An ideological analysis of the construction of masculinity in the South African superhero comic book, Kwezi
- Authors: Reyneke, Brendon George
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Mkize, Loyiso, 1987- -- Kwezi , Superheroes -- South Africa , Comic books, strips, etc. -- South Africa , Graphic novels -- South Africa , Masculinity in literature , Violence in literature , Superheroes, Black
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144533 , vital:38354
- Description: In 2014, South African artist and comic book illustrator, Loyiso Mkize created Kwezi, South Africa’s first superhero comic book. His comic features the titular Kwezi as a young, black man living alone on the outskirts of Gold City who discovers he has superpowers. Along with Kwezi, the comic is populated by predominantly black African characters – both good and bad. The creation of Kwezi is an important step in the development of comic books in South Africa as it draws from the cultural and physical landscape of the country and speaks to young black people without them having to look outside of the country for superheroes to identify with. Stuart Hall (Hall, 1997, pp. 272-274) asserts that attempts to reclaim the black subject in popular culture tend to go through two phases. In the first phase blackness is liberated from negative representations and is replaced with more positive depictions. Thereafter though, the black subject is produced inside contemporary “regimes of representation”. In this thesis, I will show how Mkize’s representation of Kwezi follows Stuart Hall’s description of the reclamation of black subjectivity. Using narrative theory, visual social semiotics and Thompson’s modes of operational ideology I will show how in his attempt to represent African blackness positively, Mkize overlooks normative genre representations of masculinity and produces a story of a South African that remains unliberated from patriarchy and hegemonic masculinity. Mkize reproduces many of the hegemonic discourses concerning the masculine body, the power difference between male and female characters and subscribes to the justified, violent actions of the masculine superhero. Typically, in superhero comics there is an erasure of the ordinary man in favour of an excessive and powerful one-dimensional masculine ideal (Brown, 1999, pp. 31-32) At the end of my analysis I will show that Kwezi is constructed in this way as a physically strong and muscular, violent and emotionless, self-made man who is in control and overcomes all obstacles.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Reyneke, Brendon George
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Mkize, Loyiso, 1987- -- Kwezi , Superheroes -- South Africa , Comic books, strips, etc. -- South Africa , Graphic novels -- South Africa , Masculinity in literature , Violence in literature , Superheroes, Black
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144533 , vital:38354
- Description: In 2014, South African artist and comic book illustrator, Loyiso Mkize created Kwezi, South Africa’s first superhero comic book. His comic features the titular Kwezi as a young, black man living alone on the outskirts of Gold City who discovers he has superpowers. Along with Kwezi, the comic is populated by predominantly black African characters – both good and bad. The creation of Kwezi is an important step in the development of comic books in South Africa as it draws from the cultural and physical landscape of the country and speaks to young black people without them having to look outside of the country for superheroes to identify with. Stuart Hall (Hall, 1997, pp. 272-274) asserts that attempts to reclaim the black subject in popular culture tend to go through two phases. In the first phase blackness is liberated from negative representations and is replaced with more positive depictions. Thereafter though, the black subject is produced inside contemporary “regimes of representation”. In this thesis, I will show how Mkize’s representation of Kwezi follows Stuart Hall’s description of the reclamation of black subjectivity. Using narrative theory, visual social semiotics and Thompson’s modes of operational ideology I will show how in his attempt to represent African blackness positively, Mkize overlooks normative genre representations of masculinity and produces a story of a South African that remains unliberated from patriarchy and hegemonic masculinity. Mkize reproduces many of the hegemonic discourses concerning the masculine body, the power difference between male and female characters and subscribes to the justified, violent actions of the masculine superhero. Typically, in superhero comics there is an erasure of the ordinary man in favour of an excessive and powerful one-dimensional masculine ideal (Brown, 1999, pp. 31-32) At the end of my analysis I will show that Kwezi is constructed in this way as a physically strong and muscular, violent and emotionless, self-made man who is in control and overcomes all obstacles.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
An action research approach: developing intercultural competence in German Studies at Rhodes University
- Authors: Collins, Morgan Gwyneth
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Action research in education -- South Africa -- Makhanda , German language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers , Cultural relations , Multicultural education , World citizenship
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63910 , vital:28505
- Description: The need to develop interculturally competent graduates is a concern for universities across the world. In South African universities this need is linked to globalization and increased diversity in terms of student demographics since 1994. Considering the legacy of apartheid, South African universities especially, and pressingly, need to respond to both global and national diversity concerns. ICC can play a significant role in creating more culturally inclusive spaces as students are provided with opportunities to “relate to and with people from vastly different cultural and ethnic backgrounds” (Spitzberg & Changnon, 2009, p. 4). In a similar way, Germany has faced, and continues to face, challenges relating to diversity especially in relation to migrants and as such, interculturality is a topic of debate in society and scholarly discourse. Therefore, ICC is as relevant to German society as it is South African society. Courses that explicitly deal with ICC are however, not common in South African universities and discourse, and as a result universities are “missing out on developing students’ intercultural competence” (Deardorff & Quinlan, 2016). This thesis aimed to address this gap by investigating the viability and necessity of introducing a module that deals explicitly with ICC into the German Studies course at Rhodes University. In doing so it contributed to the creation of disciplinary knowledge as well as furthering the aim of aiding the creation of responsible global citizenship, alongside ‘academic citizenship’, and aiding the internationalisation at home concept by encouraging the students to understand their own lived reality in a diverse society. This research made use of an action research approach to implementing a module and tracing its development. Student responses, as well as reflection and observation, found that a module dealing explicitly with ICC was viable and able to contribute to developing students’ sense of cultural self-awareness and their awareness of ICC as a set of transferrable skills and knowledges. This module aimed to serve as an introduction to ICC for students in order to begin to develop their intercultural competence and increase their awareness and critical approach to culture and intercultural encounters.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Collins, Morgan Gwyneth
