The importance of phytoplankton size in mediating trophic interactions within the plankton of a southern African estuary
- Authors: Froneman, P William
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6928 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011944
- Description: The influence of the phytoplankton size composition in mediating the trophic interactions between the bacteria, phytoplankton, microheterotrophs (<200 μm) and mesozooplankton (>200 μm) was investigated on three occasions in a warm temperate, temporarily open/closed estuary situated along the southern African coastline. Results of the investigation indicated that the microheterotrophs represented the most important consumers of bacteria and chlorophyll (chl)-a <5.0 μm. The low impact of the mesozooplankton on the bacteria and chl-a <5.0 μm during the study appeared to be related to the inability of the larger zooplankton to feed efficiently on small particles. During those periods when total chl-a concentration was dominated by picophytoplankton (<2.0 μm) and microphytoplankton (>20 μm), mesozooplankton were unable to feed efficiently on the chl-a due to feeding constraints. In response to the unfavorable size structure of the phytoplankton assemblages, mesozooplankton appeared to consume the microheterotrophs. The negative impact of the mesozooplankton on the microheterotrophs resulted in a decrease in the impact of these organisms on the bacteria and the chl-a <5.0 μm. This result is consistent with the predator-prey cascades. On the other hand, when the total chl-a was dominated by nanophytoplankton (2–20 μm), mesozooplankton were able to feed directly on the phytoplankton. Results of the study indicate that size structure of the phytoplankton assemblages within estuaries plays an important role in mediating the trophic interactions between the various components of the plankton food web.
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Medicine labels incorporating pictograms: do they influence understanding and adherence?
- Authors: Dowse, Roslind , Ehlers, Martina S
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6359 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006051
- Description: The objective was to determine the influence of medicine labels incorporating pictograms on the understanding of instructions and on adherence. Eighty-seven Xhosa participants attending an outpatient clinic who had been prescribed a short course of antibiotics were randomly allocated to either a control group (41 participants given text-only labels), or an experimental group (46 participants given text + pictogram labels). All participants had a maximum of 10 years of formal schooling. Follow-up home visits were conducted after 3–5 days to assess understanding of instructions and to evaluate adherence. A high adherence of greater than 90% was found for 54% of the experimental group, compared with only 2% of the control group. Average percentages for understanding in the control and experimental groups were 70 and 95%, respectively, and average adherence was 72 and 90%, respectively. The presence of pictograms was found to contribute positively to both understanding of instructions and adherence.
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Not all J domains are created equal: implications for the specificity of Hsp40-Hsp70 interactions
- Authors: Hennessy, Fritha , Nicoll, Willam S , Zimmerman, Richard , Cheetham, Michael E , Blatch, Gregory L
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6487 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006270 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.051406805
- Description: Heat shock protein 40s (Hsp40s) and heat shock protein 70s (Hsp70s) form chaperone partnerships that are key components of cellular chaperone networks involved in facilitating the correct folding of a broad range of client proteins. While the Hsp40 family of proteins is highly diverse with multiple forms occurring in any particular cell or compartment, all its members are characterized by a J domain that directs their interaction with a partner Hsp70. Specific Hsp40-Hsp70 chaperone partnerships have been identified that are dedicated to the correct folding of distinct subsets of client proteins. The elucidation of the mechanism by which these specific Hsp40-Hsp70 partnerships are formed will greatly enhance our understanding of the way in which chaperone pathways are integrated into finely regulated protein folding networks. From in silico analyses, domain swapping and rational protein engineering experiments, evidence has accumulated that indicates that J domains contain key specificity determinants. This review will critically discuss the current understanding of the structural features of J domains that determine the specificity of interaction between Hsp40 proteins and their partner Hsp70s. We also propose a model in which the J domain is able to integrate specificity and chaperone activity.
