A quantitative analysis of microplastic pollution along the south-eastern coastline of South Africa
- Nel, Holly A, Froneman, P William
- Authors: Nel, Holly A , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68032 , vital:29187 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.043
- Description: Publisher version , The extent of microplastic pollution (< 5 mm) in the southern hemisphere, particularly southern Africa, is largely unknown. This study aimed to evaluate microplastic pollution along the south-eastern coastline of South Africa, looking at whether bays are characterised by higher microplastic densities than open stretches of coastline in both beach sediment and surf-zone water. Microplastic (mean ± standard error) densities in the beach sediment ranged between 688.9 ± 348.2 and 3308 ± 1449 particles·m− 2, while those in the water column varied between 257.9 ± 53.36 and 1215 ± 276.7 particles·m− 3. With few exceptions there were no significant spatial patterns in either the sediment or water column microplastic densities; with little differences in density between bays and the open coast (P > 0.05). These data indicate that the presence of microplastics were not associated with proximity to land-based sources or population density, but rather is governed by water circulation.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Nel, Holly A , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68032 , vital:29187 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.043
- Description: Publisher version , The extent of microplastic pollution (< 5 mm) in the southern hemisphere, particularly southern Africa, is largely unknown. This study aimed to evaluate microplastic pollution along the south-eastern coastline of South Africa, looking at whether bays are characterised by higher microplastic densities than open stretches of coastline in both beach sediment and surf-zone water. Microplastic (mean ± standard error) densities in the beach sediment ranged between 688.9 ± 348.2 and 3308 ± 1449 particles·m− 2, while those in the water column varied between 257.9 ± 53.36 and 1215 ± 276.7 particles·m− 3. With few exceptions there were no significant spatial patterns in either the sediment or water column microplastic densities; with little differences in density between bays and the open coast (P > 0.05). These data indicate that the presence of microplastics were not associated with proximity to land-based sources or population density, but rather is governed by water circulation.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
A re-examination of the type material of Entomoneis paludosa (W Smith) Reimer and its morphology and distribution in African waters
- Richoux, Nicole B, Taylor, J C, Dalu, Tatenda, Froneman, P William
- Authors: Richoux, Nicole B , Taylor, J C , Dalu, Tatenda , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69179 , vital:29440 , https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2015.002
- Description: The current study aims to enhance the understanding of the distribution and morphology of the diatom Entomoneis paludosa W Smith 1853 in African waters. The type material of Entomoneis paludosa (W Smith) Reimer was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy and the morphological characters were compared with new specimens sampled from a temperate river in South Africa. The wider distribution of this taxon on the African continent is discussed, and its relationship to water quality variables.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Richoux, Nicole B , Taylor, J C , Dalu, Tatenda , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69179 , vital:29440 , https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2015.002
- Description: The current study aims to enhance the understanding of the distribution and morphology of the diatom Entomoneis paludosa W Smith 1853 in African waters. The type material of Entomoneis paludosa (W Smith) Reimer was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy and the morphological characters were compared with new specimens sampled from a temperate river in South Africa. The wider distribution of this taxon on the African continent is discussed, and its relationship to water quality variables.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
An assessment of chlorophyll-a concentration spatio-temporal variation using Landsat satellite data, in a small tropical reservoir
- Dalu, Tatenda, Dube, Timothy, Froneman, P William, Sachikonye, Mwazvita T B, Clegg, Bruce W, Nhiwatiwa, Tamuka
- Authors: Dalu, Tatenda , Dube, Timothy , Froneman, P William , Sachikonye, Mwazvita T B , Clegg, Bruce W , Nhiwatiwa, Tamuka
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68042 , vital:29189 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2015.1027292
