A promising biological control agent for the invasive alien plant, Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae), in South Africa
- Paterson, Iain D, Mdodana, Lumka A, Mpekula, Ongezwa, Mabunda, Bheki D, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Paterson, Iain D , Mdodana, Lumka A , Mpekula, Ongezwa , Mabunda, Bheki D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/416806 , vital:71387 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2014.919439"
- Description: Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is an invasive alien plant from Central and South America that has become a problematic environmental weed in South Africa. A potential biological control agent, the stem-wilter, Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky and Garcia (Coreidae), was collected in southern Brazil and imported into quarantine in South Africa. Field host range data suggested that C. schaffneri has a host range restricted to P. aculeata. No-choice nymph survival tests were then conducted on 27 test plant species in 9 families. Survival to the adult stage was only recorded on P. aculeata and the closely related Pereskia grandifolia Haw. (Cactaceae). Mortality was significantly higher on P. grandifolia with only 3% of the nymphs reaching the adult stage compared with 74% on P. aculeata indicating that P. aculeata is the primary host plant. P. grandifolia is native in South America and is of no agricultural importance in South Africa so any feeding on P. grandifolia in South Africa would have no negative environmental or economic consequences. In other tests, adult survival on P. aculeata [25.8 days (SE ± 3.74)] was significantly longer than on other test plant species [4.3 days (SE ± 0.36)] further confirming the host specificity of the species. Impact studies conducted in quarantine indicated that C. schaffneri is damaging to P. aculeata, significantly reducing the number of leaves and the shoot lengths of plants, even at relatively low insect densities. C. schaffneri is safe for release in South Africa and is likely to be a damaging and effective agent.
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- Authors: Paterson, Iain D , Mdodana, Lumka A , Mpekula, Ongezwa , Mabunda, Bheki D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/416806 , vital:71387 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2014.919439"
- Description: Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is an invasive alien plant from Central and South America that has become a problematic environmental weed in South Africa. A potential biological control agent, the stem-wilter, Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky and Garcia (Coreidae), was collected in southern Brazil and imported into quarantine in South Africa. Field host range data suggested that C. schaffneri has a host range restricted to P. aculeata. No-choice nymph survival tests were then conducted on 27 test plant species in 9 families. Survival to the adult stage was only recorded on P. aculeata and the closely related Pereskia grandifolia Haw. (Cactaceae). Mortality was significantly higher on P. grandifolia with only 3% of the nymphs reaching the adult stage compared with 74% on P. aculeata indicating that P. aculeata is the primary host plant. P. grandifolia is native in South America and is of no agricultural importance in South Africa so any feeding on P. grandifolia in South Africa would have no negative environmental or economic consequences. In other tests, adult survival on P. aculeata [25.8 days (SE ± 3.74)] was significantly longer than on other test plant species [4.3 days (SE ± 0.36)] further confirming the host specificity of the species. Impact studies conducted in quarantine indicated that C. schaffneri is damaging to P. aculeata, significantly reducing the number of leaves and the shoot lengths of plants, even at relatively low insect densities. C. schaffneri is safe for release in South Africa and is likely to be a damaging and effective agent.
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Effect of water trophic level on the impact of the water hyacinth moth Niphograpta albiguttalis on Eichhornia crassipes
- Canavan, Kim N, Coetzee, Julie A, Hill, Martin P, Paterson, Iain D
- Authors: Canavan, Kim N , Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Martin P , Paterson, Iain D
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/423740 , vital:72090 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2014.893225"
- Description: Eutrophication contributes to the proliferation of alien invasive weed species such as water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes. Although the South American moth Niphograpta albiguttalis was released in South Africa in 1990 as a biological control agent against water hyacinth, no post-release evaluations have yet been conducted here. The impact of N. albiguttalis on water hyacinth growth was quantified under low-, medium- and high-nutrient concentrations in a greenhouse experiment. Niphograpta albiguttalis was damaging to water hyacinth in all three nutrient treatments, but significant damage in most plant parameters was found only under high-nutrient treatments. However, E. crassipes plants grown in high-nutrient water were healthier, and presumably had higher fitness, than plants not exposed to herbivory at lower-nutrient levels. Niphograpta albiguttalis is likely to be most damaging to water hyacinth in eutrophic water systems, but the damage will not result in acceptable levels of control because of the plant's high productivity under these conditions. Niphograpta albiguttalis is a suitable agent for controlling water hyacinth infestations in eutrophic water systems, but should be used in combination with other biological control agents and included in an integrated management plan also involving herbicidal control and water quality management.
