Sample size assessments for thermal physiology studies: An R package and R Shiny application
- van Steenderen, Clarke J M, Sutton, Guy F, Owen, Candice A, Martin, Grant D, Coetzee, Julie A
- Authors: van Steenderen, Clarke J M , Sutton, Guy F , Owen, Candice A , Martin, Grant D , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444455 , vital:74242 , https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12416
- Description: Required sample sizes for a study need to be carefully assessed to account for logistics, cost, ethics and statistical rigour. For example, many studies have shown that methodological variations can impact the critical thermal limits (CTLs) recorded for a species, although studies on the impact of sample size on these measures are lacking. Here, we present ThermalSampleR; an R CRAN package and Shiny application that can assist researchers in determining when adequate sample sizes have been reached for their data. The method is particularly useful because it is not taxon specific. The Shiny application offers a user‐friendly interface equivalent to the package for users not familiar with R programming. ThermalSampleR is accompanied by an in‐built example dataset, which we use to guide the user through the workflow with a fully worked tutorial.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023
- Authors: van Steenderen, Clarke J M , Sutton, Guy F , Owen, Candice A , Martin, Grant D , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444455 , vital:74242 , https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12416
- Description: Required sample sizes for a study need to be carefully assessed to account for logistics, cost, ethics and statistical rigour. For example, many studies have shown that methodological variations can impact the critical thermal limits (CTLs) recorded for a species, although studies on the impact of sample size on these measures are lacking. Here, we present ThermalSampleR; an R CRAN package and Shiny application that can assist researchers in determining when adequate sample sizes have been reached for their data. The method is particularly useful because it is not taxon specific. The Shiny application offers a user‐friendly interface equivalent to the package for users not familiar with R programming. ThermalSampleR is accompanied by an in‐built example dataset, which we use to guide the user through the workflow with a fully worked tutorial.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023
The thermal physiology of Lysathia sp.(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biocontrol agent of parrot’s feather in South Africa, supports its success
- Goddard, Matthew, Owen, Candice A, Grant, Martin D, Coetzee, Julie A
- Authors: Goddard, Matthew , Owen, Candice A , Grant, Martin D , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2022
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/417806 , vital:71487 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2022.2054949"
- Description: The establishment success of biocontrol agents originating from tropical regions is often limited by climate when introduced in temperate regions. However, the flea beetle, Lysathia sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biocontrol agent of Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. (Haloragaceae) in South Africa, is an effective agent in regions where other biocontrol agents of tropical aquatic weeds have failed due to winter-induced mortality. The development (degree-day model) and thermal tolerance (critical thermal minimum/maximum [CTmin/max] and lower/upper lethal limits [LLT/ULT50]) of Lysathia sp. were investigated to explain this success. The model predicted that Lysathia sp. could complete 6 to 12 generations per year in the colder regions of the country. The lower threshold for development (t0) was 13.0 °C and thermal constant (K) was 222.4 days, which is considerably lower than the K values of other biocontrol agents of aquatic weeds in South Africa. This suggests that above the temperature threshold, Lysathia sp. can develop faster than those other species and complete multiple life cycles in the cooler winter months, allowing for rapid population growth and thus improving M. aquaticum control. Furthermore, the CTmin of Lysathia sp. was 2.3 ± 0.2 °C and the CTmax was 49.0 ± 0.5 °C. The LLT50 was calculated as ∼ −7.0 °C and the ULT50 as ∼ 43.0 °C. These wide tolerance ranges and survival below freezing show why Lysathia sp. has established at cool sites and suggest that it may be a suitable agent for other cold countries invaded by M. aquaticum.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022
- Authors: Goddard, Matthew , Owen, Candice A , Grant, Martin D , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2022