- Description: Publisher version , Traditional approaches to monitoring aquatic systems are often limited by the need for data collection which often is time-consuming, expensive and non-continuous. The aim of the study was to map the spatio-temporal chlorophyll-a concentration changes in Malilangwe Reservoir, Zimbabwe as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass and trophic state when the reservoir was full (year 2000) and at its lowest capacity (year 2011), using readily available Landsat multispectral images. Medium-spatial resolution (30 m) Landsat multispectral Thematic Mapper TM 5 and ETM+ images for May to December 1999–2000 and 2010–2011 were used to derive chlorophyll-a concentrations. In situ measured chlorophyll-a and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations for 2011 were employed to validate the Landsat chlorophyll-a and TSS estimates. The study results indicate that Landsat-derived chlorophyll-a and TSS estimates were comparable with field measurements. There was a considerable wet vs. dry season differences in total chlorophyll-a concentration, Secchi disc depth, TSS and turbidity within the reservoir. Using Permutational multivariate analyses of variance (PERMANOVA) analysis, there were significant differences (p < 0.0001) for chlorophyll-a concentration among sites, months and years whereas TSS was significant during the study months (p < 0.05). A strong positive significant correlation among both predicted TSS vs. chlorophyll-a and measured vs. predicted chlorophyll-a and TSS concentrations as well as an inverse relationship between reservoir chlorophyll-a concentrations and water level were found (p < 0.001 in all cases). In conclusion, total chlorophyll-a concentration in Malilangwe Reservoir was successfully derived from Landsat remote sensing data suggesting that the Landsat sensor is suitable for real-time monitoring over relatively short timescales and for small reservoirs. Satellite data can allow for surveying of chlorophyll-a concentration in aquatic ecosystems, thus, providing invaluable data in data scarce (limited on site ground measurements) environments.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Dalu, Tatenda , Dube, Timothy , Froneman, P William , Sachikonye, Mwazvita T B , Clegg, Bruce W , Nhiwatiwa, Tamuka
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68042 , vital:29189 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2015.1027292
- Description: Publisher version , Traditional approaches to monitoring aquatic systems are often limited by the need for data collection which often is time-consuming, expensive and non-continuous. The aim of the study was to map the spatio-temporal chlorophyll-a concentration changes in Malilangwe Reservoir, Zimbabwe as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass and trophic state when the reservoir was full (year 2000) and at its lowest capacity (year 2011), using readily available Landsat multispectral images. Medium-spatial resolution (30 m) Landsat multispectral Thematic Mapper TM 5 and ETM+ images for May to December 1999–2000 and 2010–2011 were used to derive chlorophyll-a concentrations. In situ measured chlorophyll-a and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations for 2011 were employed to validate the Landsat chlorophyll-a and TSS estimates. The study results indicate that Landsat-derived chlorophyll-a and TSS estimates were comparable with field measurements. There was a considerable wet vs. dry season differences in total chlorophyll-a concentration, Secchi disc depth, TSS and turbidity within the reservoir. Using Permutational multivariate analyses of variance (PERMANOVA) analysis, there were significant differences (p < 0.0001) for chlorophyll-a concentration among sites, months and years whereas TSS was significant during the study months (p < 0.05). A strong positive significant correlation among both predicted TSS vs. chlorophyll-a and measured vs. predicted chlorophyll-a and TSS concentrations as well as an inverse relationship between reservoir chlorophyll-a concentrations and water level were found (p < 0.001 in all cases). In conclusion, total chlorophyll-a concentration in Malilangwe Reservoir was successfully derived from Landsat remote sensing data suggesting that the Landsat sensor is suitable for real-time monitoring over relatively short timescales and for small reservoirs. Satellite data can allow for surveying of chlorophyll-a concentration in aquatic ecosystems, thus, providing invaluable data in data scarce (limited on site ground measurements) environments.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
An Assessment of the Effect of Rotenone on Selected Non-Target Aquatic Fauna
- Dalu, Tatenda, Wasserman, Ryan J, Jordaan, Martine, Froneman, P William, Weyl, Olaf L F
- Authors: Dalu, Tatenda , Wasserman, Ryan J , Jordaan, Martine , Froneman, P William , Weyl, Olaf L F
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124240 , vital:35579 , https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142140.g001
- Description: Rotenone, a naturally occurring ketone, is widely employed for the management of invasive fish species. The use of rotenone poses serious challenges to conservation practitioners due to its impacts on non-target organisms including amphibians and macroinvertebrates. Using laboratory studies, we investigated the effects of different rotenone concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50, 100 μg L-1) on selected invertebrate groups; Aeshnidae, Belostomatids, Decapods, Ephemeroptera, Pulmonata and zooplankton over a period of 18 hours. Based on field observations and body size, we hypothesized that Ephemeropterans and zooplank- ton would be more susceptible to rote none than Decapods, Belostomatids and snails. Experimental results supported this hypothesis and mortality and behaviour effects varied considerably between taxa, ranging from no effect (crab Potamonuates sidneyi) to 100% mortality (Daphnia pulex and Paradiaptomus lamellatus). Planktonic invertebrates were par- ticularly sensitive to rotenone even at very low concentrations. Future research should investigate the recovery time of invertebrate communities after the application of rotenone and conduct field assessments assessing the longer term effects of rotenone exposure on the population dynamics of those less sensitive organisms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Dalu, Tatenda , Wasserman, Ryan J , Jordaan, Martine , Froneman, P William , Weyl, Olaf L F
