Accelerated sludge solubilisation under sulphate reducing conditions: the effect of hydrolytic enzymes on sludge floc size distribution and EPS composition
- Akhurst, P, Rose, Peter D, Whiteley, Chris G, Pletschke, Brett I
- Authors: Akhurst, P , Rose, Peter D , Whiteley, Chris G , Pletschke, Brett I
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Conference paper
- Identifier: vital:6455 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010430
- Description: Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are the construction materials for microbial aggregates such as biofilms, flocs and sludge, and greatly contribute to the structural integrity of sludge flocs in wastewater treatment processes. The loss of integrity of the sewage sludge floc is believed to be due to enhanced hydrolysis of important structural components such as lignin, protein and cellulose in the sludge floc matrix. The mechanism of enhanced sludge floc fracture, due to the action of enzymes hydrolysing these structural components, remains a key element in our understanding of how the floc integrity in systems utilising a sulphate reducing system is compromised. A range of relatively non-specific exogenous enzymes (ß-glucosidase, cellulase, proteases: trypsin, pronase E and chymotrypsin) were added to a sulphidogenic bioreactor- (containing both sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) and a methanogenic bacterial system) and a (control) methanogenic bioreactor sample, and the effect of these enzymes on sludge floc size (diameter) distribution and EPS composition was investigated. Sludge samples from the bioreactors were examined under bright field and differential interference contrast light microscopy. Proteolytic and glucohydrolytic activity of the enzymes were monitored using standard enzyme assaying techniques, and Bradford, Somogyi-Nelson, and total carbohydrate assays were performed to establish the composition of the EPS (after extraction with 3% (v/v) glutaraldehyde and Sephacryl S-400 size exclusion chromatography). Sludge flocs present in the sulphidogenic environment of the sulphidogenic bioreactor were found to have smaller diameters than their counterparts present in the methanogenic bioreactor. The addition of hydrolytic (i.e. proteolytic and glycohydrolytic) enzymes resulted in an increased rate of matrix hydrolysis, leading to increased rates of floc fracture and deflocculation. The presence of ß-glucosidase, cellulase, and proteases naturally residing within the sludge floc was confirmed. We propose that the addition of commercially available enzymes may be prohibitively costly on a large scale, and that the activity of the enzymes naturally residing within the floc matrix be optimised or enhanced. As the bulk of the EPS was shown to be composed of mainly polysaccharides, we propose that by increasing the activity of the naturally occurring ß-glucosidases residing within the floc matrix, the process of deflocculation may be enhanced. As sulphide has been shown to increase the activity of this very important key enzyme, we propose that this is one of the contributing factors why sludge solubilisation is accelerated under sulphate reducing conditions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Akhurst, P , Rose, Peter D , Whiteley, Chris G , Pletschke, Brett I
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Conference paper
- Identifier: vital:6455 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010430
- Description: Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are the construction materials for microbial aggregates such as biofilms, flocs and sludge, and greatly contribute to the structural integrity of sludge flocs in wastewater treatment processes. The loss of integrity of the sewage sludge floc is believed to be due to enhanced hydrolysis of important structural components such as lignin, protein and cellulose in the sludge floc matrix. The mechanism of enhanced sludge floc fracture, due to the action of enzymes hydrolysing these structural components, remains a key element in our understanding of how the floc integrity in systems utilising a sulphate reducing system is compromised. A range of relatively non-specific exogenous enzymes (ß-glucosidase, cellulase, proteases: trypsin, pronase E and chymotrypsin) were added to a sulphidogenic bioreactor- (containing both sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) and a methanogenic bacterial system) and a (control) methanogenic bioreactor sample, and the effect of these enzymes on sludge floc size (diameter) distribution and EPS composition was investigated. Sludge samples from the bioreactors were examined under bright field and differential interference contrast light microscopy. Proteolytic and glucohydrolytic activity of the enzymes were monitored using standard enzyme assaying techniques, and Bradford, Somogyi-Nelson, and total carbohydrate assays were performed to establish the composition of the EPS (after extraction with 3% (v/v) glutaraldehyde and Sephacryl S-400 size exclusion chromatography). Sludge flocs present in the sulphidogenic environment of the sulphidogenic bioreactor were found to have smaller diameters than their counterparts present