BODIPY and porphyrin dyes for direct glucose sensing and optical limiting applications
- Authors: Ndebele, Nobuhle
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Boron compounds , Boric acid , Porphyrins , Dyes and dying -- Chemistry
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/97221 , vital:31412
- Description: A series of BODIPY dyes functionalised with boronic acid in the 3,5-positions were successfully synthesised and characterised by using various analytical techniques. The dyes were prepared through a slight modification of the conventional acid catalysed condensation method. Phenylboronic acid moieties were added as styryl groups at the 3,5-positions of the 1,3,5,7-tetrametylBODIPY cores using a modified Knoevengal condensation method. The addition of the styryls resulted in the main absorption band of the dyes red-shifting to the 630−650 nm region. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these dyes were studied to determine whether the dyes are suitable for use in the fluorescent, colourimetric and electrochemical detection of glucose. Boronic acid moieties were added as bioreceptor recognition elements because they have an affinity for carbohydrates and therefore would be able to bind and “detect” glucose. The series of BODIPY dyes did not show a “turn-on” fluorescence effect upon addition with glucose at the physiological pH. This was attributed on the basis of molecular modelling to the absence of an MO localised on the boronic-acid-substituted styryl moieties that lie close in energy to the HOMO and LUMO that facilitates the formation of an intramolecular charge transfer state. However, colourimetric changes that are visible to the naked eye are observed at basic pH when glucose was added to the dye solutions. The dyes exhibited favourable electrochemical behaviour and were able to detect glucose directly in this context when glassy carbon electrodes are modified through the drop dry method. A series of Sn(IV) porphyrins with thienyl and phenyl groups at the meso-positions were successfully synthesised and characterised. Pyridine and tetrabutyl axial ligands were added to the porphyrins to limit aggregation. The optical limiting properties of these porphyrins and three styrylated BODIPY dyes were studied in benzene and dichloromethane. Dyes were also embedded in polystyrene and studied as thin films to further gauge their suitability for use in optical limiting applications. Second-order hyperpolarizability, third-order susceptibly, non-linear absorption with reversible saturable absorption and the optical limiting threshold, were the parameters studied. Three of the four porphyrins and the three styrylated BODIPY dyes showed favourable optical limiting behaviour, which was further enhanced when the dyes are embedded in polymer thin films.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ndebele, Nobuhle
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Boron compounds , Boric acid , Porphyrins , Dyes and dying -- Chemistry
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/97221 , vital:31412
- Description: A series of BODIPY dyes functionalised with boronic acid in the 3,5-positions were successfully synthesised and characterised by using various analytical techniques. The dyes were prepared through a slight modification of the conventional acid catalysed condensation method. Phenylboronic acid moieties were added as styryl groups at the 3,5-positions of the 1,3,5,7-tetrametylBODIPY cores using a modified Knoevengal condensation method. The addition of the styryls resulted in the main absorption band of the dyes red-shifting to the 630−650 nm region. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these dyes were studied to determine whether the dyes are suitable for use in the fluorescent, colourimetric and electrochemical detection of glucose. Boronic acid moieties were added as bioreceptor recognition elements because they have an affinity for carbohydrates and therefore would be able to bind and “detect” glucose. The series of BODIPY dyes did not show a “turn-on” fluorescence effect upon addition with glucose at the physiological pH. This was attributed on the basis of molecular modelling to the absence of an MO localised on the boronic-acid-substituted styryl moieties that lie close in energy to the HOMO and LUMO that facilitates the formation of an intramolecular charge transfer state. However, colourimetric changes that are visible to the naked eye are observed at basic pH when glucose was added to the dye solutions. The dyes exhibited favourable electrochemical behaviour and were able to detect glucose directly in this context when glassy carbon electrodes are modified through the drop dry method. A series of Sn(IV) porphyrins with thienyl and phenyl groups at the meso-positions were successfully synthesised and characterised. Pyridine and tetrabutyl axial ligands were added to the porphyrins to limit aggregation. The optical limiting properties of these porphyrins and three styrylated BODIPY dyes were studied in benzene and dichloromethane. Dyes were also embedded in polystyrene and studied as thin films to further gauge their suitability for use in optical limiting applications. Second-order hyperpolarizability, third-order susceptibly, non-linear absorption with reversible saturable absorption and the optical limiting threshold, were the parameters studied. Three of the four porphyrins and the three styrylated BODIPY dyes showed favourable optical limiting behaviour, which was further enhanced when the dyes are embedded in polymer thin films.
