Factors influencing ecological sustainability in the ostrich industry in the Little Karoo, South Africa
- Authors: Wheeler, Anita
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Ostrich farms -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land degradation -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land use -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land degradation -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Conservation of natural resources -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Sustainable agriculture -- South Africa -- Little Karoo
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4259 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011741 , Ostrich farms -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land degradation -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land use -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land degradation -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Conservation of natural resources -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Sustainable agriculture -- South Africa -- Little Karoo
- Description: The Little Karoo, situated in the Succulent Karoo biome of South Africa, has been heavily transformed by land use, and only 8.6% of the remaining natural vegetation is considered to be intact. There is ample evidence that the main cause of degradation is the overstocking of ostriches, an industry that has been the major economic driver of the area for more than 150 years. The ostrich stocking rate currently recommended is 22 ha.ostrich⁻¹. A literature review was used to examine the evidence, assumptions and rationale on which recommended and actually implemented stocking rates for ostriches are based. No experimental evidence using ostriches was found that supported the recommended stocking rate as either ecologically or economically sustainable. From the literature, there appears to be a wide gap between what are considered to be economically and ecologically sustainable stocking rates, with the implication that these two aims may be impossible to reconcile when practicing ostrich farming on natural veld. A comparison of recommended with actual stocking rates among land managers in the Little Karoo showed that all land managers far exceeded the recommended agricultural stocking rate of 22.8 ha.ostrich⁻¹. However, the stocking rates reported by land managers to the South African Ostrich Business Chamber were found to accurately reflect actual numbers determined when whole flocks had to be slaughtered after an outbreak of avian influenza. The recommended stocking rate appeared to be irrelevant to ostrich flock breeders and there appeared to be a trade-off between profitable ostrich farming and sustainable land-use practices. This study also investigated the attitudes and behaviour of ostrich farmers. It was found that environmental attitude is most likely the most important characteristic of a land manager to ensure positive conservation behaviour. This characteristic was most prominent in younger land managers with larger farms. The last component of the study integrated the context and complexity of the long term social, economic and ecological sustainability of this industry through the development of a logic model. The results showed a general lack of linkages between industry elements which impact on achieving sustainability targets. Greater collaboration between industry role-players, organized agriculture and conservation organizations is required to find a balance between utilization and conservation in the ostrich industry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Wheeler, Anita
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Ostrich farms -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land degradation -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land use -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land degradation -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Conservation of natural resources -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Sustainable agriculture -- South Africa -- Little Karoo
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4259 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011741 , Ostrich farms -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land degradation -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land use -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Land degradation -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Conservation of natural resources -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Little Karoo , Sustainable agriculture -- South Africa -- Little Karoo
- Description: The Little Karoo, situated in the Succulent Karoo biome of South Africa, has been heavily transformed by land use, and only 8.6% of the remaining natural vegetation is considered to be intact. There is ample evidence that the main cause of degradation is the overstocking of ostriches, an industry that has been the major economic driver of the area for more than 150 years. The ostrich stocking rate currently recommended is 22 ha.ostrich⁻¹. A literature review was used to examine the evidence, assumptions and rationale on which recommended and actually implemented stocking rates for ostriches are based. No experimental evidence using ostriches was found that supported the recommended stocking rate as either ecologically or economically sustainable. From the literature, there appears to be a wide gap between what are considered to be economically and ecologically sustainable stocking rates, with the implication that these two aims may be impossible to reconcile when practicing ostrich farming on natural veld. A comparison of recommended with actual stocking rates among land managers in the Little Karoo showed that all land managers far exceeded the recommended agricultural stocking rate of 22.8 ha.ostrich⁻¹. However, the stocking rates reported by land managers to the South African Ostrich Business Chamber were found to accurately reflect actual numbers determined when whole flocks had to be slaughtered after an outbreak of avian influenza. The recommended stocking rate appeared to be irrelevant to ostrich flock breeders and there appeared to be a trade-off between profitable ostrich farming and sustainable land-use practices. This study also investigated the attitudes and behaviour of ostrich farmers. It was found that environmental attitude is most likely the most important characteristic of a land manager to ensure positive conservation behaviour. This characteristic was most prominent in younger land managers with larger farms. The last component of the study integrated the context and complexity of the long term social, economic and ecological sustainability of this industry through the development of a logic model. The results showed a general lack of linkages between industry elements which impact on achieving sustainability targets. Greater collaboration between industry role-players, organized agriculture and conservation organizations is required to find a balance between utilization and conservation in the ostrich industry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Factors influencing pay systems in the manufacturing industry of Port Elizabeth
- Authors: Boyce, Ncedile
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Wage payment systems , Incentives in industry , Employee motivation , Compensation management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8926 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021168
- Description: Collective bargaining was impacted by the confrontation at Marakina and the role players, employers and unions were left looking for new creative alternatives to reward operational employees (blue collar workers).Then, finding a well-designed pay system is crucial for the success of the organisation, since collective bargaining is under pressure. The following determinants, job based pay, performance based pay, skills based pay, education and training, and tenure based pay were constructed from literature to formulate the conceptual model for the pay of operators in the manufacturing sector of Port Elizabeth. There are a number of factors that are at play in the determination and design of pay systems, which need to be considered. Two major pay systems are at the centre of this study and they are those based on the worth of the job and those that are based on employees’ skills, productivity, education and training, and tenure. Pay equity is at the heart of employment relationship and is the reference point with regard to the distribution of resources when economic productivity and profitability are achieved. The findings presented indicated that all the determinants, job based pay, performance based pay, skills based pay and education and training, with the exception of tenure based pay, were significant to the pay of operational employees. However, the multivariable regression model found that job based pay is more significant and should be modelled as the foundation of the pay system for operational employees. Other pay determinants, such as performance and skills based pay are best modelled as additional increments that accelerate employees’ pay.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Boyce, Ncedile
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Wage payment systems , Incentives in industry , Employee motivation , Compensation management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8926 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021168
- Description: Collective bargaining was impacted by the confrontation at Marakina and the role players, employers and unions were left looking for new creative alternatives to reward operational employees (blue collar workers).Then, finding a well-designed pay system is crucial for the success of the organisation, since collective bargaining is under pressure. The following determinants, job based pay, performance based pay, skills based pay, education and training, and tenure based pay were constructed from literature to formulate the conceptual model for the pay of operators in the manufacturing sector of Port Elizabeth. There are a number of factors that are at play in the determination and design of pay systems, which need to be considered. Two major pay systems are at the centre of this study and they are those based on the worth of the job and those that are based on employees’ skills, productivity, education and training, and tenure. Pay equity is at the heart of employment relationship and is the reference point with regard to the distribution of resources when economic productivity and profitability are achieved. The findings presented indicated that all the determinants, job based pay, performance based pay, skills based pay and education and training, with the exception of tenure based pay, were significant to the pay of operational employees. However, the multivariable regression model found that job based pay is more significant and should be modelled as the foundation of the pay system for operational employees. Other pay determinants, such as performance and skills based pay are best modelled as additional increments that accelerate employees’ pay.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Factors influencing reports on anti-retroviral therapy sites at Amathole health district
- Authors: Roboji, Zukiswa
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Information storage and retrieval systems -- Medical care , Information storage and retrieval systems -- Hospitals , Health services administration -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Medical records -- Access control , Hospital care -- South Africa -- Data processing , Medical care -- South Africa -- Data processing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:8501 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020607
- Description: The study sought to investigate the factors influencing the contents of antiretroviral therapy (ART) reports in the Amathole Health District of the Eastern Cape Province. A qualitative and quantitative study was conducted to assess the challenges that inhibit this phenomenon. Structurally, the population consists of Amahlati and Nkonkobe sub-districts. Operational managers, information officers, professional nurses, data capturers, and administration clerks were randomly selected from sixteen facilities. Data collection was done on semi-structured interviews, questionnaires; observations were done using the probability sampling method, and the findings were analysed according to the same technique. The study revealed that the District Health Information System (DHIS) is the universal data management and reporting system which all healthcare and ART facilities are using to manage ART. However, regardless of all these universal arrangements such as the use of the DHIS to aid in reporting, the contents of ART reports from various facilities have not been uniform due to various factors. There is a lack of a reliable network to link DHIS computers across facilities. The shift from paper-based to electronic data management has caused the difficulties in the collating and management of ART data since some facilities are manual paper- based while others are automated using the modern DHIS. Lack of daily capturing and validation is a major challenge across the ART facilities. Further, there are Non-Governmental Organisations(NGOs) such as AFRICARE and the IYDSA that have signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the district to provide a budgetary support for staff training in data management of ART reports in the district. While the NGOs keep on assisting the ART facilities with data management, there is a lack of skills transfer. The district could not account on follow-up of ART patients from one facility to another. This is increasing the number of defaulting in ART patients, thus there is no accurate figures on retention of patients in ART Programme. The officials from ART sites tend to use their own transport to carry data from facilities to the district offices and this resulted in late submission of reports. The study thus recommends that, inter alia, data management and trainings should be done to improve data quality in reporting, a reliable computer network be installed, backed-up and maintained for data and report management in the all healthcare facilities. All the ART sites should adopt and use the automated data management system for universality and eliminating the faults of manual paper data management and reporting. This would ensure that the contents of ART reports are uniform and a true reflection of the situation on the ground towards universal access to ART and healthcare in the Amathole Health District, and South Africa at large.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Roboji, Zukiswa
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Information storage and retrieval systems -- Medical care , Information storage and retrieval systems -- Hospitals , Health services administration -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Medical records -- Access control , Hospital care -- South Africa -- Data processing , Medical care -- South Africa -- Data processing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:8501 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020607
- Description: The study sought to investigate the factors influencing the contents of antiretroviral therapy (ART) reports in the Amathole Health District of the Eastern Cape Province. A qualitative and quantitative study was conducted to assess the challenges that inhibit this phenomenon. Structurally, the population consists of Amahlati and Nkonkobe sub-districts. Operational managers, information officers, professional nurses, data capturers, and administration clerks were randomly selected from sixteen facilities. Data collection was done on semi-structured interviews, questionnaires; observations were done using the probability sampling method, and the findings were analysed according to the same technique. The study revealed that the District Health Information System (DHIS) is the universal data management and reporting system which all healthcare and ART facilities are using to manage ART. However, regardless of all these universal arrangements such as the use of the DHIS to aid in reporting, the contents of ART reports from various facilities have not been uniform due to various factors. There is a lack of a reliable network to link DHIS computers across facilities. The shift from paper-based to electronic data management has caused the difficulties in the collating and management of ART data since some facilities are manual paper- based while others are automated using the modern DHIS. Lack of daily capturing and validation is a major challenge across the ART facilities. Further, there are Non-Governmental Organisations(NGOs) such as AFRICARE and the IYDSA that have signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the district to provide a budgetary support for staff training in data management of ART reports in the district. While the NGOs keep on assisting the ART facilities with data management, there is a lack of skills transfer. The district could not account on follow-up of ART patients from one facility to another. This is increasing the number of defaulting in ART patients, thus there is no accurate figures on retention of patients in ART Programme. The officials from ART sites tend to use their own transport to carry data from facilities to the district offices and this resulted in late submission of reports. The study thus recommends that, inter alia, data management and trainings should be done to improve data quality in reporting, a reliable computer network be installed, backed-up and maintained for data and report management in the all healthcare facilities. All the ART sites should adopt and use the automated data management system for universality and eliminating the faults of manual paper data management and reporting. This would ensure that the contents of ART reports are uniform and a true reflection of the situation on the ground towards universal access to ART and healthcare in the Amathole Health District, and South Africa at large.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Factors influencing the choice of religion studies as a subject in the further education and training band: a case study of two schools within the Uitenhage District of the Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Chetty, P K
