics of mesozooplankton in the the vicinity of the subtropical convergence in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean
- Authors: Daly, Ryan
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Zooplankton -- Antarctic Ocean , Phytoplankton -- Antarctic Ocean
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5791 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005479 , Zooplankton -- Antarctic Ocean , Phytoplankton -- Antarctic Ocean
- Description: The trophodynamics of the numerically dominant mesozooplankton (200-2000 m) in the vicinity of the Subtropical Convergence (STC) in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during austral autumn (April / May) 2007 were investigated as part of the Southern Ocean Ecosystem Variability Study. The survey consisted of six north-south transects each bisecting the STC between 38º to 43ºS and 38º to 41º45’E. In total, 48 stations situated at 30 nautical mile intervals were occupied over a period of ten days. Hydrographic data revealed a well defined surface and sub-surface expression of the STC, which appeared to meander considerably between 41ºS and 41º15’S. Surface chlorophyll-a (chla) concentrations were low, ranging between 0.08 and 0.68 mg chl-a.m-3 and were generally dominated by the picophytoplankton (<2 m) which made up 66.6% (SD±17.6) of the total pigment. Chl-a concentrations integrated over the top 150m of the water column ranged between 11.97 and 40.07 mg chl-a.m-2 and showed no significant spatial patterns (p>0.05). Total integrated mesozooplankton abundance and biomass during the study ranged between 3934.9 and 308521.4 ind.m-2 (mean = 47198.19; SD±62411.4 ind.m-2) and between 239.8 and 4614.3 mg Dwt.m-2 (mean = 1338.58; SD ±1060.5), respectively. Again, there were no significant spatial patterns in the total mesozooplankton abundance or biomass within the region of study (p>0.05). No significant correlations were found between biological (chlorophyll-a concentrations and zooplankton abundance) and physico-chemical variables (temperature and salinity) (p>0.05). The total mesozooplankton community was numerically dominated by copepods of the genera Pleuromamma, Calanus, Oncaea and Oithona. Other important representatives of the mesozooplankton community included the tunicate, Salpa thompsoni, and the pteropod, Limacina retroversa. At the 40% similarity level, numerical analysis identified five distinct mesozooplankton groupings within the survey area. Differences between the groupings were associated with changes in the relative contribution of numerically dominant species rather than the presence or absence of individual species. No groupings were associated with any specific feature of the front within the survey area. The feeding rates of the six most numerically abundant mesozooplankton species (Calanus simillimus, Limacina retroversa, Pleuromamma abdominalis, Clausocalanus breviceps, Oncaea conifera, Salpa thompsoni) accounting for on average 39% of the total mesozooplankton counts, were investigated using the gut fluorescence technique. For all species, the total gut pigment contents during the night time were significantly higher than the daytime values (p<0.05 for all species). The gut evacuation rates (k) for selected mesozooplankton ranged between 0.14 and 0.81 h-1. The ingestion rates ranged between 147.8 and 5495.4 ng(pigm)ind-1.day-1 which corresponded to a daily ration of between 2.4 and 10.9% body carbon. The combined grazing impact of the selected species on the daily phytoplankton standing stock was highly variable and ranged between 1.2 and 174.1% with an average of 27.3% (SD±38.78%) within the survey area. The highest grazing impact (>60%) was typically associated with those stations where the pteropod, L. retroversa, and the tunicate, S. thompsoni, contributed more than 5% of the total mesozooplankton counts. No significant differences were found in the grazing impact of any or all selected species situated either north, south or in the immediate vicinity of the front (p>0.05 in all cases). The lack of defined spatial patterns in the mesozooplankton abundance and community structure suggests that the STC did not act as a significant biogeographic barrier to the distribution of mesozooplankton during the study. It is presumed that the large scale mixing event caused by a storm prior to this study was responsible for the observed lack of elevated biological activity within the region of the STC.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Daly, Ryan