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Producing and sharing ICT-based knowledge through English and African languages at a South African university
- Authors: Terzoli, Alfredo , Dalvit, Lorenzo , Murray, Sarah , Mini, Buyiswa , Zhao, Xiaogeng
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428531 , vital:72518 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC37193
- Description: This article describes an intervention aimed at providing increased ac-cess to the study of information and communication technology (ICT) and computer literacy in Higher Education in South Africa. Our focus group is speakers of an African language from a previously disadvan-taged background in the extended studies programme at Rhodes Uni-versity. Preliminary investigation suggests that such students have dif-ficulties becoming computer literate partly because of their lack of Eng-lish proficiency. This might prevent them from furthering their studies of Computer Science (CS) up to the postgraduate level. Shifting away from the dominant approach to academic support in extended studies programmes in South Africa, in our research we focus primarily on the lexical rather than the discourse level. With the help of a web-based application, students collaboratively produce and share additional mate-rial in both English and the African languages. This allows them to inte-grate new concepts and knowledge about computers into their existing knowledge structures. With our intervention, we hope to improve the students' participation in the production and sharing of knowledge in the field of ICT.
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Regional development in South Africa’s West Coast: 'dividends on the process side'?
- Authors: Bek, David , Binns, Tony , Nel, Etienne L
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6674 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006648
- Description: Academics, policy-makers and consultants have been increasingly focusing upon the 'region' as the crucible of economic development. This regionalist approach places institutions at the centre of the process of stimulating growth. Much debate has been ongoing in academic circles, particularly those inhabited by economic geographers, about the veracity of the regionalist approach and the explanatory power of the terminology associated with it. This paper analyses explicit efforts to engender regional economic development in the West Coast of South Africa. Our empirical evaluation indicates that policy actors have sought to upgrade the institutional infrastructure of the region and that some significant achievements are evident within this realm. However, these achievements are yet to be associated with sustained regional economic takeoff. The paper concludes by asking searching questions about the ability of the regionalist approach to deliver meaningful socio-economic transformation.
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Supply-side ecology of the brown mussel, Perna perna: an investigation of spatial and temporal variation in, and coupling between, gamete release and larval supply
- Authors: McQuaid, Christopher D , Lawrie, S M
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6954 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011987
- Description: Sampling of recruitment-associated variables of Perna perna was done approximately monthly for 14 months at intertidal locations 500 m apart, nested within sites 25 km apart. Paired with intertidal locations were nearshore locations, 600 m to sea. Sampling assessed spawning, densities of larvae in the water column and densities of late plantigrades and juveniles on the shore. Major events in each variable were synchronous over larger scales (10s of kilometres) while subsidiary events were synchronised at smaller scales, varying within sites (100s of metres) or even within locations (metres). This suggests that the processes driving major events operated over large scales while processes operating at much more local scales drove less intense, more localised events. A major spawning event occurred at all locations in May–June 1998. Weaker spawning events occurred at different times in different locations. Larvae were found on 80% of sampling occasions, densities peaking in January–March 1998 and 1999 at all locations. Plantigrades and juveniles showed less clear patterns, with considerable residual variation. There was no sign of strong coupling among variables with few significant direct or cross correlations. The major sources of variability shifted from time to space as one progressed from spawning, to plantigrade density to juvenile density. For spawning, time was the most important source (58%) of heterogeneity and space accounted for little (8%) of the total variance. For larvae and late plantigrades, time was still the most important source of variability (41% and 33%, respectively), but space was a much more substantial component. For juveniles, small-scale (residual) spatial variability dominated total variability (75%). This strongly suggests the importance of hydrography and its effects on variation in delivery of larvae to the intertidal from offshore. These findings also indicate greater spatial heterogeneity as recruits age, reflecting small-scale variations in larval delivery and the increasing importance of post-settlement mortality.
