Job satisfaction amongst middle managers of Department of Health
- Authors: Mawonga, Mzukisi Edward
- Subjects: Job satisfaction -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Job stress -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape. , Middle managers -- Job satisfaction , Public health administration -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10082 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020197
- Description: Job satisfaction studies are an essential element for ensuring improvement in service delivery. The researcher was committed to assist top management with important information that can make them aware of the causes and consequences of job satisfaction (Nel, Van Dyk, Haasbroek, Schultz, Sono and Werner, 2006:52). Job satisfaction is not only concerned with feeling good at work, it also encompasses job content, the work environment and interaction with all people. The study was conducted at the Department of Health in the Province of the Eastern Cape. This study aimed to describe the level of job satisfaction amongst middle managers of the Department of Health (DoH) at the Head Office, in terms of remuneration, interpersonal relationships, development, support, recognition, extent of supervision, their attitude to the work itself and working conditions.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mawonga, Mzukisi Edward
- Subjects: Job satisfaction -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Job stress -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape. , Middle managers -- Job satisfaction , Public health administration -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10082 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020197
- Description: Job satisfaction studies are an essential element for ensuring improvement in service delivery. The researcher was committed to assist top management with important information that can make them aware of the causes and consequences of job satisfaction (Nel, Van Dyk, Haasbroek, Schultz, Sono and Werner, 2006:52). Job satisfaction is not only concerned with feeling good at work, it also encompasses job content, the work environment and interaction with all people. The study was conducted at the Department of Health in the Province of the Eastern Cape. This study aimed to describe the level of job satisfaction amongst middle managers of the Department of Health (DoH) at the Head Office, in terms of remuneration, interpersonal relationships, development, support, recognition, extent of supervision, their attitude to the work itself and working conditions.
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Local economic development: disseminating global best practices to affect futuristic thinking in SA
- Authors: Perks, Sandra
- Subjects: Economic development , Economic development -- South Africa , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20966 , vital:29423
- Description: The aim of Local Economic Development (LED) is to ensure that the economy of a community, region or country grows faster than the population, so that there can be surplus resources for future expansion (Rucker, Kinnett & Barbash 2012). This suggests that LED is more than economic development at local level. LED is often not viewed from an economic perspective but from a political perspective. Birkhölzer (2005:3) outlines four possible political LED viewpoints. The first perspective is “development from above” with an authoritarian state dictating to regional government and local authorities. This perspective has been proven flawed when political or economic turbulences occur. The second perspective is “development from outside” with reliance on outside investors to bring into the country the necessary resources, mostly funding. This perspective is risky from a sustainability point of view. The third perspective is the “wait and see” where migration occurs if there are problems. This perspective is equally flawed as it is becoming increasingly difficult to migrate because it is so costly, and also finding the right place to go can prove to be problematic. The last perspective is the “development from within” where people play a key role, and do not rely on government or the economy to serve their needs or solve their problems; this points to self-sufficiency.
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- Authors: Perks, Sandra
- Subjects: Economic development , Economic development -- South Africa , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20966 , vital:29423
- Description: The aim of Local Economic Development (LED) is to ensure that the economy of a community, region or country grows faster than the population, so that there can be surplus resources for future expansion (Rucker, Kinnett & Barbash 2012). This suggests that LED is more than economic development at local level. LED is often not viewed from an economic perspective but from a political perspective. Birkhölzer (2005:3) outlines four possible political LED viewpoints. The first perspective is “development from above” with an authoritarian state dictating to regional government and local authorities. This perspective has been proven flawed when political or economic turbulences occur. The second perspective is “development from outside” with reliance on outside investors to bring into the country the necessary resources, mostly funding. This perspective is risky from a sustainability point of view. The third perspective is the “wait and see” where migration occurs if there are problems. This perspective is equally flawed as it is becoming increasingly difficult to migrate because it is so costly, and also finding the right place to go can prove to be problematic. The last perspective is the “development from within” where people play a key role, and do not rely on government or the economy to serve their needs or solve their problems; this points to self-sufficiency.