- Full Text:
Effect of substituents on the photophysical properties and nonlinear optical properties of asymmetrical zinc(II) phthalocyanine when conjugated to semiconductor quantum dots
- Authors: Mgidlana, Sithi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Nonlinear optics , Quantum dots , Phthalocyanines , Zinc
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/97152 , vital:31404
- Description: Various characterization techniques have been used to characterize the synthesized asymmetrical zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc) derivatives. Techniques include Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry (MALD-TOF MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), elemental analysis and Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR). The complexes are covalently linked to core/shell and core/shell/shell semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs) via amide bond formation. Photophysical properties of complexes improved in the presence of semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs). SQDs contain cadmium/telluride (CdTe) as core, coated in the first shell with zinc selenide (ZnSe) or zinc sulfide (ZnS) and with zinc oxide (ZnO) in second shell. The photophysical properties of the phthalocyanine (Pc) complexes and their conjugates with SQDs are investigated in solution. Triplet quantum yields of complexes improved in the presence of semiconductor quantum dots. The optical limiting behaviour of the Pc complexes and conjugates are assessed using the open aperture Z–scan technique at laser excitation wavelength of 532 nm with 10 ns pulse. Pcs complexes showed good nonlinear optical response with higher nonlinear absorption coefficient. The conjugates afforded higher nonlinear absorption coefficient than Pc complexes alone.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mgidlana, Sithi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Nonlinear optics , Quantum dots , Phthalocyanines , Zinc
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/97152 , vital:31404
- Description: Various characterization techniques have been used to characterize the synthesized asymmetrical zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc) derivatives. Techniques include Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry (MALD-TOF MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), elemental analysis and Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR). The complexes are covalently linked to core/shell and core/shell/shell semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs) via amide bond formation. Photophysical properties of complexes improved in the presence of semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs). SQDs contain cadmium/telluride (CdTe) as core, coated in the first shell with zinc selenide (ZnSe) or zinc sulfide (ZnS) and with zinc oxide (ZnO) in second shell. The photophysical properties of the phthalocyanine (Pc) complexes and their conjugates with SQDs are investigated in solution. Triplet quantum yields of complexes improved in the presence of semiconductor quantum dots. The optical limiting behaviour of the Pc complexes and conjugates are assessed using the open aperture Z–scan technique at laser excitation wavelength of 532 nm with 10 ns pulse. Pcs complexes showed good nonlinear optical response with higher nonlinear absorption coefficient. The conjugates afforded higher nonlinear absorption coefficient than Pc complexes alone.
- Full Text:
Nonlinear optical responses of targeted phthalocyanines when conjugated with nanomaterials or fabricated into polymer thin films
- Authors: Nwaji, Njemuwa Njoku
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Electrochemistry , Phthalocyanines , Nanoparticles , Bioconjugates , Thin films , Polymers , Nonlinear optics , Nonlinear optical spectroscopy , Nanostructured materials , Raman effect
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71625 , vital:29926
- Description: A number of zinc, gallium and indium metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) with diverse substituents have been synthesized and characterized using various characterization tools such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, Fourier-transformed infra-red (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-visible (Uv-vis) spectrophotometry, magnetic circular dichroism and CHNS elemental analysis. The time dependent density functional theory was employed to probe the origin of spectroscopic information in these complexes. Complexes with gallium and indium as central metal showed higher triplet quantum yield compared to the zinc derivatives. Some of the MPcs were covalently linked to nanomaterials such as CdTe, CdTeSe, CdTeSe/ZnO, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as well as metallic gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles. Others were either surface assembled onto AuNPs and AgNPs or embedded into polystyrene as polymer source. The phthalocyanine-nanomaterial composites (Pc-NMCs) were characterized with FT-IR, UV-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The thickness of the thin films was determined by utilization of the knife edge attachment of the A Bruker D8 Discover X-ray diffraction. The optical limiting properties (using the open-aperture Z-scan technique) of the MPcs and the Pc-NMCs were investigated. The investigated MPcs complexes generally showed good optical limiting properties. The nonlinear optical response of the MPcs were improved in the presence of nanomaterials such as the semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as well as metallic AuNPs and AgNPs with MPc-QDs showing the best optical limiting behavior. The optical limiting properties of the MPcs were greatly enhanced in the presence of polymer thin films.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nwaji, Njemuwa Njoku
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Electrochemistry , Phthalocyanines , Nanoparticles , Bioconjugates , Thin films , Polymers , Nonlinear optics , Nonlinear optical spectroscopy , Nanostructured materials , Raman effect
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71625 , vital:29926
- Description: A number of zinc, gallium and indium metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) with diverse substituents have been synthesized and characterized using various characterization tools such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, Fourier-transformed infra-red (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-visible (Uv-vis) spectrophotometry, magnetic circular dichroism and CHNS elemental analysis. The time dependent density functional theory was employed to probe the origin of spectroscopic information in these complexes. Complexes with gallium and indium as central metal showed higher triplet quantum yield compared to the zinc derivatives. Some of the MPcs were covalently linked to nanomaterials such as CdTe, CdTeSe, CdTeSe/ZnO, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as well as metallic gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles. Others were either surface assembled onto AuNPs and AgNPs or embedded into polystyrene as polymer source. The phthalocyanine-nanomaterial composites (Pc-NMCs) were characterized with FT-IR, UV-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The thickness of the thin films was determined by utilization of the knife edge attachment of the A Bruker D8 Discover X-ray diffraction. The optical limiting properties (using the open-aperture Z-scan technique) of the MPcs and the Pc-NMCs were investigated. The investigated MPcs complexes generally showed good optical limiting properties. The nonlinear optical response of the MPcs were improved in the presence of nanomaterials such as the semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as well as metallic AuNPs and AgNPs with MPc-QDs showing the best optical limiting behavior. The optical limiting properties of the MPcs were greatly enhanced in the presence of polymer thin films.