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Religion -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Universities and colleges -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education -- Curricula -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Curriculum evaluation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16205 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016087 , Religion -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Universities and colleges -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education -- Curricula -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Curriculum evaluation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: In 2006, a new subject, Religion Studies (RS), was introduced in Grade 10 as an optional subject. It represents a major paradigm shift in education of religion at the public school level. Minimal research has been conducted on the factors influencing the choice of RS in Grade 10 by the learners, subject advisors, principal and educators. This subject might constitute an “easy option” to boost the learner’s performance. Former or “recycled Biblical Studies” educators may be available or even volunteer to teach this subject or they may have to be absorbed within the system. Ethics, morals, cross cultural respect and non-discrimination are critical for the development of the South African democracy. While RS is optional, it could play a critical role towards achieving these outcomes. This study restricted its focus to the Uitenhage District of the Province of the Eastern Cape. After careful consideration, the interpretive approach seemed to offer the best access to the kind of knowledge the researcher desired. A theoretical framework, that narrowly links rational choice with cultural reproduction theory, can prove to be inadequate. This study would be deficient if it was restricted to the family or home factors. Peer influence, self-efficacy or ability, utility value, motivation and teacher or school factors have to be included. The case study approach was used for this research.Semi-structured interviews were used to obtain qualitative responses from learners, from principals and educators whose schools are offering Religion Studies, and from subject advisors with oversight of this subject. This study discovered, inter alia, that learners did not have a real choice but were led to believe that RS was compulsory. The school has an influential role on a learner’s subject choice. Parental participation fluctuated from active to passive guidance. Learners saw RS as an easy subject and an aggregate booster. The school community both informs and influences the subject choice of learners. The peer influence of friends and fellow learners also featured in subject choice. RS teaches about religion and culture, respect, catalyses moral development, is enjoyable and easy to study but requires extensive reading. The limited diversity in RS classes did not allow for this respect to be tested. RS can catalyse the development of moral values. Despite this subject being an aggregate booster, learners enjoyed RS and therefore do well. After balancing the “costs and benefits,” according to rational choice theory, learners choose subjects with a utility value for their future career. RS opens the possibilities directly and indirectly. The majority of learners said that RS will assist them in their career path, not only narrowly in religious and pedagogical vocations but also more widely. RS could assist in careers with constituencies of religious diversity, in the medical field, human resources and journalism. RS fosters citizenship, non-discrimination and the rounded development of the learner and these objectives have attracted educators to teach RS. Learners enjoy RS, have self-efficacy, their performance ranges from good to well. Educators have a positive view of RS and contend that RS fosters respect, analytical, critical, constructive and lateral thinking. Principals were introduced to RS when it replaced Biblical Studies and much confusion between the two has ensued. RS is inclusive and also catalyses the development of morals. Principals emphasised the ongoing need for retraining of teachers through refresher courses, workshops and seminars and an involved role of the Department. Retraining would prevent the RS educator from being an “ad hoc teacher.” The Department has failed to act proactively in the introduction of RS as a new subject. Challenges lie in the integration of learning, essay writing skills and developing good model assessment tasks. Understanding RS terminology, confusion of RS with Biblical Studies, a shortage of resources, the vast content and the subject related methodology of RS are other concerns. All the stakeholder groups confirm this misperception. Researchers also concur with this finding. Biblical Studies educators have no advantage in RS but rather also necessitate retraining. RS, as a new subject with low intake, was not afforded all the requisite support. The number of schools offering RS is static. Provincial officials also reflect confusion of RS and Biblical Studies. The lack of staffing of the subject specialist at the National or Provincial level office is perturbing. Based on this study of the factors influencing the choice of Religious Studies in the FET Band, the following recommendations were made: Steps should be taken to ensure that learners be given a real choice Sharing of detailed information about the unique nature and outcomes of RS including its critical engagement Informed stakeholder groupings e.g. parents, educators, principal, SGB, community, Provincial and National Department of Education should not abuse their influential role of support by overt or covert compulsion Clarity between spiritual formation and catalysing moral development Educators should continue to foster enjoyment of RS Steps to be taken to facilitate integration of learning, developing essay writing skills and encourage good assessment tasks Increase diversity in class so that respect can be tested More information be given about direct and indirect career pathing Need for continual re-training through refresher courses, workshops and seminars Steps to be taken to address inadequate resources of RS Despite the “flattering” results for RS, efforts need to be taken by all the stakeholder groupings to ensure that learner’s competencies become a means in which RS markets itself Concerted on-going effort be made to clarify the confusion between RS and Biblical Studies That the Department assumes a more engaged role in RS Steps be taken by all the stakeholder groupings to encourage religious diversity in the RS class The National Department of Education has to staff both the National and Provincial Offices with well-equipped and highly motivated leaders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Chetty, P K
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Religion -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Universities and colleges -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education -- Curricula -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Curriculum evaluation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16205 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016087 , Religion -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Universities and colleges -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education -- Curricula -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Curriculum evaluation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: In 2006, a new subject, Religion Studies (RS), was introduced in Grade 10 as an optional subject. It represents a major paradigm shift in education of religion at the public school level. Minimal research has been conducted on the factors influencing the choice of RS in Grade 10 by the learners, subject advisors, principal and educators. This subject might constitute an “easy option” to boost the learner’s performance. Former or “recycled Biblical Studies” educators may be available or even volunteer to teach this subject or they may have to be absorbed within the system. Ethics, morals, cross cultural respect and non-discrimination are critical for the development of the South African democracy. While RS is optional, it could play a critical role towards achieving these outcomes. This study restricted its focus to the Uitenhage District of the Province of the Eastern Cape. After careful consideration, the interpretive approach seemed to offer the best access to the kind of knowledge the researcher desired. A theoretical framework, that narrowly links rational choice with cultural reproduction theory, can prove to be inadequate. This study would be deficient if it was restricted to the family or home factors. Peer influence, self-efficacy or ability, utility value, motivation and teacher or school factors have to be included. The case study approach was used for this research.Semi-structured interviews were used to obtain qualitative responses from learners, from principals and educators whose schools are offering Religion Studies, and from subject advisors with oversight of this subject. This study discovered, inter alia, that learners did not have a real choice but were led to believe that RS was compulsory. The school has an influential role on a learner’s subject choice. Parental participation fluctuated from active to passive guidance. Learners saw RS as an easy subject and an aggregate booster. The school community both informs and influences the subject choice of learners. The peer influence of friends and fellow learners also featured in subject choice. RS teaches about religion and culture, respect, catalyses moral development, is enjoyable and easy to study but requires extensive reading. The limited diversity in RS classes did not allow for this respect to be tested. RS can catalyse the development of moral values. Despite this subject being an aggregate booster, learners enjoyed RS and therefore do well. After balancing the “costs and benefits,” according to rational choice theory, learners choose subjects with a utility value for their future career. RS opens the possibilities directly and indirectly. The majority of learners said that RS will assist them in their career path, not only narrowly in religious and pedagogical vocations but also more widely. RS could assist in careers with constituencies of religious diversity, in the medical field, human resources and journalism. RS fosters citizenship, non-discrimination and the rounded development of the learner and these objectives have attracted educators to teach RS. Learners enjoy RS, have self-efficacy, their performance ranges from good to well. Educators have a positive view of RS and contend that RS fosters respect, analytical, critical, constructive and lateral thinking. Principals were introduced to RS when it replaced Biblical Studies and much confusion between the two has ensued. RS is inclusive and also catalyses the development of morals. Principals emphasised the ongoing need for retraining of teachers through refresher courses, workshops and seminars and an involved role of the Department. Retraining would prevent the RS educator from being an “ad hoc teacher.” The Department has failed to act proactively in the introduction of RS as a new subject. Challenges lie in the integration of learning, essay writing skills and developing good model assessment tasks. Understanding RS terminology, confusion of RS with Biblical Studies, a shortage of resources, the vast content and the subject related methodology of RS are other concerns. All the stakeholder groups confirm this misperception. Researchers also concur with this finding. Biblical Studies educators have no advantage in RS but rather also necessitate retraining. RS, as a new subject with low intake, was not afforded all the requisite support. The number of schools offering RS is static. Provincial officials also reflect confusion of RS and Biblical Studies. The lack of staffing of the subject specialist at the National or Provincial level office is perturbing. Based on this study of the factors influencing the choice of Religious Studies in the FET Band, the following recommendations were made: Steps should be taken to ensure that learners be given a real choice Sharing of detailed information about the unique nature and outcomes of RS including its critical engagement Informed stakeholder groupings e.g. parents, educators, principal, SGB, community, Provincial and National Department of Education should not abuse their influential role of support by overt or covert compulsion Clarity between spiritual formation and catalysing moral development Educators should continue to foster enjoyment of RS Steps to be taken to facilitate integration of learning, developing essay writing skills and encourage good assessment tasks Increase diversity in class so that respect can be tested More information be given about direct and indirect career pathing Need for continual re-training through refresher courses, workshops and seminars Steps to be taken to address inadequate resources of RS Despite the “flattering” results for RS, efforts need to be taken by all the stakeholder groupings to ensure that learner’s competencies become a means in which RS markets itself Concerted on-going effort be made to clarify the confusion between RS and Biblical Studies That the Department assumes a more engaged role in RS Steps be taken by all the stakeholder groupings to encourage religious diversity in the RS class The National Department of Education has to staff both the National and Provincial Offices with well-equipped and highly motivated leaders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Farmers’ awareness of climate change and variability and it’s effects on agricultural productivity: (the case of King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipalty in Eastern Cape)
- Authors: Mdoda, Lelethu
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Agricultural productivity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops and climate -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops and water -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural assistance -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11234 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021294 , Agricultural productivity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops and climate -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops and water -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural assistance -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Climate is an important factor of agricultural productivity and many rural dwellers in developing countries depend on agriculture and are highly affected by climate change and variability. The world is currently experiencing climatic changes and variability conditions which results in high temperatures, low rainfall patterns, shortage of water and drought persistence. Climate change and variability is affecting weather patterns and shifting seasons which results in serious repercussions on smallholder farmers. Smallholder farmers are extremely vulnerable to climate change and variability because their farming and production systems are climate sensitive and are not rebound to climate stresses. These adverse effects in developing countries arise from different climate change and variability-related causes, notable extreme weather events, food security, increased health risks in agriculture from vector home diseases, and temperature-related morbidity in environments. The study was carried in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. This study examines farmers’ awareness of climate change and variability and its effects on agricultural productivity in King Sabata Dalindyebo municipality using a Descriptive Statistics, Binary and Ricardian Model fitted to data from a cross-sectional survey of 200 farmers in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality. Both primary and secondary data was used. This research study estimates the effects of climate change and variability on King Sabata Dalindyebo agricultural productivity using a continental dimension of Ricardian analysis. Results revealed that local farmers were aware of climate change and variability and perceived changes in average temperatures and rainfall. The changes in average temperatures and rainfall had adverse effects on crop and livestock production. However, farmers’ awareness of climate change is not to an extent that they presume adaptation to climate change as a necessity and crucial. The results show that climate change and variability affects farm income and there is a non-linear relationship existing between climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) and farm income which depicts U-shaped. The study results indicated that climate change and variability affect agricultural productivity and have an effect on agricultural productivity in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality. In view of the research findings, several policy proposals are suggested. The study findings suggest that climate change and variability must be taken seriously and monitored. Policy makers and government officials must support farmers with information distribution,education, market access, well trained extension agents, credit and information about mitigation strategies to climate change and variability which includes institutional and technological methods, particularly smallholder farmers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mdoda, Lelethu