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Action research in education -- South Africa -- Makhanda , German language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers , Cultural relations , Multicultural education , World citizenship
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63910 , vital:28505
- Description: The need to develop interculturally competent graduates is a concern for universities across the world. In South African universities this need is linked to globalization and increased diversity in terms of student demographics since 1994. Considering the legacy of apartheid, South African universities especially, and pressingly, need to respond to both global and national diversity concerns. ICC can play a significant role in creating more culturally inclusive spaces as students are provided with opportunities to “relate to and with people from vastly different cultural and ethnic backgrounds” (Spitzberg & Changnon, 2009, p. 4). In a similar way, Germany has faced, and continues to face, challenges relating to diversity especially in relation to migrants and as such, interculturality is a topic of debate in society and scholarly discourse. Therefore, ICC is as relevant to German society as it is South African society. Courses that explicitly deal with ICC are however, not common in South African universities and discourse, and as a result universities are “missing out on developing students’ intercultural competence” (Deardorff & Quinlan, 2016). This thesis aimed to address this gap by investigating the viability and necessity of introducing a module that deals explicitly with ICC into the German Studies course at Rhodes University. In doing so it contributed to the creation of disciplinary knowledge as well as furthering the aim of aiding the creation of responsible global citizenship, alongside ‘academic citizenship’, and aiding the internationalisation at home concept by encouraging the students to understand their own lived reality in a diverse society. This research made use of an action research approach to implementing a module and tracing its development. Student responses, as well as reflection and observation, found that a module dealing explicitly with ICC was viable and able to contribute to developing students’ sense of cultural self-awareness and their awareness of ICC as a set of transferrable skills and knowledges. This module aimed to serve as an introduction to ICC for students in order to begin to develop their intercultural competence and increase their awareness and critical approach to culture and intercultural encounters.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Discontinuous gully erosion as a mechanism of wetland formation: a case study of the Kompanjiesdrif basin, Kromrivier, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Lagesse, Juliette V
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Arroyos -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Arroyos -- Erosion -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Climatic geomorphology -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Sedimentation and deposition -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Alluvial fans -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Wetland ecology -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Rhizophoraceae , Palmiet (Prionium serratum)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60540 , vital:27791
- Description: The Kompanjiesdrif basin is an unchannelled valley bottom palmiet wetland located near the headwaters of the Kromrivier in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The wetland itself is underlain by Bokkeveld shales with the bordering mountain ranges comprising more resistant Table Mountain Group quarzitic sandstones. The valley is relatively planar and broad in form over a width of approximately 200 m. None of the existing controls that are considered to lead to valley widening and longitudinal slope reduction are immediately apparent. The basin lies on the Post Africa II erosion surface; with no evidence of a resistant lithology which might act as a local base level, limiting rates of vertical erosion and inducing lateral planing in upstream reaches via a meandering channel. The possible role of sagging of the basin due to long term deep chemical weathering of bedrock is discounted as the lithologies in the basin are sedimentary in origin and thus not susceptible to chemical weathering. The degree to which climate and sea level changes affected rates of incision and subsequent slope reduction is unclear, although their potential influence should be acknowledged. This study examined the geomorphic dynamics as discerned from the sedimentary record and morphology of the wetland basin, which provide a snapshot into the long-term processes which lowered the longitudinal slope and widened this valley. Coring within the wetland to depths of 1 - 3.3 m revealed that the sedimentary fill generally comprised an upward fining sequence, with sand or fine sand at the base, grading into silt and clay and organic material in the upper sections of cores. Occasional instances of multiple fine sand layers were observed in a few of the cores. An increase in the organic content of material from the north to the south side of the wetland and the occurrence of multiple thin layers of sand in the stratigraphy, highlighted the role of the northern tributary alluvial fans in influencing valley form. Sediment from north bank alluvial fans seem to periodically, partially impound the wetland basin. Surveyed transects across the wetland basin along with subsurface coring to the depth to refusal, illustrated a localised increase in longitudinal slope downstream of the nodes of tributary alluvial fan deposits, which impinge on the trunk stream basin. Coupled with the presence of deep, drowned, trench-like features (up to 8 m deep) beneath floating mats of palmiet, which were predominantly free of sedimentary fill and found opposite tributary alluvial fans; confirmed that the northern tributaries play a major role in the structure and geomorphic dynamics of the basin. The trench-like features appeared to be remnants of deep, narrow, discontinuous gullies. Dating of sediment from the base of these features (460-7040 BP) confirmed that they were formed prior to European settlement in the area. Therefore, it is suggested that the localised increase in longitudinal slope, caused by sediment deposition on the alluvial fans, transgresses a geomorphic threshold slope and that gully erosion is thus initiated. The process of repeated gully erosion leads to planing of bedrock and longitudinal slope reduction. Gully erosion forms an integral component of a cycle of deposition and incision referred to as “cut-and-fill”. During each iteration of the cycle of cutting and filling, gullies form in novel locations leading to gradual valley widening. Over geological time scales, the planing of bedrock and resultant valley widening creates a broad planar valley with a very low longitudinal slope; producing conditions suitable for unchannelled valley bottom wetland formation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Lagesse, Juliette V
