Applied aquatic ecotoxicology sub-lethal methods, whole effluent testing and communication
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Muller, Nikite W J, Davies-Coleman, Heather D
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Muller, Nikite W J , Davies-Coleman, Heather D
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437785 , vital:73409 , ISBN 1-77005-252-6 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1245-1-041.pdf
- Description: This report is the most recent in a series of WRC reports on the development of the capacity to undertake ecotoxicological research in South Africa. The development followed the following tines: • Recognition, as a result of the Kruger National Park Rivers Research Programme, that there were virtually no data on the water quality requirements of South African macroin vertebrates. • Development of the capacity to undertake experimental tolerance testing using riverine invertebrates in artificial stream systems. • Investigation of the salt tolerances, and whole effluent toxicity responses, of both standard toxicity test taxa and South African macroinverte-brates. • Development of both lethal and sub-lethal measures. • Application of re-search results to the development of methods for water quality within ecological Reserve determinations, and the implementation of the National Water Act (NWA) (No 36. of 1998) and National Water Resource Strategy (NWRS). The WRC is com-mitted to funding research that underpins the implementation of the NWA and the NWRS. Over the past 12 years it became clear that there would not be a rapid up-take of ecotoxicology research results in South Africa, and that it was important to place ecotoxicology in the wider context of water quality. From this recognition, the concept of Environmental Water Quality evolved.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Muller, Nikite W J , Davies-Coleman, Heather D
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437785 , vital:73409 , ISBN 1-77005-252-6 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1245-1-041.pdf
- Description: This report is the most recent in a series of WRC reports on the development of the capacity to undertake ecotoxicological research in South Africa. The development followed the following tines: • Recognition, as a result of the Kruger National Park Rivers Research Programme, that there were virtually no data on the water quality requirements of South African macroin vertebrates. • Development of the capacity to undertake experimental tolerance testing using riverine invertebrates in artificial stream systems. • Investigation of the salt tolerances, and whole effluent toxicity responses, of both standard toxicity test taxa and South African macroinverte-brates. • Development of both lethal and sub-lethal measures. • Application of re-search results to the development of methods for water quality within ecological Reserve determinations, and the implementation of the National Water Act (NWA) (No 36. of 1998) and National Water Resource Strategy (NWRS). The WRC is com-mitted to funding research that underpins the implementation of the NWA and the NWRS. Over the past 12 years it became clear that there would not be a rapid up-take of ecotoxicology research results in South Africa, and that it was important to place ecotoxicology in the wider context of water quality. From this recognition, the concept of Environmental Water Quality evolved.
- Full Text:
Early development of water quality methods and approaches in ecological Reserve assessments
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Scherman, Patricia, Muller, Nikite W J, Rossouw, J N, Malan, H L, Jooste, S
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Scherman, Patricia , Muller, Nikite W J , Rossouw, J N , Malan, H L , Jooste, S
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437840 , vital:73416 , ISBN 1-77005-227-5 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1108-1-041.pdf
- Description: This project was initiated in 2000 to allow the ecological Reserve team for water quality to undertake additional research while working on eco-logical Reserve determinations funded by the Department of Water Af-fairs and Forestry. The results of this work form the basis of the meth-ods reported in the Water Research Commission report Hughes DA (Ed)(in press).
- Full Text:
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Scherman, Patricia , Muller, Nikite W J , Rossouw, J N , Malan, H L , Jooste, S
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437840 , vital:73416 , ISBN 1-77005-227-5 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1108-1-041.pdf
- Description: This project was initiated in 2000 to allow the ecological Reserve team for water quality to undertake additional research while working on eco-logical Reserve determinations funded by the Department of Water Af-fairs and Forestry. The results of this work form the basis of the meth-ods reported in the Water Research Commission report Hughes DA (Ed)(in press).
