Ocean warming affects the distribution and abundance of resident fishes by changing their reproductive scope
- Potts, Warren M, Booth, Anthony J, Richardson, Timothy J, Sauer, Warwick H H
- Authors: Potts, Warren M , Booth, Anthony J , Richardson, Timothy J , Sauer, Warwick H H
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125352 , vital:35775 , https://doi.10.1007/s11160-013-9329-3
- Description: With ocean warming predicted globally, one of the mechanisms driving distributional shifts and changes in the abundance of resident fishes is reproductive output. The relationship between sea surface temperature and the reproductive activity of a eurythermic, resident coastal species, blacktail seabream Diplodus sargus capensis, was examined in the ‘‘ocean warming’’ hotspot of the northern Benguela. Reproductive activity was found to be restricted to periods when the water temperature dropped below 20 _C. A metadata analysis conducted on the D. sargus sub-species complex similarly showed that reproductive activity was restricted to temperatures between 15 and 20 _C, regardless of the range in ambient water temperature. Based on these findings and using satellite derived SST information, we examined D. s. capensis’s total and seasonal ‘‘reproductive scope’’ that is defined as either the area suitable for spawning each year or the duration of its potential spawning season at a fixed geographical locality, respectively. Trends were examined over the last three decades. Reproductive scope by area was found to be shrinking at a rate of 7 % per decade in southern Angola and expanding at a rate of 6 % per decade in northern Namibia. Reproductive scope by season decreased by 1.05 months per decade in Namibe, southern Angola and increased by 0.76 months per decade in Hentiesbaai, northern Namibia. Changes in reproductive scope may be a driving mechanism of distributional shifts in resident fishes, although the rate of the shifts is likely to be slow. More importantly, changes in reproductive scope will not be uniform throughout fish distributions and will most likely result in heterogeneous variations in fish abundance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Potts, Warren M , Booth, Anthony J , Richardson, Timothy J , Sauer, Warwick H H
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125352 , vital:35775 , https://doi.10.1007/s11160-013-9329-3
- Description: With ocean warming predicted globally, one of the mechanisms driving distributional shifts and changes in the abundance of resident fishes is reproductive output. The relationship between sea surface temperature and the reproductive activity of a eurythermic, resident coastal species, blacktail seabream Diplodus sargus capensis, was examined in the ‘‘ocean warming’’ hotspot of the northern Benguela. Reproductive activity was found to be restricted to periods when the water temperature dropped below 20 _C. A metadata analysis conducted on the D. sargus sub-species complex similarly showed that reproductive activity was restricted to temperatures between 15 and 20 _C, regardless of the range in ambient water temperature. Based on these findings and using satellite derived SST information, we examined D. s. capensis’s total and seasonal ‘‘reproductive scope’’ that is defined as either the area suitable for spawning each year or the duration of its potential spawning season at a fixed geographical locality, respectively. Trends were examined over the last three decades. Reproductive scope by area was found to be shrinking at a rate of 7 % per decade in southern Angola and expanding at a rate of 6 % per decade in northern Namibia. Reproductive scope by season decreased by 1.05 months per decade in Namibe, southern Angola and increased by 0.76 months per decade in Hentiesbaai, northern Namibia. Changes in reproductive scope may be a driving mechanism of distributional shifts in resident fishes, although the rate of the shifts is likely to be slow. More importantly, changes in reproductive scope will not be uniform throughout fish distributions and will most likely result in heterogeneous variations in fish abundance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Ocean warming hotspots provide early warning laboratories for climate change impacts
- Pecl, Gretta T, Hobday, Alistair J, Frusher, Stewart, Sauer, Warwick H H, Bates, Amanda E
- Authors: Pecl, Gretta T , Hobday, Alistair J , Frusher, Stewart , Sauer, Warwick H H , Bates, Amanda E
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125363 , vital:35776 , https://doi.10.1007/s11160-014-9355-9
- Description: A growing literature describes a wide range of negative impacts of climate change on marine resources and the people and communities they support, including species range changes, changes in productivity of fisheries and declines in economic performance (Doney et al. 2012; Poloczanska et al. 2013). These impacts, many of which are projected to increase in future, are compounded by growing pressures on marine resources (Halpern et al. 2008; Maxwell et al. 2013). An estimated 260 million people are involved directly or indirectly in global marine fisheries (Teh and Sumaila 2013) with many of the resources for capture fisheries already fully (&57 % in 2009) or over exploited (30 %) (FAO 2012). Nevertheless, production of marine resources will need to increase to accommodate the demands of a growing population, and the impacts of climate change on food security will need to be minimised (FAO 2009). Identifying opportunities and threats, and developing adaptation options in response to climate change impacts in the marine realm, is essential for optimising the benefits that society can continue to derive from the goods and services provided by marine resources.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Pecl, Gretta T , Hobday, Alistair J , Frusher, Stewart , Sauer, Warwick H H , Bates, Amanda E
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125363 , vital:35776 , https://doi.10.1007/s11160-014-9355-9