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124240 , vital:35579 , https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142140.g001
- Description: Rotenone, a naturally occurring ketone, is widely employed for the management of invasive fish species. The use of rotenone poses serious challenges to conservation practitioners due to its impacts on non-target organisms including amphibians and macroinvertebrates. Using laboratory studies, we investigated the effects of different rotenone concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50, 100 μg L-1) on selected invertebrate groups; Aeshnidae, Belostomatids, Decapods, Ephemeroptera, Pulmonata and zooplankton over a period of 18 hours. Based on field observations and body size, we hypothesized that Ephemeropterans and zooplank- ton would be more susceptible to rote none than Decapods, Belostomatids and snails. Experimental results supported this hypothesis and mortality and behaviour effects varied considerably between taxa, ranging from no effect (crab Potamonuates sidneyi) to 100% mortality (Daphnia pulex and Paradiaptomus lamellatus). Planktonic invertebrates were par- ticularly sensitive to rotenone even at very low concentrations. Future research should investigate the recovery time of invertebrate communities after the application of rotenone and conduct field assessments assessing the longer term effects of rotenone exposure on the population dynamics of those less sensitive organisms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Assessment of the spatial and temporal variations in periphyton communities along a small temperate river system: A multimetric and stable isotope analysis approach
- Dalu, Tatenda, Bere, Taurai, Richoux, Nicole B, Froneman, P William
- Authors: Dalu, Tatenda , Bere, Taurai , Richoux, Nicole B , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124249 , vital:35580 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.05.028
- Description: Periphyton community structure and stable isotope values have been identified as potential indicators of anthropogenic nitrogen pollution, an increasingly important challenge in aquatic systems. The aim of the study was to assess the spatio-temporal changes in periphyton characteristics to identify potential anthropogenic nitrogen pollution sources such as agricultural and sewage discharge within the Kowie River catchment, South Africa. Periphyton was collected once a season from five sites between September 2012 and May 2013. Diversity indices, multimetric and stable isotope analyses were employed for describing the spatial and temporal dynamics of periphyton community assemblages. Water depth, salinity, resistivity, oxygen reduction potential, nitrates, water velocity and conductivity were the major factors affecting periphyton community structure. Eighty-seven periphyton taxa belonging to 43 genera were recorded throughout the study sites and periods. Periphyton species richness, abundance and stable isotope signatures differed significantly among sites but not among seasons. The lower sections of the Kowie River were polluted by anthropogenic sources as indicated by the high periphytic isotopic nitrogen values (7.9–15.2‰) compared to the pristine upstream sites (4–8‰). We recommend that researchers use a combination of community structure and stable isotope measurements to monitor the periphyton in lotic systems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Dalu, Tatenda , Bere, Taurai , Richoux, Nicole B , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124249 , vital:35580 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.05.028
- Description: Periphyton community structure and stable isotope values have been identified as potential indicators of anthropogenic nitrogen pollution, an increasingly important challenge in aquatic systems. The aim of the study was to assess the spatio-temporal changes in periphyton characteristics to identify potential anthropogenic nitrogen pollution sources such as agricultural and sewage discharge within the Kowie River catchment, South Africa. Periphyton was collected once a season from five sites between September 2012 and May 2013. Diversity indices, multimetric and stable isotope analyses were employed for describing the spatial and temporal dynamics of periphyton community assemblages. Water depth, salinity, resistivity, oxygen reduction potential, nitrates, water velocity and conductivity were the major factors affecting periphyton community structure. Eighty-seven periphyton taxa belonging to 43 genera were recorded throughout the study sites and periods. Periphyton species richness, abundance and stable isotope signatures differed significantly among sites but not among seasons. The lower sections of the Kowie River were polluted by anthropogenic sources as indicated by the high periphytic isotopic nitrogen values (7.9–15.2‰) compared to the pristine upstream sites (4–8‰). We recommend that researchers use a combination of community structure and stable isotope measurements to monitor the periphyton in lotic systems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Connectivity through allochthony: Reciprocal links between adjacent aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in South Africa