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The relevance of (South African) Renaissance studies
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: vital:7055 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007416 , https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sisa/article/view/40550
- Description: preprint , This paper is part of a longer piece devoted to the elucidation of two related propositions. The first is that in South Africa the humanities in general, and Renaissance Studies in particular, are stymied by a lack of strategic thinking from those in the academy. The second is that the humanities, and Renaissance Studies, and Shakespeare, are valid and needed in this country, possibly as never before. This paper tackles the latter question, the challenge of intrinsic relevance. What possible bearing have art and literature, politics and religion, customs and technologies developed 10,000 kilometres away and nearly half a millennium ago to do with South Africa in the 21st century? I steal up on the main issue by outlining an abbreviated rhetoric of relevance, establishing a framework within which intrinsic relevance can be conceptualised for Renaissance Studies today.
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Design and evaluation of a new pharmaceutical pictogram sequence to convey medicine usage
- Authors: Mansoor, Leila E , Dowse, Roslind
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6402 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006338
- Description: Pictorials may be used to augment textual instructions in the depiction of safety and warning information on medicines. The objective of this study was to design, develop and evaluate a simple and culturally appropriate pictogram sequence for using nystatin suspension, and to assess its understandability in low-literate Xhosa participants. A new pharmaceutical pictogram sequence was designed through focus group discussions and evaluated in a 2-phase process. The results of Phase 1 (30 participants) identified various problems associated with the new pictogram sequence. It was modified accordingly and re-evaluated in Phase 2 with 20 participants. All participants belonged to the Xhosa group, had between 0 and 7 years of formal schooling and had English as their second language. Acceptance of the new pictogram sequence was based on international standards (ANSI and ISO criterion) for evaluating the comprehensibility of pictograms. In Phase 1, the new pictogram sequence was correctly interpreted by 66.7% of the participants and this complied with the ISO criterion of 67% correct. In Phase 2, 95% of the participants were able to correctly interpret the new pictogram sequence. This result complied with the ANSI criterion of 85% correct, therefore, this new pictogram sequence was considered to be acceptable. This study has illustrated the success of using a consultative approach in the design of new pictograms.
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Hill of Fools: a South African Romeo and Juliet?
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: vital:7039 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007377 , http://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC47866
- Description: preprint , What kind of debt does Hill of Fools owe to Shakespeare? Look up ‘Peteni’ in the Companion to South African English Literature (1986) and you will be told that Hill of Fools is “loosely based on the story of Romeo and Juliet” (155). Scan the first newspaper reviews (see “The Early Reception of Hill of Fools” in this volume) and it is noticeable that a great many journalists focus on the Shakespeare connection as a means of introducing the book to their readers. One of the publisher’s readers, Henry Chakava, urged before publication that once all references to tribe or tribalism had been excised “the result will be a Romeo and Juliet type story much more superior to Weep Not Child.” The author himself reportedly described the book as “a black Romeo and Juliet drama” (Tribune Reporter 1988). And, indeed, some kind of parallel is patent to anyone who reads Hill of Fools with Shakespeare’s play in mind.
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Hill of Fools: notes towards a publishing history
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: vital:7037 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007373 , http://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC47868
- Description: preprint , Written in English in the early 70s, Hill of Fools was projected into the market for world literature among distinguished company in the Heinemann African Writers Series (HAWS), at a time when expectations for African writing in English reflected a certain orthodoxy; when the book’s origins in apartheid South Africa pressed certain ‘buttons’ in world readerships, and when the country’s increasing cultural isolation meant that even relatively well-versed literary Africanists were less than familiar with the milieu from which the story springs. The result has been that the novel acquired a rather odd penumbra of interpretation, ranging from the naïve to the dismissive or reductive.