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Agricultural productivity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops and climate -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops and water -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural assistance -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11234 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021294 , Agricultural productivity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops and climate -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops and water -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural assistance -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Climate is an important factor of agricultural productivity and many rural dwellers in developing countries depend on agriculture and are highly affected by climate change and variability. The world is currently experiencing climatic changes and variability conditions which results in high temperatures, low rainfall patterns, shortage of water and drought persistence. Climate change and variability is affecting weather patterns and shifting seasons which results in serious repercussions on smallholder farmers. Smallholder farmers are extremely vulnerable to climate change and variability because their farming and production systems are climate sensitive and are not rebound to climate stresses. These adverse effects in developing countries arise from different climate change and variability-related causes, notable extreme weather events, food security, increased health risks in agriculture from vector home diseases, and temperature-related morbidity in environments. The study was carried in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. This study examines farmers’ awareness of climate change and variability and its effects on agricultural productivity in King Sabata Dalindyebo municipality using a Descriptive Statistics, Binary and Ricardian Model fitted to data from a cross-sectional survey of 200 farmers in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality. Both primary and secondary data was used. This research study estimates the effects of climate change and variability on King Sabata Dalindyebo agricultural productivity using a continental dimension of Ricardian analysis. Results revealed that local farmers were aware of climate change and variability and perceived changes in average temperatures and rainfall. The changes in average temperatures and rainfall had adverse effects on crop and livestock production. However, farmers’ awareness of climate change is not to an extent that they presume adaptation to climate change as a necessity and crucial. The results show that climate change and variability affects farm income and there is a non-linear relationship existing between climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) and farm income which depicts U-shaped. The study results indicated that climate change and variability affect agricultural productivity and have an effect on agricultural productivity in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality. In view of the research findings, several policy proposals are suggested. The study findings suggest that climate change and variability must be taken seriously and monitored. Policy makers and government officials must support farmers with information distribution,education, market access, well trained extension agents, credit and information about mitigation strategies to climate change and variability which includes institutional and technological methods, particularly smallholder farmers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Fathers' coping with the day-to-day stressors of living with a child on the autistic spectrum
- Authors: Hitge, Marcel
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Autistic children , Parents of autistic children
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8628 , vital:26414
- Description: In general there is very little research on the coping styles that the fathers of children suffering from Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) use in order to cope with the day-to-day demands and stressors that result from their child‘s unique condition. The research study focuses on the fathers of children on the autistic spectrum and how they cope with the stressors resulting from their children‘s condition on daily basis. The study made use of Bronfenbrenner‘s Ecosystemic Theory of Human Development as the guiding theoretical framework in exploring and describing this specific research domain. This was a qualitative study and it was phenomenological, descriptive and analytical in nature. The reason for this was to hear the voices of the fathers and explore in-depth how they deal with the daily stressors resulting from their children‘s condition. Semi-structured interviews were utilised where the fathers were asked to respond to an open-ended question. The data that was obtained from the fathers was analysed by means of content analysis. The sample size of the study was small (n=5) and other limitations included a small number of previous studies done on the fathers of children on the autistic spectrum. The literature that is available that focused on the fathers of ASD children are often old and might possibly be out dated. However, this study aimed to hear the voices of the fathers of children on the autistic spectrum and explore how they cope with the daily stressors. Therefore, this study will contribute to the literature on the fathers of ASD children.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Hitge, Marcel
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Autistic children , Parents of autistic children
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8628 , vital:26414
- Description: In general there is very little research on the coping styles that the fathers of children suffering from Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) use in order to cope with the day-to-day demands and stressors that result from their child‘s unique condition. The research study focuses on the fathers of children on the autistic spectrum and how they cope with the stressors resulting from their children‘s condition on daily basis. The study made use of Bronfenbrenner‘s Ecosystemic Theory of Human Development as the guiding theoretical framework in exploring and describing this specific research domain. This was a qualitative study and it was phenomenological, descriptive and analytical in nature. The reason for this was to hear the voices of the fathers and explore in-depth how they deal with the daily stressors resulting from their children‘s condition. Semi-structured interviews were utilised where the fathers were asked to respond to an open-ended question. The data that was obtained from the fathers was analysed by means of content analysis. The sample size of the study was small (n=5) and other limitations included a small number of previous studies done on the fathers of children on the autistic spectrum. The literature that is available that focused on the fathers of ASD children are often old and might possibly be out dated. However, this study aimed to hear the voices of the fathers of children on the autistic spectrum and explore how they cope with the daily stressors. Therefore, this study will contribute to the literature on the fathers of ASD children.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Financial literacy and behaviour among the black community in Nelson Mandela Bay
- Authors: Antoni, Xolile Lucas
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Finance, Personal , Investments -- Psychological aspects , Investments -- Decision making
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:9315 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020027
- Description: South Africa has a poor savings culture. This means that South Africans do not save enough income for a later stage resulting in a relative large number of South African consumers living in debt and using more credit than what they have saved. Almost half of the South African consumers were in debt during the year 2010 and had a negative credit record. Thus consumers in South Africa are not living only in poor conditions but are also open to exploitation by the informal economy. Lenders in the informal economy are known as ‘loan sharks’ because they charge consumers interest rates of between 40 and 60 percent. This is because low income consumers have less access to savings products and credit facilities from the formal economy. These factors are more prevalent among the black consumers, as they use informal credit providers. The sources of credit for black consumers in the informal market are social networks such as friends and family. Furthermore, black consumers have low levels of knowledge regarding issues such as bad debts. Black consumers are also more likely to experience financial problems than other racial groups. This means that black consumers may need to improve their levels of financial knowledge, financial skills and adopt positive financial attitudes to manage their financial problems without obtaining more debt. Thus, financial education may be the way of ensuring that black consumers improve their financial decision-making ability and their financial behaviour. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between financial literacy, financial inclusion and financial behaviour among the black community in Nelson Mandela Bay. To achieve the purpose of this study, a literature review was conducted on financial literacy, financial education, financial inclusion and financial behaviour. This was followed by an empirical investigation to establish the relationships between financial literacy, financial inclusion and financial behaviour. In this study, a quantitative research approach was adopted as necessitated by the purpose of this study and also to be able to collect a vast amount of perceptions from the black community. The sample of this study consisted of low to middle income black consumers living in Nelson Mandela Bay.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Antoni, Xolile Lucas
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Finance, Personal , Investments -- Psychological aspects , Investments -- Decision making
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:9315 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020027
- Description: South Africa has a poor savings culture. This means that South Africans do not save enough income for a later stage resulting in a relative large number of South African consumers living in debt and using more credit than what they have saved. Almost half of the South African consumers were in debt during the year 2010 and had a negative credit record. Thus consumers in South Africa are not living only in poor conditions but are also open to exploitation by the informal economy. Lenders in the informal economy are known as ‘loan sharks’ because they charge consumers interest rates of between 40 and 60 percent. This is because low income consumers have less access to savings products and credit facilities from the formal economy. These factors are more prevalent among the black consumers, as they use informal credit providers. The sources of credit for black consumers in the informal market are social networks such as friends and family. Furthermore, black consumers have low levels of knowledge regarding issues such as bad debts. Black consumers are also more likely to experience financial problems than other racial groups. This means that black consumers may need to improve their levels of financial knowledge, financial skills and adopt positive financial attitudes to manage their financial problems without obtaining more debt. Thus, financial education may be the way of ensuring that black consumers improve their financial decision-making ability and their financial behaviour. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between financial literacy, financial inclusion and financial behaviour among the black community in Nelson Mandela Bay. To achieve the purpose of this study, a literature review was conducted on financial literacy, financial education, financial inclusion and financial behaviour. This was followed by an empirical investigation to establish the relationships between financial literacy, financial inclusion and financial behaviour. In this study, a quantitative research approach was adopted as necessitated by the purpose of this study and also to be able to collect a vast amount of perceptions from the black community. The sample of this study consisted of low to middle income black consumers living in Nelson Mandela Bay.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Fishing for resilience : herbivore and algal dynamics on coral reefs in Kenya.
- Authors: Humphries, Austin Turner
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Coral reef conservation -- Kenya , Coral reef ecology -- Kenya , Coral reef biology -- Kenya , Coral reef fishes -- Kenya , Herbivores -- Kenya , Algae -- Control -- Kenya , Fishery management -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5877 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013147
- Description: Herbivory is a key process that mediates the abundance of primary producers and community composition in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. On tropical coral reefs, changes in herbivory are often related to phase shifts between coral-dominance and dominance by seaweeds, or foliose macroalgae. Resilience or capacity to resist and reverse such phase shifts is, therefore, viewed as a critical function on coral reefs. This thesis used grazer exclusion and assay experiments at six sites within three different fisheries management regimes in Kenya to identify the impacts of herbivores (sea urchins and fishes) on algal dynamics in the context of coral reef resilience. First, I examined the grazing rates necessary to prevent phase shifts by quantifying consumption and algal production. Here, I found that, over a 390-day experiment, at least 50 percent of algal production must be consumed to avoid accumulation of algal biomass. Using video observations, I also showed that scraping parrotfishes remove more algae (per unit of fish biomass) than previously assumed, and that sea urchins, if released from predation, have similar impacts to fishes. Then I focused on algal succession, and found that sea urchins and fishes have different effects that are mediated by their abundances and species composition. Where sea urchins were less abundant and parrotfishes absent (e.g. young fisheries closures), progression of algae from turfs to early and then late successional macroalgae occurred rapidly and within 100 days. I then turned my focus to the removal of already established macroalgae (grown for > 1 yr in the absence of herbivores) and showed that sea urchins and browsing fishes were able to remove significant amounts of macroalgae where either herbivore was abundant. However, using multiple-choice selectivity assays and in situ video recordings, I found that browsing fishes fed very selectively with low overlap in diet among species, leading to low functional redundancy within a high diversity system. Finally, using long-term survey data (from 28 sites) to build a 43-year chronosequence, I showed that it is possible that the effects of herbivory will not be constant across transitions from open fishing to fishery closures through non-linear grazing intensity. Therefore, increases in herbivory within fisheries closures may not be immediate and may allow a window of opportunity for algae to go from turf to unpalatable macroalgae until scraping and browsing fishes fully recover from fishing (~ 20 years). The findings in this thesis are novel and raise concern over the potential implications of the slow recovery of parrotfishes or, given lower than expected functional redundancy in grazing effects, the absence of even one browsing fish species in fisheries closures. Overall, this thesis highlights the importance of herbivore community dynamics in mediating interactions among algae, and provides new insights for conservation and management actions that attempt to bolster the resilience of coral reefs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Humphries, Austin Turner