- Richoux, Nicole B, Moyo, Sydney, Chari, Lenin D, Bergamino, Leandro, Carassou, Laure, Dalu, Tatenda, Hean, Jeffrey W, Sikutshwa, Likho, Gininda, Simphiwe, Magoro, Mandla L, Perhar, Gurbir, Ni, Felicity, Villet, Martin H, Whitfield, Alan K, Parker, Daniel M, Froneman, P William, Arhonditsis, George, Craig, Adrian J F K
- Authors: Richoux, Nicole B , Moyo, Sydney , Chari, Lenin D , Bergamino, Leandro , Carassou, Laure , Dalu, Tatenda , Hean, Jeffrey W , Sikutshwa, Likho , Gininda, Simphiwe , Magoro, Mandla L , Perhar, Gurbir , Ni, Felicity , Villet, Martin H , Whitfield, Alan K , Parker, Daniel M , Froneman, P William , Arhonditsis, George , Craig, Adrian J F K
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/438363 , vital:73454 , ISBN 978-1-4312-0679-7 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2186-1-15.pdf
- Description: An important aspect of the dynamics of nutrients and pollutants in natural systems is captured in the concept of allochthony, founded on the observation that nutrients and energy in a variety of forms are transferred between adjacent habitats, com-munities and ecosystems that are not routinely considered as connected. Different forms of nutrients and energy move across the conceptual boundaries of habitats via organisms’ activities or physical processes such as wind or water currents, and these transfers can represent important food subsidies. Such cross-partition ecolog-ical subsidies can augment the nutritional condition, biomass and biodiversity of communities, particularly where local production (or autochthony) alone may be inadequate to support local food webs. Furthermore, organic subsidies can influ-ence population dynamics, community interactions and ecosystem processes, and can represent dominant flux inputs in ecosystem budgets. Our intention was to ex-plore organic nutrient fluxes in relation to a primarily lotic (i.e. flowing) aquatic sys-tem at the scale of a hydrological catchment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Richoux, Nicole B , Moyo, Sydney , Chari, Lenin D , Bergamino, Leandro , Carassou, Laure , Dalu, Tatenda , Hean, Jeffrey W , Sikutshwa, Likho , Gininda, Simphiwe , Magoro, Mandla L , Perhar, Gurbir , Ni, Felicity , Villet, Martin H , Whitfield, Alan K , Parker, Daniel M , Froneman, P William , Arhonditsis, George , Craig, Adrian J F K
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/438363 , vital:73454 , ISBN 978-1-4312-0679-7 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2186-1-15.pdf
- Description: An important aspect of the dynamics of nutrients and pollutants in natural systems is captured in the concept of allochthony, founded on the observation that nutrients and energy in a variety of forms are transferred between adjacent habitats, com-munities and ecosystems that are not routinely considered as connected. Different forms of nutrients and energy move across the conceptual boundaries of habitats via organisms’ activities or physical processes such as wind or water currents, and these transfers can represent important food subsidies. Such cross-partition ecolog-ical subsidies can augment the nutritional condition, biomass and biodiversity of communities, particularly where local production (or autochthony) alone may be inadequate to support local food webs. Furthermore, organic subsidies can influ-ence population dynamics, community interactions and ecosystem processes, and can represent dominant flux inputs in ecosystem budgets. Our intention was to ex-plore organic nutrient fluxes in relation to a primarily lotic (i.e. flowing) aquatic sys-tem at the scale of a hydrological catchment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Fish predation regimes modify benthic diatom community structures: experimental evidence from an in situ mesocosm study
- Wasserman, Ryan J, Vink, Tim J F, Dalu, Tatenda, Froneman, P William
- Authors: Wasserman, Ryan J , Vink, Tim J F , Dalu, Tatenda , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68052 , vital:29190 , https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12255
- Description: Publisher version , Diatoms are important primary producers in shallow water environments. Few studies have assessed the importance of biological interactions in structuring these communities. In the present study, benthic diatom community structure in relation to manipulated food webs was assessed using in situ mesocosms, whereby predator-free environments and environments comprising two different fish species were assessed. Zooplankton abundance, settled algal biomass and the diatom community were monitored over a 12‐day period across each of the three trophic scenarios. Differences among treatments over time were observed in zooplankton abundances, particularly copepods. Similarly, the benthic diatom community structure changed significantly over time across the three trophic treatments. However, no differences in total algal biomass were found among treatments. This was likely the result of non‐diatom phytoplankton contributions. We propose that the benthic diatom community structure within the mesocosms was influenced by trophic cascades and potentially through direct consumption by the fish. The study highlights that not only are organisms at the base of the food web affected by predators at the top of the food web, but that predator identity is potentially an important consideration for predator–prey interaction outcomes with consequences for multiple trophic levels.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Wasserman, Ryan J , Vink, Tim J F , Dalu, Tatenda , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68052 , vital:29190 , https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12255