- Description: A growing literature describes a wide range of negative impacts of climate change on marine resources and the people and communities they support, including species range changes, changes in productivity of fisheries and declines in economic performance (Doney et al. 2012; Poloczanska et al. 2013). These impacts, many of which are projected to increase in future, are compounded by growing pressures on marine resources (Halpern et al. 2008; Maxwell et al. 2013). An estimated 260 million people are involved directly or indirectly in global marine fisheries (Teh and Sumaila 2013) with many of the resources for capture fisheries already fully (&57 % in 2009) or over exploited (30 %) (FAO 2012). Nevertheless, production of marine resources will need to increase to accommodate the demands of a growing population, and the impacts of climate change on food security will need to be minimised (FAO 2009). Identifying opportunities and threats, and developing adaptation options in response to climate change impacts in the marine realm, is essential for optimising the benefits that society can continue to derive from the goods and services provided by marine resources.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Ocean warming, a rapid distributional shift, and the hybridization of a coastal fish species
- Potts, Warren M, Henriques, Romina, Santos, Carmen V D, Munnik, Kate, Ansorge, Isabelle J, Dufois, Francois, Sauer, Warwick H H, Booth, Anthony J, Kirchner, Carola, Sauer, Warwick, Shaw, Paul W
- Authors: Potts, Warren M , Henriques, Romina , Santos, Carmen V D , Munnik, Kate , Ansorge, Isabelle J , Dufois, Francois , Sauer, Warwick H H , Booth, Anthony J , Kirchner, Carola , Sauer, Warwick , Shaw, Paul W
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125375 , vital:35777 , https://doi.10.1111/gcb.12612
- Description: Despite increasing awareness of large-scale climate-driven distribution shifts in the marine environment, no study has linked rapid ocean warming to a shift in distribution and consequent hybridization of a marine fish species. This study describes rapid warming (0.8 °C per decade) in the coastal waters of the Angola-Benguela Frontal Zone over the last three decades and a concomitant shift by a temperature sensitive coastal fish species (Argyrosomus coronus) southward from Angola into Namibia. In this context, rapid shifts in distribution across Economic Exclusive Zones will complicate the management of fishes, particularly when there is a lack of congruence in the fisheries policy between nations. Evidence for recent hybridization between A. coronus and a congener, A. inodorus, indicate that the rapid shift in distribution of A. coronus has placed adults of the two species in contact during their spawning events. Ocean warming may therefore revert established species isolation mechanisms and alter the evolutionary history of fishes. While the consequences of the hybridization on the production of the resource remain unclear, this will most likely introduce additional layers of complexity to their management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Potts, Warren M , Henriques, Romina , Santos, Carmen V D , Munnik, Kate , Ansorge, Isabelle J , Dufois, Francois , Sauer, Warwick H H , Booth, Anthony J , Kirchner, Carola , Sauer, Warwick , Shaw, Paul W
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125375 , vital:35777 , https://doi.10.1111/gcb.12612
- Description: Despite increasing awareness of large-scale climate-driven distribution shifts in the marine environment, no study has linked rapid ocean warming to a shift in distribution and consequent hybridization of a marine fish species. This study describes rapid warming (0.8 °C per decade) in the coastal waters of the Angola-Benguela Frontal Zone over the last three decades and a concomitant shift by a temperature sensitive coastal fish species (Argyrosomus coronus) southward from Angola into Namibia. In this context, rapid shifts in distribution across Economic Exclusive Zones will complicate the management of fishes, particularly when there is a lack of congruence in the fisheries policy between nations. Evidence for recent hybridization between A. coronus and a congener, A. inodorus, indicate that the rapid shift in distribution of A. coronus has placed adults of the two species in contact during their spawning events. Ocean warming may therefore revert established species isolation mechanisms and alter the evolutionary history of fishes. While the consequences of the hybridization on the production of the resource remain unclear, this will most likely introduce additional layers of complexity to their management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
On the viability of pro-active automated PII breach detection: A South African case study
- Swart, Ignus, Irwin, Barry V W, Grobler, Marthie
- Authors: Swart, Ignus , Irwin, Barry V W , Grobler, Marthie
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/430235 , vital:72676 , https://doi.org/10.1145/2664591.2664600
- Description: Various reasons exist why certain types of information is deemed personal both by legislation and society. While crimes such as identity theft and impersonation have always been in existence, the rise of the internet and social media has exacerbated the problem. South Africa has recently joined the growing ranks of countries passing legislation to ensure the privacy of certain types of data. As is the case with most implemented security enforcement systems, most appointed privacy regulators operate in a reactive way. While this is a completely acceptable method of operation, it is not the most efficient. Research has shown that most data leaks containing personal information remains available for more than a month on average before being detected and reported. Quite often the data is discovered by a third party who selects to notify the responsible organisation but can just as easily copy the data and make use of it. This paper will display the potential benefit a privacy regulator can expect to see by implementing pro-active detection of electronic personally identifiable information (PII). Adopting pro-active detection of PII exposed on public networks can potentially contribute to a significant reduction in exposure time. The results discussed in this paper were obtained by means of experimentation on a custom created PII detection system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Swart, Ignus , Irwin, Barry V W , Grobler, Marthie
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/430235 , vital:72676 , https://doi.org/10.1145/2664591.2664600