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Coral reef conservation -- Kenya , Coral reef ecology -- Kenya , Coral reef biology -- Kenya , Coral reef fishes -- Kenya , Herbivores -- Kenya , Algae -- Control -- Kenya , Fishery management -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5877 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013147
- Description: Herbivory is a key process that mediates the abundance of primary producers and community composition in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. On tropical coral reefs, changes in herbivory are often related to phase shifts between coral-dominance and dominance by seaweeds, or foliose macroalgae. Resilience or capacity to resist and reverse such phase shifts is, therefore, viewed as a critical function on coral reefs. This thesis used grazer exclusion and assay experiments at six sites within three different fisheries management regimes in Kenya to identify the impacts of herbivores (sea urchins and fishes) on algal dynamics in the context of coral reef resilience. First, I examined the grazing rates necessary to prevent phase shifts by quantifying consumption and algal production. Here, I found that, over a 390-day experiment, at least 50 percent of algal production must be consumed to avoid accumulation of algal biomass. Using video observations, I also showed that scraping parrotfishes remove more algae (per unit of fish biomass) than previously assumed, and that sea urchins, if released from predation, have similar impacts to fishes. Then I focused on algal succession, and found that sea urchins and fishes have different effects that are mediated by their abundances and species composition. Where sea urchins were less abundant and parrotfishes absent (e.g. young fisheries closures), progression of algae from turfs to early and then late successional macroalgae occurred rapidly and within 100 days. I then turned my focus to the removal of already established macroalgae (grown for > 1 yr in the absence of herbivores) and showed that sea urchins and browsing fishes were able to remove significant amounts of macroalgae where either herbivore was abundant. However, using multiple-choice selectivity assays and in situ video recordings, I found that browsing fishes fed very selectively with low overlap in diet among species, leading to low functional redundancy within a high diversity system. Finally, using long-term survey data (from 28 sites) to build a 43-year chronosequence, I showed that it is possible that the effects of herbivory will not be constant across transitions from open fishing to fishery closures through non-linear grazing intensity. Therefore, increases in herbivory within fisheries closures may not be immediate and may allow a window of opportunity for algae to go from turf to unpalatable macroalgae until scraping and browsing fishes fully recover from fishing (~ 20 years). The findings in this thesis are novel and raise concern over the potential implications of the slow recovery of parrotfishes or, given lower than expected functional redundancy in grazing effects, the absence of even one browsing fish species in fisheries closures. Overall, this thesis highlights the importance of herbivore community dynamics in mediating interactions among algae, and provides new insights for conservation and management actions that attempt to bolster the resilience of coral reefs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Formalisation, informalisation and the labour process within the minibus taxi industry in East London, South Africa
- Fobosi, Siyabulela Christopher
- Authors: Fobosi, Siyabulela Christopher
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Taxicab industry -- South Africa -- East London , Taxicab industry -- South Africa -- East London -- Personnel management , Informal sector (Economics) -- South Africa -- East London , Economics -- Sociological aspects , Industrial relations -- South Africa -- East London
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3367 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012076 , Taxicab industry -- South Africa -- East London , Taxicab industry -- South Africa -- East London -- Personnel management , Informal sector (Economics) -- South Africa -- East London , Economics -- Sociological aspects , Industrial relations -- South Africa -- East London
- Description: This thesis focuses on the labour process within the minibus taxi industry in East London, South Africa. This industry is structurally situated within the informal sector or economy but is marked by contradictory processes of formalisation and in-formalisation. Though the taxi industry seems to straddle the formal and informal economies in South Africa, the study is conceptually framed in terms of the informal sector but in a critically-engaged fashion. The very distinction between formal and informal economies, whether in South Africa or elsewhere, is open to dispute; and, even if accepted, there are differing conceptualisations of the relationship between the ‘two’ economies. Also, the conceptual clarity of the term ‘informal economy’ has been subject to scrutiny, given the vast range of activities it is said to incorporate. While the distinction between formal and informal economies may be a useful conceptual starting-point, this thesis demonstrates that it is analytically useful to speak of degrees and forms of formalisation and in-formalisation along a continuum, rather than to dichotomize economies. The thesis therefore analyses in depth the competing and tension-riddled processes of formalisation and in-formalisation in the minibus taxi industry, and with a specific focus on the labour process.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Fobosi, Siyabulela Christopher
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Taxicab industry -- South Africa -- East London , Taxicab industry -- South Africa -- East London -- Personnel management , Informal sector (Economics) -- South Africa -- East London , Economics -- Sociological aspects , Industrial relations -- South Africa -- East London
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3367 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012076 , Taxicab industry -- South Africa -- East London , Taxicab industry -- South Africa -- East London -- Personnel management , Informal sector (Economics) -- South Africa -- East London , Economics -- Sociological aspects , Industrial relations -- South Africa -- East London
- Description: This thesis focuses on the labour process within the minibus taxi industry in East London, South Africa. This industry is structurally situated within the informal sector or economy but is marked by contradictory processes of formalisation and in-formalisation. Though the taxi industry seems to straddle the formal and informal economies in South Africa, the study is conceptually framed in terms of the informal sector but in a critically-engaged fashion. The very distinction between formal and informal economies, whether in South Africa or elsewhere, is open to dispute; and, even if accepted, there are differing conceptualisations of the relationship between the ‘two’ economies. Also, the conceptual clarity of the term ‘informal economy’ has been subject to scrutiny, given the vast range of activities it is said to incorporate. While the distinction between formal and informal economies may be a useful conceptual starting-point, this thesis demonstrates that it is analytically useful to speak of degrees and forms of formalisation and in-formalisation along a continuum, rather than to dichotomize economies. The thesis therefore analyses in depth the competing and tension-riddled processes of formalisation and in-formalisation in the minibus taxi industry, and with a specific focus on the labour process.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Foundation Phase teachers’ responses to curriculum change in South Africa over the past two decades: a case study of two schools
- Authors: Nakaonga, Ruth
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Curriculum change -- South Africa , Educational change -- South Africa , Education, Primary -- South Africa , Teachers -- South Africa -- Attitudes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:2002 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015648
- Description: South Africa has experienced three significant curriculum reforms since 1994. The first of these replaced the ‘apartheid’ curriculum with C2005 based largely on Outcomes Based Education. In the second stage C2005 gave way to the National Curriculum Statements, a simplified version of C2005. Finally, the NCS was replaced with CAPS. This research study investigates the perceptions, attitudes and experiences of teachers implementing these curriculum changes. It focuses in particular on Foundation Phase in 2012, the year in which CAPS was implemented in that phase. It took the form of an interpretive case study, using qualitative data generating and analysis techniques. Principals and selected teachers of two primary schools in Grahamstown – an ex-Model C school and a performing ‘township’ school - were the respondents of the study. Data were generated chiefly through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, supplemented by document analysis and observation. The findings revealed that the teachers in this study are frustrated and angry about the frequency of curriculum change in South Africa. Respondents are particularly critical of OBE and the NCS. While they welcome the need for a departure from ‘apartheid’ curricula, they feel the pedagogical underpinning of the NCS – with its emphasis on learner-centredness – disempowered them as teachers. Hence, they welcomed CAPS which seems to return to content – rather than skills and attitudes – and re-instates the teacher as the chief giver of knowledge and manager of learning.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Nakaonga, Ruth
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Curriculum change -- South Africa , Educational change -- South Africa , Education, Primary -- South Africa , Teachers -- South Africa -- Attitudes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:2002 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015648
- Description: South Africa has experienced three significant curriculum reforms since 1994. The first of these replaced the ‘apartheid’ curriculum with C2005 based largely on Outcomes Based Education. In the second stage C2005 gave way to the National Curriculum Statements, a simplified version of C2005. Finally, the NCS was replaced with CAPS. This research study investigates the perceptions, attitudes and experiences of teachers implementing these curriculum changes. It focuses in particular on Foundation Phase in 2012, the year in which CAPS was implemented in that phase. It took the form of an interpretive case study, using qualitative data generating and analysis techniques. Principals and selected teachers of two primary schools in Grahamstown – an ex-Model C school and a performing ‘township’ school - were the respondents of the study. Data were generated chiefly through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, supplemented by document analysis and observation. The findings revealed that the teachers in this study are frustrated and angry about the frequency of curriculum change in South Africa. Respondents are particularly critical of OBE and the NCS. While they welcome the need for a departure from ‘apartheid’ curricula, they feel the pedagogical underpinning of the NCS – with its emphasis on learner-centredness – disempowered them as teachers. Hence, they welcomed CAPS which seems to return to content – rather than skills and attitudes – and re-instates the teacher as the chief giver of knowledge and manager of learning.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Frontiers of exclusion and enclusion: post-apartheid suburban social dynamics in East London, Beacon Bay
- Authors: Buku, Luzuko
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Apartheid -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1316 , vital:26545
- Description: This dissertation deals with the nature of the black middle-class assimilation in the South African suburban space, a space that was the sole preserve of the white middle-class during apartheid. It explores the relationship between these races as they come to meet in this space and what new identities are being formed. It also explores the relationship between both the black and white suburbanites and the urban poor who stay in an adjacent area to the suburb. The study uses the Beacon Bay area, which is constituted by one of East London’s most affluent suburbs and a poor township, Nompumelelo, to show how the emergent black middle-class has managed to enter this space in the post-apartheid era. Previous studies by Richard Ballard (2004) and Grant Saff (2001) have shown how the white middle-class has always been against any form of race or class mixing. Within the suburb, the new black suburbanites in Beacon Bay appear to have been welcomed but with conditions by their fellow white counterparts. The relationship between these two races does not stretch beyond meet and greets and it is only in the second generation black middle-class that you find better and non-superficial relations with fellow white suburbanites. In the older generation, the generation that experienced apartheid, the relationship between these two races has been that of tolerance and serious escape of contact unless when necessary. The children of both white and black families, though, have a far better relationship in school and in sport than their parents. This has created another area of contact for both these races and it bears potential for meaningful integration in the suburban space. Externally as it relates to relations between the black middle-class and the urban poor, the findings show that these new black suburbanites express a similar discomfort as the white suburbanites about the urban poor’s presence in the area. This shows that the evolution of the Beacon Bay suburb, with its deep-rooted discourse of white middle-class exclusivity, has not been entirely about hatred of the urban poor necessarily but about an identity ascription of what it means to live in a suburb. Despite these realities traditional ceremonies organised by the black middle-class in the suburbs and the church appear to be playing a role in creating relations between these suburbanites and the Nompumelelo residents. This is why we have decided to use the conceptualisation of the 18th century frontier zone as the borders of segregation within the suburb and between the suburban residents and those of the township can be crossed and re-crossed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Buku, Luzuko
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Apartheid -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1316 , vital:26545
- Description: This dissertation deals with the nature of the black middle-class assimilation in the South African suburban space, a space that was the sole preserve of the white middle-class during apartheid. It explores the relationship between these races as they come to meet in this space and what new identities are being formed. It also explores the relationship between both the black and white suburbanites and the urban poor who stay in an adjacent area to the suburb. The study uses the Beacon Bay area, which is constituted by one of East London’s most affluent suburbs and a poor township, Nompumelelo, to show how the emergent black middle-class has managed to enter this space in the post-apartheid era. Previous studies by Richard Ballard (2004) and Grant Saff (2001) have shown how the white middle-class has always been against any form of race or class mixing. Within the suburb, the new black suburbanites in Beacon Bay appear to have been welcomed but with conditions by their fellow white counterparts. The relationship between these two races does not stretch beyond meet and greets and it is only in the second generation black middle-class that you find better and non-superficial relations with fellow white suburbanites. In the older generation, the generation that experienced apartheid, the relationship between these two races has been that of tolerance and serious escape of contact unless when necessary. The children of both white and black families, though, have a far better relationship in school and in sport than their parents. This has created another area of contact for both these races and it bears potential for meaningful integration in the suburban space. Externally as it relates to relations between the black middle-class and the urban poor, the findings show that these new black suburbanites express a similar discomfort as the white suburbanites about the urban poor’s presence in the area. This shows that the evolution of the Beacon Bay suburb, with its deep-rooted discourse of white middle-class exclusivity, has not been entirely about hatred of the urban poor necessarily but about an identity ascription of what it means to live in a suburb. Despite these realities traditional ceremonies organised by the black middle-class in the suburbs and the church appear to be playing a role in creating relations between these suburbanites and the Nompumelelo residents. This is why we have decided to use the conceptualisation of the 18th century frontier zone as the borders of segregation within the suburb and between the suburban residents and those of the township can be crossed and re-crossed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Fundamental movement skill proficiency status of girls aged 9-to-12 years from previously disadvantaged communities in Nelson Mandela Bay