- Description: Publisher version , Diatoms are important primary producers in shallow water environments. Few studies have assessed the importance of biological interactions in structuring these communities. In the present study, benthic diatom community structure in relation to manipulated food webs was assessed using in situ mesocosms, whereby predator-free environments and environments comprising two different fish species were assessed. Zooplankton abundance, settled algal biomass and the diatom community were monitored over a 12‐day period across each of the three trophic scenarios. Differences among treatments over time were observed in zooplankton abundances, particularly copepods. Similarly, the benthic diatom community structure changed significantly over time across the three trophic treatments. However, no differences in total algal biomass were found among treatments. This was likely the result of non‐diatom phytoplankton contributions. We propose that the benthic diatom community structure within the mesocosms was influenced by trophic cascades and potentially through direct consumption by the fish. The study highlights that not only are organisms at the base of the food web affected by predators at the top of the food web, but that predator identity is potentially an important consideration for predator–prey interaction outcomes with consequences for multiple trophic levels.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
Influence of mouth status on population structure of southern African endemic estuarine-spawning ichthyofauna in a temperate, temporarily open/closed estuary
- Tweddle, Gavin P, Froneman, P William
- Authors: Tweddle, Gavin P , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68071 , vital:29195 , https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2015.1051940
- Description: Publisher version , The effect of mouth status on the population structure of three endemic estuarine-spawning fish species was assessed using seine nets from November 2005 to October 2007 in the temporarily open/closed Mpekweni Estuary, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Collectively, these three species accounted for more than 60% of the total fish abundance within the estuary. Monthly length frequency data were analysed. Two species, Gilchristella aestuaria and Glossogobius callidus, displayed normally distributed populations throughout, with recruitment/abundance peaks between spring and autumn, and were unaffected by open mouth and extended marine connection conditions. Atherina breviceps, however, displayed multiple modal peaks in its combined population distribution, suggesting a greater influence of mouth condition on its population structure. Retrospective analyses of the various cohorts for A. breviceps identified peaks in recruitment/abundance during summer, coinciding with open-mouth conditions and, to a lesser extent, with overwash events. This study highlights the importance of mouth phase, not only on the recruitment and population distribution of marine-spawning species, but also on estuarine-spawning fish in temporarily open/closed estuaries along the South African coastline.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Tweddle, Gavin P , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68071 , vital:29195 , https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2015.1051940
- Description: Publisher version , The effect of mouth status on the population structure of three endemic estuarine-spawning fish species was assessed using seine nets from November 2005 to October 2007 in the temporarily open/closed Mpekweni Estuary, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Collectively, these three species accounted for more than 60% of the total fish abundance within the estuary. Monthly length frequency data were analysed. Two species, Gilchristella aestuaria and Glossogobius callidus, displayed normally distributed populations throughout, with recruitment/abundance peaks between spring and autumn, and were unaffected by open mouth and extended marine connection conditions. Atherina breviceps, however, displayed multiple modal peaks in its combined population distribution, suggesting a greater influence of mouth condition on its population structure. Retrospective analyses of the various cohorts for A. breviceps identified peaks in recruitment/abundance during summer, coinciding with open-mouth conditions and, to a lesser extent, with overwash events. This study highlights the importance of mouth phase, not only on the recruitment and population distribution of marine-spawning species, but also on estuarine-spawning fish in temporarily open/closed estuaries along the South African coastline.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
Preliminary evidence for the organisation of a bacterial community by zooplanktivores at the top of an estuarine planktonic food web
- Wasserman, Ryan J, Matcher, Gwynneth F, Vink, Tim J F, Froneman, P William
- Authors: Wasserman, Ryan J , Matcher, Gwynneth F , Vink, Tim J F , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68237 , vital:29222 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-014-0505-3
