Access to educational resources: illustrative examples from rural schools in the Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Hendricks, Monica
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Book chapter
- Identifier: vital:7020 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007200
- Description: [Introduction] This chapter looks at the causes and effects of the widely varying degree of access to material resources across schools in the Eastern Cape. Starting with a broad overview of schools and classroom resources across the whole province, I go on to examine the Grahamstown education district. I discuss the inequalities in resource provision between groupings of schools in the district: comparing independent and state schools, and also examining disparities across schools in different localities within the government sector. The role of parents in providing resources for their children’s schooling is also discussed, as are the relationships among the various participants in education, such as non-governmental organisations, officials of the Department of Education, and teachers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Ectomycorrhizas in association with Pinus patula in Sabie, South Africa
- Authors: Hawley, Greer L , Taylor, A F S , Dames, Joanna F
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6475 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006163 , http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532008000400011&script=sci_arttext
- Description: Forestry is an economically important industry in South Africa,involving extensive exotic plantations of Eucalyptus, Pinus and Acacia species. These tree species have fungal associations, such as ectomycorrhizas, that have become locally naturalized. The forestry industry is increasingly faced with problems of long-term sustainability, increasing soil acidity and depletion of soil nutrients. It is, therefore, essential that the fundamental importance of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses in the nutrient cycling, growth, health and survival of these tree species should not be ignored. Research on the species diversity of ECM fungi associated with forestry plant species has been hampered by the difficulty of identifying the fungi involved in the symbiosis. This investigation focused on the ECM fungi associated with Pinus patula (Schlecht. et Cham.) grown in managed plantations in the Sabie region, Mpumalanga province, South Africa. ECM roots were morphotyped and DNA was extracted. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using the ITS 1F and ITS 4 primers. The sequences were BLASTed using the GenBank and UNITE databases. Twenty-seven extractions were successfully amplified representing 17 different morphotypes. Of the 27 sequences, 21 were identified as ECM fungi and, from the BLAST results, eleven different ECM species could be identified. Selected ECM root types were morphologically and anatomically described according to root morphology, mantle structure, specialized hyphae and rhizomorph arrangement. Seven dominant field types were described and identified as two Amanita species, Scleroderma citrinum, a suilloid species, Thelephora terrestris, a tometelloid species and one resembled an Albatrellus species.
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- Date Issued: 2008
Oceanic dispersal barriers, adaptation and larval retention: an interdisciplinary assessment of potential factors maintaining a phylogeographic break between sister lineages of an African prawn
- Authors: Teske, Peter R , Papadopoulos, Isabelle , Newman, Brent K , Dworschak, Peter C , McQuaid, Christopher D , Barker, Nigel P
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6546 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006002 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-341
- Description: Background. Genetic breaks separating regional lineages of marine organisms with potentially high broadcasting abilities are generally attributed either to dispersal barriers such as currents or upwelling, or to behavioural strategies promoting self-recruitment. We investigated whether such patterns could potentially also be explained by adaptations to different environmental conditions by studying two morphologically distinguishable genetic lineages of the estuarine mudprawn Upogebia africana across a biogeographic disjunction in south-eastern Africa. The study area encompasses a transition between temperate and subtropical biotas, where the warm, southward-flowing Agulhas Current is deflected away from the coast, and its inshore edge is characterised by intermittent upwelling. To determine how this phylogeographic break is maintained, we estimated gene flow among populations in the region, tested for isolation by distance as an indication of larval retention, and reared larvae of the temperate and subtropical lineages at a range of different temperatures. Results. Of four populations sampled, the two northernmost exclusively included the subtropical lineage, a central population had a mixture of both lineages, and the southernmost estuary had only haplotypes of the temperate lineage. No evidence was found for isolation by distance, and gene flow was bidirectional and of similar magnitude among adjacent populations. In both lineages, the optimum temperature for larval development was at about 23°C, but a clear difference was found at lower temperatures. While larvae of the temperate lineage could complete development at temperatures as low as 12°C, those of the subtropical lineage did not complete development below 17°C. Conclusion. The results indicate that both southward dispersal of the subtropical lineage inshore of the Agulhas Current, and its establishment in the temperate province, may be limited primarily by low water temperatures. There is no evidence that the larvae of the temperate lineage would survive less well in the subtropical province than in their native habitat, and their exclusion from this region may be due to a combination of upwelling, short larval duration with limited dispersal potential near the coast, plus transport away from the coast of larvae that become entrained in the Agulhas Current. This study shows how methods from different fields of research (genetics, physiology, oceanography and morphology) can be combined to study phylogeographic patterns.