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- Authors: Canavan, Kim N , Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Martin P , Paterson, Iain D
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/423740 , vital:72090 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2014.893225"
- Description: Eutrophication contributes to the proliferation of alien invasive weed species such as water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes. Although the South American moth Niphograpta albiguttalis was released in South Africa in 1990 as a biological control agent against water hyacinth, no post-release evaluations have yet been conducted here. The impact of N. albiguttalis on water hyacinth growth was quantified under low-, medium- and high-nutrient concentrations in a greenhouse experiment. Niphograpta albiguttalis was damaging to water hyacinth in all three nutrient treatments, but significant damage in most plant parameters was found only under high-nutrient treatments. However, E. crassipes plants grown in high-nutrient water were healthier, and presumably had higher fitness, than plants not exposed to herbivory at lower-nutrient levels. Niphograpta albiguttalis is likely to be most damaging to water hyacinth in eutrophic water systems, but the damage will not result in acceptable levels of control because of the plant's high productivity under these conditions. Niphograpta albiguttalis is a suitable agent for controlling water hyacinth infestations in eutrophic water systems, but should be used in combination with other biological control agents and included in an integrated management plan also involving herbicidal control and water quality management.
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ISSRs indicate that Chromolaena odorata invading southern Africa originates in Jamaica or Cuba
- Paterson, Iain D, Zachariades, Costas
- Authors: Paterson, Iain D , Zachariades, Costas
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/406105 , vital:70239 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.04.005"
- Description: Two biotypes of the invasive alien plant, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and Rob. (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae), are recognized in the plant’s introduced distribution. The Asian/West African (A/WA) biotype is present in West and Central Africa, India, Southeast Asia and Oceania, while the southern African (SA) biotype is only present in southern Africa. Biological control using insect natural enemies has been significantly more successful against the A/WA biotype than the SA biotype, suggesting that host plant incompatibility may have resulted in reduced efficacy of biological control agents in southern Africa. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) were used to identify the origin of the SA biotype as Jamaica or Cuba. The data also confirm that the SA biotype is genetically distinct from the A/WA biotype and that the SA biotype is the result of a separate introduction. Biological control agents for C. odorata in southern Africa should be sourced from Jamaica and Cuba in order to avoid host plant incompatibility problems.
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- Authors: Paterson, Iain D , Zachariades, Costas
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/406105 , vital:70239 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.04.005"
- Description: Two biotypes of the invasive alien plant, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and Rob. (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae), are recognized in the plant’s introduced distribution. The Asian/West African (A/WA) biotype is present in West and Central Africa, India, Southeast Asia and Oceania, while the southern African (SA) biotype is only present in southern Africa. Biological control using insect natural enemies has been significantly more successful against the A/WA biotype than the SA biotype, suggesting that host plant incompatibility may have resulted in reduced efficacy of biological control agents in southern Africa. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) were used to identify the origin of the SA biotype as Jamaica or Cuba. The data also confirm that the SA biotype is genetically distinct from the A/WA biotype and that the SA biotype is the result of a separate introduction. Biological control agents for C. odorata in southern Africa should be sourced from Jamaica and Cuba in order to avoid host plant incompatibility problems.