- Description: Publisher version , As part of a larger investigation, the effect of apex predation on estuarine bacterial community structure, through trophic cascading, was investigated using experimental in situ mesocosms. Through either the removal (filtration) or addition of specific size classes of planktonic groups, four different trophic scenarios were established using estuarine water and its associated plankton. One such treatment represented a “natural” scenario in which stable apex predatory pressure was qualified. Water samples were collected over time from each of the treatments for bacterial community evaluation. These samples were assessed through pyrosequencing of the variable regions 4 and 5 of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and analysed at the species operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level using a community procedure. The blue-green group dominated the samples, followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Samples were the most similar among treatments at the commencement of the experiment. While the bacterial communities sampled within each treatment changed over time, the deviation from initial appeared to be linked to the treatment trophic scenarios. The least temporal deviation-from-initial in bacterial community was found within the stable apex predatory pressure treatment. These findings are consistent with trophic cascade theory, whereby predators mediate interactions at multiple lower trophic levels with consequent repercussions for diversity.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Wasserman, Ryan J , Matcher, Gwynneth F , Vink, Tim J F , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68237 , vital:29222 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-014-0505-3
- Description: Publisher version , As part of a larger investigation, the effect of apex predation on estuarine bacterial community structure, through trophic cascading, was investigated using experimental in situ mesocosms. Through either the removal (filtration) or addition of specific size classes of planktonic groups, four different trophic scenarios were established using estuarine water and its associated plankton. One such treatment represented a “natural” scenario in which stable apex predatory pressure was qualified. Water samples were collected over time from each of the treatments for bacterial community evaluation. These samples were assessed through pyrosequencing of the variable regions 4 and 5 of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and analysed at the species operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level using a community procedure. The blue-green group dominated the samples, followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Samples were the most similar among treatments at the commencement of the experiment. While the bacterial communities sampled within each treatment changed over time, the deviation from initial appeared to be linked to the treatment trophic scenarios. The least temporal deviation-from-initial in bacterial community was found within the stable apex predatory pressure treatment. These findings are consistent with trophic cascade theory, whereby predators mediate interactions at multiple lower trophic levels with consequent repercussions for diversity.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
Spawning and nest guarding of the river goby (Glossogobius callidus) from the Eastern Cape province of South Africa
- Wasserman, Ryan J, Vink, Tim J F, Woodford, Darragh J, Froneman, P William
- Authors: Wasserman, Ryan J , Vink, Tim J F , Woodford, Darragh J , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68144 , vital:29203 , https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12228
- Description: Publisher version , Introduction: The River goby, Glossogobius callidus (Smith 1937), occurs naturally in rivers and the upper reaches of estuaries along the eastern seaboard of southern Africa (Whitfield, 1998; James et al., 2007; Wasserman, Strydom & Wooldridge, 2010). This fish species is among the most abundant of fishes in many river systems of the region and is considered an important predator in these habitats, feeding on invertebrates and small fish (Whitfield, 1998; Strydom & Neira, 2006; Wasserman, 2012; Wasserman et al., 2014). Despite this, ecological information on this goby is sparse and to date, no published records on the biology of the species exist. The urgent need for such information was recently highlighted in a study that identified G. callidus as a potentially invasive species, given its ability to rapidly establish in novel environments (Woodford et al., 2013). The present study therefore endeavoured to determine the reproductive guild to which G. callidus belong and describe aspects of their spawning. This was performed by closely observing wild caught, mature G. callidus in aquaria over a 25-day period.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Wasserman, Ryan J , Vink, Tim J F , Woodford, Darragh J , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68144 , vital:29203 , https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12228
- Description: Publisher version , Introduction: The River goby, Glossogobius callidus (Smith 1937), occurs naturally in rivers and the upper reaches of estuaries along the eastern seaboard of southern Africa (Whitfield, 1998; James et al., 2007; Wasserman, Strydom & Wooldridge, 2010). This fish species is among the most abundant of fishes in many river systems of the region and is considered an important predator in these habitats, feeding on invertebrates and small fish (Whitfield, 1998; Strydom & Neira, 2006; Wasserman, 2012; Wasserman et al., 2014). Despite this, ecological information on this goby is sparse and to date, no published records on the biology of the species exist. The urgent need for such information was recently highlighted in a study that identified G. callidus as a potentially invasive species, given its ability to rapidly establish in novel environments (Woodford et al., 2013). The present study therefore endeavoured to determine the reproductive guild to which G. callidus belong and describe aspects of their spawning. This was performed by closely observing wild caught, mature G. callidus in aquaria over a 25-day period.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