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/417806 , vital:71487 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2022.2054949"
- Description: The establishment success of biocontrol agents originating from tropical regions is often limited by climate when introduced in temperate regions. However, the flea beetle, Lysathia sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biocontrol agent of Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. (Haloragaceae) in South Africa, is an effective agent in regions where other biocontrol agents of tropical aquatic weeds have failed due to winter-induced mortality. The development (degree-day model) and thermal tolerance (critical thermal minimum/maximum [CTmin/max] and lower/upper lethal limits [LLT/ULT50]) of Lysathia sp. were investigated to explain this success. The model predicted that Lysathia sp. could complete 6 to 12 generations per year in the colder regions of the country. The lower threshold for development (t0) was 13.0 °C and thermal constant (K) was 222.4 days, which is considerably lower than the K values of other biocontrol agents of aquatic weeds in South Africa. This suggests that above the temperature threshold, Lysathia sp. can develop faster than those other species and complete multiple life cycles in the cooler winter months, allowing for rapid population growth and thus improving M. aquaticum control. Furthermore, the CTmin of Lysathia sp. was 2.3 ± 0.2 °C and the CTmax was 49.0 ± 0.5 °C. The LLT50 was calculated as ∼ −7.0 °C and the ULT50 as ∼ 43.0 °C. These wide tolerance ranges and survival below freezing show why Lysathia sp. has established at cool sites and suggest that it may be a suitable agent for other cold countries invaded by M. aquaticum.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022
Low‐temperature physiology of climatically distinct south African populations of the biological control agent Neochetina eichhorniae
- Rogers, Daniel J, Terblanche, John S, Owen, Candice A
- Authors: Rogers, Daniel J , Terblanche, John S , Owen, Candice A
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444421 , vital:74239 , https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12935
- Description: Neochetina eichhorniae is the most widely established biocontrol agent on water hyacinth populations around South Africa. However, some N. eichhorniae populations have failed to adequately control their host population, specifically those exposed to cold conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether two climatically distinct populations of N. eichhorniae in South Africa differ in their low‐temperature physiol-ogy, which tests whether local-climate adaptation has occurred.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
- Authors: Rogers, Daniel J , Terblanche, John S , Owen, Candice A
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444421 , vital:74239 , https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12935
- Description: Neochetina eichhorniae is the most widely established biocontrol agent on water hyacinth populations around South Africa. However, some N. eichhorniae populations have failed to adequately control their host population, specifically those exposed to cold conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether two climatically distinct populations of N. eichhorniae in South Africa differ in their low‐temperature physiol-ogy, which tests whether local-climate adaptation has occurred.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
Nest site choice by the intertidal spider Desis formidabilis (Araneae: Desidae) and nest utilisation by its hymenopteran egg parasitoid
- Owen, Candice A, van Noort, Simon, Compton, Stephen G, Coetzee, Julie A
- Authors: Owen, Candice A , van Noort, Simon , Compton, Stephen G , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444436 , vital:74240 , https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12675
- Description: Echthrodesis lamorali Masner, 1968 is the only known parasitoid of the eggs of the intertidal rocky shore spider Desis formidabilis O.P. Cam-bridge 1890 and is endemic to a small area of South Africa. The abun-dance of spider nests and parasitoid presence were assessed in rela-tion to their in‐ and between‐shore location at multiple sites within the distribution of E. lamorali along the Cape Peninsula (Western Cape, South Africa).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Owen, Candice A , van Noort, Simon , Compton, Stephen G , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444436 , vital:74240 , https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12675