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Prioritisation of potential agents for the biological control of the invasive alien weed, Pereskia aculeata (Cactaceae), in South Africa
- Paterson, Iain D, Vitorino, Marcello D, de Cristo, S C, Martin, Grant D, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Paterson, Iain D , Vitorino, Marcello D , de Cristo, S C , Martin, Grant D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76946 , vital:30644 , https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.864382
- Description: Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is an invasive alien species in South Africa that is native in Central and South America. In South Africa, P. aculeata outcompetes native plant species leading to a reduction in biodiversity at infested sites. Herbicidal and mechanical control of the plant is ineffective and unsustainable, so biological control is considered the only potential solution. Climatic matching and genotype matching indicated that the most appropriate regions in which to collect biological control agents were Santa Catarina and Rio de Janeiro provinces in Southern Brazil. Surveys throughout the native distribution resulted in 15 natural enemy species that were associated with the plant. Field host range data, as well as previous host plant records, were used to prioritise which of the species were most likely to be suitably host specific for release in South Africa. The mode of damage was used to determine which species were most likely to be damaging and effective if released. The most promising species prioritised for further study, including host specificity and impact studies, were the stem-wilter Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky and Garcia (Coreidae); the stem boring species Acanthodoxus machacalis Martins and Monné (Cerambycidae), Cryptorhynchus sp. (Curculionidae) and Maracayia chlorisalis (Walker) (Crambidae) and the fruit galler Asphondylia sp. (Cecidomyiidae). By prioritising the potential biological control agents that are most likely to be host-specific and damaging, the risk of conducting host specificity testing on unsuitable or ineffective biological control agents is reduced.
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- Authors: Paterson, Iain D , Vitorino, Marcello D , de Cristo, S C , Martin, Grant D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76946 , vital:30644 , https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.864382
- Description: Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is an invasive alien species in South Africa that is native in Central and South America. In South Africa, P. aculeata outcompetes native plant species leading to a reduction in biodiversity at infested sites. Herbicidal and mechanical control of the plant is ineffective and unsustainable, so biological control is considered the only potential solution. Climatic matching and genotype matching indicated that the most appropriate regions in which to collect biological control agents were Santa Catarina and Rio de Janeiro provinces in Southern Brazil. Surveys throughout the native distribution resulted in 15 natural enemy species that were associated with the plant. Field host range data, as well as previous host plant records, were used to prioritise which of the species were most likely to be suitably host specific for release in South Africa. The mode of damage was used to determine which species were most likely to be damaging and effective if released. The most promising species prioritised for further study, including host specificity and impact studies, were the stem-wilter Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky and Garcia (Coreidae); the stem boring species Acanthodoxus machacalis Martins and Monné (Cerambycidae), Cryptorhynchus sp. (Curculionidae) and Maracayia chlorisalis (Walker) (Crambidae) and the fruit galler Asphondylia sp. (Cecidomyiidae). By prioritising the potential biological control agents that are most likely to be host-specific and damaging, the risk of conducting host specificity testing on unsuitable or ineffective biological control agents is reduced.
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The herbivorous arthropods associated with the invasive alien plant, Arundo donax, and the native analogous plant, Phragmites australis, in the Free State Province, South Africa s
- Canavan, Kim N, Paterson, Iain D, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Canavan, Kim N , Paterson, Iain D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/406155 , vital:70243 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC155690"
- Description: The Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) predicts that when plant species are introduced outside their native range there is a release from natural enemies resulting in the plants becoming problematic invasive alien species (Lake and Leishman 2004; Puliafico et al. 2008). The release from natural enemies may benefit alien plants more than simply reducing herbivory because, according to the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis, without pressure from herbivores more resources that were previously allocated to defence can be allocated to reproduction (Blossey and Notzold 1995). Alien invasive plants are therefore expected to have simpler herbivore communities with fewer specialist herbivores (Frenzel and Brandl 2003; Heleno et al. 2008; Heger and Jeschke 2014).
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- Authors: Canavan, Kim N , Paterson, Iain D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/406155 , vital:70243 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC155690"
- Description: The Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) predicts that when plant species are introduced outside their native range there is a release from natural enemies resulting in the plants becoming problematic invasive alien species (Lake and Leishman 2004; Puliafico et al. 2008). The release from natural enemies may benefit alien plants more than simply reducing herbivory because, according to the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis, without pressure from herbivores more resources that were previously allocated to defence can be allocated to reproduction (Blossey and Notzold 1995). Alien invasive plants are therefore expected to have simpler herbivore communities with fewer specialist herbivores (Frenzel and Brandl 2003; Heleno et al. 2008; Heger and Jeschke 2014).
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