The natural history and conservation of Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphins (Sousa plumbea) in South African waters
- Plön, Stephanie, Cockcroft, Victor G, Froneman, P William
- Authors: Plön, Stephanie , Cockcroft, Victor G , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68207 , vital:29219 , https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2015.08.005
- Description: Publisher version , Although most knowledge on the biology of Sousa plumbea has primarily come from South African waters, a number of research gaps remain on the natural history and status of the species in the region. Research on two populations in South African waters for which some historical data exist may aid in highlighting long-term changes in the biology and natural history of this little known coastal delphinid. Recent studies on the age, growth and reproduction of animals incidentally caught in shark nets in Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, yielded a lower maximum age estimate of 24 (previously 46) growth-layer-groups (GLGs), sexual maturity of 7.5 and 8 GLGs in males and females (previously 12–13 and 10 GLGs, respectively), an ovulation rate of 0.2 and a 5-year calving interval (previously 0.3 and 3-year calving interval) than previously reported. These differences may be due to a difference in the interpretation of GLGs between observers or a predominance of young males being caught in the shark nets. Stomach content analysis revealed a change in the relative proportions of the main prey items over the past 25 years, but no difference in species richness or diversity was found between the sexes. No change in trophic level was recorded between 1972 and 2009. Field studies in Algoa Bay, Eastern Cape, conducted 16 years apart indicated a decline in the mean group size (from 7 to 3 animals), a decline in the maximum group size (from 24 to 13 animals), an increase in solitary individuals (15.4–36%), and a change in behaviour from predominantly foraging (64–18%) to mainly travelling (24–49%). The observed changes are suggestive of a change in food availability, resulting in a range shift or a potential decline in numbers. These studies indicate the importance of long-term studies to monitor population changes and their possible causes. A number of threats, such as shark nets, pollution (noise and chemical), and coastal development and disturbance, to the humpback dolphin populations in South Africa have been identified. Urgent action is required to ensure continued existence of the species in South African waters.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Plön, Stephanie , Cockcroft, Victor G , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68207 , vital:29219 , https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2015.08.005
- Description: Publisher version , Although most knowledge on the biology of Sousa plumbea has primarily come from South African waters, a number of research gaps remain on the natural history and status of the species in the region. Research on two populations in South African waters for which some historical data exist may aid in highlighting long-term changes in the biology and natural history of this little known coastal delphinid. Recent studies on the age, growth and reproduction of animals incidentally caught in shark nets in Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, yielded a lower maximum age estimate of 24 (previously 46) growth-layer-groups (GLGs), sexual maturity of 7.5 and 8 GLGs in males and females (previously 12–13 and 10 GLGs, respectively), an ovulation rate of 0.2 and a 5-year calving interval (previously 0.3 and 3-year calving interval) than previously reported. These differences may be due to a difference in the interpretation of GLGs between observers or a predominance of young males being caught in the shark nets. Stomach content analysis revealed a change in the relative proportions of the main prey items over the past 25 years, but no difference in species richness or diversity was found between the sexes. No change in trophic level was recorded between 1972 and 2009. Field studies in Algoa Bay, Eastern Cape, conducted 16 years apart indicated a decline in the mean group size (from 7 to 3 animals), a decline in the maximum group size (from 24 to 13 animals), an increase in solitary individuals (15.4–36%), and a change in behaviour from predominantly foraging (64–18%) to mainly travelling (24–49%). The observed changes are suggestive of a change in food availability, resulting in a range shift or a potential decline in numbers. These studies indicate the importance of long-term studies to monitor population changes and their possible causes. A number of threats, such as shark nets, pollution (noise and chemical), and coastal development and disturbance, to the humpback dolphin populations in South Africa have been identified. Urgent action is required to ensure continued existence of the species in South African waters.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2015
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