- Authors: Kahts, Samantha Andrea
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Movement therapy for children -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Exercise therapy -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10107 , http://ndl.handle.net/10948/d1020060
- Description: A lack of fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency in children can contribute to decreased physical activity (PA) levels, increased adiposity and poor acquisition of specialised sport specific movement skills. To prevent the latter, the identification of FMS status in early and middle childhood years is needed for targeted and specific interventions. Against the backdrop of physical education being omitted from the South African school curriculum, the presence of a patriarchal society, gender sporting stereotyping, high levels of unemployment and low education levels; the assessment of FMS status is particularly warranted. Aim of Study: The primary aim of this study was to assess the FMS proficiency of girls aged 9-to-12 years from previously disadvantaged communities within Nelson Mandela Bay. Methodology:A descriptive-exploratory-contextual study design, employing quantitative assessment techniques, was utilized. The sample comprised of 227 girls. Convenience sampling was employed. Testing consisted of FMS proficiency tests in the 20m and 40m sprint, standing long jump, throwing for distance, catching, static balance and throwing for accuracy. FMS process scores were assessed with the body component (BC) and Test of Gross Motor Development II (TGMD II) approaches. Anthropometric measurements of the standing and seated height, mass, arm span and leg length were additionally measured. Microsoft Excel® and Statistica® were used for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. In the case of significant ANOVA results, the Scheffe post hoc test was used for pairwise comparisons. Statistical significance was set at p<.05 and practical significance (Cohen’s d) was set at d>.2. Pearson Correlation Coefficient identified statistical and practical correlations between two variables and chi square was applied to indicate differences in frequency distribution tables. Cramer’s V values were applied to determine practical significance in the case where statistical significant differences were identified between sets of frequency distributions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Kahts, Samantha Andrea
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Movement therapy for children -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Exercise therapy -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10107 , http://ndl.handle.net/10948/d1020060
- Description: A lack of fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency in children can contribute to decreased physical activity (PA) levels, increased adiposity and poor acquisition of specialised sport specific movement skills. To prevent the latter, the identification of FMS status in early and middle childhood years is needed for targeted and specific interventions. Against the backdrop of physical education being omitted from the South African school curriculum, the presence of a patriarchal society, gender sporting stereotyping, high levels of unemployment and low education levels; the assessment of FMS status is particularly warranted. Aim of Study: The primary aim of this study was to assess the FMS proficiency of girls aged 9-to-12 years from previously disadvantaged communities within Nelson Mandela Bay. Methodology:A descriptive-exploratory-contextual study design, employing quantitative assessment techniques, was utilized. The sample comprised of 227 girls. Convenience sampling was employed. Testing consisted of FMS proficiency tests in the 20m and 40m sprint, standing long jump, throwing for distance, catching, static balance and throwing for accuracy. FMS process scores were assessed with the body component (BC) and Test of Gross Motor Development II (TGMD II) approaches. Anthropometric measurements of the standing and seated height, mass, arm span and leg length were additionally measured. Microsoft Excel® and Statistica® were used for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. In the case of significant ANOVA results, the Scheffe post hoc test was used for pairwise comparisons. Statistical significance was set at p<.05 and practical significance (Cohen’s d) was set at d>.2. Pearson Correlation Coefficient identified statistical and practical correlations between two variables and chi square was applied to indicate differences in frequency distribution tables. Cramer’s V values were applied to determine practical significance in the case where statistical significant differences were identified between sets of frequency distributions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Fundamental movement skill proficiency status of girls aged 9-to-12 years from previously disadvantaged communities in Nelson Mandela Bay
- Authors: Kahts, Samantha Andrea
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Movement therapy for children -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Exercise therapy -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Kinesiology -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10114 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021035
- Description: Problem Statement A lack of fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency in children can contribute to decreased physical activity (PA) levels, increased adiposity and poor acquisition of specialised sport specific movement skills. To prevent the latter, the identification of FMS status in early and middle childhood years is needed for targeted and specific interventions. Against the backdrop of physical education being omitted from the South African school curriculum, the presence of a patriarchal society, gender sporting stereotyping, high levels of unemployment and low education levels; the assessment of FMS status is particularly warranted. Aim of Study The primary aim of this study was to assess the FMS proficiency of girls aged 9-to-12 years from previously disadvantaged communities within Nelson Mandela Bay. Methodology A descriptive-exploratory-contextual study design, employing quantitative assessment techniques, was utilized. The sample comprised of 227 girls. Convenience sampling was employed. Testing consisted of FMS proficiency tests in the 20m and 40m sprint, standing long jump, throwing for distance, catching, static balance and throwing for accuracy. FMS process scores were assessed with the body component (BC) and Test of Gross Motor Development II (TGMD II) approaches. Anthropometric measurements of the standing and seated height, mass, arm span and leg length were additionally measured. Microsoft Excel® and Statistica® were used for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. In the case of significant ANOVA results, the Scheffe post hoc test was used for pairwise comparisons. Statistical significance was set at p<.05 and practical significance (Cohen’s d) was set at d>.2. Pearson Correlation Coefficient identified statistical and practical correlations between two variables and chi square was applied to indicate differences in frequency distribution tables. Cramer’s V values were applied to determine practical significance in the case where statistical significant differences were identified between sets of frequency distributions The BC approach indicated that most participants could not proficiently perform the run for speed (94.71 percent), standing long jump (96.9 percent) or throw for distance (83.56 percent). Only the catch was performed proficiently (91.19 percent). TGMD II results for the present study indicated that participants’ run for speed (100 percent) and catch (96.92 percent) were performed proficiently and their standing long jump (93.78 percent) and throw for distance (83.56 percent) process scores were performed least proficiently. Only the catch composite BC scores had a statistically (df=1.31; f=3.24; p=.024) and practically significant (d=0.82) improvement in the BC scores between the age groups 9 and 12 years. Only the standing long jump, throw for distance and throw for accuracy product scores improved statically and practically significantly with aging (p<.05; d>.2). Hence the further participants jumped, the faster they ran. Standing and seated height, weight and arm span improved statistically and practically significantly with age (p<.05; d>.2). All anthropometric variables, except for leg length, had a positive medium correlation (r=.335 to r=.439) with balance errors and this was only in 12 year olds. The throw for distance product scores had a medium correlation to seated height (r=.32) and arm span (r=.33). The run for speed had a medium correlation (r=.313) with mass. According to the IOTF classifications 24.67 percent of children were overweight and 7.49 percent of children were obese. Statistically significant differences were found for the run for speed (df=224; f=27.07; p=2.9E-11) and standing long jump (df=224; f=15.68; p=4.2E-07) when comparing product scores to normal weight, overweight and obese participants. These differences were furthermore found to be of medium to large practical significance between the normal and obese participants for the run for speed (d=0.61 to d=1.77) and Standing Long Jump (d=0.40 to d=1.33). On average 50 percent and 55 percent of participants partook 60 minutes or more of PA after school on week days and on weekend’s respectively. This PA consisted mostly of running and ball games. Only 10 percent of participants had commenced with menarche Conclusion Findings have highlighted the need for specifically targeted FMS interventions at an early age in female learners from previously disadvantaged communities. Both a product and process FMS assessment is warranted as this facilitates deductions about movement proficiency levels. A FMS proficiency assessment protocol is needed for South African children which is internationally comparable. Childhood overweight and obesity impacts FMS proficiency and should be addressed in future research. Cultural norms, gender stereotypes and sport management structures at primary school level seem to be affecting FMS proficiency and should be addressed in future research
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Kahts, Samantha Andrea
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Movement therapy for children -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Exercise therapy -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Kinesiology -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10114 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021035
- Description: Problem Statement A lack of fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency in children can contribute to decreased physical activity (PA) levels, increased adiposity and poor acquisition of specialised sport specific movement skills. To prevent the latter, the identification of FMS status in early and middle childhood years is needed for targeted and specific interventions. Against the backdrop of physical education being omitted from the South African school curriculum, the presence of a patriarchal society, gender sporting stereotyping, high levels of unemployment and low education levels; the assessment of FMS status is particularly warranted. Aim of Study The primary aim of this study was to assess the FMS proficiency of girls aged 9-to-12 years from previously disadvantaged communities within Nelson Mandela Bay. Methodology A descriptive-exploratory-contextual study design, employing quantitative assessment techniques, was utilized. The sample comprised of 227 girls. Convenience sampling was employed. Testing consisted of FMS proficiency tests in the 20m and 40m sprint, standing long jump, throwing for distance, catching, static balance and throwing for accuracy. FMS process scores were assessed with the body component (BC) and Test of Gross Motor Development II (TGMD II) approaches. Anthropometric measurements of the standing and seated height, mass, arm span and leg length were additionally measured. Microsoft Excel® and Statistica® were used for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. In the case of significant ANOVA results, the Scheffe post hoc test was used for pairwise comparisons. Statistical significance was set at p<.05 and practical significance (Cohen’s d) was set at d>.2. Pearson Correlation Coefficient identified statistical and practical correlations between two variables and chi square was applied to indicate differences in frequency distribution tables. Cramer’s V values were applied to determine practical significance in the case where statistical significant differences were identified between sets of frequency distributions The BC approach indicated that most participants could not proficiently perform the run for speed (94.71 percent), standing long jump (96.9 percent) or throw for distance (83.56 percent). Only the catch was performed proficiently (91.19 percent). TGMD II results for the present study indicated that participants’ run for speed (100 percent) and catch (96.92 percent) were performed proficiently and their standing long jump (93.78 percent) and throw for distance (83.56 percent) process scores were performed least proficiently. Only the catch composite BC scores had a statistically (df=1.31; f=3.24; p=.024) and practically significant (d=0.82) improvement in the BC scores between the age groups 9 and 12 years. Only the standing long jump, throw for distance and throw for accuracy product scores improved statically and practically significantly with aging (p<.05; d>.2). Hence the further participants jumped, the faster they ran. Standing and seated height, weight and arm span improved statistically and practically significantly with age (p<.05; d>.2). All anthropometric variables, except for leg length, had a positive medium correlation (r=.335 to r=.439) with balance errors and this was only in 12 year olds. The throw for distance product scores had a medium correlation to seated height (r=.32) and arm span (r=.33). The run for speed had a medium correlation (r=.313) with mass. According to the IOTF classifications 24.67 percent of children were overweight and 7.49 percent of children were obese. Statistically significant differences were found for the run for speed (df=224; f=27.07; p=2.9E-11) and standing long jump (df=224; f=15.68; p=4.2E-07) when comparing product scores to normal weight, overweight and obese participants. These differences were furthermore found to be of medium to large practical significance between the normal and obese participants for the run for speed (d=0.61 to d=1.77) and Standing Long Jump (d=0.40 to d=1.33). On average 50 percent and 55 percent of participants partook 60 minutes or more of PA after school on week days and on weekend’s respectively. This PA consisted mostly of running and ball games. Only 10 percent of participants had commenced with menarche Conclusion Findings have highlighted the need for specifically targeted FMS interventions at an early age in female learners from previously disadvantaged communities. Both a product and process FMS assessment is warranted as this facilitates deductions about movement proficiency levels. A FMS proficiency assessment protocol is needed for South African children which is internationally comparable. Childhood overweight and obesity impacts FMS proficiency and should be addressed in future research. Cultural norms, gender stereotypes and sport management structures at primary school level seem to be affecting FMS proficiency and should be addressed in future research
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Genesis of BIF-hosted hematite iron ore deposits in the central part of the Maremane anticline, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Land, Jarred
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Hematite -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Anticlines -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Geology, Stratigraphic -- Proterozoic , Hydrothermal deposits -- Northern Cape , Rare earth metals -- Northern Cape , Iron ores -- Geology -- Northern Cape , Transvaal Supergroup (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5095 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020905