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Photocatalytic treatment of organic and inorganic water pollutants using zinc phthalocyanine-cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticle conjugates
- Authors: Mapukata, Sivuyisiwe
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Cobalt ferrite , Zinc , Nanoparticles
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67603 , vital:29119
- Description: This work explores the synthesis and photophysicochemical properties of zinc phthalocyanines when conjugated to cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. Phthalocyanines with amine and carboxylic acid functional groups were synthesised so as to covalently link them via amide bonds to cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles with carboxylic acid and amine groups, respectively. Spectroscopic and microscopic studies confirmed the formation and purity of the phthalocyanine-cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticle conjugates which exhibited enhanced triplet and singlet quantum yields compared to the phthalocyanines alone. The studies showed that the presence of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles significantly lowered fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes. The conjugates not only showed much higher singlet oxygen quantum yields compared to the phthalocyanines alone but were also attractive because of their magnetic regeneration and hence reusability properties, making them appealing for photocatalytic applications. The photocatalytic ability of some of the phthalocyanines and their conjugates were then tested based on their photooxidation and photoreduction abilities on Methyl Orange and hexavalent chromium, respectively. For catalyst support, some of the zinc phthalocyanines, cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles and their respective conjugates were successfully incorporated into electrospun polystyrene and polyamide-6 fibers. Spectral characteristics of the functionalized electrospun fibers confirmed the incorporation of the photocatalysts and indicated that the phthalocyanines and their respective conjuagates remained intact with their integrity maintained within the polymeric fiber matrices. The photochemical properties of the complexes were equally maintained within the electrospun fibers hence they were applied in the photooxidation of azo dyes using Orange G and Methyl Orange as model organic compounds.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mapukata, Sivuyisiwe
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Cobalt ferrite , Zinc , Nanoparticles
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67603 , vital:29119
- Description: This work explores the synthesis and photophysicochemical properties of zinc phthalocyanines when conjugated to cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. Phthalocyanines with amine and carboxylic acid functional groups were synthesised so as to covalently link them via amide bonds to cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles with carboxylic acid and amine groups, respectively. Spectroscopic and microscopic studies confirmed the formation and purity of the phthalocyanine-cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticle conjugates which exhibited enhanced triplet and singlet quantum yields compared to the phthalocyanines alone. The studies showed that the presence of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles significantly lowered fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes. The conjugates not only showed much higher singlet oxygen quantum yields compared to the phthalocyanines alone but were also attractive because of their magnetic regeneration and hence reusability properties, making them appealing for photocatalytic applications. The photocatalytic ability of some of the phthalocyanines and their conjugates were then tested based on their photooxidation and photoreduction abilities on Methyl Orange and hexavalent chromium, respectively. For catalyst support, some of the zinc phthalocyanines, cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles and their respective conjugates were successfully incorporated into electrospun polystyrene and polyamide-6 fibers. Spectral characteristics of the functionalized electrospun fibers confirmed the incorporation of the photocatalysts and indicated that the phthalocyanines and their respective conjuagates remained intact with their integrity maintained within the polymeric fiber matrices. The photochemical properties of the complexes were equally maintained within the electrospun fibers hence they were applied in the photooxidation of azo dyes using Orange G and Methyl Orange as model organic compounds.