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Nurse managers' perceptions of the Eastern Cape department of health employee assistance programme
- Authors: Stenge, Nyameka
- Subjects: Employee assistance programs -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Nurse administrators -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10088 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021203
- Description: Organizations assist employees to deal effectively with demanding work and the work environment, including their personal problems, through an Employee Assistance Programme (EAP). The essence of the EAP is the application of knowledge about behaviour and behavioural health to make accurate assessments, followed by appropriate action to improve the productivity and healthy functioning of the employees. According to the report from the Employee Wellness Directorate of the Eastern Cape, the Employee Assistance Programme Practitioners saw 576 employees in 2010. These statistics only represent a few districts in the Eastern Cape as some districts do not have Employee Assistance Practitioners offering employee assistance, hence this number could be higher. In some instances employees do self-referral, which may increase the number without the managers knowing who is utilizing the EAP. This makes it difficult for the managers to monitor such employees and the effectiveness of the intervention rendered. Managers refer employees but do not have control over whether employees made use of the EAP and on the progress in sessions as they do not always receive the feedback. The Employee Assistance counsellor may receive a written referral from the nursing manager and then consults the referred employee in private. The employee gives consent and then the EAP counsellor addresses the problem at hand. If it is a complex case needing expert intervention arrangements are made. If the intervention requires follow up sessions, the EAP counsellor makes the necessary arrangements through the referring manager until the problem is resolved. The EAP counsellor monitors the employee and asks the manager to support the employee without divulging details of the problem that was being addressed. However, the Nursing Managers do not know how effective the programme is and whether the employees benefit from the use. The above-mentioned problem led the researcher to ask the following questions: • What are the perceptions that Nurse Managers in the Department of Health in the Eastern Cape Province have of the effectiveness of the Employee Assistance Programme? • How can Nurse Managers optimize employees’ use of the EAP? The goal of this study was to identify the perceptions of Nurse Managers of the Employee Assistance Programme in order to determine how the programme’s use can be optimized. The researcher used a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design. The research population was selected purposively and included the Nursing Managers in the Department of Health in the Chris Hani District, Eastern Cape, who have referred employees to the Employee Assistance Programme. Semi-structured interviews were used during the data gathering process. Interviews were conducted at a venue convenient to the participants. Open-ended questions were asked to enable participants to express their perceptions on the topic. The researcher also used observation and field-notes to ensure that the data gathering provided rich information. The data was analysed using Tesch’s method of data analysis. Trustworthiness was ensured by using Guba’s model of trustworthiness. The ethical strategies of informed consent, confidentiality and anonymity, avoidance of harm and voluntary participation were ensured. Two themes emerged from the data analysis. Theme one showed that the participants had contrasting perceptions regarding the effectiveness of the current Employee Assistance Programme. Some felt that they have benefitted from the programme while others felt differently. Theme two described the participants’ views elated to improving the utilization of the EAP. Positive and negative factors that impacted on the implementation of EAP have been identified. Results show that both the employer and the employees could benefit if EAP is well implemented. Decentralization of EAP could be very cost effective and could save the employer thousands of rands because resources would be utilized better.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Stenge, Nyameka
- Subjects: Employee assistance programs -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Nurse administrators -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10088 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021203
- Description: Organizations assist employees to deal effectively with demanding work and the work environment, including their personal problems, through an Employee Assistance Programme (EAP). The essence of the EAP is the application of knowledge about behaviour and behavioural health to make accurate assessments, followed by appropriate action to improve the productivity and healthy functioning of the employees. According to the report from the Employee Wellness Directorate of the Eastern Cape, the Employee Assistance Programme Practitioners saw 576 employees in 2010. These statistics only represent a few districts in the Eastern Cape as some districts do not have Employee Assistance Practitioners offering employee assistance, hence this number could be higher. In some instances employees do self-referral, which may increase the number without the managers knowing who is utilizing the EAP. This makes it difficult for the managers to monitor such employees and the effectiveness of the intervention rendered. Managers refer employees but do not have control over whether employees made use of the EAP and on the progress in sessions as they do not always receive the feedback. The Employee Assistance counsellor may receive a written referral from the nursing manager and then consults the referred employee in private. The employee gives consent and then the EAP counsellor addresses the problem at hand. If it is a complex case needing expert intervention arrangements are made. If the intervention requires follow up sessions, the EAP counsellor makes the necessary arrangements through the referring manager until the problem is resolved. The EAP counsellor monitors the employee and asks the manager to support the employee without divulging details of the problem that was being addressed. However, the Nursing Managers do not know how effective the programme is and whether the employees benefit from the use. The above-mentioned problem led the researcher to ask the following questions: • What are the perceptions that Nurse Managers in the Department of Health in the Eastern Cape Province have of the effectiveness of the Employee Assistance Programme? • How can Nurse Managers optimize