- Description: The Paleoproterozoic Transvaal Supergroup in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa is host to high-grade BIF-hosted hematite iron-ore deposits and is the country’s most important source of iron to date. Previous work has failed to provide a robust and all-inclusive genetic model for such deposits in the Transvaal Supergroup; in particular, the role of hydrothermal processes in ore-genesis has not been adequately clarified. Recent studies by the author have produced evidence for hydrothermal alteration in shales (Olifantshoek Supergroup) stratigraphically overlying the iron-ore intervals; this has highlighted the need to reassess current ore-forming models which place residual supergene processes at the core of oregenesis. This thesis focuses on providing new insights into the processes responsible for the genesis of hematite iron ores in the Maremane anticline through the use of newly available exploration drill-core material from the centre of the anticline. The study involved standard mineralogical investigations using transmitted/reflected light microscopy as well as instrumental techniques (XRD, EPMA); and the employment of traditional whole-rock geochemical analysis on samples collected from two boreholes drilled in the centre of the Maremane anticline, Northern Cape Province. Rare earth element analysis (via ICP-MS) and oxygen isotope data from hematite separates complement the whole-rock data. Iron-ore mineralisation examined in this thesis is typified by the dominance of Fe-oxide (as hematite), which reaches whole-rock abundances of up to 98 wt. % Fe₂O₃. Textural and whole-rock geochemical variations in the ores likely reflect a variable protolith, from BIF to Fe-bearing shale. A standard supergene model invoking immobility and residual enrichment of iron is called into question on the basis of the relative degrees of enrichment recorded in the ores with respect to other, traditionally immobile elements during chemical weathering, such as Al₂O₃ and TiO₂. Furthermore, the apparently conservative behaviour of REE in the Fe ore (i.e. low-grade and high-grade iron ore) further emphasises the variable protolith theory. Hydrothermally-induced ferruginisation is suggested to post-date the deposition of the post-Transvaal Olifantshoek shales, and is likely to be linked to a sub-surface transgressive hydrothermal event which indiscriminately transforms both shale and BIF into Fe-ore. A revised, hydrothermal model for the formation of BIF-hosted high-grade hematite iron ore deposits in the central part of the Maremane anticline is proposed, and some ideas of the author for further follow-up research are presented.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Land, Jarred
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Hematite -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Anticlines -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Geology, Stratigraphic -- Proterozoic , Hydrothermal deposits -- Northern Cape , Rare earth metals -- Northern Cape , Iron ores -- Geology -- Northern Cape , Transvaal Supergroup (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5095 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020905
- Description: The Paleoproterozoic Transvaal Supergroup in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa is host to high-grade BIF-hosted hematite iron-ore deposits and is the country’s most important source of iron to date. Previous work has failed to provide a robust and all-inclusive genetic model for such deposits in the Transvaal Supergroup; in particular, the role of hydrothermal processes in ore-genesis has not been adequately clarified. Recent studies by the author have produced evidence for hydrothermal alteration in shales (Olifantshoek Supergroup) stratigraphically overlying the iron-ore intervals; this has highlighted the need to reassess current ore-forming models which place residual supergene processes at the core of oregenesis. This thesis focuses on providing new insights into the processes responsible for the genesis of hematite iron ores in the Maremane anticline through the use of newly available exploration drill-core material from the centre of the anticline. The study involved standard mineralogical investigations using transmitted/reflected light microscopy as well as instrumental techniques (XRD, EPMA); and the employment of traditional whole-rock geochemical analysis on samples collected from two boreholes drilled in the centre of the Maremane anticline, Northern Cape Province. Rare earth element analysis (via ICP-MS) and oxygen isotope data from hematite separates complement the whole-rock data. Iron-ore mineralisation examined in this thesis is typified by the dominance of Fe-oxide (as hematite), which reaches whole-rock abundances of up to 98 wt. % Fe₂O₃. Textural and whole-rock geochemical variations in the ores likely reflect a variable protolith, from BIF to Fe-bearing shale. A standard supergene model invoking immobility and residual enrichment of iron is called into question on the basis of the relative degrees of enrichment recorded in the ores with respect to other, traditionally immobile elements during chemical weathering, such as Al₂O₃ and TiO₂. Furthermore, the apparently conservative behaviour of REE in the Fe ore (i.e. low-grade and high-grade iron ore) further emphasises the variable protolith theory. Hydrothermally-induced ferruginisation is suggested to post-date the deposition of the post-Transvaal Olifantshoek shales, and is likely to be linked to a sub-surface transgressive hydrothermal event which indiscriminately transforms both shale and BIF into Fe-ore. A revised, hydrothermal model for the formation of BIF-hosted high-grade hematite iron ore deposits in the central part of the Maremane anticline is proposed, and some ideas of the author for further follow-up research are presented.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Genesis of karst-hosted manganese ores of the Postmasburg Manganese Field, South Africa with emphasis on evidence for hydrothermal processes
- Authors: Fairey, Brenton John
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Karst -- South Africa -- Postmasburg , Manganese ores -- South Africa -- Postmasburg , Hydrothermal alteration -- South Africa -- Postmasburg , Manganese mines and mining -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Petrology , Mineralogical chemistry , Geochemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5094 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020904
- Description: The Postmasburg Manganese Field (PMF), located in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, once represented one of the largest sources of manganese ore worldwide. However, the discovery of the giant manganese deposits of the Kalahari Manganese Field (KMF) led to the gradual decline in manganese mining activity in the PMF. Two belts of manganese ore deposits have been distinguished in the PMF, namely the Western Belt of ferruginous manganese ores and the Eastern Belt of siliceous manganese ores. Prevailing models of ore formation in these two belts invoke karstification of manganese-rich dolomites and residual accumulation of manganese wad which later underwent diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic processes. For the most part, the role of hydrothermal processes in ore formation and metasomatic alteration is not addressed. The identification of an abundance of common and some rare Al-, Na-, K- and Ba-bearing minerals, particularly aegirine, albite, microcline, banalsite, sérandite-pectolite, paragonite and natrolite in the PMF ores studied in this thesis, is indicative of the influence of hydrothermal activity. Enrichments in Na, K and/or Ba in the ores are generally on a percentage level for the majority of samples analysed through bulk-rock techniques. The discovery of a Ba-Mn arsenate/vanadate similar to gamagarite may also indicate that the hydrothermal fluid affecting the ores was not only alkali-rich but also probably contained some As and V. The fluid was likely to be oxidized and alkaline in nature and is thought to have been a mature basinal brine. Various replacement textures, particularly of Na- and Krich minerals by Ba-bearing phases, suggest sequential deposition of gangue as well as oreminerals from the hydrothermal fluid, with Ba phases being deposited at a later stage. The stratigraphic variability of the studied ores and the deviation of their character from the pigeon-hole-type classification of ferruginous and siliceous ores in the literature, suggests that a re-evaluation of genetic models is warranted. The discovery of hydrothermallydeposited alkali-rich assemblages in the PMF and KMF provides grounding for further investigation into a possible regional-scale hydrothermal event at least re-constituting the ores. Some shortcomings in previous works include disregard for the highly variable nature of the PMF deposits, the effects of hydrothermal activity of the ores and the existence of stratigraphic discrepancies. This study provides a single, broad model for the development of all manganese deposits of the PMF. The source of metals is attributed to all formations that stratigraphically overly the Reivilo Formation of the Campbellrand Subgroup (including the Reivilo Formation itself). The main process by which metals are accumulated is attributed to karstification of the dolomites. The interaction of oxidized, alkaline brines with the ores is considered and the overlying Asbestos Hills Subgroup BIF is suggested as a potential source of alkali metals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Fairey, Brenton John
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Karst -- South Africa -- Postmasburg , Manganese ores -- South Africa -- Postmasburg , Hydrothermal alteration -- South Africa -- Postmasburg , Manganese mines and mining -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Petrology , Mineralogical chemistry , Geochemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5094 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020904
- Description: The Postmasburg Manganese Field (PMF), located in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, once represented one of the largest sources of manganese ore worldwide. However, the discovery of the giant manganese deposits of the Kalahari Manganese Field (KMF) led to the gradual decline in manganese mining activity in the PMF. Two belts of manganese ore deposits have been distinguished in the PMF, namely the Western Belt of ferruginous manganese ores and the Eastern Belt of siliceous manganese ores. Prevailing models of ore formation in these two belts invoke karstification of manganese-rich dolomites and residual accumulation of manganese wad which later underwent diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic processes. For the most part, the role of hydrothermal processes in ore formation and metasomatic alteration is not addressed. The identification of an abundance of common and some rare Al-, Na-, K- and Ba-bearing minerals, particularly aegirine, albite, microcline, banalsite, sérandite-pectolite, paragonite and natrolite in the PMF ores studied in this thesis, is indicative of the influence of hydrothermal activity. Enrichments in Na, K and/or Ba in the ores are generally on a percentage level for the majority of samples analysed through bulk-rock techniques. The discovery of a Ba-Mn arsenate/vanadate similar to gamagarite may also indicate that the hydrothermal fluid affecting the ores was not only alkali-rich but also probably contained some As and V. The fluid was likely to be oxidized and alkaline in nature and is thought to have been a mature basinal brine. Various replacement textures, particularly of Na- and Krich minerals by Ba-bearing phases, suggest sequential deposition of gangue as well as oreminerals from the hydrothermal fluid, with Ba phases being deposited at a later stage. The stratigraphic variability of the studied ores and the deviation of their character from the pigeon-hole-type classification of ferruginous and siliceous ores in the literature, suggests that a re-evaluation of genetic models is warranted. The discovery of hydrothermallydeposited alkali-rich assemblages in the PMF and KMF provides grounding for further investigation into a possible regional-scale hydrothermal event at least re-constituting the ores. Some shortcomings in previous works include disregard for the highly variable nature of the PMF deposits, the effects of hydrothermal activity of the ores and the existence of stratigraphic discrepancies. This study provides a single, broad model for the development of all manganese deposits of the PMF. The source of metals is attributed to all formations that stratigraphically overly the Reivilo Formation of the Campbellrand Subgroup (including the Reivilo Formation itself). The main process by which metals are accumulated is attributed to karstification of the dolomites. The interaction of oxidized, alkaline brines with the ores is considered and the overlying Asbestos Hills Subgroup BIF is suggested as a potential source of alkali metals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Genetic and biological characterisation of a novel South African Plutella xylostella granulovirus (PlxyGV) isolate
- Authors: Abdulkadir, Fatima
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Diamondback moth , Diamondback moth -- Control -- South Africa , Plutellidae -- Control -- South Africa , Baculoviruses , Cruciferae -- Diseases and pests -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4113 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013059
- Description: The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an important pest of cruciferous crops worldwide. The prolonged use of synthetic chemical insecticides as a primary means of control has resulted in the development of resistance in pest populations. In addition, the pest has also evolved resistance to the bacterial insecticidal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis which is also widely used as a method of control. Baculoviruses are considered as effective alternatives to conventional methods of control when incorporated into integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. These viruses target the larval stages of insects, are generally host-specific and are safe for use in the environment. This study aimed to isolate a baculovirus from a laboratory-reared P. xylostella colony, characterise it genetically and then evaluate its virulence against neonate and fourth instar larvae. A laboratory colony of P. xylostella was established using pupae and asymptomatic larvae collected from a cabbage plantation outside Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The colony flourished in the laboratory due to prime conditions and availability of food. The duration of development from egg to adult was determined by observation and imaging of the various life stages. The mean developmental time from egg to adult was observed to be 14.59 ± 0.21 days. The population of the insects increased rapidly in number leading to overcrowding of the insect colony, and hence appearance of larvae with viral symptoms. Occlusion bodies (OBs) were extracted from symptomatic larval cadavers and purified by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Analysis of the purified OBs by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of a granulovirus which was named PlxyGV-SA. The virus isolate was genetically characterised by restriction endonuclease analysis of the genomic DNA, and PCR amplification and sequencing of selected viral genes. The complete genome sequence of a Japanese P. xylostella granulovirus isolate, PlxyGV-Japan, has been deposited on the GenBank database providing a reference strain for comparison with DNA profiles and selected gene sequences of PlxyGV-SA. BLAST analysis of the granulin gene confirmed the isolation of a novel South African PlxyGV isolate. Comparison of the restriction profiles of PlxyGV-SA with profiles of PlxyGV-Japan and other documented PlxyGV profiles obtained by agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that PlxyGV-SA is a genetically distinct isolate. The data obtained from the sequencing and alignment of ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt), late expression factor 8 (lef-8) and late expression factor 9 (lef-9) genes with those of PlxyGV-Japan also showed that PlxyGV-SA is a genetically different isolate. In order to determine the biological activity of PlxyGV-SA against neonate and fourth instar P. xylostella larvae, surface dose bioassays were conducted. The median lethal concentration of the virus required to kill 50% (LC₅₀) and 90% (LC₉₀) of the larvae was estimated by feeding insects with a range of doses. In addition, the time to kill 50% of the larvae (LT₅₀) was determined by feeding insects with the LC₉₀ concentration. Larval mortality was monitored daily until pupation. The data obtained from the dose response assays were subjected to probit analysis using Proban statistical software. The time response was determined using GraphPad Prism software (version 6.0). The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values for the neonate larvae were 3.56 × 10⁵ and 1.14 × 10⁷ OBs/ml respectively. The LT₅₀ was determined to be 104 hours. The neonate larvae were found to be more susceptible to infection than the fourth instar larvae with the same virus concentration. The concentrations used for the neonate larvae assay did not have a significant effect on the fourth instar as no mortality was recorded. This is the first study to describe a novel South African PlxyGV isolate and the results suggest that PlxyGV-SA has significant potential for development as an effective biopesticide for the control of P. xylostella in the field.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Abdulkadir, Fatima
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Diamondback moth , Diamondback moth -- Control -- South Africa , Plutellidae -- Control -- South Africa , Baculoviruses , Cruciferae -- Diseases and pests -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4113 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013059