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Zooplankton -- Antarctic Ocean , Phytoplankton -- Antarctic Ocean
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5791 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005479 , Zooplankton -- Antarctic Ocean , Phytoplankton -- Antarctic Ocean
- Description: The trophodynamics of the numerically dominant mesozooplankton (200-2000 m) in the vicinity of the Subtropical Convergence (STC) in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during austral autumn (April / May) 2007 were investigated as part of the Southern Ocean Ecosystem Variability Study. The survey consisted of six north-south transects each bisecting the STC between 38º to 43ºS and 38º to 41º45’E. In total, 48 stations situated at 30 nautical mile intervals were occupied over a period of ten days. Hydrographic data revealed a well defined surface and sub-surface expression of the STC, which appeared to meander considerably between 41ºS and 41º15’S. Surface chlorophyll-a (chla) concentrations were low, ranging between 0.08 and 0.68 mg chl-a.m-3 and were generally dominated by the picophytoplankton (<2 m) which made up 66.6% (SD±17.6) of the total pigment. Chl-a concentrations integrated over the top 150m of the water column ranged between 11.97 and 40.07 mg chl-a.m-2 and showed no significant spatial patterns (p>0.05). Total integrated mesozooplankton abundance and biomass during the study ranged between 3934.9 and 308521.4 ind.m-2 (mean = 47198.19; SD±62411.4 ind.m-2) and between 239.8 and 4614.3 mg Dwt.m-2 (mean = 1338.58; SD ±1060.5), respectively. Again, there were no significant spatial patterns in the total mesozooplankton abundance or biomass within the region of study (p>0.05). No significant correlations were found between biological (chlorophyll-a concentrations and zooplankton abundance) and physico-chemical variables (temperature and salinity) (p>0.05). The total mesozooplankton community was numerically dominated by copepods of the genera Pleuromamma, Calanus, Oncaea and Oithona. Other important representatives of the mesozooplankton community included the tunicate, Salpa thompsoni, and the pteropod, Limacina retroversa. At the 40% similarity level, numerical analysis identified five distinct mesozooplankton groupings within the survey area. Differences between the groupings were associated with changes in the relative contribution of numerically dominant species rather than the presence or absence of individual species. No groupings were associated with any specific feature of the front within the survey area. The feeding rates of the six most numerically abundant mesozooplankton species (Calanus simillimus, Limacina retroversa, Pleuromamma abdominalis, Clausocalanus breviceps, Oncaea conifera, Salpa thompsoni) accounting for on average 39% of the total mesozooplankton counts, were investigated using the gut fluorescence technique. For all species, the total gut pigment contents during the night time were significantly higher than the daytime values (p<0.05 for all species). The gut evacuation rates (k) for selected mesozooplankton ranged between 0.14 and 0.81 h-1. The ingestion rates ranged between 147.8 and 5495.4 ng(pigm)ind-1.day-1 which corresponded to a daily ration of between 2.4 and 10.9% body carbon. The combined grazing impact of the selected species on the daily phytoplankton standing stock was highly variable and ranged between 1.2 and 174.1% with an average of 27.3% (SD±38.78%) within the survey area. The highest grazing impact (>60%) was typically associated with those stations where the pteropod, L. retroversa, and the tunicate, S. thompsoni, contributed more than 5% of the total mesozooplankton counts. No significant differences were found in the grazing impact of any or all selected species situated either north, south or in the immediate vicinity of the front (p>0.05 in all cases). The lack of defined spatial patterns in the mesozooplankton abundance and community structure suggests that the STC did not act as a significant biogeographic barrier to the distribution of mesozooplankton during the study. It is presumed that the large scale mixing event caused by a storm prior to this study was responsible for the observed lack of elevated biological activity within the region of the STC.