- Description: Echthrodesis lamorali Masner, 1968 is the only known parasitoid of the eggs of the intertidal rocky shore spider Desis formidabilis O.P. Cam-bridge 1890 and is endemic to a small area of South Africa. The abun-dance of spider nests and parasitoid presence were assessed in rela-tion to their in‐ and between‐shore location at multiple sites within the distribution of E. lamorali along the Cape Peninsula (Western Cape, South Africa).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Testing the thermal limits of Eccritotarsus catarinensis: a case of thermal plasticity
- Porter, Jordan D, Owen, Candice A, Compton, Stephen G, Coetzee, Julie A
- Authors: Porter, Jordan D , Owen, Candice A , Compton, Stephen G , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/417533 , vital:71461 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2019.1572712"
- Description: Water hyacinth is considered the most damaging aquatic weed in South Africa. The success of biocontrol initiatives against the weed varies nation-wide, but control remains generally unattainable in higher altitude, temperate regions. Eccritotarsus catarinensis (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a biocontrol agent of water hyacinth that was first released in South Africa in 1996. By 2011, it was established at over 30 sites across the country. These include the Kubusi River, a site with a temperate climate where agent establishment and persistence was unexpected. This study compared the critical thermal limits of the Kubusi River insect population with a laboratory-reared culture to determine whether any physiological plasticity was evident that could account for its unexpected establishment. There were no significant differences in critical thermal maxima (CTmax) or minima (CTmin) between sexes, while the effect of rate of temperature change on the thermal parameters in the experiments had a significant impact in some trials. Both CTmax and CTmin differed significantly between the two populations, with the field individuals tolerating significantly lower temperatures (CTmin: −0.3°C ± 0.063 [SE], CTmax: 42.8°C ± 0.155 [SE]) than those maintained in the laboratory (CTmin: 1.1°C ± 0.054 [SE], CTmax: 44.9°C ± 0.196 [SE]). Acclimation of each population to the environmental conditions typical of the other for a five-day period illustrated that short-term acclimation accounted for some, but not all of the variation between their lower thermal limits. This study provides evidence for the first cold-adapted strain of E. catarinensis in the field, with potential value for introduction into other colder regions where water hyacinth control is currently unattainable.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Porter, Jordan D , Owen, Candice A , Compton, Stephen G , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/417533 , vital:71461 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2019.1572712"
- Description: Water hyacinth is considered the most damaging aquatic weed in South Africa. The success of biocontrol initiatives against the weed varies nation-wide, but control remains generally unattainable in higher altitude, temperate regions. Eccritotarsus catarinensis (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a biocontrol agent of water hyacinth that was first released in South Africa in 1996. By 2011, it was established at over 30 sites across the country. These include the Kubusi River, a site with a temperate climate where agent establishment and persistence was unexpected. This study compared the critical thermal limits of the Kubusi River insect population with a laboratory-reared culture to determine whether any physiological plasticity was evident that could account for its unexpected establishment. There were no significant differences in critical thermal maxima (CTmax) or minima (CTmin) between sexes, while the effect of rate of temperature change on the thermal parameters in the experiments had a significant impact in some trials. Both CTmax and CTmin differed significantly between the two populations, with the field individuals tolerating significantly lower temperatures (CTmin: −0.3°C ± 0.063 [SE], CTmax: 42.8°C ± 0.155 [SE]) than those maintained in the laboratory (CTmin: 1.1°C ± 0.054 [SE], CTmax: 44.9°C ± 0.196 [SE]). Acclimation of each population to the environmental conditions typical of the other for a five-day period illustrated that short-term acclimation accounted for some, but not all of the variation between their lower thermal limits. This study provides evidence for the first cold-adapted strain of E. catarinensis in the field, with potential value for introduction into other colder regions where water hyacinth control is currently unattainable.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The thermal physiology of Stenopelmus rufinasus and Neohydronomus affinis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), two biological control agents for the invasive alien aquatic weeds, Azolla filiculoides and Pistia stratiotes in South Africa.