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Making sense of science through two languages: a South African case study
- Authors: Probyn, Margie J
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:7025 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007209
- Description: Mzamo Senior Secondary School (not its real name) looks like any typical township school in South Africa: modern face-brick classroom blocks which conceal a serious lack of resources, material and human. Under apartheid the disparities in spending on white and African students meant hugely different teaching and learning contexts - including infrastructure, teacher training, pupil: teacher ratios and teaching materials. Today, 10 years into the new democracy and despite government’s efforts to equalize spending, the historic inequalities persist. The school is surrounded by township houses and shacks that reflect the high poverty levels in the Eastern Cape Province. Students at schools like this face an additional but less obvious problem – that of the language medium. Although in the Eastern Cape, Xhosa is the home language of 83,8% of the population and English speakers comprise only 3.7%, the official language medium in schools is English from the beginning of Grade 4 in the majority of schools. South Africa is a multilingual country with 11 official languages recognized in the Constitution of 1996 – 9 indigenous languages and the two colonial languages, English and Afrikaans.
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Molecular chaperones in biology, medicine and protein biotechnology
- Authors: Boshoff, Aileen , Nicoll, William S , Hennessy, Fritha , Ludewig, M H , Daniel, Sheril , Modisakeng, Keoagile W , Shonhai, Addmore , McNamara, Caryn , Bradley, Graeme , Blatch, Gregory L
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6457 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004479
- Description: Molecular chaperones consist of several highly conserved families of proteins, many of which consist of heat shock proteins. The primary function of molecular chaperones is to facilitate the folding or refolding of proteins, and therefore they play an important role in diverse cellular processes including protein synthesis, protein translocation, and the refolding or degradation of proteins after cell stress. Cells are often exposed to different stressors, resulting in protein misfolding and aggregation. It is now well established that the levels of certain molecular chaperones are elevated during stress to provide protection to the cell. The focus of this review is on the impact of molecular chaperones in biology, medicine and protein biotechnology, and thus covers both fundamental and applied aspects of chaperone biology. Attention is paid to the functions and applications of molecular chaperones from bacterial and eukaryotic cells, focusing on the heat shock proteins 90 (Hsp90), 70 (Hsp70) and 40 (Hsp40) classes of chaperones, respectively. The role of these classes of chaperones in human diseases is discussed, as well as the parts played by chaperones produced by the causative agents of malaria and trypanosomiasis. Recent advances have seen the application of chaperones in improving the yields of a particular target protein in recombinant protein production. The prospects for the targeted use of molecular chaperones for the over-production of recombinant proteins is critically reviewed, and current research on these chaperones at Rhodes University is also discussed.
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Spatial structure of recruitment in the mussel Perna perna at local scales: effects of adults, algae and recruit size
- Authors: Erlandsson, Johan , McQuaid, Christopher D
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6898 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011660
- Description: To test the assumption that there is no spatial structure in small-scale recruitment variability of rocky shore mussels, we examined spatial dependence in the distribution of density of recruits (late plantigrades: 0.5 to 3.5 mm; larger recruits: 3.5 to 10 mm) and adults of the brown mussel Perna perna within local scales (30 lags ranging between 0.35 and 10.5 m) in mid- and upper mussel beds. Spatial heterogeneity was estimated by analyzing scaling properties of semivariograms using a fractal approach. Relationships between density of mussel recruits and adults and biomass of the red alga Gelidium pristoides at the different scales were examined by cross-semivariograms. We found that the distribution of adults showed spatial dependence at all transects, often with higher spatial heterogeneity (higher fractal dimension, D) at smaller scales (1st scaling region). The distribution of larger recruits exhibited spatial dependence at all transects, revealing a spatial structure, which was related to that of adults. In contrast, the distribution of late plantigrades showed mainly spatial independence (random pattern; 1.97 < D ≤ 2). Densities of both size classes of recruits were positively related to those of adults at all transects and scales, but the relationship was stronger for larger recruits than late plantigrades, explaining why there was clearer spatial structure of larger recruits. The relationship with algae was mainly negative for larger recruits, while it tended to be positive at many scales for late plantigrades. Thus, both adult mussels and G. pristoides are suitable habitats for plantigrades, while mussels are the main habitat for larger recruits. This may mean that recruits on algae either die or migrate to mussel clumps at a certain size. This study highlights the importance of recruit size when analyzing recruitment patchiness of mussels, and has implications for sustainable management of P. perna.