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Understanding the complexity of metabolic regulatory systems an investigation into the regulation of hydantoin-hydrolysis in Pseudomonas putida RU-KM3s
- Authors: De la Mare, Jo-Anne
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Pseudomonas , Hydantoin , Hydrolysis , Enzymes -- Regulation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3993 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004053 , Pseudomonas , Hydantoin , Hydrolysis , Enzymes -- Regulation
- Description: It has been well-established that Pseudomonas species possess extremely versatile metabolic systems allowing them to utilise a wide range of nutrient sources and, furthermore, that the regulation of these enzyme systems involves highly evolved and sophisticated regulatory machinery. This study examined the complexity of metabolic regulation in Pseudomonas using the hydantoin-hydrolysing system of the environmental isolate, Pseudomonas putida RU-KM3s. In this system, the genes encoding dihydropyrimidinase and β-ureidopropionase (dhp and bup) are arranged divergently on the chromosome, separated by a 616 bp intergenic region involved in the transcriptional regulation of these genes. The focus was on the transcriptional regulation of dhp expression. DHP activity was found to be sensitive to several environmental signals including growth phase, carbon catabolite repression (CCR), substrate induction and quorum sensing (QS). Bioinformatic analysis of the intergenic region upstream of dhp revealed a number of putative binding sites for transcriptional regulators, including recognition sequences for the alternate sigma factors σ54 and σ38, as well as for the global regulators Anr (for anaerobic regulator) and Vfr (for virulence factor regulator). The targeted disruption of the genes encoding the transcriptional regulators, Vfr and the major CCR protein, Crc, resulted in a partial relief from repression for the vfr- mutant under quorum sensing conditions and a general decrease in activity in the crc- mutant. This data suggested that both Vfr and Crc were involved in regulating DHP activity. Mutational analysis of the dhp promoter revealed that at least two sites were involved in regulating transcriptional activity, one which mediated activation and the other repression. These sites were designated as a putative Anr box, situated 232 bp from the start codon of dhp, and a CRP-like binding site, at a position 213 bp upstream of dhp. Taken together, this data shows the involvement of several global regulatory factors in controlling the expression of dhp. A complex synergistic model was proposed for the transcriptional regulation of dhp, involving alternate sigma factors in addition to both global and specific regulators and responding to a number of environmental signals associated with growth phase, including nutrient availability, cell density and oxygen status.
- Full Text:
- Authors: De la Mare, Jo-Anne
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Pseudomonas , Hydantoin , Hydrolysis , Enzymes -- Regulation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3993 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004053 , Pseudomonas , Hydantoin , Hydrolysis , Enzymes -- Regulation
- Description: It has been well-established that Pseudomonas species possess extremely versatile metabolic systems allowing them to utilise a wide range of nutrient sources and, furthermore, that the regulation of these enzyme systems involves highly evolved and sophisticated regulatory machinery. This study examined the complexity of metabolic regulation in Pseudomonas using the hydantoin-hydrolysing system of the environmental isolate, Pseudomonas putida RU-KM3s. In this system, the genes encoding dihydropyrimidinase and β-ureidopropionase (dhp and bup) are arranged divergently on the chromosome, separated by a 616 bp intergenic region involved in the transcriptional regulation of these genes. The focus was on the transcriptional regulation of dhp expression. DHP activity was found to be sensitive to several environmental signals including growth phase, carbon catabolite repression (CCR), substrate induction and quorum sensing (QS). Bioinformatic analysis of the intergenic region upstream of dhp revealed a number of putative binding sites for transcriptional regulators, including recognition sequences for the alternate sigma factors σ54 and σ38, as well as for the global regulators Anr (for anaerobic regulator) and Vfr (for virulence factor regulator). The targeted disruption of the genes encoding the transcriptional regulators, Vfr and the major CCR protein, Crc, resulted in a partial relief from repression for the vfr- mutant under quorum sensing conditions and a general decrease in activity in the crc- mutant. This data suggested that both Vfr and Crc were involved in regulating DHP activity. Mutational analysis of the dhp promoter revealed that at least two sites were involved in regulating transcriptional activity, one which mediated activation and the other repression. These sites were designated as a putative Anr box, situated 232 bp from the start codon of dhp, and a CRP-like binding site, at a position 213 bp upstream of dhp. Taken together, this data shows the involvement of several global regulatory factors in controlling the expression of dhp. A complex synergistic model was proposed for the transcriptional regulation of dhp, involving alternate sigma factors in addition to both global and specific regulators and responding to a number of environmental signals associated with growth phase, including nutrient availability, cell density and oxygen status.
