The effect of feeding varying inclusion levels of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seed meal on growth performance and physicochemical attributes of broiler chicken
- Authors: Mthana, Makiwa Simeon
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Legumes Broilers (Chickens) Chickens -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , MSc (Animal Science )
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12032 , vital:39129
- Description: This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding varying inclusion levels of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seed meal (VBSM) on growth performance and physicochemical attributes of broiler chicken. Mucuna pruriens seed is an indigenous legume seed commonly found in tropical and sub-tropical areas; however, it can also be planted and cultivated. It is a viable source of dietary protein with an average concentration of 33.4%. Soybean is expensive. In addition, the South African production levels do not meet the current demand; hence the majority of soybean oilcake is imported. Recently, consumers have been conscious of the quality of chicken meat from both local and international producers. Therefore, there is a need to explore velvet bean that can grow in poorly fertilised and low rainfall areas. The study was conducted at Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute. One hundred and twelve (112) Cobb broilers were used, with an average weight of 45.2g. Four diets were formulated to be iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous comprising velvet beans at 0, 10, 15 and 20 % (T1, T2, T3 and T4). The broilers were reared for 42 days with 35 days on experimental diets. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality, final body weight, carcass weight, and dressing percentage were determined. At day 42, twenty birds per treatment were randomly selected and fasted for five hours with water offered ad libitum. After slaughter the meat pH24, colour (L*, a*, b*), Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), thawing loss (TL), and cooking loss (CL) measurements were performed on 80 breast and 80 thigh muscles. The data for growth performance and physicochemical parameters was analysed using General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS, 2006), mean separation was done using LSD test option of SAS. Daily feed intake, body weight gain, final weight and carcass weight of broilers from T1 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) from other iii treatments. Daily feed intake (DFI), and body weight gain (BWG) in T1 were also higher (P < 0.05) in both phase 1 and phase 2 compared to other treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not influenced by diets (P > 0.05). High (P < 0.05) mortality was observed on broilers fed diet with 0% VBSM compared to those fed diets comprising of VBSM. The diets did not have an effect (P > 0.05) on thigh meat pH24, lightness, redness, and WBSF. Cooking loss (25.69%) was higher (P < 0.05) in thigh meat of broilers fed the control diet. Breasts shear force (14.20) was higher in T4. Cooking loss of breast meat from broilers on T1 and T2 was higher (P < 0.05) than those from other treatments. Breast meat colour (P > 0.05) was not influenced by diets. It can be concluded that the VBSM has an effect on feed intake, growth performance and mortality of broilers, except on FCR and dressing percentage. It was also concluded that the VBSM can be included in broiler diets up to the level of 15% without negatively affecting the quality of meat.
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- Date Issued: 2020
Uthelekiso Lwelizwi leMbongi KwisiHobe sikaZolani Mkiva noMzwakhe Mbuli
- Authors: Makhenyane, Lukhanyo
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: African languages , Language and languages , South African poetry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/18020 , vital:42004
- Description: Despite the vast research on African poetry by scholars like Qangule (1979), Ntuli (1984), Sirayi (1985), Bokoda (1994), Mtumane (2000), Bobelo (2008) and Jadezweni (2013), there is a paucity of extended research on the aesthetic works of African poets in South Africa in the post-apartheid era. In a quest to redress this imbalance, I undertook a comparative study of two prominent African poets in the post-apartheid era in South Africa. This study adds nuance to our understanding of African poetry as it would define African poetry further from an African perspective. Swanepoel (1990) challenges scholars of African literature to have a critical look on the developments of neighbouring literatures as comparing these literatures produces new and useful ideas about African literature. In addition, scholars such as Gerard (1981) and Perera (1991) advocate for the creation and adoption of a comparative methodology for the study of African literature. This led scholars such as Mdaka (2002) to test comparative methodology in assessing ideology and aesthetics in South African isiXhosa novels and Kenyan novels written in English. Likewise, Cutalele (2007) uses comparative methodology in investigating similar themes in the aesthetics works of S.E.K. Mqhayi and Zolani Mkiva. In responding to Swanepoel’s challenge, this study aims to investigate and evaluate the importance of the voice of imbongi in articulating current and burning issues in the post-apartheid South Africa as well as the solutions they propose to some of the problems facing the country. In this study, the methodology swings on the hinges of Ngara’s Marxist theory. The choice of Ngara’s Marxist theory is based largely on its theoretical insights on ideology, form and communication in analysing poetry. Ngara divides ideology into three sub-themes: dominant ideology, which refers to the beliefs, set of values, thoughts and actions of a people in a particular era, authorial ideology that refers to the set of values espoused by the poet and aesthetics ideology, which is the literary convention and stylistic of the poet. Using the comparative method, the voice of imbongi in Mbuli and Mkiva’s poetry is compared over three ideologies – protest, patriotism and revolution. Under the theme of protest, I compare Mkiva and Mbuli’s poetry under two sub-themes, socio-political protest and socio-cultural protest. Mbuli and Mkiva’s protest agitates for change in the political and cultural spheres of the post-apartheid South Africa. Page viii of 290 They comment on issues like leadership and social welfare of South Africans, burning issues of this era. In the theme of patriotism, I examined poetry that displays love and loyalty for one’s country. In displaying their love and loyalty for their country, it is clear that to Mbuli and Mkiva, country refers to Africa, not just South Africa. Furthermore, under the theme of revolution I examined poetry that praises struggle heroes as well as the one that introduces the new struggles of the people of South Africa. In praising revolutionary leaders, Mbuli and Mkiva parade good leadership skills for the new breed of leaders to learn. In discussing the revolutionary theme, they speak of economic freedom as one of the struggles of the new South Africa. In investigating and evaluating their poetry in post-aparthied South Africa, I discovered that in their protest and their revolutionary ideology they express the theme of disillusionment. They speak against corruption in leadership while they question those who violate children and women’s right to life. Such issues were thought to be buried with the death of apartheid. Furthermore, they introduce us to neo-revolution by showing how the struggle for freedom still continues as freedom without economic freedom falls short of freedom.
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- Date Issued: 2020