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Arroyos -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Arroyos -- Erosion -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Climatic geomorphology -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Sedimentation and deposition -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Alluvial fans -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Wetland ecology -- South Africa -- Kromme River (Eastern Cape) , Rhizophoraceae , Palmiet (Prionium serratum)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60540 , vital:27791
- Description: The Kompanjiesdrif basin is an unchannelled valley bottom palmiet wetland located near the headwaters of the Kromrivier in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The wetland itself is underlain by Bokkeveld shales with the bordering mountain ranges comprising more resistant Table Mountain Group quarzitic sandstones. The valley is relatively planar and broad in form over a width of approximately 200 m. None of the existing controls that are considered to lead to valley widening and longitudinal slope reduction are immediately apparent. The basin lies on the Post Africa II erosion surface; with no evidence of a resistant lithology which might act as a local base level, limiting rates of vertical erosion and inducing lateral planing in upstream reaches via a meandering channel. The possible role of sagging of the basin due to long term deep chemical weathering of bedrock is discounted as the lithologies in the basin are sedimentary in origin and thus not susceptible to chemical weathering. The degree to which climate and sea level changes affected rates of incision and subsequent slope reduction is unclear, although their potential influence should be acknowledged. This study examined the geomorphic dynamics as discerned from the sedimentary record and morphology of the wetland basin, which provide a snapshot into the long-term processes which lowered the longitudinal slope and widened this valley. Coring within the wetland to depths of 1 - 3.3 m revealed that the sedimentary fill generally comprised an upward fining sequence, with sand or fine sand at the base, grading into silt and clay and organic material in the upper sections of cores. Occasional instances of multiple fine sand layers were observed in a few of the cores. An increase in the organic content of material from the north to the south side of the wetland and the occurrence of multiple thin layers of sand in the stratigraphy, highlighted the role of the northern tributary alluvial fans in influencing valley form. Sediment from north bank alluvial fans seem to periodically, partially impound the wetland basin. Surveyed transects across the wetland basin along with subsurface coring to the depth to refusal, illustrated a localised increase in longitudinal slope downstream of the nodes of tributary alluvial fan deposits, which impinge on the trunk stream basin. Coupled with the presence of deep, drowned, trench-like features (up to 8 m deep) beneath floating mats of palmiet, which were predominantly free of sedimentary fill and found opposite tributary alluvial fans; confirmed that the northern tributaries play a major role in the structure and geomorphic dynamics of the basin. The trench-like features appeared to be remnants of deep, narrow, discontinuous gullies. Dating of sediment from the base of these features (460-7040 BP) confirmed that they were formed prior to European settlement in the area. Therefore, it is suggested that the localised increase in longitudinal slope, caused by sediment deposition on the alluvial fans, transgresses a geomorphic threshold slope and that gully erosion is thus initiated. The process of repeated gully erosion leads to planing of bedrock and longitudinal slope reduction. Gully erosion forms an integral component of a cycle of deposition and incision referred to as “cut-and-fill”. During each iteration of the cycle of cutting and filling, gullies form in novel locations leading to gradual valley widening. Over geological time scales, the planing of bedrock and resultant valley widening creates a broad planar valley with a very low longitudinal slope; producing conditions suitable for unchannelled valley bottom wetland formation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Funding higher education and training in South Africa: a comparative study of tax incentive measures, in conjunction with a dedicated tax
- Authors: Holm, Darryn
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Education, Higher -- Finance , Education, Higher -- South Africa , Tax incentives -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Student aid -- South Africa , Universities and Colleges -- Taxation -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , South Africa. Income Tax Act, 1962
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59445 , vital:27606
- Description: Higher education and training in South Africa in the post-Apartheid era has never been more volatile than it is currently, some two decades into democracy. Despite the many advances and achievements of higher education, the student protests of 2015 and 2016 have given expression to underlying fault-lines, including increasing student expectations and frustrations with regard to access and funding. This research was undertaken to document the underlying historical issues and models pertaining to funding within the higher education and training sector as well as the existing higher education and training taxation policies and incentives enacted in South Africa and selected international jurisdictions. This was done with a view to providing a framework for higher education and training tax policy formation in South Africa to assist in meeting its higher education and training “access and affordability” targets as set out in the National Plan on Higher Education and the Higher Education White Paper, while at the same time not hindering economic growth. A doctrinal research methodology was adopted in this study as it mainly analysed and interpreted legislation and policy documents and therefore the approach was qualitative in nature. An extensive literature survey was done in order to document the various internationally selected legislated higher education and training tax policies and incentives. The literature indicated that there are widespread funding perspectives and initiates, and that international tax policies enacted with the aim of ensuring that higher education and training is more accessible and affordable to the public, is stable and effective in certain jurisdictions. It is submitted that while a higher education dedicated tax may not be sufficiently effective in South Africa, a combination of broad-based tax incentives will help to promote the change to a more affordable and stable higher education funding system, whilst not preventing growth through sustainable development.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Holm, Darryn
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Education, Higher -- Finance , Education, Higher -- South Africa , Tax incentives -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Student aid -- South Africa , Universities and Colleges -- Taxation -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , South Africa. Income Tax Act, 1962