- Description: Various reasons exist why certain types of information is deemed personal both by legislation and society. While crimes such as identity theft and impersonation have always been in existence, the rise of the internet and social media has exacerbated the problem. South Africa has recently joined the growing ranks of countries passing legislation to ensure the privacy of certain types of data. As is the case with most implemented security enforcement systems, most appointed privacy regulators operate in a reactive way. While this is a completely acceptable method of operation, it is not the most efficient. Research has shown that most data leaks containing personal information remains available for more than a month on average before being detected and reported. Quite often the data is discovered by a third party who selects to notify the responsible organisation but can just as easily copy the data and make use of it. This paper will display the potential benefit a privacy regulator can expect to see by implementing pro-active detection of electronic personally identifiable information (PII). Adopting pro-active detection of PII exposed on public networks can potentially contribute to a significant reduction in exposure time. The results discussed in this paper were obtained by means of experimentation on a custom created PII detection system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Ontogenetic and seasonal shifts in the diet of Diplodus cervinus hottentotus (Pisces: Sparidae) in southern Angola
- Winkler, Alexander C, Santos, Carmen V D, Potts, Warren M
- Authors: Winkler, Alexander C , Santos, Carmen V D , Potts, Warren M
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125452 , vital:35784 , https://doi.10.2989/1814232X.2014.951392
- Description: Fishes of the family Sparidae occupy a diverse range of trophic niches, from herbivores to generalist omnivores and specialist predators (Hanel and Tsigenopoulos 2011). Feeding specialisation in this family is facilitated by diversity in tooth type and anterior jaw arrangement (Vandewalle et al. 1995). Other fish families, such as Cyprinidae and Labridae, have developed crushing pharyngeal teeth to process their food. Sparids, however, have retained a simple pharyngeal tooth arrangement and instead have developed molariform teeth to process hard-shelled molluscs and invertebrate prey. Hanel and Tsigenopoulos (2011) suggested that this alternate strategy is a major factor facilitating the trophic diversity in sparid fishes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Winkler, Alexander C , Santos, Carmen V D , Potts, Warren M
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125452 , vital:35784 , https://doi.10.2989/1814232X.2014.951392
- Description: Fishes of the family Sparidae occupy a diverse range of trophic niches, from herbivores to generalist omnivores and specialist predators (Hanel and Tsigenopoulos 2011). Feeding specialisation in this family is facilitated by diversity in tooth type and anterior jaw arrangement (Vandewalle et al. 1995). Other fish families, such as Cyprinidae and Labridae, have developed crushing pharyngeal teeth to process their food. Sparids, however, have retained a simple pharyngeal tooth arrangement and instead have developed molariform teeth to process hard-shelled molluscs and invertebrate prey. Hanel and Tsigenopoulos (2011) suggested that this alternate strategy is a major factor facilitating the trophic diversity in sparid fishes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Optical nonlinearities and photophysicochemical behaviour of green and blue forms of lutetium bisphthalocyanines
- Sekhosana, Kutloano Edward, Amuhaya, Edith, Mack, John, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Sekhosana, Kutloano Edward , Amuhaya, Edith , Mack, John , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241606 , vital:50954 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TC00505H"
- Description: A rare earth sandwich-type phthalocyanine: bis-{2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octa(4-tert-butylphenoxy) phthalocyaninato} lutetium(III) has been synthesized. The photophysical and nonlinear optical behavior of both the “green” and “blue” forms ([LuIIIPc2] and [LuIIIPc2]−, respectively) of the complex have been investigated. High triplet state and singlet oxygen quantum yield values were obtained for the neutral blue form which contains no unpaired electrons. Relatively high third order susceptibility and hyperpolarizability values of the order of 10−10 and 10−28 esu were obtained for both the green and blue forms, respectively. A very low threshold intensity of 0.00051 J cm−2 was obtained for the blue form. Hence the complex shows promise for non-linear optical applications.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Sekhosana, Kutloano Edward , Amuhaya, Edith , Mack, John , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241606 , vital:50954 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TC00505H"
- Description: A rare earth sandwich-type phthalocyanine: bis-{2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octa(4-tert-butylphenoxy) phthalocyaninato} lutetium(III) has been synthesized. The photophysical and nonlinear optical behavior of both the “green” and “blue” forms ([LuIIIPc2] and [LuIIIPc2]−, respectively) of the complex have been investigated. High triplet state and singlet oxygen quantum yield values were obtained for the neutral blue form which contains no unpaired electrons. Relatively high third order susceptibility and hyperpolarizability values of the order of 10−10 and 10−28 esu were obtained for both the green and blue forms, respectively. A very low threshold intensity of 0.00051 J cm−2 was obtained for the blue form. Hence the complex shows promise for non-linear optical applications.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Optical nonlinearities in non-peripherally substituted pyridyloxy phthalocyanines
- Sanusi, Kayode, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Sanusi, Kayode , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241618 , vital:50955 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C3DT52462K"