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Using semantic knowledge to improve compression on log files
- Authors: Otten, Frederick John
- Date: 2009 , 2008-11-19
- Subjects: Computer networks , Data compression (Computer science) , Semantics--Data processing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4650 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006619 , Computer networks , Data compression (Computer science) , Semantics--Data processing
- Description: With the move towards global and multi-national companies, information technology infrastructure requirements are increasing. As the size of these computer networks increases, it becomes more and more difficult to monitor, control, and secure them. Networks consist of a number of diverse devices, sensors, and gateways which are often spread over large geographical areas. Each of these devices produce log files which need to be analysed and monitored to provide network security and satisfy regulations. Data compression programs such as gzip and bzip2 are commonly used to reduce the quantity of data for archival purposes after the log files have been rotated. However, there are many other compression programs which exist - each with their own advantages and disadvantages. These programs each use a different amount of memory and take different compression and decompression times to achieve different compression ratios. System log files also contain redundancy which is not necessarily exploited by standard compression programs. Log messages usually use a similar format with a defined syntax. In the log files, all the ASCII characters are not used and the messages contain certain "phrases" which often repeated. This thesis investigates the use of compression as a means of data reduction and how the use of semantic knowledge can improve data compression (also applying results to different scenarios that can occur in a distributed computing environment). It presents the results of a series of tests performed on different log files. It also examines the semantic knowledge which exists in maillog files and how it can be exploited to improve the compression results. The results from a series of text preprocessors which exploit this knowledge are presented and evaluated. These preprocessors include: one which replaces the timestamps and IP addresses with their binary equivalents and one which replaces words from a dictionary with unused ASCII characters. In this thesis, data compression is shown to be an effective method of data reduction producing up to 98 percent reduction in filesize on a corpus of log files. The use of preprocessors which exploit semantic knowledge results in up to 56 percent improvement in overall compression time and up to 32 percent reduction in compressed size. , TeX , pdfTeX-1.40.3
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- Authors: Otten, Frederick John
- Date: 2009 , 2008-11-19
- Subjects: Computer networks , Data compression (Computer science) , Semantics--Data processing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4650 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006619 , Computer networks , Data compression (Computer science) , Semantics--Data processing
- Description: With the move towards global and multi-national companies, information technology infrastructure requirements are increasing. As the size of these computer networks increases, it becomes more and more difficult to monitor, control, and secure them. Networks consist of a number of diverse devices, sensors, and gateways which are often spread over large geographical areas. Each of these devices produce log files which need to be analysed and monitored to provide network security and satisfy regulations. Data compression programs such as gzip and bzip2 are commonly used to reduce the quantity of data for archival purposes after the log files have been rotated. However, there are many other compression programs which exist - each with their own advantages and disadvantages. These programs each use a different amount of memory and take different compression and decompression times to achieve different compression ratios. System log files also contain redundancy which is not necessarily exploited by standard compression programs. Log messages usually use a similar format with a defined syntax. In the log files, all the ASCII characters are not used and the messages contain certain "phrases" which often repeated. This thesis investigates the use of compression as a means of data reduction and how the use of semantic knowledge can improve data compression (also applying results to different scenarios that can occur in a distributed computing environment). It presents the results of a series of tests performed on different log files. It also examines the semantic knowledge which exists in maillog files and how it can be exploited to improve the compression results. The results from a series of text preprocessors which exploit this knowledge are presented and evaluated. These preprocessors include: one which replaces the timestamps and IP addresses with their binary equivalents and one which replaces words from a dictionary with unused ASCII characters. In this thesis, data compression is shown to be an effective method of data reduction producing up to 98 percent reduction in filesize on a corpus of log files. The use of preprocessors which exploit semantic knowledge results in up to 56 percent improvement in overall compression time and up to 32 percent reduction in compressed size. , TeX , pdfTeX-1.40.3
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