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Indigenous knowledge and the school curriculum: A review of developing methods and methodological perspectives
- Authors: O’Donoghue, Rob B , Neluvhalani, Edgar
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , book chapter
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437292 , vital:73366 , ISBN 978-07969-2001-0 , https://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/books/environmental-education-ethics-action-in-southern-africa
- Description: Written by environmental practitioners from across the region, the Monograph is a window onto envi-ronmental challenges in a diversity of African con-texts. These contexts include Malawian officials and community leaders, new to multi-level governance, taking up the challenge of environmental manage-ment in villages and districts; Ugandan small-scale farmers in partnership with NGOs trying to produce sustainably for the household and the international market; and government-civil society partnerships in South Africa, where the political transformation of the education system introduced a focus on envi-ronment and human rights in the national school curriculum.
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A PCA-based modelling technique for predicting environmental suitability for organisms from presence records
- Authors: Robertson, Mark P , Caithness, N , Villet, Martin H
- Date: 2001
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/442609 , vital:74014 , https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2001.00094.x
- Description: We present a correlative modelling technique that uses locality records (associated with species presence) and a set of predictor variables to produce a statistically justifiable probability response surface for a target species. The probability response surface indicates the suitability of each grid cell in a map for the target species in terms of the suite of predictor variables. The technique constructs a hyperspace for the target species using principal component axes derived from a principal components analysis performed on a training dataset. The training dataset comprises the values of the predictor variables associated with the localities where the species has been recorded as present. The origin of this hyperspace is taken to characterize the centre of the niche of the organism. All the localities (grid‐cells) in the map region are then fitted into this hyperspace using the values of the predictor variables at these localities (the prediction dataset). The Euclidean distance from any locality to the origin of the hyperspace gives a measure of the ‘centrality’ of that locality in the hyperspace. These distances are used to derive probability values for each grid cell in the map region. The modelling technique was applied to bioclimatic data to predict bioclimatic suitability for three alien invasive plant species (Lantana camara L., Ricinus communis L. and Solanum mauritianum Scop.) in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. The models were tested against independent test records by calculating area under the curve (AUC) values of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and kappa statistics. There was good agreement between the models and the independent test records. The pre‐processing of climatic variable data to reduce the deleterious effects of multicollinearity, and the use of stopping rules to prevent overfitting of the models are important aspects of the modelling process.
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Deconstructing the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa: implications for Palaeoproterozoic palaeoclimate models
- Authors: Moore, John M , Tsikos, Harilaos , Polteau, S
- Date: 2001
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6078 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006122
- Description: Current correlations between the Pretoria and Postmasburg Groups of the Transvaal Supergroup are shown to be invalid. The Postmasburg Group is also demonstrated to be broadly conformable with the underlying Ghaap Group and therefore considerably older (~2.4 Ga) than previously supposed. The new stratigraphy documents an extensive (100 Ma) and continuous cold-climate episode with a glacial maximum at the Makganyene Formation diamictite. Iron formations of the underlying Asbesheuwels and Koegas Subgroups and overlying Hotazel Formation have similar origins, related, respectively, to the onset and cessation of the glacial event. This interpretation of the Transvaal Supergroup stratigraphy has significant implications for various Palaeoproterozoic environmental models and for the timing of the development of an oxygenated atmosphere.