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- Date Issued: 2008
Texts, practices and student learning: a view from the South
- Authors: Boughey, Chrissie
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6085 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008482
- Description: This article uses ‘close-up’ ethnographic research to provide an account of students’ engagement with learning in a South African university. Broadly based on Halliday’s (1973, 1978, 1994) understanding of texts resulting from contexts, the account challenges dominant constructions of the problems students encounter as stemming from the use of inappropriate ‘approaches’ to learning, the lack of ‘study’ and other skills or problems with proficiency in areas such as writing or language and shows how students’ unfamiliarity with the context of the university leads them to draw on ‘other’ contexts in order to engage with the texts they must read, write and listen to in the course of their studies. This drawing on ‘other’ contexts then results in the texts produced by students, and the practices which give rise to those texts, being inappropriate to the context of the university. Although the research on which the article is based took place in South Africa, it is argued that the theoretical perspective it provides has relevance across other contexts given the increasingly diverse student bodies which characterize higher education across the globe.
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- Date Issued: 2008
The effects of increased freshwater inflow on metal enrichment in selected Eastern Cape estuaries, South Africa
- Authors: Orr, Kyla K , Burgess, Jo E , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6967 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012032
- Description: The concentrations of select metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni and Zn) within the water column and sediment of the permanently open Kariega Estuary and temporary open / closed Riet and East Kleinemonde Estuaries were investigated during a dry and a wet season. Enrichment factors (EFs), using Fe as a reference element, and baseline linear regression models for metals vs Fe were used to assess the extent of metal enrichment in the sediments. The results of the study indicate that Cd, Co Ni and Pb were enriched above baseline concentrations (1.0 < EF < 4.1) in the sediments of all three estuaries. Co, Pb and Ni enrichment in the Kariega Estuary sediments was significantly higher during the dry season, and the mean concentrations of Pb and Cd in the water column were 19-fold and 66-fold higher in the dry season. The elevated concentration of metals during the dry season could be related to accumulation of diffuse pollution from human activities within the catchment area. Conversely, inflow of freshwater into the estuary had the net effect of reducing the concentration and enrichment of these metals within the Kariega Estuary due to scouring and outflow of estuarine water and sediment into the marine environment. The temporal variations in metal concentrations and enrichment factors were less pronounced in the temporary open / closed estuaries than the Kariega Estuary. The observed trend can probably be related to the low anthropogenic impact within the catchment areas of these systems, and the relatively smaller size of the catchments. Significant spatial variations existed in metal enrichment in the sediment of both the East Kleinemonde and Riet Estuaries, with the highest degrees of enrichment occurring in the sediments from the marine environment and lower reaches.
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- Date Issued: 2008
Automated estimation and analyses of meteorological drought characteristics from monthly rainfall data
- Authors: Smakhtin, V U , Hughes, Denis A
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:7078 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009746
- Description: The paper describes a new software package for automated estimation, display and analyses of various drought indices – continuous functions of precipitation that allow quantitative assessment of meteorological drought events to be made. The software at present allows up to five different drought indices to be estimated. They include the Decile Index (DI), the Effective Drought Index (EDI), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and deviations from the long-term mean and median value. Each index can be estimated from point and spatially averaged rainfall data and a number of options are provided for months' selection and the type of the analysis, including a running mean, single value or multiple annual values. The software also allows spell/run analysis to be performed and maps of a specific index to be constructed. The software forms part of the comprehensive computer package, developed earlier and designed to perform the multitude of water resources analyses and hydro-meteorological data processing. The 7-step procedure of setting up and running a typical drought assessment application is described in detail. The examples of applications are given primarily in the specific context of South Asia where the software has been used.
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- Date Issued: 2007
Bioremediation of trace organic compounds found in precious metals refineries wastewaters: A review of potential options
- Authors: Barbosa, V L , Tandlich, Roman , Burgess, Jo E
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6469 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005798 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.018 , http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653507001026
- Description: Platinum group metal (PGM) refining processes produce large quantities of wastewater, which is contaminated with the compounds that make up the solvents/extractants mixtures used in the process. These compounds often include solvesso, β-hydroxyxime, amines, amides and methyl isobutyl ketone. A process to clean up PGM refinery wastewaters so that they could be re-used in the refining process would greatly contribute to continual water storage problems and to cost reduction for the industry. Based on the concept that organic compounds that are produced biologically can be destroyed biologically, the use of biological processes for the treatment of organic compounds in other types of waste stream has been favoured in recent years, owing to their low cost and environmental acceptability. This review examines the available biotechnologies and their effectiveness for treating compounds likely to be contained in precious metal extraction process wastewaters. The processes examined include: biofilters, fluidized bed reactors, trickle-bed bioreactors, bioscrubbers, two-phase partitioning bioreactors, membrane bioreactors and activated sludge. Although all processes examined showed adequate to excellent removal of organic compounds from various gaseous and fewer liquid waste streams, there was a variation in their effectiveness. Variations in performance of laboratory-scale biological processes are probably due to the inherent change in the microbial population composition due to selection pressure, environmental conditions and the time allowed for adaptation to the organic compounds. However, if these factors are disregarded, it can be established that activated sludge and membrane bioreactors are the most promising processes for use in the treatment of PGM refinery wastewaters.