- Full Text:
Photophysical properties and photodynamic therapy activities of symmetrical and asymmetrical porphyrins embedded into Pluronic polymer micelles and nonlinear optical properties of an asymmetrical phthalocyanine
- Authors: Managa, Muthumuni Elizabeth
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Porphyrins , Phthalocyanines
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67625 , vital:29122
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis of symmetrical and asymmetrical novel porphyrins that have been incorporated into Pluronic polymers, as well as the synthesis of asymmetrical phthalocyanine. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), mass spectrometry and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The porphyrins that are synthesised were not water soluble but upon incorporating into Pluronic polymer micelles, they became water soluble. The polymer was also modified and linked to folic acid, to enhance selectivity for photodynamic therapy application, where MCF7 breast cancer cells were used. The singlet oxygen quantum yields were lower for the metal free porphyrins as compared to metalled ones due to the heavy atom effect of ClGa, Zn and Cl2Si in the latter which encourages intersystem crossing to the triplet state. Singlet oxygen quantum yields for water soluble derivatives increased upon being encapsulated into the micelles for all. The Stern-Volmer constant (Ksv), binding constant (Kb) and number of binding sites (n) were investigated in order to understand the interaction between the polymer micelles and the porphyrins, and it was showed that the central metals play a role in the manner which the porphyrin interacts with the micelles. The dark toxicity and photodynamic activity of the novel porphyrins upon encapsulating to Pluronic polymer micelles is also reported. There was minimal dark toxicity for all complexes with > 90% cell survival. The photodynamic activity of water insoluble porphyrins improved when encapsulated into the micelles. Novel asymmetrical phthalocyanines were also synthesised for nonlinear optics (NLO) studies in solution and thin films.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Managa, Muthumuni Elizabeth
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Porphyrins , Phthalocyanines
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67625 , vital:29122
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis of symmetrical and asymmetrical novel porphyrins that have been incorporated into Pluronic polymers, as well as the synthesis of asymmetrical phthalocyanine. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), mass spectrometry and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The porphyrins that are synthesised were not water soluble but upon incorporating into Pluronic polymer micelles, they became water soluble. The polymer was also modified and linked to folic acid, to enhance selectivity for photodynamic therapy application, where MCF7 breast cancer cells were used. The singlet oxygen quantum yields were lower for the metal free porphyrins as compared to metalled ones due to the heavy atom effect of ClGa, Zn and Cl2Si in the latter which encourages intersystem crossing to the triplet state. Singlet oxygen quantum yields for water soluble derivatives increased upon being encapsulated into the micelles for all. The Stern-Volmer constant (Ksv), binding constant (Kb) and number of binding sites (n) were investigated in order to understand the interaction between the polymer micelles and the porphyrins, and it was showed that the central metals play a role in the manner which the porphyrin interacts with the micelles. The dark toxicity and photodynamic activity of the novel porphyrins upon encapsulating to Pluronic polymer micelles is also reported. There was minimal dark toxicity for all complexes with > 90% cell survival. The photodynamic activity of water insoluble porphyrins improved when encapsulated into the micelles. Novel asymmetrical phthalocyanines were also synthesised for nonlinear optics (NLO) studies in solution and thin films.
- Full Text:
Photophysicochemical properties and surface-enhanced Raman scattering of phthalocyanine-nanoparticle conjugates
- Authors: Nwahara, Nnamdi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Boron compounds , Electrochemistry , Phthalocyanines , Nanoparticles , Bioconjugates , Raman effect
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71647 , vital:29928
- Description: This work presents the synthesis, photophysical and photochemical characterization of a series of metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) and boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) and their conjugates with either gold or silver nanoparticles (AuNPs or AgNPs) or graphene quantum dots (GQDs). The rich π-electron systems of GQDs and MPcs employed in this work enabled the coordination of MPcs to GQDs (either as pristine or modified) via the non-covalent (π-π stacking) method. GQDs, AuNPs and AgNPs were also functionalized with L-glutathione (GSH) in order to assist coupling to the Pcs or BODIPY dye. Spectroscopic and microscopic studies confirmed the formation of the respective nanoparticles (NPs) as well as the conjugates which exhibited enhanced photophysicochemical properties in comparison to the phthalocyanines (Pcs) or BODIPY alone. This work also shows that the incorporation of folic acid (FA) into Pcs-NPs composites leads to further enhancements in the singlet oxygen generation capabilities of the resulting conjugates, and so experimentally demonstrates for the first time, a synergy between FA and the respective nanoparticles (GQDs, AuNPs and AgNPs) in affecting the photophysical properties of Pcs complexes. GQDs and Pcs/GQDs hybrids were also herein decorated with AuNPs – metallic nanostructures that employ localized surface plasmon resonances to capture or radiate electromagnetic waves at optical frequencies. These nanostructures herein reported, have been shown to possess enhanced light-matter properties, enabling unique surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) behaviours, with unprecedented enhancement factors of up to 30-fold. This work therefore, reports on the fabrication of Pc/GQDs/AuNPs hybrids and experimentally demonstrates their incredible potential as novel Raman-active PDT agents.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nwahara, Nnamdi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Boron compounds , Electrochemistry , Phthalocyanines , Nanoparticles , Bioconjugates , Raman effect
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71647 , vital:29928
- Description: This work presents the synthesis, photophysical and photochemical characterization of a series of metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) and boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) and their conjugates with either gold or silver nanoparticles (AuNPs or AgNPs) or graphene quantum dots (GQDs). The rich π-electron systems of GQDs and MPcs employed in this work enabled the coordination of MPcs to GQDs (either as pristine or modified) via the non-covalent (π-π stacking) method. GQDs, AuNPs and AgNPs were also functionalized with L-glutathione (GSH) in order to assist coupling to the Pcs or BODIPY dye. Spectroscopic and microscopic studies confirmed the formation of the respective nanoparticles (NPs) as well as the conjugates which exhibited enhanced photophysicochemical properties in comparison to the phthalocyanines (Pcs) or BODIPY alone. This work also shows that the incorporation of folic acid (FA) into Pcs-NPs composites leads to further enhancements in the singlet oxygen generation capabilities of the resulting conjugates, and so experimentally demonstrates for the first time, a synergy between FA and the respective nanoparticles (GQDs, AuNPs and AgNPs) in affecting the photophysical properties of Pcs complexes. GQDs and Pcs/GQDs hybrids were also herein decorated with AuNPs – metallic nanostructures that employ localized surface plasmon resonances to capture or radiate electromagnetic waves at optical frequencies. These nanostructures herein reported, have been shown to possess enhanced light-matter properties, enabling unique surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) behaviours, with unprecedented enhancement factors of up to 30-fold. This work therefore, reports on the fabrication of Pc/GQDs/AuNPs hybrids and experimentally demonstrates their incredible potential as novel Raman-active PDT agents.