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59445 , vital:27606
- Description: Higher education and training in South Africa in the post-Apartheid era has never been more volatile than it is currently, some two decades into democracy. Despite the many advances and achievements of higher education, the student protests of 2015 and 2016 have given expression to underlying fault-lines, including increasing student expectations and frustrations with regard to access and funding. This research was undertaken to document the underlying historical issues and models pertaining to funding within the higher education and training sector as well as the existing higher education and training taxation policies and incentives enacted in South Africa and selected international jurisdictions. This was done with a view to providing a framework for higher education and training tax policy formation in South Africa to assist in meeting its higher education and training “access and affordability” targets as set out in the National Plan on Higher Education and the Higher Education White Paper, while at the same time not hindering economic growth. A doctrinal research methodology was adopted in this study as it mainly analysed and interpreted legislation and policy documents and therefore the approach was qualitative in nature. An extensive literature survey was done in order to document the various internationally selected legislated higher education and training tax policies and incentives. The literature indicated that there are widespread funding perspectives and initiates, and that international tax policies enacted with the aim of ensuring that higher education and training is more accessible and affordable to the public, is stable and effective in certain jurisdictions. It is submitted that while a higher education dedicated tax may not be sufficiently effective in South Africa, a combination of broad-based tax incentives will help to promote the change to a more affordable and stable higher education funding system, whilst not preventing growth through sustainable development.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Towards understanding the effect of size variation on the aggressive and feeding behaviours of juvenile dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae)
- Authors: Babane, Siviwe Elvis
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Argyrosomus -- Feeding and feeds , Aquaculture , Fishes -- Cannibalism , Fishes -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59592 , vital:27629
- Description: Many studies have been conducted on the effect of size-grading in other fish species. However, there is a paucity of scientific information on the effects of size variation on cannibalism of juvenile dusky kob. Thus, a study focusing on the effect of size variation on juvenile dusky kob aggressive and feeding (browsing) behaviours was conducted. Three separate groups of hatchery-reared juvenile dusky kob of were obtained from Oceanwise (Pty) Ltd for use in a series of three experimental trials. In all trials, juvenile fish of the same age were size-graded and the COV-value was used to determine the size variation. The focal fish (largest fish) was exposed to groups of fish with different size variation for 30-min. behavioural observations before and after feeding in randomised trials. The first experimental trial (Chapter 2) quantified the effect of increasing size variation and observation time on the aggressive and browsing behaviours of juvenile dusky kob. On average, juvenile dusky kob weighed 3.60 ± 0.68 g fish-1 and measured 5.8 ± 0.41 mm. Each focal fish was observed (a) before feeding in the morning, (b) 2 h after feeding, (c) 6 h after feeding and (d) 12 h after feeding. Fish increased browsing behaviours (averaging 6.60 ± 0.56) and decreased intimidating aggressive behaviours (18.60 ± 1.39) 12 h after feeding. Other aggressive behaviours occurred but did not differ between observation times. Aggressive and browsing behaviours positively correlated with size variation variables, predominantly, 12 h after feeding. An average frequency of 19 chases were observed positively correlated with size variation, followed by average frequencies of 17 body bites and browses, and 11 tail bites per 30 min. Some behaviours including average frequencies of 0.2 chases, 4 tail bites, 2.4 intimidating and 0.3 browsing behaviours negatively correlated with the size variation, generally closer to the last meal. These preliminary observations thus showed that fish have become hungry approximately 6-12 h after feeding and substituted certain behaviours for others as time after feeding passed and as size variation increased. The second experimental trial (Chapter 3) consisted of the observations further testing the relationship between aggressive behaviours and size variation of juveniles of dusky kob averaging 0.43 ± 0.27 g fish-1. The focal fish was exposed to groups of fish of four size variation (COV) treatments for observations before and 12 h after feeding. Aggressive behaviours positively correlated with size variation both before and 12 h after feeding. An average frequency of 437 body bites positively correlated more often with COV, followed by average frequencies of 365 intimidating behaviours and 199 tail bites per 30 min., respectively, before and 12 h after feeding. The least often exhibited aggressive behaviours averaged 26 chases while positively correlating with size variation on the times specified. An average frequency of 311 intimidating behaviours before and after feeding including average of 28 tail bites after feeding negatively correlated with size variation. This may relate to shift of behaviours depending on the needs and capacity of the fish. Apparently, aggressive fish can change its behaviour as a function of COV-values rather than the mean size of the other fish. The third trial (Chapter 4) investigated the effect of the aggressor’s (focal fish) size in relation its aggressive and browsing behaviours to other fish (non-focal fish). Juvenile fish used for this trial, on average, weighed 30 ± 7.63 g fish-1. Aggressive and browsing behaviours were observed in four treatments of a) high COV and mean weight below, b) low COV and mean weight less, c) high COV and mean weight equivalent to and d) low COV and mean weight higher than that of the focal fish. Increased frequencies of aggressive and browsing behaviours per 30 min. occurred in treatment A, sharing similar frequencies in treatment C, compared to the other treatments (B and D) which shared certain frequencies. The intimidating behaviours predominated, followed by browsing, body bites, chases and tail bites, respectively. The results of the overall study suggest that the time passed after feeding and increasing size variation and differences facilitated aggressive and browsing behaviours in juvenile dusky kob. Dusky kob showed increasing aggressive behaviours as early as in the first two weeks after hatching, averaging 0.43 ± 0.27 g fish-1 with the frequency correlating with size differences. Consistent size-grading technique in the same-age fish should be used to manage size variation associated with aggressive behaviours. The period of about 4-6 h after feeding may explain the noticeable increased aggressive and browsing behaviours. Thus, fish should be fed immediately before or after evacuation of their guts to maintain less-aggressive behaviours of juvenile dusky kob. Fish generally increased aggressive and browsing acts before and long time after feeding than closer to after feeding. The study has provided the fundamental scientific groundwork for fish farmers and future researchers can further explore size variation, time after feeding and gut evacuation rate as critical components of aggressive behaviours. The scientific knowledge of aggressive and cannibalistic behaviours has essential application in farming management to achieve improved survival and growth rates in juvenile fish.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Babane, Siviwe Elvis