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- Date Issued: 2007
Changes in fuelwood use and selection following electrification in the Bushbuckridge lowveld, South Africa
- Authors: Madubansi, Mainza , Shackleton, Charlie M
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6641 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006867
- Description: Fuelwood is the primary energy source for domestic purposes throughout the developing world, in both urban and rural environments. Due to the detrimental impacts of biomass use on human and environmental health, many governments have sought to reduce its use through provision of potentially cleaner energies, of which electricity is the dominant form. Yet there are surprisingly few studies of changes in fuelwood use following the introduction of electricity, especially in rural areas of Africa. This paper reports on a longitudinal study of fuelwood use, using identical approaches, in five rural villages in the Bushbuckridge region of South Africa, spanning the period over which electricity became widely available. Almost a decade after the introduction of electricity, over 90% of households still used fuelwood for thermal purposes, especially cooking, and the mean household consumption rates over the 11-year period had not changed, even with a policy of 6 kWh per month of free electricity. The proportion of households purchasing fuelwood had increased, probably in response to a number of factors, including (i) increased fuelwood scarcity in the local environment as reflected by increased fuelwood collection times, changes in fuelwood species preferences, and ranking of scarcity by local collectors, and (ii) increases in the price of fuelwood well below that of other fuels and the prevailing inflation rate. Overall, there was an increase in the number of species harvested over the 11-year period. The implications of these findings for rural energy provision are discussed.
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- Date Issued: 2007
Evaluating the impact of the Institutional Repository, or positioning innovation between a rock and a hard place
- Authors: Thomas, G M E
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6988 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012411
- Description: Repositories remain an innovative but marginalized technology largely because there is no consensus about an agreed set of Performance Indicators (PIs) that demonstrate their overall impact on the research enterprise of our universities. A successful Institutional Repository should be evaluated in terms of the extent to which the open access repository builds a critical mass of scholarly content which is sustained and available through active university community engagement and ongoing scholarly contributions (faculty, researchers & students) that, when managed efficiently and effectively, ultimately strengthen, promote and give visibility to the research enterprise of the institution, and bring benefit to broader society. However, librarians are grappling with what and how best to demonstrate ‘institutional good’ but without clear evidence, assessment is fed by perception based on limited information which leads to diminished impact and value of the facility, a tyranny described as being caught between a rock and a hard place. Using Illuminative Evaluation to design a series of quantitative and qualitative metrics, it is proposed that a distinction be made between significant and secondary Performance Indicators where the former gather evidence to demonstrate the overall effect or impact of the IR on the individual and collective research community.
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- Date Issued: 2007
First evidence for the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event (OAE2, Bonarelli event) from the Ionian Zone, western continental Greece
- Authors: Karakitsios, V , Tsikos, Harilaos , Van Breugel, Y , Koletti, L , Sinninghe Damsté, J S , Jenkyns, H C
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6735 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007547
- Description: Integrated biostratigraphic (planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils), chemostratigraphic (bulk C and O isotopes) and compound-specific organic geochemical studies of a mid-Cretaceous pelagic carbonate—black shale succession of the Ionian Zone (western Greece), provide the first evidence for the Cenomanian–Turonian oceanic anoxic event (OAE2, ‘Bonarelli’ event) in mainland Greece. The event is manifested by the occurrence of a relatively thin (35 cm), yet exceptionally organic carbon-rich (44.5 wt% TOC), carbonate-free black shale, near the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary within the Vigla limestone formation (Berriasian–Turonian). Compared to the ‘Bonarelli’ black-shale interval from the type locality of OAE2 in Marche–Umbria, Italy, this black shale exhibits greatly reduced stratigraphic thickness, coupled with a considerable relative enrichment in TOC. Isotopically, enriched δ[superscript 13]C values for both bulk organic matter (−22.2‰) and specific organic compounds are up to 5‰ higher than those of underlying organic-rich strata of the Aptian-lower Albian Vigla Shale member, and thus compare very well with similar values of Cenomanian–Turonian black shale occurrences elsewhere. The relative predominance of bacterial hopanoids in the saturated, apolar lipid fraction of the OAE2 black shale of the Ionian Zone supports recent findings suggesting the abundance of N[subscript 2]-fixing cyanobacteria in Cretaceous oceans during the Cenomanian–Turonian and early Aptian oceanic anoxic events.