- Description: The optical nonlinearities of six non-peripherally-substituted pyridyloxy phthalocyanines have been studied at 532 nm using a nanosecond Z-scan technique in a dimethyl sulphoxide solution. Ring-strain effects and the absence of a metal center were found to greatly reduce the inherent high nonlinearities expected of some of these phthalocyanine complexes. Of the six molecules investigated, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 3, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 5, and 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 6 were found to exhibit negligible nonlinear optical behavior, due to either the absence of asymmetry or central metal and/or the presence of a ring-strain effect. A two-photon absorption process was found to be the major contributor to the observed reverse saturable absorption (RSA) in 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 4, 1(4)-mono-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 7, and 1(4)-mono-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 8, with large two-photon absorption cross-section, high hyperpolarizability and high third-order susceptibility values in the range of 4.53 × 10−43–5.33 × 10−42 cm4 s per photon, 1.61 × 10−28–1.89 × 10−27 esu and 9.73 × 10−12–7.05 × 10−11 esu respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Sanusi, Kayode , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241618 , vital:50955 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C3DT52462K"
- Description: The optical nonlinearities of six non-peripherally-substituted pyridyloxy phthalocyanines have been studied at 532 nm using a nanosecond Z-scan technique in a dimethyl sulphoxide solution. Ring-strain effects and the absence of a metal center were found to greatly reduce the inherent high nonlinearities expected of some of these phthalocyanine complexes. Of the six molecules investigated, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 3, 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 5, and 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyanine 6 were found to exhibit negligible nonlinear optical behavior, due to either the absence of asymmetry or central metal and/or the presence of a ring-strain effect. A two-photon absorption process was found to be the major contributor to the observed reverse saturable absorption (RSA) in 1(4),8(11),15(18),22(25)-tetrakis-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 4, 1(4)-mono-(2-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 7, and 1(4)-mono-(4-pyridyloxy)phthalocyaninato lead(II) 8, with large two-photon absorption cross-section, high hyperpolarizability and high third-order susceptibility values in the range of 4.53 × 10−43–5.33 × 10−42 cm4 s per photon, 1.61 × 10−28–1.89 × 10−27 esu and 9.73 × 10−12–7.05 × 10−11 esu respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Ordinary people and the media: the demotic turn
- Authors: Garman, Anthea
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159880 , vital:40352 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2014.886661
- Description: In this latest book, Graeme Turner, who we have come to know as a thoughtful, perceptive and questioning cultural studies theorist, investigates what the crucial underlying shift is in the relation between the media and the people. This shift is evidenced by the increasing visibility of ordinary people (and their experiences and opinions) in what we consume. At the outset he sums up what he sees as a structural move from media as ‘mediator or perhaps a broadcaster of cultural identities’ to ‘translator or even an author of identities’ (p. 3).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Garman, Anthea
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159880 , vital:40352 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2014.886661
- Description: In this latest book, Graeme Turner, who we have come to know as a thoughtful, perceptive and questioning cultural studies theorist, investigates what the crucial underlying shift is in the relation between the media and the people. This shift is evidenced by the increasing visibility of ordinary people (and their experiences and opinions) in what we consume. At the outset he sums up what he sees as a structural move from media as ‘mediator or perhaps a broadcaster of cultural identities’ to ‘translator or even an author of identities’ (p. 3).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Outside city limits: introducing Anton van der Merwe of Starways Arts, in Hogsback, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Steele, John
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1012 , vital:30191
- Description: Certain contemporary artists in South Africa choose to live in rural areas rather than in cities. This paper explores some reasons for this preference, and also looks at countercultural back-to-the-earth trends and other factors that may have encouraged some of these artists to prefer to live and work in rural settings. It is against this background that artist Anton van der Merwe is introduced and his early choices of spaces in which to work, both as a potter and painter, are examined. This background serves to contextualise his decision, made in 1992, to move home and studio from Midrand in Gauteng to Hogsback village, in rural Eastern Cape. Hardships were faced, artistic growth has been experienced, and a flourishing visual arts practice has been established by him at Starways Arts. In conclusion, it is noted that involvement in aspects of local community affairs have resulted in widespread mutual benefit.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Steele, John
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1012 , vital:30191
- Description: Certain contemporary artists in South Africa choose to live in rural areas rather than in cities. This paper explores some reasons for this preference, and also looks at countercultural back-to-the-earth trends and other factors that may have encouraged some of these artists to prefer to live and work in rural settings. It is against this background that artist Anton van der Merwe is introduced and his early choices of spaces in which to work, both as a potter and painter, are examined. This background serves to contextualise his decision, made in 1992, to move home and studio from Midrand in Gauteng to Hogsback village, in rural Eastern Cape. Hardships were faced, artistic growth has been experienced, and a flourishing visual arts practice has been established by him at Starways Arts. In conclusion, it is noted that involvement in aspects of local community affairs have resulted in widespread mutual benefit.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Participatory Action Research into ways in which Dance Movement Psychotherapy can promote personal and social change in a South African:
- Authors: Copteros, Athina
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , book
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142027 , vital:38025 , ISBN Healing and Social Transformation in Mental Healthcare in South Africa Conference, University of Cape Town, 14-15 July
- Description: Participatory Action Research into ways in which Dance Movement Psychotherapy can promote personal and social change in a South African.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Copteros, Athina
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , book
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142027 , vital:38025 , ISBN Healing and Social Transformation in Mental Healthcare in South Africa Conference, University of Cape Town, 14-15 July
- Description: Participatory Action Research into ways in which Dance Movement Psychotherapy can promote personal and social change in a South African.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Patient-centred pharmacy: reflections from the patient-academic pharmacist interface
- Authors: Dowse, Roslind
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/156709 , vital:40040 , https://0-hdl.handle.net.wam.seals.ac.za/10520/EJC163769
- Description: This month, the Pharmaceutical Society of South Africa (PSSA) pays tribute to a remarkable woman, who is willing to share her experiences with fellow pharmacists. Ros Dowse told her story at the South African Association of Hospital and Institutional Pharmacists and PSSA conferences, and will share it at the Academy conference as well. Ros, we are proud to be part of your "family", and are humbled by your courage and inner strength.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Dowse, Roslind
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/156709 , vital:40040 , https://0-hdl.handle.net.wam.seals.ac.za/10520/EJC163769
- Description: This month, the Pharmaceutical Society of South Africa (PSSA) pays tribute to a remarkable woman, who is willing to share her experiences with fellow pharmacists. Ros Dowse told her story at the South African Association of Hospital and Institutional Pharmacists and PSSA conferences, and will share it at the Academy conference as well. Ros, we are proud to be part of your "family", and are humbled by your courage and inner strength.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photocatalytic behavior of phthalocyanine-silver nanoparticle conjugates supported on polystyrene fibers
- Khozile, Phindile, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Khozile, Phindile , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/189909 , vital:44946 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2014.07.031"
- Description: Herein, carbazole derivatized non-peripheral (1,(4)-tetra(carbazol-2-yloxy)phthalocyaninatozinc(II), 3-TCbZnPc) and peripheral (2,(3)-tetra(carbazol-2-yloxy)phthalocyaninato zinc(II), 4-TCbZnPc) are conjugated to silver nanoparticles and their photochemical and photophysical behavior are reported. The presence of silver nanoparticles resulted in reduced fluorescence, and increased triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields. The conjugates were further electrospun into polystyrene fibers, and employed for the photodegradation of methyl orange. The photodegradation of methyl orange using all functionalized fibers followed first order kinetics, and was faster when the conjugates with silver nanoparticles were used. The non-peripherally substituted 3-TCbZnPc gave better photocatalytic activity compared to its peripherally substituted counterpart (4-TCbZnPc). The hybrid electrospun fibers provide great potential as active photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Khozile, Phindile , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/189909 , vital:44946 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2014.07.031"
- Description: Herein, carbazole derivatized non-peripheral (1,(4)-tetra(carbazol-2-yloxy)phthalocyaninatozinc(II), 3-TCbZnPc) and peripheral (2,(3)-tetra(carbazol-2-yloxy)phthalocyaninato zinc(II), 4-TCbZnPc) are conjugated to silver nanoparticles and their photochemical and photophysical behavior are reported. The presence of silver nanoparticles resulted in reduced fluorescence, and increased triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields. The conjugates were further electrospun into polystyrene fibers, and employed for the photodegradation of methyl orange. The photodegradation of methyl orange using all functionalized fibers followed first order kinetics, and was faster when the conjugates with silver nanoparticles were used. The non-peripherally substituted 3-TCbZnPc gave better photocatalytic activity compared to its peripherally substituted counterpart (4-TCbZnPc). The hybrid electrospun fibers provide great potential as active photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photophysical behavior of Zn aminophenoxy substituted phthalocyanine conjugates with carboxylic acid-coated silica nanoparticles
- Fashina, Adedayo, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Fashina, Adedayo , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/193802 , vital:45397 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.034"
- Description: This work reports on the grafting of silica nanoparticles with zinc phthalocyanine complexes tetra-substituted non-peripherally and peripherally with a 4-amino phenoxy group. The phthalocyanine dyes have free amino groups, facilitating covalent attachment of the dyes on the silica surface via amide bond formation. The surface area of the functionalized silica nanoparticles increased on conjugation but the pore volumes were reduced. The phthalocyanine functionalized silica nanoparticles showed lower fluorescence quantum yields as well as shorter triplet lifetimes compared to the free phthalocyanines in dimethyl formamide. For the non-peripherally substituted phthalocyanines increases in triplet yield quantum yields, lifetimes, and singlet oxygen quantum yields were observed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Fashina, Adedayo , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/193802 , vital:45397 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.034"