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Argyrosomus -- Feeding and feeds , Aquaculture , Fishes -- Cannibalism , Fishes -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59592 , vital:27629
- Description: Many studies have been conducted on the effect of size-grading in other fish species. However, there is a paucity of scientific information on the effects of size variation on cannibalism of juvenile dusky kob. Thus, a study focusing on the effect of size variation on juvenile dusky kob aggressive and feeding (browsing) behaviours was conducted. Three separate groups of hatchery-reared juvenile dusky kob of were obtained from Oceanwise (Pty) Ltd for use in a series of three experimental trials. In all trials, juvenile fish of the same age were size-graded and the COV-value was used to determine the size variation. The focal fish (largest fish) was exposed to groups of fish with different size variation for 30-min. behavioural observations before and after feeding in randomised trials. The first experimental trial (Chapter 2) quantified the effect of increasing size variation and observation time on the aggressive and browsing behaviours of juvenile dusky kob. On average, juvenile dusky kob weighed 3.60 ± 0.68 g fish-1 and measured 5.8 ± 0.41 mm. Each focal fish was observed (a) before feeding in the morning, (b) 2 h after feeding, (c) 6 h after feeding and (d) 12 h after feeding. Fish increased browsing behaviours (averaging 6.60 ± 0.56) and decreased intimidating aggressive behaviours (18.60 ± 1.39) 12 h after feeding. Other aggressive behaviours occurred but did not differ between observation times. Aggressive and browsing behaviours positively correlated with size variation variables, predominantly, 12 h after feeding. An average frequency of 19 chases were observed positively correlated with size variation, followed by average frequencies of 17 body bites and browses, and 11 tail bites per 30 min. Some behaviours including average frequencies of 0.2 chases, 4 tail bites, 2.4 intimidating and 0.3 browsing behaviours negatively correlated with the size variation, generally closer to the last meal. These preliminary observations thus showed that fish have become hungry approximately 6-12 h after feeding and substituted certain behaviours for others as time after feeding passed and as size variation increased. The second experimental trial (Chapter 3) consisted of the observations further testing the relationship between aggressive behaviours and size variation of juveniles of dusky kob averaging 0.43 ± 0.27 g fish-1. The focal fish was exposed to groups of fish of four size variation (COV) treatments for observations before and 12 h after feeding. Aggressive behaviours positively correlated with size variation both before and 12 h after feeding. An average frequency of 437 body bites positively correlated more often with COV, followed by average frequencies of 365 intimidating behaviours and 199 tail bites per 30 min., respectively, before and 12 h after feeding. The least often exhibited aggressive behaviours averaged 26 chases while positively correlating with size variation on the times specified. An average frequency of 311 intimidating behaviours before and after feeding including average of 28 tail bites after feeding negatively correlated with size variation. This may relate to shift of behaviours depending on the needs and capacity of the fish. Apparently, aggressive fish can change its behaviour as a function of COV-values rather than the mean size of the other fish. The third trial (Chapter 4) investigated the effect of the aggressor’s (focal fish) size in relation its aggressive and browsing behaviours to other fish (non-focal fish). Juvenile fish used for this trial, on average, weighed 30 ± 7.63 g fish-1. Aggressive and browsing behaviours were observed in four treatments of a) high COV and mean weight below, b) low COV and mean weight less, c) high COV and mean weight equivalent to and d) low COV and mean weight higher than that of the focal fish. Increased frequencies of aggressive and browsing behaviours per 30 min. occurred in treatment A, sharing similar frequencies in treatment C, compared to the other treatments (B and D) which shared certain frequencies. The intimidating behaviours predominated, followed by browsing, body bites, chases and tail bites, respectively. The results of the overall study suggest that the time passed after feeding and increasing size variation and differences facilitated aggressive and browsing behaviours in juvenile dusky kob. Dusky kob showed increasing aggressive behaviours as early as in the first two weeks after hatching, averaging 0.43 ± 0.27 g fish-1 with the frequency correlating with size differences. Consistent size-grading technique in the same-age fish should be used to manage size variation associated with aggressive behaviours. The period of about 4-6 h after feeding may explain the noticeable increased aggressive and browsing behaviours. Thus, fish should be fed immediately before or after evacuation of their guts to maintain less-aggressive behaviours of juvenile dusky kob. Fish generally increased aggressive and browsing acts before and long time after feeding than closer to after feeding. The study has provided the fundamental scientific groundwork for fish farmers and future researchers can further explore size variation, time after feeding and gut evacuation rate as critical components of aggressive behaviours. The scientific knowledge of aggressive and cannibalistic behaviours has essential application in farming management to achieve improved survival and growth rates in juvenile fish.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Effects of an agribusiness collapse on contract growers and their communities : a case study of Makeni Cooperative Society, Lusaka, Zambia
- Authors: Mfune, Elizabeth
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- Zambia , Agricultural industries -- Zambia , Farmers -- Zambia -- Economic conditions , Cooperative societies -- Zambia , Contracts, Agricultural -- Zambia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3357 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007627 , Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- Zambia , Agricultural industries -- Zambia , Farmers -- Zambia -- Economic conditions , Cooperative societies -- Zambia , Contracts, Agricultural -- Zambia