employees’ use of the EAP? The goal of this study was to identify the perceptions of Nurse Managers of the Employee Assistance Programme in order to determine how the programme’s use can be optimized. The researcher used a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design. The research population was selected purposively and included the Nursing Managers in the Department of Health in the Chris Hani District, Eastern Cape, who have referred employees to the Employee Assistance Programme. Semi-structured interviews were used during the data gathering process. Interviews were conducted at a venue convenient to the participants. Open-ended questions were asked to enable participants to express their perceptions on the topic. The researcher also used observation and field-notes to ensure that the data gathering provided rich information. The data was analysed using Tesch’s method of data analysis. Trustworthiness was ensured by using Guba’s model of trustworthiness. The ethical strategies of informed consent, confidentiality and anonymity, avoidance of harm and voluntary participation were ensured. Two themes emerged from the data analysis. Theme one showed that the participants had contrasting perceptions regarding the effectiveness of the current Employee Assistance Programme. Some felt that they have benefitted from the programme while others felt differently. Theme two described the participants’ views elated to improving the utilization of the EAP. Positive and negative factors that impacted on the implementation of EAP have been identified. Results show that both the employer and the employees could benefit if EAP is well implemented. Decentralization of EAP could be very cost effective and could save the employer thousands of rands because resources would be utilized better.
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Optical nonlinearities and photophysicochemical behaviour of green and blue forms of lutetium bisphthalocyanines
- Sekhosana, Kutloano Edward, Amuhaya, Edith, Mack, John, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Sekhosana, Kutloano Edward , Amuhaya, Edith , Mack, John , Nyokong, Tebello
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7316 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020543
- Description: A rare earth sandwich-type phthalocyanine: bis-{2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octa(4-tert-butylphenoxy) phthalocyaninato} lutetium(III) has been synthesized. The photophysical and nonlinear optical behavior of both the “green” and “blue” forms ([LuIIIPc2] and [LuIIIPc2]−, respectively) of the complex have been investigated. High triplet state and singlet oxygen quantum yield values were obtained for the neutral blue form which contains no unpaired electrons. Relatively high third order susceptibility and hyperpolarizability values of the order of 10−10 and 10−28 esu were obtained for both the green and blue forms, respectively. A very low threshold intensity of 0.00051 J cm−2 was obtained for the blue form. Hence the complex shows promise for non-linear optical applications. , Original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TC00505H
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- Authors: Sekhosana, Kutloano Edward , Amuhaya, Edith , Mack, John , Nyokong, Tebello
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7316 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020543
- Description: A rare earth sandwich-type phthalocyanine: bis-{2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octa(4-tert-butylphenoxy) phthalocyaninato} lutetium(III) has been synthesized. The photophysical and nonlinear optical behavior of both the “green” and “blue” forms ([LuIIIPc2] and [LuIIIPc2]−, respectively) of the complex have been investigated. High triplet state and singlet oxygen quantum yield values were obtained for the neutral blue form which contains no unpaired electrons. Relatively high third order susceptibility and hyperpolarizability values of the order of 10−10 and 10−28 esu were obtained for both the green and blue forms, respectively. A very low threshold intensity of 0.00051 J cm−2 was obtained for the blue form. Hence the complex shows promise for non-linear optical applications. , Original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TC00505H
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Optical nonlinearities in non-peripherally substituted pyridyloxy phthalocyanines: a combined effect of symmetry, ring-strain and demetallation
- Sanusi, Kayode, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Sanusi, Kayode , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7301 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020375
- Description: The optical nonlinearities of six non-peripherally-substituted pyridyloxy phthalocyanines have been studied at 532 nm using a nanosecond Z-scan technique in a dimethyl sulphoxide solution. Ring-strain effects and the absence of a metal center were found to greatly reduce the inherent high nonlinearities expected of some of these phthalocyanine complexes. Of the six molecules investigated, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 3, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 5, and 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 6 were found to exhibit negligible nonlinear optical behavior, due to either the absence of asymmetry or central metal and/or the presence of a ring-strain effect. A two-photon absorption process was found to be the major contributor to the observed reverse saturable absorption (RSA) in 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 4, 1(4)-mono-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 7, and 1(4)-mono-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 8, with large two-photon absorption cross-section, high hyperpolarizability and high third-order susceptibility values in the range of 4.53 × 10−43–5.33 × 10−42 cm4 s per photon, 1.61 × 10−28–1.89 × 10−27 esu and 9.73 × 10−12–7.05 × 10−11 esu respectively. , Original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3DT52462K , Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.1.520/W Unicode , Acrobat Distiller 10.0.0 (Windows); modified using iText� 5.3.3 �2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (AGPL-version)
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- Authors: Sanusi, Kayode , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7301 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020375