- Full Text:
Physicochemical properties and photodynamic therapy activities of indium and zinc phthalocyanine-nanoparticle conjugates
- Authors: Dube, Edith
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Indium , Zinc , Phthalocyanines , Breast -- Cancer -- Photochemotherapy , Nanoparticles
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76506 , vital:30589
- Description: The syntheses and characterization of symmetric and asymmetric Pcs functionalized at the peripheral position are reported. The Pcs contain either zinc or indium as central metals and have carboxyphenoxy, phenoxy propanoic acid, benzothiazole phenoxy, thiophine ethoxy or di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucopyranose as ring substituents. The Pcs were linked to NPs via an amide bond or through self-assembly. The photophysics and photochemistry of the Pcs were assessed when alone and with conjugates. All the studied Pcs showed good photophysicochemical behaviour with relatively high triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields corresponding to their low fluorescence quantum yield. The Pcs with indium in their central cavity exhibited higher triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields in comparison to their zinc counterparts due to the heavy–atom effect obtained from the former. Asymmetrical Pcs displayed higher triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields than their symmetrical counterparts. The triplet quantum yield, generally increased on linkage to nanoparticles (NPs) due to the heavy–atom effect of gold and silver in NPs. The conjugates to gold nanospheres yielded higher triplet and singlet quantum yields than their gold nanotriangles counterparts due to the higher loading by the former probably encouraged by their relatively small particle size. The in vitro dark cytotoxicity and photodynamic therapy of selected Pc complexes and conjugates against MCF-7 cells was tested. All studied Pc complexes and conjugates showed minimum dark toxicity making them applicable for PDT. All complexes displayed poor phototoxicity with >50Îll viability at concentrations≤ 160μg/mL, however the conjugates showed<50% cell viabilityatconcentrations≤ 160μg/mLprobably due to the enhanced singlet oxygen quantum yield. The findings from this work show the importance of linking photosensitises such as phthalocyanines to metal nanoparticles for the enhancement ofsinglet oxygen quantum yield and ultimately the photodynamic effect.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Dube, Edith
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Indium , Zinc , Phthalocyanines , Breast -- Cancer -- Photochemotherapy , Nanoparticles
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76506 , vital:30589
- Description: The syntheses and characterization of symmetric and asymmetric Pcs functionalized at the peripheral position are reported. The Pcs contain either zinc or indium as central metals and have carboxyphenoxy, phenoxy propanoic acid, benzothiazole phenoxy, thiophine ethoxy or di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucopyranose as ring substituents. The Pcs were linked to NPs via an amide bond or through self-assembly. The photophysics and photochemistry of the Pcs were assessed when alone and with conjugates. All the studied Pcs showed good photophysicochemical behaviour with relatively high triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields corresponding to their low fluorescence quantum yield. The Pcs with indium in their central cavity exhibited higher triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields in comparison to their zinc counterparts due to the heavy–atom effect obtained from the former. Asymmetrical Pcs displayed higher triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields than their symmetrical counterparts. The triplet quantum yield, generally increased on linkage to nanoparticles (NPs) due to the heavy–atom effect of gold and silver in NPs. The conjugates to gold nanospheres yielded higher triplet and singlet quantum yields than their gold nanotriangles counterparts due to the higher loading by the former probably encouraged by their relatively small particle size. The in vitro dark cytotoxicity and photodynamic therapy of selected Pc complexes and conjugates against MCF-7 cells was tested. All studied Pc complexes and conjugates showed minimum dark toxicity making them applicable for PDT. All complexes displayed poor phototoxicity with >50Îll viability at concentrations≤ 160μg/mL, however the conjugates showed<50% cell viabilityatconcentrations≤ 160μg/mLprobably due to the enhanced singlet oxygen quantum yield. The findings from this work show the importance of linking photosensitises such as phthalocyanines to metal nanoparticles for the enhancement ofsinglet oxygen quantum yield and ultimately the photodynamic effect.