- Description: This study assesses the effects of an agribusiness collapse, on the contracted growers and their surrounding communities in Lusaka Province, Zambia. In 2004, Agriflora Limited, a Trans-Zambezi Industries Limited (TZI) agribusiness in Lusaka Zambia was sold off. Agriflora Limited was one ofthe largest fresh vegetable exporters in Africa. It had contracted almost 500 small-scale farmers with 1-4 hectares of land within 50 km radius of Lusaka to grow vegetables for export. Makeni Cooperative Society was one of the targeted groups of growers. It grew baby corn, mangetout peas, and sugar snap and fine beans for export. The case study relied on both primary and secondary data. I undertook two months of ethnographic fieldwork utilising observations, in-depth interviews and informal discussions with some community members in Makeni. I also reviewed the literature on contract farming schemes (documenting both the negative and positive effects for growers) in developing countries. The case study showed that the impact of the collapse of Agriflora on the growers has been severe indeed; there has been a significant reduction in production with only a few farmers producing for export. Those that are producing are limited to one crop, baby corn. The effect on the local labour market (farm workers) has been quite drastic with a drop in employment. A new agribusiness company, York Farm, was sourced by the government for the contract growers of Makeni. York Farm has signed a procurement contract under which only sale and purchase conditions are specified. This means that, services such as extension services are no longer provided. It was also found that despite the price for baby corn at York Farm being better than what Agriflora used to offer the farmers, farmers are not producing peas which have a higher turnover than baby corn because York farm does not buy peas from the farmers. However, the farmers are hopeful that they will soon start producing peas after they pass the Eurep gap requirements. Furthermore, the farmers are still interested in contract farming as they are convinced that it can lead to higher farm incomes. While the neoliberal critique of the pre- Structural Adjustment agricultural policies was based on the need to improve rural farming income and productivity, my study shows that the contract farmers are not the "traditional" peasant farmers but retired civil servants or former public sector employees who lost their jobs during the contraction of the sector. In conclusion, my field work revealed that the collapse of Agriflora has had negative effects on the growers of MCS in terms a significant decrease in crop production, decline in farmer income, lack of technical assistance such as extension services, transportation problems (to take produce to the new market-York Farm) and reduced contraction in employment opportunities for farm workers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Mfune, Elizabeth
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- Zambia , Agricultural industries -- Zambia , Farmers -- Zambia -- Economic conditions , Cooperative societies -- Zambia , Contracts, Agricultural -- Zambia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3357 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007627 , Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- Zambia , Agricultural industries -- Zambia , Farmers -- Zambia -- Economic conditions , Cooperative societies -- Zambia , Contracts, Agricultural -- Zambia
- Description: This study assesses the effects of an agribusiness collapse, on the contracted growers and their surrounding communities in Lusaka Province, Zambia. In 2004, Agriflora Limited, a Trans-Zambezi Industries Limited (TZI) agribusiness in Lusaka Zambia was sold off. Agriflora Limited was one ofthe largest fresh vegetable exporters in Africa. It had contracted almost 500 small-scale farmers with 1-4 hectares of land within 50 km radius of Lusaka to grow vegetables for export. Makeni Cooperative Society was one of the targeted groups of growers. It grew baby corn, mangetout peas, and sugar snap and fine beans for export. The case study relied on both primary and secondary data. I undertook two months of ethnographic fieldwork utilising observations, in-depth interviews and informal discussions with some community members in Makeni. I also reviewed the literature on contract farming schemes (documenting both the negative and positive effects for growers) in developing countries. The case study showed that the impact of the collapse of Agriflora on the growers has been severe indeed; there has been a significant reduction in production with only a few farmers producing for export. Those that are producing are limited to one crop, baby corn. The effect on the local labour market (farm workers) has been quite drastic with a drop in employment. A new agribusiness company, York Farm, was sourced by the government for the contract growers of Makeni. York Farm has signed a procurement contract under which only sale and purchase conditions are specified. This means that, services such as extension services are no longer provided. It was also found that despite the price for baby corn at York Farm being better than what Agriflora used to offer the farmers, farmers are not producing peas which have a higher turnover than baby corn because York farm does not buy peas from the farmers. However, the farmers are hopeful that they will soon start producing peas after they pass the Eurep gap requirements. Furthermore, the farmers are still interested in contract farming as they are convinced that it can lead to higher farm incomes. While the neoliberal critique of the pre- Structural Adjustment agricultural policies was based on the need to improve rural farming income and productivity, my study shows that the contract farmers are not the "traditional" peasant farmers but retired civil servants or former public sector employees who lost their jobs during the contraction of the sector. In conclusion, my field work revealed that the collapse of Agriflora has had negative effects on the growers of MCS in terms a significant decrease in crop production, decline in farmer income, lack of technical assistance such as extension services, transportation problems (to take produce to the new market-York Farm) and reduced contraction in employment opportunities for farm workers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Establishment and impact of the sap-sucking mirid, Falconia intermedia (Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) varieties in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Heshula, Unathi-Nkosi Lelethu Peter
- Authors: Heshula, Unathi-Nkosi Lelethu Peter
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Lantana camara -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Biological pest control agents -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Hemiptera -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Miridae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5832 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008085