- Full Text:
Environmental water quality in water resources management
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Berold, Robert, Muller, Nikite W J
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Berold, Robert , Muller, Nikite W J
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437611 , vital:73397 , ISBN 1-77005-083-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT217-04.pdf
- Description: This book will help anyone working with water resources to make decisions about water quality, specifically environmental aspects of water quality. The book ex-plores the balance between water resource protection and water resource use, with a particular focus on water quality. A balance is necessary because the National Wa-ter Act (NWA) requires that water resources be protected and managed to meet the water quality requirements of ecosystems. At the same time the Act also requires that water be used for social and economic benefit.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Berold, Robert , Muller, Nikite W J
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437611 , vital:73397 , ISBN 1-77005-083-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT217-04.pdf
- Description: This book will help anyone working with water resources to make decisions about water quality, specifically environmental aspects of water quality. The book ex-plores the balance between water resource protection and water resource use, with a particular focus on water quality. A balance is necessary because the National Wa-ter Act (NWA) requires that water resources be protected and managed to meet the water quality requirements of ecosystems. At the same time the Act also requires that water be used for social and economic benefit.
- Full Text:
The development of a toxicity database using freshwater macroinvertebrates, and its application to the protection of South African water resources
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Muller, Wilhelmine J, Gordon, Andrew K, Scherman, Patricia A, Davies-Coleman, Heather D, Pakhomova, L, de Kock, E
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Muller, Wilhelmine J , Gordon, Andrew K , Scherman, Patricia A , Davies-Coleman, Heather D , Pakhomova, L , de Kock, E
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:7073 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009528
- Description: There is a growing international trend towards the protection of freshwater resources from pollution by imposing instream guidelines and specified waste-discharge conditions. Current methods for devising freshwater quality guidelines are based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) that are used to identify pollutant concentrations, ensuring the protection of a modelled percentage of species (95% protection is a common goal). SSDs are derived from the toxicity test results of as many taxa as possible for each polluting substance. Waste-discharge licences can be for single substances, specified in terms of chemical concentrations, and derived in conjunction with instream guidelines; or for complex mixtures, specified in terms of toxic units. In both cases toxicity test results are the core data used. The emphasis on SSDs calls into question the species constituting the test populations. It is likely that SSDs based in part on the responses of local organisms will achieve superior site-specific ecological protection. Until the early 1990s, there were very few data on the tolerances of South African freshwater organisms. In the intervening decade, the Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality at Rhodes University has developed a toxicity database that, to date, records the responses of 21 South African freshwater taxa to 26 single-substance pollutants or mixtures. This is the most comprehensive database of South African toxicity responses available and has been used in the drawing up of methods and guidelines to protect water resources. This paper aims to make these data available and to describe applications of the data using selected case studies.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Muller, Wilhelmine J , Gordon, Andrew K , Scherman, Patricia A , Davies-Coleman, Heather D , Pakhomova, L , de Kock, E
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:7073 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009528
- Description: There is a growing international trend towards the protection of freshwater resources from pollution by imposing instream guidelines and specified waste-discharge conditions. Current methods for devising freshwater quality guidelines are based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) that are used to identify pollutant concentrations, ensuring the protection of a modelled percentage of species (95% protection is a common goal). SSDs are derived from the toxicity test results of as many taxa as possible for each polluting substance. Waste-discharge licences can be for single substances, specified in terms of chemical concentrations, and derived in conjunction with instream guidelines; or for complex mixtures, specified in terms of toxic units. In both cases toxicity test results are the core data used. The emphasis on SSDs calls into question the species constituting the test populations. It is likely that SSDs based in part on the responses of local organisms will achieve superior site-specific ecological protection. Until the early 1990s, there were very few data on the tolerances of South African freshwater organisms. In the intervening decade, the Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality at Rhodes University has developed a toxicity database that, to date, records the responses of 21 South African freshwater taxa to 26 single-substance pollutants or mixtures. This is the most comprehensive database of South African toxicity responses available and has been used in the drawing up of methods and guidelines to protect water resources. This paper aims to make these data available and to describe applications of the data using selected case studies.
- Full Text:
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