in the methanogenic bioreactor. The addition of hydrolytic (i.e. proteolytic and glycohydrolytic) enzymes resulted in an increased rate of matrix hydrolysis, leading to increased rates of floc fracture and deflocculation. The presence of ß-glucosidase, cellulase, and proteases naturally residing within the sludge floc was confirmed. We propose that the addition of commercially available enzymes may be prohibitively costly on a large scale, and that the activity of the enzymes naturally residing within the floc matrix be optimised or enhanced. As the bulk of the EPS was shown to be composed of mainly polysaccharides, we propose that by increasing the activity of the naturally occurring ß-glucosidases residing within the floc matrix, the process of deflocculation may be enhanced. As sulphide has been shown to increase the activity of this very important key enzyme, we propose that this is one of the contributing factors why sludge solubilisation is accelerated under sulphate reducing conditions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
A continuous process for the biological treatment of heavy metal contaminated acid mine water
- Van Hille, Robert P, Boshoff, G A, Rose, Peter D, Duncan, John R
- Authors: Van Hille, Robert P , Boshoff, G A , Rose, Peter D , Duncan, John R
- Date: 1999
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6464 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005793 , dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(99)00010-5
- Description: Alkaline precipitation of heavy metals from acidic water streams is a popular and long standing treatment process. While this process is efficient it requires the continuous addition of an alkaline material, such as lime. In the long term or when treating large volumes of effluent this process becomes expensive, with costs in the mining sector routinely exceeding millions of rands annually. The process described below utilises alkalinity generated by the alga Spirulina sp., in a continuous system to precipitate heavy metals. The design of the system separates the algal component from the metal containing stream to overcome metal toxicity. The primary treatment process consistently removed over 99% of the iron (98.9 mg/l) and between 80 and 95% of the zinc (7.16 mg/l) and lead (2.35 mg/l) over a 14-day period (20 l effluent treated). In addition the pH of the raw effluent was increased from 1.8 to over 7 in the post-treatment stream. Secondary treatment and polishing steps depend on the nature of the effluent treated. In the case of the high sulphate effluent the treated stream was passed into an anaerobic digester at a rate of 4 l/day. The combination of the primary and secondary treatments effected a removal of over 95% of all metals tested for as well as a 90% reduction in the sulphate load. The running cost of such a process would be low as the salinity and nutrient requirements for the algal culture could be provided by using tannery effluent or a combination of saline water and sewage. This would have the additional benefit of treating either a tannery or sewage effluent as part of an integrated process.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1999
- Authors: Van Hille, Robert P , Boshoff, G A , Rose, Peter D , Duncan, John R
- Date: 1999
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6464 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005793 , dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(99)00010-5
- Description: Alkaline precipitation of heavy metals from acidic water streams is a popular and long standing treatment process. While this process is efficient it requires the continuous addition of an alkaline material, such as lime. In the long term or when treating large volumes of effluent this process becomes expensive, with costs in the mining sector routinely exceeding millions of rands annually. The process described below utilises alkalinity generated by the alga Spirulina sp., in a continuous system to precipitate heavy metals. The design of the system separates the algal component from the metal containing stream to overcome metal toxicity. The primary treatment process consistently removed over 99% of the iron (98.9 mg/l) and between 80 and 95% of the zinc (7.16 mg/l) and lead (2.35 mg/l) over a 14-day period (20 l effluent treated). In addition the pH of the raw effluent was increased from 1.8 to over 7 in the post-treatment stream. Secondary treatment and polishing steps depend on the nature of the effluent treated. In the case of the high sulphate effluent the treated stream was passed into an anaerobic digester at a rate of 4 l/day. The combination of the primary and secondary treatments effected a removal of over 95% of all metals tested for as well as a 90% reduction in the sulphate load. The running cost of such a process would be low as the salinity and nutrient requirements for the algal culture could be provided by using tannery effluent or a combination of saline water and sewage. This would have the additional benefit of treating either a tannery or sewage effluent as part of an integrated process.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1999
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