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- Date Issued: 2007
How entrepreneurs deal with ethical challenges : an application of the Business Ethics Synergy Star Technique
- Authors: Robinson, David A , Davidsson, Per , Van der Mescht, Hennie , Court, Philip
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6079 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006123
- Description: Entrepreneurs typically live with the ever present threat of business failure arising from limited financial resources and aggressive competition in the marketplace. Under these circumstances, conflicting priorities arise and the entrepreneur is thus faced with certain dilemmas. In seeking to resolve these, entrepreneurs must often rely on their own judgment to determine ‘‘what is right’’. There is thus a need for a technique to assist them decide on a course of action when no precedent or obvious solution exists. This research paper examines how entrepreneurs experience and deal with these dilemmas. The research is based on interviews with seven entrepreneurs in established service-oriented ventures, which gave rise to 26 dilemmas. These dilemmas were analyzed by making use of the Synergy Star technique, which is introduced here as a tool that is useful in defining any dilemma, isolating the ethical component, and resolving the dilemma in a way that is congruent with the entrepreneur’s personal world-view.
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- Date Issued: 2007
Impact of nutrients and herbivory by Eccritotarsus catarinensis on the biological control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes
- Authors: Coetzee, Julie A , Byrne, Marcus J , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6945 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011973 , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-5298
- Description: Many water hyacinth infestations in South Africa are the symptom of eutrophication, and as a result, biological control of this weed is variable. This study examined the effects of herbivory by the mirid, Eccritotarsus catarinensis, on water hyacinth grown at high, medium and low nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrient concentrations. Water nutrient concentration appears to be the overriding factor affecting plant growth parameters of water hyacinth plants—at high nutrient concentrations, leaf and daughter plant production were more than double than at low nutrient concentrations, while stem length was twice as great at high nutrient concentrations compared to low concentrations. Chlorophyll content was also twice as high at high nutrient concentrations than low concentrations. Conversely, flower production at high nutrient concentrations was less than half that at low concentrations. Herbivory by E. catarinensis did not have as great an effect on water hyacinth vigour as nutrient concentration did, although it significantly reduced the production of daughter plants by 23 ± 9%, the length of the second petiole by 13 ± 5%, and chlorophyll content of water hyacinth leaves by 15 ± 6%. In terms of insect numbers, mirids performed better on plants grown under medium nutrient conditions (99 ± 28 S.E.), compared to high nutrient concentrations (52 ± 27 S.E.), and low nutrient concentrations (25 ± 30 S.E.). Thus, these results suggest that the fastest and most significant reduction in water hyacinth proliferation would be reached by lowering the water nutrient concentrations, and herbivory by E. catarinensis alone is not sufficient to reduce all aspects of water hyacinth vigour, especially at very high nutrient concentrations.
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- Date Issued: 2007
Mapping GPS-derived ionospheric Total Electron Content over Southern Africa during different epochs of solar cycle 23
- Authors: Moeketsi, D M , Combrinck, W L , McKinnell, Lee-Anne , Fedrizz, M
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6802 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004165
- Description: The Southern African Development Community and the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service (GNSS) network of dual frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers provide an opportunity to determine Total Electron Content (TEC) over Southern Africa by taking advantage of the dispersive nature of the ionospheric medium. For this task, the University of New Brunswick (UNB) ionospheric modelling technique which applies a spatial linear approximation of the vertical TEC above each station using stochastic parameters in Kalman filter estimation, primed with data from the Southern Africa GPS network, was used for mapping TEC at South African locations during selected days and hours of different epochs of solar cycle 23. Significant enhancements in the TEC value and features, which could be associated with frequent solar events, are evident around a day of extreme solar maximum. These observations are discussed and further investigated by analyzing the GOES 8 and 10 satellites X-ray flux (0.1–0.8 nm) and SOHO Solar EUV Monitor (26.0–34.0 nm) higher resolution data. Comparison of these physical quantities reveals that for each X-ray flare observed, there is an associated EUV flare event. The latter phenomenon causes photoionisation in the daytime ionosphere which results in significant TEC enhancement. The daytime UNB TEC compared with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 2001 predicted TEC found both models to show a good agreement.