- Description: The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an important pest of cruciferous crops worldwide. The prolonged use of synthetic chemical insecticides as a primary means of control has resulted in the development of resistance in pest populations. In addition, the pest has also evolved resistance to the bacterial insecticidal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis which is also widely used as a method of control. Baculoviruses are considered as effective alternatives to conventional methods of control when incorporated into integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. These viruses target the larval stages of insects, are generally host-specific and are safe for use in the environment. This study aimed to isolate a baculovirus from a laboratory-reared P. xylostella colony, characterise it genetically and then evaluate its virulence against neonate and fourth instar larvae. A laboratory colony of P. xylostella was established using pupae and asymptomatic larvae collected from a cabbage plantation outside Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The colony flourished in the laboratory due to prime conditions and availability of food. The duration of development from egg to adult was determined by observation and imaging of the various life stages. The mean developmental time from egg to adult was observed to be 14.59 ± 0.21 days. The population of the insects increased rapidly in number leading to overcrowding of the insect colony, and hence appearance of larvae with viral symptoms. Occlusion bodies (OBs) were extracted from symptomatic larval cadavers and purified by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Analysis of the purified OBs by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of a granulovirus which was named PlxyGV-SA. The virus isolate was genetically characterised by restriction endonuclease analysis of the genomic DNA, and PCR amplification and sequencing of selected viral genes. The complete genome sequence of a Japanese P. xylostella granulovirus isolate, PlxyGV-Japan, has been deposited on the GenBank database providing a reference strain for comparison with DNA profiles and selected gene sequences of PlxyGV-SA. BLAST analysis of the granulin gene confirmed the isolation of a novel South African PlxyGV isolate. Comparison of the restriction profiles of PlxyGV-SA with profiles of PlxyGV-Japan and other documented PlxyGV profiles obtained by agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that PlxyGV-SA is a genetically distinct isolate. The data obtained from the sequencing and alignment of ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt), late expression factor 8 (lef-8) and late expression factor 9 (lef-9) genes with those of PlxyGV-Japan also showed that PlxyGV-SA is a genetically different isolate. In order to determine the biological activity of PlxyGV-SA against neonate and fourth instar P. xylostella larvae, surface dose bioassays were conducted. The median lethal concentration of the virus required to kill 50% (LC₅₀) and 90% (LC₉₀) of the larvae was estimated by feeding insects with a range of doses. In addition, the time to kill 50% of the larvae (LT₅₀) was determined by feeding insects with the LC₉₀ concentration. Larval mortality was monitored daily until pupation. The data obtained from the dose response assays were subjected to probit analysis using Proban statistical software. The time response was determined using GraphPad Prism software (version 6.0). The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values for the neonate larvae were 3.56 × 10⁵ and 1.14 × 10⁷ OBs/ml respectively. The LT₅₀ was determined to be 104 hours. The neonate larvae were found to be more susceptible to infection than the fourth instar larvae with the same virus concentration. The concentrations used for the neonate larvae assay did not have a significant effect on the fourth instar as no mortality was recorded. This is the first study to describe a novel South African PlxyGV isolate and the results suggest that PlxyGV-SA has significant potential for development as an effective biopesticide for the control of P. xylostella in the field.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Genetic and morphometric variation of Octopus vulgaris in the Benguela Current region
- Authors: De Beer, Chénelle Lesley
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Common octopus -- Africa, Southern , Common octopus -- Genetics , Common octopus -- Morphology , Common octopus -- Geographical distribution , Variation (Biology) , Benguela Current
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5362 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012971
- Description: The Benguela Current is a cold eastern boundary current located on the south-western coast of the African continent. The establishment of its present day features approximately two million years ago has triggered allopatric events which have driven genetic and/or phenotypic differentiation in many of the warm-temperate organisms that previously had continuous distributions along the south and west coast of southern Africa. However, since many of these species have responded differently, despite similar isolation times, research in this region provides a unique opportunity to increase our understanding of evolutionary processes. The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier 1797) is a coastal, sedentary species, inhabiting coral reefs or rocky environments at depths of up to a 100m. It is considered to be one of the most extensively studied cephalopod species due to its worldwide distribution. However, very little research has been conducted on O. vulgaris in southern Africa. In order to gain a holistic understanding of the effects of the Benguela Current on population connectivity, genetic and phenotypic diversity, and evolutionary history of O. vulgaris, a comparative genetic and morphological study was conducted across the Benguela region. A total of 168 specimens of O. vulgaris were collected from four different regions across the Benguela system. A small tissue sample was preserved in ethanol for molecular analysis, and the specimen was frozen whole for morphometric analysis in the laboratory. Octopus vulgaris genetic population structure and evolutionary history was investigated using a 580bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene for 76 individuals located within the Benguela region, yielding 10 different haplotypes. AMOVA and pairwise FST analyses revealed significant genetic differentiation suggesting a northern-southern Benguela divergence. Estimates of time since most recent common ancestor, based on biogeographical calibrators and coalescent analyses, indicated that isolation between the Angolan and South African population occurred between ~231 Ka and 1 Ma. Mismatch distribution analyses revealed a past population expansion within the South African O. vulgaris roughly 129.31 Ka, whilst Bayesian skyline plots were indicative of gradual demographic growth within the Angolan population in the last ~100 Ka. Observed O. vulgaris population structure and demographic history was likely the result of historical climate-induced change within the system. Reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships within the Octopus genus, using cytb and COI suggest that O. vulgaris is not a monophyletic group and a major systematic revision is required. Furthermore, unidentified individuals from South Africa were found to group with species from Indo-West Pacific Oceans and were therefore considered to have been translocated through ballast water from Asia. While the molecular analysis indicated a significant northern-southern Benguela structure results from the principle component analysis (PCA) and discriminate function analysis (DFA) were unable to distinguish between O. vulgaris from different sampling localities throughout the Benguela Current region based on soft-parts, hard-parts and meristic characters. The lack of phenotypic variation, despite significant genetic divergence, highlights the importance of multi-method approaches in gaining a holistic understanding of the taxonomy and biogeography of species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: De Beer, Chénelle Lesley
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Common octopus -- Africa, Southern , Common octopus -- Genetics , Common octopus -- Morphology , Common octopus -- Geographical distribution , Variation (Biology) , Benguela Current
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5362 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012971
- Description: The Benguela Current is a cold eastern boundary current located on the south-western coast of the African continent. The establishment of its present day features approximately two million years ago has triggered allopatric events which have driven genetic and/or phenotypic differentiation in many of the warm-temperate organisms that previously had continuous distributions along the south and west coast of southern Africa. However, since many of these species have responded differently, despite similar isolation times, research in this region provides a unique opportunity to increase our understanding of evolutionary processes. The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier 1797) is a coastal, sedentary species, inhabiting coral reefs or rocky environments at depths of up to a 100m. It is considered to be one of the most extensively studied cephalopod species due to its worldwide distribution. However, very little research has been conducted on O. vulgaris in southern Africa. In order to gain a holistic understanding of the effects of the Benguela Current on population connectivity, genetic and phenotypic diversity, and evolutionary history of O. vulgaris, a comparative genetic and morphological study was conducted across the Benguela region. A total of 168 specimens of O. vulgaris were collected from four different regions across the Benguela system. A small tissue sample was preserved in ethanol for molecular analysis, and the specimen was frozen whole for morphometric analysis in the laboratory. Octopus vulgaris genetic population structure and evolutionary history was investigated using a 580bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene for 76 individuals located within the Benguela region, yielding 10 different haplotypes. AMOVA and pairwise FST analyses revealed significant genetic differentiation suggesting a northern-southern Benguela divergence. Estimates of time since most recent common ancestor, based on biogeographical calibrators and coalescent analyses, indicated that isolation between the Angolan and South African population occurred between ~231 Ka and 1 Ma. Mismatch distribution analyses revealed a past population expansion within the South African O. vulgaris roughly 129.31 Ka, whilst Bayesian skyline plots were indicative of gradual demographic growth within the Angolan population in the last ~100 Ka. Observed O. vulgaris population structure and demographic history was likely the result of historical climate-induced change within the system. Reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships within the Octopus genus, using cytb and COI suggest that O. vulgaris is not a monophyletic group and a major systematic revision is required. Furthermore, unidentified individuals from South Africa were found to group with species from Indo-West Pacific Oceans and were therefore considered to have been translocated through ballast water from Asia. While the molecular analysis indicated a significant northern-southern Benguela structure results from the principle component analysis (PCA) and discriminate function analysis (DFA) were unable to distinguish between O. vulgaris from different sampling localities throughout the Benguela Current region based on soft-parts, hard-parts and meristic characters. The lack of phenotypic variation, despite significant genetic divergence, highlights the importance of multi-method approaches in gaining a holistic understanding of the taxonomy and biogeography of species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of foodborne bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat foods in Alice, South Africa
- Authors: Nyenje, Mirriam E
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Foodborne diseases -- Microbiology , Pathogenic bacteria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11279 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016109 , Foodborne diseases -- Microbiology , Pathogenic bacteria
- Description: Foodborne illnesses following the ingestion of contaminated food are a major public health problem worldwide. They include a broad group of illnesses ranging from mild to chronic or life-threatening; caused by either toxins released from the disease-causing microbes, or by the microbes themselves. Antimicrobial susceptibility data shows an alarming increase in the frequency of antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens, a situation which is worrisome as it decreases the effectiveness of drugs employed to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with serious and life-threatening infections and thus, compromising human health. This study was therefore designed to assess the occurrence and characterization of bacterial foodborne pathogens in various foods sold in Alice, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in an effort to throw more light on the inherent risk associated with such foods. The study was conducted during the period of 2011 - 2013. Two university restaurants and eight ready-to-eat food vending sites in Alice Town were selected based on their prominence to the students, workers and rest of the community. Microbiological analysis was conducted on 252 samples which included vegetables, potatoes, rice, pies, beef and chicken stew. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests and confirmation of the two most prevalent organisms (Listeria ivanovii and Enterobacter cloacae) was done using PCR techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Listeria ivanovii and Enterobacter cloacae strains were identified using the disc diffusion technique; minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the broth dilution method and M.I.C. Evaluator test strips. The microtiter plate adherence assay was employed to ascertain the ability of these isolates to adhere to a surface whereas the role of cell surface properties in biofilm formation was assessed using the coaggregation and autoaggregation assays. The architecture of the formed biofilms was examined under the scanning electron microscope. The virulence and resistant genes were also detected and characterised by sequencing the PCR products. Bacterial growth was present in all the food types tested; organisms isolated included: Listeria spp. (22%), Enterobacter spp. (18%), Aeromonas hydrophila (12%), Klebsiella oxytoca (8%), Proteus mirabilis (6.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.2%) and Pseudomonas luteola (2.4%). PCR confirmed 30 (97%) isolates as E. cloacae complex while 44% (22/50) tested positive for L. ivanovii. All the strains of E. cloacae (100%) and 96% of L. ivanovii isolates (based on phenotypic identification) were resistant to at least four or more of the antibiotics. In this study, bla-TEM was also detected from 48 (96%) of L. ivanovii and 30 (100%) of E. cloacae strains; further analysis of the bla-TEM demonstrated the occurrence of bla-TEM-1. Of the 56 bla-TEM-1 positive isolates sequenced, 7% (4/56) had mutation of either insertion or substitution of a nucleotide. Two virulence genes (ucaA and hlyA) were detected in E. cloacae isolates and none in L. ivanovii using PCR. Sequence analysis of the hsp60 gene reported the presence of two sub-species for E. cloacae; E. cloacae cluster III (75%) and E. cloacae cluster IV (25%); while analysis of the iap60 gene demonstrated that 55.8% (19/34) were L. ivanovii, 44% (15/34) L. seeligeri and 14.7% (5/34) L. welshemeri. A total of 90% L. ivanovii and 88% E. cloacae strains demonstrated the ability to form biofilms; the coaggregation index ranged from 12 to 77% while the autoaggregation index varied from 11 to 55% for L. ivanovii and 27% to 98% for E. cloacae. The findings of this study indicate that most of the ready-to-eat food samples examined did not meet bacteriological quality standards, thus posing potential risks to consumers. This should draw the attention of the relevant authorities to certify that hygienic standards are improved to curtain foodborne infections. Furthermore, the presence of multi-resistant strains is of major concern as these foods could serve as important vehicles transmitting multi-resistant bacteria and genes to humans. In addition the ability of these pathogens to form biofilms may lead to adherence of these organisms to kitchen utensils and other environments leading to cross-contamination of food processed in these areas and increase resistance of organisms to antimicrobial agents.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Nyenje, Mirriam E
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Foodborne diseases -- Microbiology , Pathogenic bacteria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11279 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016109 , Foodborne diseases -- Microbiology , Pathogenic bacteria