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Substituent effects on the electrocatalytic activity of cobalt phthalocyanine in the presence of graphene quantum dots
- Centane, Sixolile Sibongiseni
- Authors: Centane, Sixolile Sibongiseni
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Quantum dots , Electrocatalysis , Electrochemistry
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67614 , vital:29121
- Description: The electrocatalytic activity of metallophthalocyanines derivatives is explored. Cobalt monocarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (1), cobalt tetracarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (2), cobalt tetraaminophenoxy phthalocyanine (3) and cobalt tris-(tert-butylphenoxy) monocarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (4) are the phthalocyanines employed in this work. The metallophthalocyanines were employed alone as well as in the presence of the carbon based graphene quantum dots. The electrocatalytic behaviour of functionalized GQDs is also explored herein. The catalytic processes studies were conducted on a glassy carbon electrode surface. Modification of the electrode was achieved by the adsorption method. The materials were adsorbed either alone, as premixed/covalently linked GQDs/Pc conjugates or sequentially. Sequentially adsorbed electrodes involved the phthalocyanines on top or beneath GQDs. Sequentially modified electrodes where the phthalocyanine had higher currents and low detection limits than when the phthalocyanine is underneath. Premixed conjugates showed better activity than the covalently formed conjugates. The nanomaterials synthesized and used in this work were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The modified electrodes were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and scanning electrochemical spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrodes towards the oxidation of hydrazine was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Superior catalytic activity was observed for the conjugates compared to that of the individual conjugates.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Centane, Sixolile Sibongiseni
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Quantum dots , Electrocatalysis , Electrochemistry
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67614 , vital:29121
- Description: The electrocatalytic activity of metallophthalocyanines derivatives is explored. Cobalt monocarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (1), cobalt tetracarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (2), cobalt tetraaminophenoxy phthalocyanine (3) and cobalt tris-(tert-butylphenoxy) monocarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (4) are the phthalocyanines employed in this work. The metallophthalocyanines were employed alone as well as in the presence of the carbon based graphene quantum dots. The electrocatalytic behaviour of functionalized GQDs is also explored herein. The catalytic processes studies were conducted on a glassy carbon electrode surface. Modification of the electrode was achieved by the adsorption method. The materials were adsorbed either alone, as premixed/covalently linked GQDs/Pc conjugates or sequentially. Sequentially adsorbed electrodes involved the phthalocyanines on top or beneath GQDs. Sequentially modified electrodes where the phthalocyanine had higher currents and low detection limits than when the phthalocyanine is underneath. Premixed conjugates showed better activity than the covalently formed conjugates. The nanomaterials synthesized and used in this work were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The modified electrodes were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and scanning electrochemical spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrodes towards the oxidation of hydrazine was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Superior catalytic activity was observed for the conjugates compared to that of the individual conjugates.
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Syntheses and photophysico-chemical properties of phthalocyanines in the presence of silica nanoparticles
- Authors: Peteni, Siwaphiwe
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Silica , Nanoparticles , Bioconjugates
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67592 , vital:29118
- Description: This thesis reports on the syntheses and characterizationof symmetrical (charged and neutral), asymmetrical (neutral) metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) and subphthalocyanines (SubPcs). The charged and neutral Pcs were physically doped onto silica nanoparticles (SiNPs). The asymmetrical MPc was also chemically linked to SiNPs. Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used to confirm the formation of SiNPs-MPc conjugates. The photophysics and photochemistry of the MPcs were assessed when alone and in conjugates (with SiNPs). The studies showed no significant changes in fluorescence quantum yields (ϕF) and fluorescence lifetimes (ϕF) of MPcs following doping except for 2-SiNPs (2 = Zn tetraaminophenoxyphthalocyanines) and 6-SiNPs (doped) (6 = Zn tris[(4-(pyridine-4-ylthio)2-thio-4-methylthiazol-5yl) acetic acid phthalocyanine) where there was a decrease in the ϕF value. Also for 1-SiNPs (1 = unsubstituted ZnPc) there was an elongation in τF which could be due to the protection offered by SiNPs. Both charged/neutral MPcs displayed high triplet quantum yields (ϕT) and singlet quantum yields (ϕΔ) following doping except for 2-SiNPs where there was a decrease in the latter. For 1-SiNPs there was an increase in ϕT but a decrease inϕΔ .There wasa decrease in ϕT and an increase in ϕΔfor4-SiNPs (4 = Zn tetrasulfophenoxyphthalocyanine), the decrease in ϕT could be due to the orientation of theMPc in SiNPs. An increase in both ϕT and ϕΔ for 6-SiNPs (linked) compared to 6-SiNPs (doped) was observed. Complex 5 (5 = Zn tetra-kis-(dodecylmercapto) phthalocyanine) showed a low ϕΔ value.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Peteni, Siwaphiwe
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Silica , Nanoparticles , Bioconjugates
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67592 , vital:29118
- Description: This thesis reports on the syntheses and characterizationof symmetrical (charged and neutral), asymmetrical (neutral) metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) and subphthalocyanines (SubPcs). The charged and neutral Pcs were physically doped onto silica nanoparticles (SiNPs). The asymmetrical MPc was also chemically linked to SiNPs. Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used to confirm the formation of SiNPs-MPc conjugates. The photophysics and photochemistry of the MPcs were assessed when alone and in conjugates (with SiNPs). The studies showed no significant changes in fluorescence quantum yields (ϕF) and fluorescence lifetimes (ϕF) of MPcs following doping except for 2-SiNPs (2 = Zn tetraaminophenoxyphthalocyanines) and 6-SiNPs (doped) (6 = Zn tris[(4-(pyridine-4-ylthio)2-thio-4-methylthiazol-5yl) acetic acid phthalocyanine) where there was a decrease in the ϕF value. Also for 1-SiNPs (1 = unsubstituted ZnPc) there was an elongation in τF which could be due to the protection offered by SiNPs. Both charged/neutral MPcs displayed high triplet quantum yields (ϕT) and singlet quantum yields (ϕΔ) following doping except for 2-SiNPs where there was a decrease in the latter. For 1-SiNPs there was an increase in ϕT but a decrease inϕΔ .There wasa decrease in ϕT and an increase in ϕΔfor4-SiNPs (4 = Zn tetrasulfophenoxyphthalocyanine), the decrease in ϕT could be due to the orientation of theMPc in SiNPs. An increase in both ϕT and ϕΔ for 6-SiNPs (linked) compared to 6-SiNPs (doped) was observed. Complex 5 (5 = Zn tetra-kis-(dodecylmercapto) phthalocyanine) showed a low ϕΔ value.