- Description: This work reports on the grafting of silica nanoparticles with zinc phthalocyanine complexes tetra-substituted non-peripherally and peripherally with a 4-amino phenoxy group. The phthalocyanine dyes have free amino groups, facilitating covalent attachment of the dyes on the silica surface via amide bond formation. The surface area of the functionalized silica nanoparticles increased on conjugation but the pore volumes were reduced. The phthalocyanine functionalized silica nanoparticles showed lower fluorescence quantum yields as well as shorter triplet lifetimes compared to the free phthalocyanines in dimethyl formamide. For the non-peripherally substituted phthalocyanines increases in triplet yield quantum yields, lifetimes, and singlet oxygen quantum yields were observed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photophysical properties of a new water soluble tetra thiamine substituted zinc phthalocyanine conjugated to gold nanorods of different aspect ratios
- Mthethwa, Thandekile, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Mthethwa, Thandekile , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241583 , vital:50952 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C4DT00197D"
- Description: A water soluble zinc phthalocyanine substituted with thiamine is reported in this work. The aggregation of this compound in aqueous solutions causes quenching of the fluorescence quantum yields. Gold nanospheres and nanorods were linked to the phthalocyanine. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that both the amine and the sulphur groups on the thiamine substituent of the zinc phthalocyanine were involved in the linking to gold nanoparticles. The Pc showed an increase in the fluorescence quantum yields in the presence of the nanoparticles. The singlet oxygen quantum yield increased when the Pc was conjugated to the nanoparticles and even higher for larger aspect ratio gold nanorods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mthethwa, Thandekile , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241583 , vital:50952 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C4DT00197D"
- Description: A water soluble zinc phthalocyanine substituted with thiamine is reported in this work. The aggregation of this compound in aqueous solutions causes quenching of the fluorescence quantum yields. Gold nanospheres and nanorods were linked to the phthalocyanine. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that both the amine and the sulphur groups on the thiamine substituent of the zinc phthalocyanine were involved in the linking to gold nanoparticles. The Pc showed an increase in the fluorescence quantum yields in the presence of the nanoparticles. The singlet oxygen quantum yield increased when the Pc was conjugated to the nanoparticles and even higher for larger aspect ratio gold nanorods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photophysichochemical behavior of carbazole derivatized zinc phthalocyanine in the presence of ZnO microparticles and when embedded in electrospun fibers
- Khoza, Phindile, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Khoza, Phindile , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/193860 , vital:45400 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.12.019"
- Description: The synthesis of a zinc phthalocyanine complex tetrasubstituted with carbazole functionality at the peripheral position (complex 4) is reported. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the complex was found to be 0.83 in dimethylformamide (DMF). The complex was subsequently conjugated to zinc oxide microparticles (ZnOMPs), the conjugation (formation of the amide bond) was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The presence of ZnOMPs was found to reduce the singlet oxygen produced (ΦΔ = 0.63) in DMF. Polystyrene electrospun fibers of complex 4 alone and its conjugate to ZnOMPs were found to be thermally stable. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the modified electrospun fibers was determined in aqueous media with ADMA as a singlet oxygen quencher and were 0.25 and 0.20 for complex 4 and 4-ZnOMPs embedded in fibers, respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Khoza, Phindile , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/193860 , vital:45400 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.12.019"
- Description: The synthesis of a zinc phthalocyanine complex tetrasubstituted with carbazole functionality at the peripheral position (complex 4) is reported. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the complex was found to be 0.83 in dimethylformamide (DMF). The complex was subsequently conjugated to zinc oxide microparticles (ZnOMPs), the conjugation (formation of the amide bond) was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The presence of ZnOMPs was found to reduce the singlet oxygen produced (ΦΔ = 0.63) in DMF. Polystyrene electrospun fibers of complex 4 alone and its conjugate to ZnOMPs were found to be thermally stable. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the modified electrospun fibers was determined in aqueous media with ADMA as a singlet oxygen quencher and were 0.25 and 0.20 for complex 4 and 4-ZnOMPs embedded in fibers, respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photophysicochemical behavior and antimicrobial activity of dihydroxosilicon tris (diaquaplatinum) octacarboxyphthalocyanine
- Managa, Muthumuni, Idowu, Mopelola A, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Managa, Muthumuni , Idowu, Mopelola A , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241527 , vital:50947 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.087"
- Description: Platination of dihydroxosilicon octacarboxyphthalocyanine (OH)2SiOCPc was successfully carried out to give dihydroxosilicon tris(diaquaplatinum)octacarboxyphthalocyanine (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate. Slight blue shifting of the absorption spectrum of (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 was observed on conjugation with platinum. Comparative photophysicochemical behavior and antimicrobial photo-activities of (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate with (OH)2SiOCPc or Pt nanoparticles revealed that the heavy atom, Pt on the periphery of the phthalocyanine significantly enhanced its singlet oxygen generation with a quantum yield of 0.56 obtained for the (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate. The (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate showed highest antimicrobial activity towards Candida albicans and Escherichia coli compared to (OH)2SiOCPc and Pt nanoparticles alone under illumination.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Managa, Muthumuni , Idowu, Mopelola A , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241527 , vital:50947 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.087"