- Description: Foodborne illnesses following the ingestion of contaminated food are a major public health problem worldwide. They include a broad group of illnesses ranging from mild to chronic or life-threatening; caused by either toxins released from the disease-causing microbes, or by the microbes themselves. Antimicrobial susceptibility data shows an alarming increase in the frequency of antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens, a situation which is worrisome as it decreases the effectiveness of drugs employed to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with serious and life-threatening infections and thus, compromising human health. This study was therefore designed to assess the occurrence and characterization of bacterial foodborne pathogens in various foods sold in Alice, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in an effort to throw more light on the inherent risk associated with such foods. The study was conducted during the period of 2011 - 2013. Two university restaurants and eight ready-to-eat food vending sites in Alice Town were selected based on their prominence to the students, workers and rest of the community. Microbiological analysis was conducted on 252 samples which included vegetables, potatoes, rice, pies, beef and chicken stew. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests and confirmation of the two most prevalent organisms (Listeria ivanovii and Enterobacter cloacae) was done using PCR techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Listeria ivanovii and Enterobacter cloacae strains were identified using the disc diffusion technique; minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the broth dilution method and M.I.C. Evaluator test strips. The microtiter plate adherence assay was employed to ascertain the ability of these isolates to adhere to a surface whereas the role of cell surface properties in biofilm formation was assessed using the coaggregation and autoaggregation assays. The architecture of the formed biofilms was examined under the scanning electron microscope. The virulence and resistant genes were also detected and characterised by sequencing the PCR products. Bacterial growth was present in all the food types tested; organisms isolated included: Listeria spp. (22%), Enterobacter spp. (18%), Aeromonas hydrophila (12%), Klebsiella oxytoca (8%), Proteus mirabilis (6.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.2%) and Pseudomonas luteola (2.4%). PCR confirmed 30 (97%) isolates as E. cloacae complex while 44% (22/50) tested positive for L. ivanovii. All the strains of E. cloacae (100%) and 96% of L. ivanovii isolates (based on phenotypic identification) were resistant to at least four or more of the antibiotics. In this study, bla-TEM was also detected from 48 (96%) of L. ivanovii and 30 (100%) of E. cloacae strains; further analysis of the bla-TEM demonstrated the occurrence of bla-TEM-1. Of the 56 bla-TEM-1 positive isolates sequenced, 7% (4/56) had mutation of either insertion or substitution of a nucleotide. Two virulence genes (ucaA and hlyA) were detected in E. cloacae isolates and none in L. ivanovii using PCR. Sequence analysis of the hsp60 gene reported the presence of two sub-species for E. cloacae; E. cloacae cluster III (75%) and E. cloacae cluster IV (25%); while analysis of the iap60 gene demonstrated that 55.8% (19/34) were L. ivanovii, 44% (15/34) L. seeligeri and 14.7% (5/34) L. welshemeri. A total of 90% L. ivanovii and 88% E. cloacae strains demonstrated the ability to form biofilms; the coaggregation index ranged from 12 to 77% while the autoaggregation index varied from 11 to 55% for L. ivanovii and 27% to 98% for E. cloacae. The findings of this study indicate that most of the ready-to-eat food samples examined did not meet bacteriological quality standards, thus posing potential risks to consumers. This should draw the attention of the relevant authorities to certify that hygienic standards are improved to curtain foodborne infections. Furthermore, the presence of multi-resistant strains is of major concern as these foods could serve as important vehicles transmitting multi-resistant bacteria and genes to humans. In addition the ability of these pathogens to form biofilms may lead to adherence of these organisms to kitchen utensils and other environments leading to cross-contamination of food processed in these areas and increase resistance of organisms to antimicrobial agents.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Genetic diversity and population structure of plasmodium falciparum from four epidemiological locations in Malawi
- Authors: Selemani, George Paul
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Plasmodium falciparum , Parasites -- Molecular genetics , Infection -- Genetic aspects , Disease susceptibility -- Genetic aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:10359 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021026
- Description: In malaria-endemic regions, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) infection is characterized by extensive genetic/antigenic diversity. Describing this diversity provides important information about the local molecular epidemiology of infecting P. falciparum parasites. Intriguingly, one of the major obstacles to the development of an effective malaria vaccine has been the genetic polymorphisms exhibited by P. falciparum genes encoding targets of human immune system. This situation has necessitated the development of polyvalent vaccines with wide antigenic coverage that would increase the likelihood of vaccine efficacy that covers wide geographical areas of malaria endemic countries. Limited reports are available on the population genetic diversity and structure of P. falciparum in Malawi, and this is of particular concern as the country has put in place several interventions to combat the disease. The primary aim of the research project was to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of P. falciparum isolates and comparing complexity from four different epidemiological settings in Malawi using msp-2 gene polymorphisms. Samples were collected from four epidemiological locations in the north, centre and southern regions of Malawi. The diversity and genetic differentiation of P. falciparum populations were analyzed based on the highly polymorphic block 3 msp-2 gene. One hundred and twenty patient samples who presented with signs and symptoms of malaria and who had microscopically confirmed P. falciparum infection were enrolled in the study after they had satisfied the inclusion criteria. Parasite DNA was extracted from the blood spot on to filter paper and analyzed by genotyping the msp-2 gene using allele-specific nested PCR. A total of 28 msp-2 block 3 fragments, defined by the size and the allelic types were detected in the 102 patients. The length variants of the PCR product ranged from 240basepairs (bp) to 450bp for the K1/FC and 410bp to 780bp for the 3D7/IC allelic families. Isolates of the 3D7 alleles were predominant in the population (59 percent), compared to isolates of the K1/ FC27 alleles (41 percent) and for 3D7 and K1 most of the isolates were monoclonal infections. In comparisons between the sites, we observed the highest prevalence of mixed infection in Mwanza (46.7 percent) followed by Dwangwa (23.3 percent) compared to Bolero (16.7 percent) and Mitundu (16.7 percent). The difference in prevalence of mixed infections between Mwanza and the other sites was statistically significant (p=0.041). There was also a non-significant trend towards a higher mean genotype number per isolate in the children aged >5 years compared to those below 5 years of age. These data suggest differences in prevalence rates of mixed infections in different geographical/epidemiological settings in Malawi. Further studies are needed to confirm, with larger sample sizes, the observation of a non-significant trend towards higher multiclonality of infection in older children in malaria endemic areas of Malawi.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Selemani, George Paul
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Plasmodium falciparum , Parasites -- Molecular genetics , Infection -- Genetic aspects , Disease susceptibility -- Genetic aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:10359 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021026
- Description: In malaria-endemic regions, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) infection is characterized by extensive genetic/antigenic diversity. Describing this diversity provides important information about the local molecular epidemiology of infecting P. falciparum parasites. Intriguingly, one of the major obstacles to the development of an effective malaria vaccine has been the genetic polymorphisms exhibited by P. falciparum genes encoding targets of human immune system. This situation has necessitated the development of polyvalent vaccines with wide antigenic coverage that would increase the likelihood of vaccine efficacy that covers wide geographical areas of malaria endemic countries. Limited reports are available on the population genetic diversity and structure of P. falciparum in Malawi, and this is of particular concern as the country has put in place several interventions to combat the disease. The primary aim of the research project was to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of P. falciparum isolates and comparing complexity from four different epidemiological settings in Malawi using msp-2 gene polymorphisms. Samples were collected from four epidemiological locations in the north, centre and southern regions of Malawi. The diversity and genetic differentiation of P. falciparum populations were analyzed based on the highly polymorphic block 3 msp-2 gene. One hundred and twenty patient samples who presented with signs and symptoms of malaria and who had microscopically confirmed P. falciparum infection were enrolled in the study after they had satisfied the inclusion criteria. Parasite DNA was extracted from the blood spot on to filter paper and analyzed by genotyping the msp-2 gene using allele-specific nested PCR. A total of 28 msp-2 block 3 fragments, defined by the size and the allelic types were detected in the 102 patients. The length variants of the PCR product ranged from 240basepairs (bp) to 450bp for the K1/FC and 410bp to 780bp for the 3D7/IC allelic families. Isolates of the 3D7 alleles were predominant in the population (59 percent), compared to isolates of the K1/ FC27 alleles (41 percent) and for 3D7 and K1 most of the isolates were monoclonal infections. In comparisons between the sites, we observed the highest prevalence of mixed infection in Mwanza (46.7 percent) followed by Dwangwa (23.3 percent) compared to Bolero (16.7 percent) and Mitundu (16.7 percent). The difference in prevalence of mixed infections between Mwanza and the other sites was statistically significant (p=0.041). There was also a non-significant trend towards a higher mean genotype number per isolate in the children aged >5 years compared to those below 5 years of age. These data suggest differences in prevalence rates of mixed infections in different geographical/epidemiological settings in Malawi. Further studies are needed to confirm, with larger sample sizes, the observation of a non-significant trend towards higher multiclonality of infection in older children in malaria endemic areas of Malawi.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Geographical variation in effects of nutrient levels and grazing intensity on community structure between upwelling and non-upwelling regions of South Africa
- Authors: Steele, Nikita
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Upwelling (Oceanography) , Upwelling (Oceanography) -- Indian Ocean , Algae -- Indian Ocean , Algae -- Effect of grazing on -- Indian Ocean
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5873 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013013
- Description: The aim of this thesis was to assess the influence of upwelling on alga-grazer interactions in rocky shore communities along the south coast of South Africa using grazer exclusion treatments with controls and procedural controls set out in a block design and monitored for algal cover roughly monthly for one year. In the first experiment grazers were excluded from treatment plots at two upwelling and two non-upwelling sites and the rates of algal biomass accumulation were then compared. The upwelling sites showed significantly faster algal colonisation rates, with Ulva rigida being the first species to colonise the rocks. Final algal cover and biomass did not differ significantly between upwelling and non-upwelling sites in control plots open to grazers, but were significantly higher in grazer exclusion plots at upwelling sites indicating stronger grazing effects. This was confirmed by estimating the intensity of grazing using the log-response ratio (LRR), which was calculated from treatment and control plots. Upwelling sites had significantly lower LLR values indicating stronger grazing effects, than at non-upwelling sites, despite no difference in grazer abundances. The second experiment examined the effects of nutrient addition on algal growth and community composition by comparing high nutrient enrichment plots with low enrichment plots at one upwelling and one non-upwelling site. ANOVA indicated faster growth rates and significantly higher final algal biomass in high enrichment plots compared to low enrichment and control plots at both upwelling and non-upwelling sites. A two-way ANOVA indicated significantly higher algal cover in high enrichment plots compared to the data from the grazer exclusion plots in experiment 1 at both sites, suggesting that nutrient addition plays a major role in algal growth and community composition. The findings of these studies have shown significant differences between treatments, sites and seasons, with significant differences not only occurring in algal cover but also accumulation of algal biomass and recruitment patterns between treatments. The small scale local processes acting within a few centimetres (plots) or tens of meters (among blocks) can also be reflected over larger scales such as sites (upwelling/non-upwelling shores). Further, these studies have demonstrated that various factors such as the effects from increased nutrients at upwelling cells and the change in grazing effects due to enhanced nutrients can determine the abundance and diversity of the community structure, including an increase in the abundance of the fast growing algae Ulva rigida, and a slow recovery of the brown and red algae.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Steele, Nikita
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Upwelling (Oceanography) , Upwelling (Oceanography) -- Indian Ocean , Algae -- Indian Ocean , Algae -- Effect of grazing on -- Indian Ocean
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5873 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013013
- Description: The aim of this thesis was to assess the influence of upwelling on alga-grazer interactions in rocky shore communities along the south coast of South Africa using grazer exclusion treatments with controls and procedural controls set out in a block design and monitored for algal cover roughly monthly for one year. In the first experiment grazers were excluded from treatment plots at two upwelling and two non-upwelling sites and the rates of algal biomass accumulation were then compared. The upwelling sites showed significantly faster algal colonisation rates, with Ulva rigida being the first species to colonise the rocks. Final algal cover and biomass did not differ significantly between upwelling and non-upwelling sites in control plots open to grazers, but were significantly higher in grazer exclusion plots at upwelling sites indicating stronger grazing effects. This was confirmed by estimating the intensity of grazing using the log-response ratio (LRR), which was calculated from treatment and control plots. Upwelling sites had significantly lower LLR values indicating stronger grazing effects, than at non-upwelling sites, despite no difference in grazer abundances. The second experiment examined the effects of nutrient addition on algal growth and community composition by comparing high nutrient enrichment plots with low enrichment plots at one upwelling and one non-upwelling site. ANOVA indicated faster growth rates and significantly higher final algal biomass in high enrichment plots compared to low enrichment and control plots at both upwelling and non-upwelling sites. A two-way ANOVA indicated significantly higher algal cover in high enrichment plots compared to the data from the grazer exclusion plots in experiment 1 at both sites, suggesting that nutrient addition plays a major role in algal growth and community composition. The findings of these studies have shown significant differences between treatments, sites and seasons, with significant differences not only occurring in algal cover but also accumulation of algal biomass and recruitment patterns between treatments. The small scale local processes acting within a few centimetres (plots) or tens of meters (among blocks) can also be reflected over larger scales such as sites (upwelling/non-upwelling shores). Further, these studies have demonstrated that various factors such as the effects from increased nutrients at upwelling cells and the change in grazing effects due to enhanced nutrients can determine the abundance and diversity of the community structure, including an increase in the abundance of the fast growing algae Ulva rigida, and a slow recovery of the brown and red algae.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014