- Mvandaba, Sisanda F, Owen, Candice A, Hill, Martin P, Coetzee, Julie A
- Authors: Mvandaba, Sisanda F , Owen, Candice A , Hill, Martin P , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444467 , vital:74243 , https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2018.1525484
- Description: Water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes, and red water fern, Azolla filiculoides, are floating aquatic macrophytes that have become problematic in South Africa. Two weevils, Neohydronomus affinis and Stenopelmus rufinasus, are successful biological control agents of these two species in South Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the thermal requirements of these two species to explain their establishment patterns in the field. Laboratory results showed that both weevils are widely tolerant to cold and warm temperatures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Mvandaba, Sisanda F , Owen, Candice A , Hill, Martin P , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444467 , vital:74243 , https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2018.1525484
- Description: Water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes, and red water fern, Azolla filiculoides, are floating aquatic macrophytes that have become problematic in South Africa. Two weevils, Neohydronomus affinis and Stenopelmus rufinasus, are successful biological control agents of these two species in South Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the thermal requirements of these two species to explain their establishment patterns in the field. Laboratory results showed that both weevils are widely tolerant to cold and warm temperatures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Thermal plasticity and microevolution enhance establishment success and persistence of a water hyacinth biological control agent
- Griffith, Tamzin C, Paterson, Iain D, Owen, Candice A, Coetzee, Julie A
- Authors: Griffith, Tamzin C , Paterson, Iain D , Owen, Candice A , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/424866 , vital:72190 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12814"
- Description: Aspects of the thermal physiology of the water hyacinth biological control agent Eccritotarsus catarinensis Carvalho (Hemiptera: Miridae) have been extensively investigated over the past 20 years to understand and improve post-release establishment in the field. Thermal physiology studies predicted that the agent would not establish at a number of cold sites in South Africa, where it has nonetheless subsequently established and thrived. Recently, studies have begun to incorporate the plastic nature of insect thermal physiology into models of agent establishment. This study determined whether season and locality influenced the thermal physiology of two field populations of E. catarinensis, one collected from the hottest site where the agent has established in South Africa, and one from the coldest site. The thermal physiology of E. catarinensis was significantly influenced by season and site, demonstrating a degree of phenotypic plasticity, and that some post-release local adaptation to climatic conditions has occurred through microevolution. We then determined whether cold acclimation under laboratory conditions was possible. Successfully cold-acclimated E. catarinensis had a significantly lower critical thermal minimum (CTmin) compared to the field cold-acclimated population. This suggests that cold acclimation of agents could be conducted in the laboratory before future releases to improve their cold tolerance, thereby increasing their chance of establishment at cold sites and allowing further adaptation to colder climates to occur in the field. Although the thermal tolerance of E. catarinensis is limited by local adaptations to climatic conditions in the native range, the plastic nature of the insect's thermal physiology has allowed it to survive in the very different climatic conditions of the introduced range, and there has been some adaptive change to the insect's thermal tolerance since establishment. This study highlights the importance of plasticity and microevolutionary processes in the success of biological control agents under the novel climatic conditions in the introduced range.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Griffith, Tamzin C , Paterson, Iain D , Owen, Candice A , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/424866 , vital:72190 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12814"
- Description: Aspects of the thermal physiology of the water hyacinth biological control agent Eccritotarsus catarinensis Carvalho (Hemiptera: Miridae) have been extensively investigated over the past 20 years to understand and improve post-release establishment in the field. Thermal physiology studies predicted that the agent would not establish at a number of cold sites in South Africa, where it has nonetheless subsequently established and thrived. Recently, studies have begun to incorporate the plastic nature of insect thermal physiology into models of agent establishment. This study determined whether season and locality influenced the thermal physiology of two field populations of E. catarinensis, one collected from the hottest site where the agent has established in South Africa, and one from the coldest site. The thermal physiology of E. catarinensis was significantly influenced by season and site, demonstrating a degree of phenotypic plasticity, and that some post-release local adaptation to climatic conditions has occurred through microevolution. We then determined whether cold acclimation under laboratory conditions was possible. Successfully cold-acclimated E. catarinensis had a significantly lower critical thermal minimum (CTmin) compared to the field cold-acclimated population. This suggests that cold acclimation of agents could be conducted in the laboratory before future releases to improve their cold tolerance, thereby increasing their chance of establishment at cold sites and allowing further adaptation to colder climates to occur in the field. Although the thermal tolerance of E. catarinensis is limited by local adaptations to climatic conditions in the native range, the plastic nature of the insect's thermal physiology has allowed it to survive in the very different climatic conditions of the introduced range, and there has been some adaptive change to the insect's thermal tolerance since establishment. This study highlights the importance of plasticity and microevolutionary processes in the success of biological control agents under the novel climatic conditions in the introduced range.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Assessing the morphological and physiological adaptations of the parasitoid wasp E chthrodesis lamorali for survival in an intertidal environment