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Synthesis of indium phthalocyanines for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and photo-oxidation of pollutants
- Authors: Sindelo, Azole
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Azo dyes , Indium compounds , Photochemotherapy , Nanoparticles , Photodegradation , Pollutants , Water -- Purification
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67581 , vital:29116
- Description: Indium (III) octacarboxyl phthalocyanine (ClInOCPc) alone and when conjugated to magnetic nanoparticles (MNP-ClInOCPc), 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-octapyridylsulfanyl phthalocyaninato chloroindium (III) (ClInOPyPc) and its quaternized derivative 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-octamethylpyridylsulfanyl phthalocyaninato chloroindium (III) (ClInOMePyPc) were synthesized. All Pcs were tested for both photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) of an unknown water sample and photo-degradation of methyl red (MR). The singlet quantum yield (ΦΔ) for the ClInOCPc and MNP-ClInOCPc in PAN polymer fibers were 0.36 and 0.20 respectively using ADMA as a quencher in water. The photo-inactivation of bacteria in a water sample with unknown microbes was tested, with the MNP-ClInOCPc inactivating 90.6 % of the microbes and the ClInOCPc with 84.8 %. When embedded to the polymer, there was 48% bacterial clearance for ClInOCPc and 64% clearance for the MNP-ClInOCPc. The rate of degradation of MR increased with decrease of the MR concentration, with the MNP-ClInOCPc having the fastest rate. For ClInOPyPc and ClInOMePyPc, the singlet quantum yields were 0.46 and 0.33 in dimethylformamide (DMF), respectively. The PACT activity of ClInOMePyPc (containing 8 positive charges) was compared to those of 9(10),16(17),23(24)-tri-N-methyl-4-pyridylsulfanyl-2(3)-(4-aminophenoxy) phthalocyaninato chloro indium (III) triiodide (1) (containing 3 positive charges) and 2-[4-(N-methylpyridyloxy) phthalocyaninato] chloroindium (III) iodide (2) (containing 4 positive charges). When comparing ClInOMePyPc, 1 and 2, the largest log reduction for E. coli were obtained for complex 2 containing four positive charges hence showing it is not always the charge that determines the PACT activity, but the bridging atom in the phthalocyanine plays a role.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Sindelo, Azole
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Azo dyes , Indium compounds , Photochemotherapy , Nanoparticles , Photodegradation , Pollutants , Water -- Purification
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67581 , vital:29116
- Description: Indium (III) octacarboxyl phthalocyanine (ClInOCPc) alone and when conjugated to magnetic nanoparticles (MNP-ClInOCPc), 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-octapyridylsulfanyl phthalocyaninato chloroindium (III) (ClInOPyPc) and its quaternized derivative 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-octamethylpyridylsulfanyl phthalocyaninato chloroindium (III) (ClInOMePyPc) were synthesized. All Pcs were tested for both photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) of an unknown water sample and photo-degradation of methyl red (MR). The singlet quantum yield (ΦΔ) for the ClInOCPc and MNP-ClInOCPc in PAN polymer fibers were 0.36 and 0.20 respectively using ADMA as a quencher in water. The photo-inactivation of bacteria in a water sample with unknown microbes was tested, with the MNP-ClInOCPc inactivating 90.6 % of the microbes and the ClInOCPc with 84.8 %. When embedded to the polymer, there was 48% bacterial clearance for ClInOCPc and 64% clearance for the MNP-ClInOCPc. The rate of degradation of MR increased with decrease of the MR concentration, with the MNP-ClInOCPc having the fastest rate. For ClInOPyPc and ClInOMePyPc, the singlet quantum yields were 0.46 and 0.33 in dimethylformamide (DMF), respectively. The PACT activity of ClInOMePyPc (containing 8 positive charges) was compared to those of 9(10),16(17),23(24)-tri-N-methyl-4-pyridylsulfanyl-2(3)-(4-aminophenoxy) phthalocyaninato chloro indium (III) triiodide (1) (containing 3 positive charges) and 2-[4-(N-methylpyridyloxy) phthalocyaninato] chloroindium (III) iodide (2) (containing 4 positive charges). When comparing ClInOMePyPc, 1 and 2, the largest log reduction for E. coli were obtained for complex 2 containing four positive charges hence showing it is not always the charge that determines the PACT activity, but the bridging atom in the phthalocyanine plays a role.