- Description: Platination of dihydroxosilicon octacarboxyphthalocyanine (OH)2SiOCPc was successfully carried out to give dihydroxosilicon tris(diaquaplatinum)octacarboxyphthalocyanine (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate. Slight blue shifting of the absorption spectrum of (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 was observed on conjugation with platinum. Comparative photophysicochemical behavior and antimicrobial photo-activities of (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate with (OH)2SiOCPc or Pt nanoparticles revealed that the heavy atom, Pt on the periphery of the phthalocyanine significantly enhanced its singlet oxygen generation with a quantum yield of 0.56 obtained for the (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate. The (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate showed highest antimicrobial activity towards Candida albicans and Escherichia coli compared to (OH)2SiOCPc and Pt nanoparticles alone under illumination.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photophysicochemical properties and TD-DFT calculations of a novel terminal alkyne substituted metal free phthalocyanine
- Yilmaz, Yusuf, Mack, John, Sönmez, Mehmet, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Yilmaz, Yusuf , Mack, John , Sönmez, Mehmet , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241562 , vital:50950 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424613501241"
- Description: The synthesis of a novel free base tetrakis(prop-2-ynyloxy)phthalocyanine (2) is described, along with its characterization by IR, UV-visible absorption, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The compound exhibited good solubility in a wide range of organic solvents and no significant aggregation was observed over a wide concentration range. The values for the singlet oxygen (ΦΔ), photodegradation, fluorescence (ΦF) and triplet state quantum yields and the fluorescence and triplet state lifetimes are reported. A relatively high ΦΔ value of 0.46 was obtained in DMSO. The ability to carry out "click" chemistry at the ligand periphery enhances the potential utility of 2 for use in bioconjugates in photodynamic therapy (PDT). A moderately high ΦF value of 0.18 is observed for emission in the therapeutic window in the near-IR region, which suggests that it may also be possible to determine the level of localization of 2 in tumor cells through bioimaging.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Yilmaz, Yusuf , Mack, John , Sönmez, Mehmet , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241562 , vital:50950 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424613501241"
- Description: The synthesis of a novel free base tetrakis(prop-2-ynyloxy)phthalocyanine (2) is described, along with its characterization by IR, UV-visible absorption, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The compound exhibited good solubility in a wide range of organic solvents and no significant aggregation was observed over a wide concentration range. The values for the singlet oxygen (ΦΔ), photodegradation, fluorescence (ΦF) and triplet state quantum yields and the fluorescence and triplet state lifetimes are reported. A relatively high ΦΔ value of 0.46 was obtained in DMSO. The ability to carry out "click" chemistry at the ligand periphery enhances the potential utility of 2 for use in bioconjugates in photodynamic therapy (PDT). A moderately high ΦF value of 0.18 is observed for emission in the therapeutic window in the near-IR region, which suggests that it may also be possible to determine the level of localization of 2 in tumor cells through bioimaging.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Polyamide nanofiber membranes functionalized with zinc phthalocyanines
- Goethals, Annelies, Mugadza, Tawanda, Arslanoglu, Yasin, Zugle, Ruphino, Antunes, Edith M, Van Hulle, Stijn W, Nyokong, Tebello, De Clerck, Karen
- Authors: Goethals, Annelies , Mugadza, Tawanda , Arslanoglu, Yasin , Zugle, Ruphino , Antunes, Edith M , Van Hulle, Stijn W , Nyokong, Tebello , De Clerck, Karen
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241505 , vital:50945 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40486"
- Description: Electrospinning is an efficient method for the production of polyamide nanofiber membranes that are suitable for water filtration. Previous studies have shown that nanofiber membranes have high clean water permeability. The pathogen removal efficiency can be improved by functionalization with (organic) biocides. However, these membranes, like other membranes, are vulnerable to fouling which reduces the filtration efficiency. Therefore the present article investigates the potential of zinc phthalocyanines, which can produce singlet oxygen in the presence of visible light, as a functionalizing agent. The polyamide nanofiber membranes were functionalized with phthalocyanines using both a pre-functionalizing and post-functionalizing method. Only the post-functionalization method shows to result in nanofiber membranes capable of producing singlet oxygen. After 30 min 45% of 1,2-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), used as an oxygen quencher, was removed by reaction with singlet oxygen. This resulted in a removal rate of 0.33 mol DBPF mol−1Zn min−1. During short term leaching tests, phthalocyanines could not be detected.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Goethals, Annelies , Mugadza, Tawanda , Arslanoglu, Yasin , Zugle, Ruphino , Antunes, Edith M , Van Hulle, Stijn W , Nyokong, Tebello , De Clerck, Karen
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241505 , vital:50945 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40486"