- Owen, Candice A, Coetzee, Julie A, van Noort, Simon, Austin, Andrew D
- Authors: Owen, Candice A , Coetzee, Julie A , van Noort, Simon , Austin, Andrew D
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/123178 , vital:35412 , https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12187
- Description: As a result of a variety of chemical, environmental, mechanical and physiological difficulties, insects that spend their entire life spans in the marine or intertidal region are relatively rare. The present study assesses whether morphological and physiological adaptations have evolved in a maritime parasitoidwasp species Echthrodesis lamorali Masner, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Scelioninae), in response to environmental pressures on its respiratory functioning. Scanning electron and light microscopy of whole and sectioned specimens show the presence of structure-retaining taenidia in the tracheal tubes, although there is an absence of other major adaptations associated with the trachea or spiracles. Histological sectioning reveals the presence of unusual sacs in the female metasoma whose role is unknown, although they are hypothesized to most likely be linked to ovipositor control. Respirometry experiments illustrate the formation of a plastron when submerged, with the longevity of the wasps being increased by quiescence. The critical thermal range of E. lamorali is shown to be large: from −1.1 ∘C±0.16 to 45.7 ∘C±0.26 (mean±SE). Behavioural and physiological adaptations in E. lamorali appear to have evolved in response to exposure to the heterogeneous environmental conditions experienced within the intertidal zone.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Owen, Candice A , Coetzee, Julie A , van Noort, Simon , Austin, Andrew D
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/123178 , vital:35412 , https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12187
- Description: As a result of a variety of chemical, environmental, mechanical and physiological difficulties, insects that spend their entire life spans in the marine or intertidal region are relatively rare. The present study assesses whether morphological and physiological adaptations have evolved in a maritime parasitoidwasp species Echthrodesis lamorali Masner, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Scelioninae), in response to environmental pressures on its respiratory functioning. Scanning electron and light microscopy of whole and sectioned specimens show the presence of structure-retaining taenidia in the tracheal tubes, although there is an absence of other major adaptations associated with the trachea or spiracles. Histological sectioning reveals the presence of unusual sacs in the female metasoma whose role is unknown, although they are hypothesized to most likely be linked to ovipositor control. Respirometry experiments illustrate the formation of a plastron when submerged, with the longevity of the wasps being increased by quiescence. The critical thermal range of E. lamorali is shown to be large: from −1.1 ∘C±0.16 to 45.7 ∘C±0.26 (mean±SE). Behavioural and physiological adaptations in E. lamorali appear to have evolved in response to exposure to the heterogeneous environmental conditions experienced within the intertidal zone.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Distributional range of the South African maritime spider-egg parasitoid wasp, Echthrodesis lamorali (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae Scelioninae) insecta hymenoptera
- Owen, Candice A, Coetzee, Julie A, van Noort, Simon
- Authors: Owen, Candice A , Coetzee, Julie A , van Noort, Simon
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444407 , vital:74238 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC161753
- Description: The southern African coastline plays host to nine spider species. Two of these, namely Desis formidabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1890) (Araneae: Desidae) and Amaurobioides africanus Hewitt, 1917 (Araneae: Anyphaenidae), are recorded as hosts for an intertidal spider egg parasitoid, Echthrodesis lamorali Masner, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae: Scelioninae). These two spider species occur from Lüderitz (Namibia) along the coast to East London (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa), while their parasitoid has been known from only a single locality on the Cape Peninsula. The South African coastline was surveyed from Jacobsbaai (Western Cape Province) to East London in an attempt to determine the full distribution of E. lamorali. The wasp was only reared from host eggs collected on the Cape Peninsula, confirming a high degree of endemism for this species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Owen, Candice A , Coetzee, Julie A , van Noort, Simon
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444407 , vital:74238 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC161753
- Description: The southern African coastline plays host to nine spider species. Two of these, namely Desis formidabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1890) (Araneae: Desidae) and Amaurobioides africanus Hewitt, 1917 (Araneae: Anyphaenidae), are recorded as hosts for an intertidal spider egg parasitoid, Echthrodesis lamorali Masner, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae: Scelioninae). These two spider species occur from Lüderitz (Namibia) along the coast to East London (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa), while their parasitoid has been known from only a single locality on the Cape Peninsula. The South African coastline was surveyed from Jacobsbaai (Western Cape Province) to East London in an attempt to determine the full distribution of E. lamorali. The wasp was only reared from host eggs collected on the Cape Peninsula, confirming a high degree of endemism for this species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
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