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The preparation of BODIPY and porphyrin dyes and their cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and Pluronic® F-127 encapsulation micelles for use in PDT and PACT
- Authors: Molupe, Nthabeleng
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Dyes and dyeing -- Chemistry , Drug delivery systems , Fluorescence spectroscopy , Cancer -- Photochemotherapy , Photosensitizing compounds -- Therapeutic use , Cyclodextrins -- Biotechnology , Nanoparticles
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/117574 , vital:34528
- Description: Several novel BODIPY dyes ((4,4′-difluoro-1,7-tetramethyl-3,5-(3-dithiophene)-2,6-diiodo-8-(4-dimethylamino)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (1c), 4,4′-difluoro-1,7-tetramethyl-3,5-(3 dithiophene)-2,6-diiodo-8-(4-methylthio)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (3c) and 4,4′-difluoro-1,7-tetramethyl-3,5-(4-dibenzyloxybenzene)-2,6-diiodo-8-(4-methylbenzoate)-4 bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (4c)) and porphyrins (tetraacenaphthylporphyrin (7a) and Sn(IV) tetraacenaphthylporphyrin (7b)) were synthesized and characterized. Previously reported BODIPY dyes (4,4′-difluoro-1,7-tetramethyl-3,5-(2-dihydroxy)-2,6-diiodo-8-(4-bromo)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (5) and 4,4′-difluoro-1,7-tetramethyl-3,5-(2-dithiophene)-2,6-diiodo-8-(phenyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (6)) were also used. Pluronic® F-127 and cyclodextrins were used as solubilizing drug delivery agents for the synthesized BODIPY dyes. The encapsulation of BODIPY dyes with Pluronic® F-127 micelles improved the water solubility of the BODIPY 5. Further modification of Pluronic® F-127 by coating with folate-functionalized chitosan for targeted delivery of BODIPY 1c and 6 was explored. The BODIPY dyes and their encapsulation complexes exhibited significant inhibition of human MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth. When cyclodextrins were used as nanocarriers, the inclusion complexes of BODIPY 4c with mβCD were found to enhance the water-solubility of the dye. Greater photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus was observed for the inclusion complexes when compared to the effect of solutions of non-complexed BODIPY 4c. The cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of porphyrin 7b with mβCD were also found to enhance the water-solubility of 7b. When the photodynamic effect was evaluated, solutions of the porphyrin alone and their inclusion complexes were found to have significant photodynamic effects against human MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Molupe, Nthabeleng
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Dyes and dyeing -- Chemistry , Drug delivery systems , Fluorescence spectroscopy , Cancer -- Photochemotherapy , Photosensitizing compounds -- Therapeutic use , Cyclodextrins -- Biotechnology , Nanoparticles
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/117574 , vital:34528
- Description: Several novel BODIPY dyes ((4,4′-difluoro-1,7-tetramethyl-3,5-(3-dithiophene)-2,6-diiodo-8-(4-dimethylamino)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (1c), 4,4′-difluoro-1,7-tetramethyl-3,5-(3 dithiophene)-2,6-diiodo-8-(4-methylthio)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (3c) and 4,4′-difluoro-1,7-tetramethyl-3,5-(4-dibenzyloxybenzene)-2,6-diiodo-8-(4-methylbenzoate)-4 bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (4c)) and porphyrins (tetraacenaphthylporphyrin (7a) and Sn(IV) tetraacenaphthylporphyrin (7b)) were synthesized and characterized. Previously reported BODIPY dyes (4,4′-difluoro-1,7-tetramethyl-3,5-(2-dihydroxy)-2,6-diiodo-8-(4-bromo)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (5) and 4,4′-difluoro-1,7-tetramethyl-3,5-(2-dithiophene)-2,6-diiodo-8-(phenyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (6)) were also used. Pluronic® F-127 and cyclodextrins were used as solubilizing drug delivery agents for the synthesized BODIPY dyes. The encapsulation of BODIPY dyes with Pluronic® F-127 micelles improved the water solubility of the BODIPY 5. Further modification of Pluronic® F-127 by coating with folate-functionalized chitosan for targeted delivery of BODIPY 1c and 6 was explored. The BODIPY dyes and their encapsulation complexes exhibited significant inhibition of human MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth. When cyclodextrins were used as nanocarriers, the inclusion complexes of BODIPY 4c with mβCD were found to enhance the water-solubility of the dye. Greater photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus was observed for the inclusion complexes when compared to the effect of solutions of non-complexed BODIPY 4c. The cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of porphyrin 7b with mβCD were also found to enhance the water-solubility of 7b. When the photodynamic effect was evaluated, solutions of the porphyrin alone and their inclusion complexes were found to have significant photodynamic effects against human MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
- Full Text:
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