- Description: The optical nonlinearities of six non-peripherally-substituted pyridyloxy phthalocyanines have been studied at 532 nm using a nanosecond Z-scan technique in a dimethyl sulphoxide solution. Ring-strain effects and the absence of a metal center were found to greatly reduce the inherent high nonlinearities expected of some of these phthalocyanine complexes. Of the six molecules investigated, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 3, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 5, and 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 6 were found to exhibit negligible nonlinear optical behavior, due to either the absence of asymmetry or central metal and/or the presence of a ring-strain effect. A two-photon absorption process was found to be the major contributor to the observed reverse saturable absorption (RSA) in 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 4, 1(4)-mono-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 7, and 1(4)-mono-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 8, with large two-photon absorption cross-section, high hyperpolarizability and high third-order susceptibility values in the range of 4.53 × 10−43–5.33 × 10−42 cm4 s per photon, 1.61 × 10−28–1.89 × 10−27 esu and 9.73 × 10−12–7.05 × 10−11 esu respectively. , Original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3DT52462K , Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.1.520/W Unicode , Acrobat Distiller 10.0.0 (Windows); modified using iText� 5.3.3 �2000-2012 1T3XT BVBA (AGPL-version)
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Resource nationalism: a threat or a panacea to economic development
- Authors: Ocran, Matthew
- Subjects: Natural resources , Nationalism , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20901 , vital:29412
- Description: I seek to achieve three objectives in my lecture: first I attempt an outline of the evolution of economic thought regarding progress from the medieval period to contemporary times. Following the discussion of the mainstream theories of economic growth I then review the associated empirical literature. I also consider a brief case study on two successful countries before addressing the question whether resource nationalism matter in determining economic development. Lastly, I provide some policy recommendations for economic development in South Africa and other resource rich countries on the continent.
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- Authors: Ocran, Matthew
- Subjects: Natural resources , Nationalism , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20901 , vital:29412
- Description: I seek to achieve three objectives in my lecture: first I attempt an outline of the evolution of economic thought regarding progress from the medieval period to contemporary times. Following the discussion of the mainstream theories of economic growth I then review the associated empirical literature. I also consider a brief case study on two successful countries before addressing the question whether resource nationalism matter in determining economic development. Lastly, I provide some policy recommendations for economic development in South Africa and other resource rich countries on the continent.
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Rethinking education for sustainable development as transgressive processes.pdf
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/433196 , vital:72950
- Description: The modernist expansion of Education is examined to explore how the concept of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) has emerged, is being worked with, and is being assessed in imperatives intended to foster social-ecological change on a global scale. The opening review sketches how education developed as a mediating process in modernity, tracking some recent shifts that are shaping ESD in more and more diverse contexts of education practice. It scopes an ESD terrain where knowledge and ethics-led learning in relation to valued purposes might enable citizens to become engaged in change that secures a sustainable future for generations to come. Within these processes, competence specification is examined as a useful but under-theorised social imaginary for framing learning for future sustainability, primarily in teacher education and curriculum contexts. Here, ESD presents as an open process of situated social learning where emergent competences steer social innovation towards a more sustainable future (SD). The paper attempts to navigate some of the current tensions in relation to knowledge and participation in these processes of learning-to-change. It probes ESD as praxiological processes of dialectical reflexivity that can become situated in contexts of risk and develop as transgressive1 expansions within many conventional learning sequences in curriculum settings. The paper notes that current discourses on ESD and its assessment have often come to stand outside, and in contrast with, conventions of teaching and learning. These discourses also often conflate education and sustainable development in ways that ascribe change to ESD without adequately theorising the expansive and reflexive learning of citizens and how these processes might produce the desired change towards sustainable development (SD) in diverse contexts of learning in and about a changing world.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/433196 , vital:72950
- Description: The modernist expansion of Education is examined to explore how the concept of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) has emerged, is being worked with, and is being assessed in imperatives intended to foster social-ecological change on a global scale. The opening review sketches how education developed as a mediating process in modernity, tracking some recent shifts that are shaping ESD in more and more diverse contexts of education practice. It scopes an ESD terrain where knowledge and ethics-led learning in relation to valued purposes might enable citizens to become engaged in change that secures a sustainable future for generations to come. Within these processes, competence specification is examined as a useful but under-theorised social imaginary for framing learning for future sustainability, primarily in teacher education and curriculum contexts. Here, ESD presents as an open process of situated social learning where emergent competences steer social innovation towards a more sustainable future (SD). The paper attempts to navigate some of the current tensions in relation to knowledge and participation in these processes of learning-to-change. It probes ESD as praxiological processes of dialectical reflexivity that can become situated in contexts of risk and develop as transgressive1 expansions within many conventional learning sequences in curriculum settings. The paper notes that current discourses on ESD and its assessment have often come to stand outside, and in contrast with, conventions of teaching and learning. These discourses also often conflate education and sustainable development in ways that ascribe change to ESD without adequately theorising the expansive and reflexive learning of citizens and how these processes might produce the desired change towards sustainable development (SD) in diverse contexts of learning in and about a changing world.