- Description: The biological control of the weedy complex Lantana camara (L.) (Verbenaceae) has been ongoing in South Africa for over 40 years. Despite this, the weed is still not under sufficient control and continues to invade new territories in the country. The biological control programme needs to be bolstered with releases of new and potentially damaging biological control agents. A promising biological control agent endemic to Central America, Falconia intermedia (Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae), was imported into quarantine from Jamaica in 1994. This agent was released on sites in KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces of South Africa in 1999. Even though it initially established and damaged L. camara, populations died out at most of the release sites. As varietal difference and adverse climate have been cited as the reason for non-establishment and ineffective control in L. camara biocontrol programmes worldwide, this study attempts to investigate the role that these two factors play in this weed herbivore relationship. Laboratory no-choice trials were conducted to determine the varietal performance of F intermedia, among five Eastern Cape varieties of the weed from East London, Whitney Farm, Heather Glen Farm, Port Alfred and Lyndhurst Farm, and a variety from the Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Pretoria. However, there were differences in performance as the adult mirids performed better on white-pink varieties from Whitney Farm and Heather Glen Farm. To test varietal preference in field conditions, field releases of F intermedia were also made at East London, Whitney Farm, Heather Glen Farm, Port Alfred and Lyndhurst Farm. Post release evaluations were conducted monthly for two years (2002 and 2003). The insect established at East London and Whitney Farm, both of which have white-pink varieties. Insect populations quickly died out at the Lyndhurst Farm and Port Alfred sites, which have dark pink varieties. It is suggested that field conditions may have resulted in poor plant quality and led indirectly to varietal preference, and to non-establishment at these two sites. With the onset of cooler weather, populations disappeared at Heather Glen Farm. This suggested that F. intermedia was suitable for release in more subtropical areas within South Africa where climatic conditions would be suitable throughout the year. The mirid performed well at Whitney Farm, resulting in significant reduction in plant growth parameters such as height and percentage cover, and increasing the cover of other flora growing beneath L. camara plants. Finally, ways to improve the efficacy of this agent are considered in an effort towards better control of L. camara in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Heshula, Unathi-Nkosi Lelethu Peter
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Lantana camara -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Biological pest control agents -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Hemiptera -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Miridae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5832 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008085
- Description: The biological control of the weedy complex Lantana camara (L.) (Verbenaceae) has been ongoing in South Africa for over 40 years. Despite this, the weed is still not under sufficient control and continues to invade new territories in the country. The biological control programme needs to be bolstered with releases of new and potentially damaging biological control agents. A promising biological control agent endemic to Central America, Falconia intermedia (Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae), was imported into quarantine from Jamaica in 1994. This agent was released on sites in KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces of South Africa in 1999. Even though it initially established and damaged L. camara, populations died out at most of the release sites. As varietal difference and adverse climate have been cited as the reason for non-establishment and ineffective control in L. camara biocontrol programmes worldwide, this study attempts to investigate the role that these two factors play in this weed herbivore relationship. Laboratory no-choice trials were conducted to determine the varietal performance of F intermedia, among five Eastern Cape varieties of the weed from East London, Whitney Farm, Heather Glen Farm, Port Alfred and Lyndhurst Farm, and a variety from the Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Pretoria. However, there were differences in performance as the adult mirids performed better on white-pink varieties from Whitney Farm and Heather Glen Farm. To test varietal preference in field conditions, field releases of F intermedia were also made at East London, Whitney Farm, Heather Glen Farm, Port Alfred and Lyndhurst Farm. Post release evaluations were conducted monthly for two years (2002 and 2003). The insect established at East London and Whitney Farm, both of which have white-pink varieties. Insect populations quickly died out at the Lyndhurst Farm and Port Alfred sites, which have dark pink varieties. It is suggested that field conditions may have resulted in poor plant quality and led indirectly to varietal preference, and to non-establishment at these two sites. With the onset of cooler weather, populations disappeared at Heather Glen Farm. This suggested that F. intermedia was suitable for release in more subtropical areas within South Africa where climatic conditions would be suitable throughout the year. The mirid performed well at Whitney Farm, resulting in significant reduction in plant growth parameters such as height and percentage cover, and increasing the cover of other flora growing beneath L. camara plants. Finally, ways to improve the efficacy of this agent are considered in an effort towards better control of L. camara in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Rhodes University Graduation Ceremony 2004
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8143 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007261
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies 1820 Settlers National Monument Friday, 2 April 2004 at 10:30; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 3 April 2004 at 10:30 [and] Friday, 30 July 2004 at 18:00 , RU East London Graduation Ceremony Christian Centre, Wyse Street, East London Friday, 7 May 2004 at 10:30: 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 8 May 2004 at 10:30
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8143 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007261
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies 1820 Settlers National Monument Friday, 2 April 2004 at 10:30; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 3 April 2004 at 10:30 [and] Friday, 30 July 2004 at 18:00 , RU East London Graduation Ceremony Christian Centre, Wyse Street, East London Friday, 7 May 2004 at 10:30: 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 8 May 2004 at 10:30
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
An investigation into some aspects of the thin layer chromatographic assay of Pregnanediol with emphasis on the suitability of this method as a clinical laboratory routine
- Authors: Paton, L T
- Date: 1969
- Subjects: Thin layer chromatography , Pregnanediol
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3853 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013023