- Description: Electrospinning is an efficient method for the production of polyamide nanofiber membranes that are suitable for water filtration. Previous studies have shown that nanofiber membranes have high clean water permeability. The pathogen removal efficiency can be improved by functionalization with (organic) biocides. However, these membranes, like other membranes, are vulnerable to fouling which reduces the filtration efficiency. Therefore the present article investigates the potential of zinc phthalocyanines, which can produce singlet oxygen in the presence of visible light, as a functionalizing agent. The polyamide nanofiber membranes were functionalized with phthalocyanines using both a pre-functionalizing and post-functionalizing method. Only the post-functionalization method shows to result in nanofiber membranes capable of producing singlet oxygen. After 30 min 45% of 1,2-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), used as an oxygen quencher, was removed by reaction with singlet oxygen. This resulted in a removal rate of 0.33 mol DBPF mol−1Zn min−1. During short term leaching tests, phthalocyanines could not be detected.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Positioning non-timber forest products on the development agenda
- Shackleton, Charlie M, Pandey, Ashok K
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Pandey, Ashok K
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/180992 , vital:43679 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.07.004"
- Description: Non-timber forests products (NTFPs) provide multiple livelihood benefits to local communities and regional and national economies. And yet this knowledge is rarely drawn upon in debates around and design of poverty alleviation or land use policies, strategies and projects. Unless the accumulating wealth of empirical evidence can be translated into policies and approaches at higher levels, and integrated into poverty alleviation programmes, it will have little impact on local and national poverty profiles. In this paper we propose and briefly discuss eight steps to facilitate integration of NTFPs into the development agenda, for the benefit of local communities. These include: (1) proper inventory of NTFP stocks, (2) research on NTFP ecology and sustainable harvest levels, (3) introduction of extension services for NTFPs, (4) inclusion of NTFPs in land management and trade-off decisions, (5) integration of NTFPs into sectoral policies, (6) ensuring NTFP commercialisation is not at the expense of local livelihood needs, (7) promoting security of access and use, and (8) examination of local contextual drivers of unsustainable use. Each is presented along with examples or proposals towards implementation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Pandey, Ashok K
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/180992 , vital:43679 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.07.004"
- Description: Non-timber forests products (NTFPs) provide multiple livelihood benefits to local communities and regional and national economies. And yet this knowledge is rarely drawn upon in debates around and design of poverty alleviation or land use policies, strategies and projects. Unless the accumulating wealth of empirical evidence can be translated into policies and approaches at higher levels, and integrated into poverty alleviation programmes, it will have little impact on local and national poverty profiles. In this paper we propose and briefly discuss eight steps to facilitate integration of NTFPs into the development agenda, for the benefit of local communities. These include: (1) proper inventory of NTFP stocks, (2) research on NTFP ecology and sustainable harvest levels, (3) introduction of extension services for NTFPs, (4) inclusion of NTFPs in land management and trade-off decisions, (5) integration of NTFPs into sectoral policies, (6) ensuring NTFP commercialisation is not at the expense of local livelihood needs, (7) promoting security of access and use, and (8) examination of local contextual drivers of unsustainable use. Each is presented along with examples or proposals towards implementation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Potential Gaps during the Transition from the Embodied through Symbolic to Formal Worlds of Reflective Symmetry:
- Mhlolo, Michael K, Schäfer, Marc
- Authors: Mhlolo, Michael K , Schäfer, Marc
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141117 , vital:37945 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10288457.2014.925269
- Description: Even though reflective symmetry is heavily embedded in the everyday, learners continue to experience challenges when they mathematize concepts from this informal/everyday context. In this article we argue that symmetry exists in nature, it can also be symbolized algebraically and it can be abstracted into the world of axioms and theorems. We problematize this multiple nature of symmetry which on one hand is supportive and on the other acts as a contributory factor to learners' gaps in knowledge. Tall's three worlds of mathematics helped us to show the transition of symmetry from the embodied through symbolic to the formal world and the inherent gaps attributed to the shifts in thinking thereof. We then used this same framework to analyse learners' responses to a reflective symmetry task. The results show that many learner responses could be explained explicitly by the lack of flexibility in the applicability of experiences in the embodied world of reflective symmetry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mhlolo, Michael K , Schäfer, Marc
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141117 , vital:37945 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10288457.2014.925269
- Description: Even though reflective symmetry is heavily embedded in the everyday, learners continue to experience challenges when they mathematize concepts from this informal/everyday context. In this article we argue that symmetry exists in nature, it can also be symbolized algebraically and it can be abstracted into the world of axioms and theorems. We problematize this multiple nature of symmetry which on one hand is supportive and on the other acts as a contributory factor to learners' gaps in knowledge. Tall's three worlds of mathematics helped us to show the transition of symmetry from the embodied through symbolic to the formal world and the inherent gaps attributed to the shifts in thinking thereof. We then used this same framework to analyse learners' responses to a reflective symmetry task. The results show that many learner responses could be explained explicitly by the lack of flexibility in the applicability of experiences in the embodied world of reflective symmetry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014