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Recruiters Guidelines
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: 2001
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/109753 , vital:33186
- Description: The purpose of this booklet is to touch in number of areas, which are important at this point for the recruitment campaign of the federation. It is not meant even by implication to provide details of how to handle the campaign what it does is to highlight issues and areas that we must think in the preparation for this campaign. More importantly is the fact that COSATU remains the biggest federation in South Africa and fastest growing international. Beside a loss of membership from + 2 million to + 1.8 million members. The decrease in membership is mostly because of retrenchments. The well known fact is that only about 40% of the workforce that is unionized. The aim of the recruitment drive is to access this 60% that is not unionized. The mistake must not be committed to think that the 40%, which is unionized, belong to COSATU. There are two other federations plus number of non-affiliated unions. Our commitment to One Country One Federation does not stop us to recruit from other unions as long as we remain under different bodies. This October campaign coincides with Red October campaign of the SACP and Health and Safety month of the federation this must be seen as strength than lack of co-ordination. One area that is link to recruitment is the servicing of membership. It is useless to recruit and fail to service membership because every campaign that we will take around recruitment we may find ourselves had to fight with disgruntled members and obviously it will be difficult to attract new members. This must say to us that members come first.
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HIV/AIDS Manual (project proposal)
- Authors: Labour Research Service (LRS)
- Date: 2000
- Language: English
- Type: instruction , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60075 , vital:27730
- Description: HIV/AIDS Manual. This manual thus aims to contribute to ensuring greater awareness amongst trade union members of the AIDS epidemic and that the issue assumes much greater importance and becomes integral to trade union activities and work, such as, collective bargaining and shop stewards' duties.
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Women in the Labour Movement - Confronting the new millenium
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: June 1999
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/115406 , vital:34125
- Description: The year 1999 is the year of assessing performance and delivery. In the political arena we are reflecting on the accomplishments and shortcomings of our young democracy as we prepare our nation for South Africa's second democratic elections on the 2nd of June 1999. At this time, it is important that we also evaluate the progress we as a united labour movement made subsequent to April 1994, since the involvement of COSATU in our struggle for democracy was and still remains crucial. For women the 2nd of June 1999 presents itself as a challenge, especially women within COSATU. The challenge lies in the need to ensure that women are more represented in all structures of the federation, affiliates, down to local structures. Women make up the majority of citizens in South Africa and have been and remain under represented within the trade union movement. This has been the case since the launch of COSATU in 1985.
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Surface distribution of microphytoplankton of the south-west Indian Ocean along a repeat transect between Cape Town and the Prince Edward Islands
- Authors: Froneman, P William , Pakhomov, Evgeny A , Meaton, V
- Date: 1998
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6933 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011953
- Description: Surface chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations, microphytoplankton (>20 μm) species composition and distribution along a repeat transect between Cape Town and the Prince Edward Islands were investigated in early austral autumn (April/May) 1996. Samples were collected at approximately 30 nautical mile intervals for the analysis of size-fractionated chl-a and the identification and enumeration of microphytoplankton species. Peaks in total chl-a (>1 μg 1 [superscript -1]) were recorded at the Subtropical Convergence (STC), at the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF) and in the waters surrounding the Prince Edward Islands. In addition, a minor peak in chl-a concentration was recorded in the continental shelf waters. At stations where elevated chl-a concentrations were recorded, microphytoplankton generally formed a substantial contribution (-10%) to total chlorophyll. Outside these regions, total chlorophyll concentrations were lower (<0.9 μg 1 [superscript -1]) and almost entirely dominated by nano- and picophytoplankton, which contributed >95% of the total. Microphytoplankton species composition along both transects were dominated by chain-forming species of the genera Chaetoceros (mainly C. neglectum, C. peruvianus and C. constrictus), Nitzschia spp. and Pseudoeunotia doliolus. Cluster and ordination analysis based on species composition identified five distinct microphytoplankton assemblages, which were closely associated with the different water masses in the region between Cape Town and the Prince Edward Islands. The microphytoplankton species composition and biogeographic zones identified during this investigation are in general agreement with similar studies conducted in the south-west Indian Ocean during the austral summer, which suggests that there are little seasonal trends in both the microphytoplankton species composition and biogeographic zonation.
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