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- Date Issued: 2014
SEK Mqhayi in the 21st Century: Mzantsi youth ideologies within the African renaissance paradigm for sustainable economic and political development
- Authors: Saule, Ncedile
- Subjects: Pan-Africanism , Mqhayi, S E K , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21011 , vital:29427
- Description: I am advancing a celebratory synopsis of Mqhayi, uMzima, uBhomoyi kaCedume at a time when the South African contemporary society is attempting to restructure itself in order to regain lost values before it can successfully and rationally embrace values of other people. In my presentation, I have mindfully taken cognisance of the plight of the so called lost generation, especially among our youth, those who have become strangers in their own land – no language, only misguided and distorted cultural values, no self, distorted history - this of course because of indoctrinations of some psycho-socio-histori-cultural and political imperatives. Strangely enough these are some of the issues that SEK Mqhayi warns us about in his creative works and has made efforts for us to see, but unfortunately no one listened or saw anything. Now that we “have the truth but denied the truth and now that we have the light, but we sit in darkness, Shivering, benighted in the bright noon-day sun,” and now that we are all blind, I think, this evening is the right time to see.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Saule, Ncedile
- Subjects: Pan-Africanism , Mqhayi, S E K , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21011 , vital:29427
- Description: I am advancing a celebratory synopsis of Mqhayi, uMzima, uBhomoyi kaCedume at a time when the South African contemporary society is attempting to restructure itself in order to regain lost values before it can successfully and rationally embrace values of other people. In my presentation, I have mindfully taken cognisance of the plight of the so called lost generation, especially among our youth, those who have become strangers in their own land – no language, only misguided and distorted cultural values, no self, distorted history - this of course because of indoctrinations of some psycho-socio-histori-cultural and political imperatives. Strangely enough these are some of the issues that SEK Mqhayi warns us about in his creative works and has made efforts for us to see, but unfortunately no one listened or saw anything. Now that we “have the truth but denied the truth and now that we have the light, but we sit in darkness, Shivering, benighted in the bright noon-day sun,” and now that we are all blind, I think, this evening is the right time to see.
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South African estuaries in the Anthropocene
- Authors: Perissinotto, Renzo
- Subjects: Estuaries -- South Africa , Geology, Stratigraphic -- Anthropocene , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20977 , vital:29424
- Description: In the new geological epoch of total human dominance of the planet, already widely referred to as the “Anthropocene”, estuaries are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to the changes that man’s activities have imposed on the coastal zone. For the non-specialist, an estuary is a “semi-enclosed coastal body of water, which has a permanent or temporary connection with the open sea, and within which sea water is diluted with fresh water from land drainage”.
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- Authors: Perissinotto, Renzo
- Subjects: Estuaries -- South Africa , Geology, Stratigraphic -- Anthropocene , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20977 , vital:29424
- Description: In the new geological epoch of total human dominance of the planet, already widely referred to as the “Anthropocene”, estuaries are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to the changes that man’s activities have imposed on the coastal zone. For the non-specialist, an estuary is a “semi-enclosed coastal body of water, which has a permanent or temporary connection with the open sea, and within which sea water is diluted with fresh water from land drainage”.
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