- Description: Pregnanediol (5B Pregnane- 3⋉- 20⋉- dial) is the chief urinary metabolite of progesterone, and as such is important in that variations in its concentration reflect variations in progesterone secretion. Estimations of pregnanediol concentration are therefore of considerable interest to the obstetrician and gynaecologist. Pregnanediol was first identified in the urine of pregnant women in 1929 by Marrian. Nearly ten years later Venning developed a method by which the glucuronic acid ester of pregnanediol could be extracted from the urine and its concentration gravimetrically determined. Numerous variations of the Venning theme were published in the next few years, each being claimed by its authors to be an improvement on the original. Most of these involved the estimation of the conjugated form, and it was a while before the advantage of estimating the hydrolysed aglycone was realized. Hydrolysis, when it was practised, resolved itself into two methods - namely, hydrolysis by heating the urine with a mineral acid, and enzymic hydrolysis by incubation with beta-glucuronidase. Acid hydrolysis, while producing a less clean hydrolysate, is more rapid and convenient than enzyme hydrolysis, and is used in the Klapper method which is presently the most widely used method in clinical studies. Klapper employs a double chromategraphic column separation of pregnanediol followed by colorimetric evaluation. Variations of Klapper's method have also appeared and not a few investigators have published comparisons of the various methods. Klapper himself compared his method to certain other methods and concluded that his was definitely superior. Of the accuracy of the Klapper method there is no doubt. Subsequent methods have proved more sensitive, but in terms of practicability Klapper's is the method of choice. As was pointed out with some complacency, "practicability is most satisfactory, one technician readily performing some twenty determinations in one week." In contrast to the flood of criticisms, comparisons, variations, claims and counter-claims which accompanied the publication of the abovementioned methods, the thin layer chromatographic method perfected by Waldi attracted very little attention. It is very much more rapid than all other existing techniques, is very sensitive, specific and of acceptable accuracy. In an attempt to ensure its usefulness for clinical and medical research laboratories, the Waldi method has been marketed in 'kit' form. It is intended primarily as a diagnostic aid in establishing pregnancy, and as such it might have enjoyed considerable application had it not been for the advent of the immunological method of pregnancy diagnosis which is very much more rapid. Nevertheless, the Waldi method, used purely as a means of assessing the pregnanediol content of the urine is extremely useful, and it is the purpose of this investigation to establish this usefulness, especially with respect to routine clinical investigations. The validity of some diagnoses which are based on pregnanediol assay results, is also investigated. As it is impossible to explain the significance or usefulness of a pregnanediol assay without first explaining the functions of progesterone, some time and space must be expended in a brief description, firstly, of the role played by progesterone in the phenomenon of the menstrual cycle, and secondly, of its vital importance in pregnancy. It must be realized that progesterone is only one of the many hormones involved in these events, but, in order to limit the introduction of extraneous detail, no mention is made of the other hormonal participants except when necessary for the understanding of the whole. It may be mentioned here that much of the evidence that was used for the elucidation of the functions and origins of progesterone, was derived from studies of its metabolite, pregnanediol.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1969
- Authors: Paton, L T
- Date: 1969
- Subjects: Thin layer chromatography , Pregnanediol
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3853 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013023
- Description: Pregnanediol (5B Pregnane- 3⋉- 20⋉- dial) is the chief urinary metabolite of progesterone, and as such is important in that variations in its concentration reflect variations in progesterone secretion. Estimations of pregnanediol concentration are therefore of considerable interest to the obstetrician and gynaecologist. Pregnanediol was first identified in the urine of pregnant women in 1929 by Marrian. Nearly ten years later Venning developed a method by which the glucuronic acid ester of pregnanediol could be extracted from the urine and its concentration gravimetrically determined. Numerous variations of the Venning theme were published in the next few years, each being claimed by its authors to be an improvement on the original. Most of these involved the estimation of the conjugated form, and it was a while before the advantage of estimating the hydrolysed aglycone was realized. Hydrolysis, when it was practised, resolved itself into two methods - namely, hydrolysis by heating the urine with a mineral acid, and enzymic hydrolysis by incubation with beta-glucuronidase. Acid hydrolysis, while producing a less clean hydrolysate, is more rapid and convenient than enzyme hydrolysis, and is used in the Klapper method which is presently the most widely used method in clinical studies. Klapper employs a double chromategraphic column separation of pregnanediol followed by colorimetric evaluation. Variations of Klapper's method have also appeared and not a few investigators have published comparisons of the various methods. Klapper himself compared his method to certain other methods and concluded that his was definitely superior. Of the accuracy of the Klapper method there is no doubt. Subsequent methods have proved more sensitive, but in terms of practicability Klapper's is the method of choice. As was pointed out with some complacency, "practicability is most satisfactory, one technician readily performing some twenty determinations in one week." In contrast to the flood of criticisms, comparisons, variations, claims and counter-claims which accompanied the publication of the abovementioned methods, the thin layer chromatographic method perfected by Waldi attracted very little attention. It is very much more rapid than all other existing techniques, is very sensitive, specific and of acceptable accuracy. In an attempt to ensure its usefulness for clinical and medical research laboratories, the Waldi method has been marketed in 'kit' form. It is intended primarily as a diagnostic aid in establishing pregnancy, and as such it might have enjoyed considerable application had it not been for the advent of the immunological method of pregnancy diagnosis which is very much more rapid. Nevertheless, the Waldi method, used purely as a means of assessing the pregnanediol content of the urine is extremely useful, and it is the purpose of this investigation to establish this usefulness, especially with respect to routine clinical investigations. The validity of some diagnoses which are based on pregnanediol assay results, is also investigated. As it is impossible to explain the significance or usefulness of a pregnanediol assay without first explaining the functions of progesterone, some time and space must be expended in a brief description, firstly, of the role played by progesterone in the phenomenon of the menstrual cycle, and secondly, of its vital importance in pregnancy. It must be realized that progesterone is only one of the many hormones involved in these events, but, in order to limit the introduction of extraneous detail, no mention is made of the other hormonal participants except when necessary for the understanding of the whole. It may be mentioned here that much of the evidence that was used for the elucidation of the functions and origins of progesterone, was derived from studies of its metabolite, pregnanediol.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1969
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