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- Date Issued: 2007
Patriotic history and the politicisation of memory: manipulation of popular music to re-invent the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Thram, Diane Janell
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/147836 , vital:38677 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1080/02560040608540456
- Description: This paper investigates how the music nationalism promulgated by the ZANU-PF regime's former Minister of Information and Publicity, Jonathan Moyo, appropriated history and culture in its relentless effort to convince the citizenry that the on-going crisis in Zimbabwe is a continuation of the liberation struggle. It documents how Moyo's propagandised ‘patriotic history’ was written into song lyrics and used in frequently televised propaganda videos and CD/cassette releases to create a music nationalism that appropriated the music of the 1970s Second Chimurenga struggle, then performed to resist colonial oppression, and used it as propaganda intended to maintain the current oppressive regime's grip on political power. It argues that the appropriation of indigenous song/dance forms and the ‘chimurenga music’ of the liberation war has failed to achieve unification of the nation; and that rather, the propaganda's manipulation of memory has offended the Shona cultural aesthetic that requires songwriters to speak the truth of their experience in their music.
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- Date Issued: 2007
Spatial patterns in the biology of the chokka squid, Loligo reynaudii on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa
- Authors: Olyott, L J H , Sauer, Warwick H H , Booth, Anthony J
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127053 , vital:35947 , https://doi.10.1007/s11160-006-9027-5
- Description: Although migration patterns for various life history stages of the chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) have been previously presented, there has been limited comparison of spatial variation in biological parameters. Based on data from research surveys; size ranges of juveniles, subadults and adults on the Agulhas Bank were estimated and presented spatially. The bulk of the results appear to largely support the current acceptance of the life cycle with an annual pattern of squid hatching in the east, migrating westwards to offshore feeding grounds on the Central and Western Agulhas Bank and the west coast and subsequent return migration to the eastern inshore areas to spawn. The number of adult animals in deeper water, particularly in autumn in the central study area probably represents squid spawning in deeper waters and over a greater area than is currently targeted by the fishery. The distribution of life history stages and different feeding areas does not rule out the possibility that discrete populations of L. reynaudii with different biological characteristics inhabit the western and eastern regions of the Agulhas Bank. In this hypothesis, some mixing of the populations does occur but generally squid from the western Agulhas Bank may occur in smaller numbers, grow more slowly and mature at a larger size. Spawning occurs on the western portion of the Agulhas Bank, and juveniles grow and mature on the west coast and the central Agulhas Bank. Future research requirements include the elucidation of the age structure of chokka squid both spatially and temporally, and a comparison of the statolith chemistry and genetic characterization between adults from different spawning areas across the Agulhas Bank.
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- Date Issued: 2007
The battle for Cassinga : conflicting narratives and contested meanings
- Authors: Baines, Gary F
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: Conference paper
- Identifier: vital:6156 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007073
- Description: Nearly thirty years ago the name Cassinga (or Kassinga) came to the attention of the world. At the time the name evoked a range of responses, from outrage to grief to the celebration of military bravado. It still does so. And Cassinga will continue to elicit such responses as long as participants and witnesses are alive and the events remain part of living memory. Obviously perpetrators and survivors remember the events of 4 May 1978 differently. Memory is, after all, selective. The recollections of participants and witnesses are framed by personal and political agendas. This much is abundantly clear from the conflicting accounts of Cassinga that appear in the media and literature, especially the exchanges that take place between parties with a stake in how the events are remembered. Thus a report headlined “Battle of Cassinga still rages” published on the 29th anniversary suggested that the events are still shrouded in controversy and that there is no agreement about what transpired in the southern Angolan town. The title of this paper reflects my concern with the battle for rather than of Cassinga. The choice of preposition is intended to signify the ongoing contestation over the meaning of Cassinga.
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- Date Issued: 2007
Transforming the media: a cultural approach
- Authors: Steenveld, Lynette N
- Date: 2007
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/147891 , vital:38682 , DOI: 10.1080/02560240485310061
- Description: The change from an Apartheid state to a liberal democratic one has wrought many changes at all levels of South African society: the economic, social, political, cultural. This paper explores the impacts of these changes on the South African print media industry, with a view to assessing their contribution to the development of a democratic citizenship. While acknowledging the constraining effects of economic structures of ownership, the paper locates these within the broader social and political context of post-apartheid South Africa. It thus attempts to synthesise elements of both a political economy and cultural approach to the analysis of cultural production.
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- Date Issued: 2007
A research prospectus for the humanities
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Book chapter , text
- Identifier: vital:7027 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007213
- Description: The humanities in South Africa, as elsewhere, face a crisis of credibility.There is pressing need for the humanities to articulate their social and educational purpose more clearly, so that their academic value is recognised beyond the confines of academia.The aim of reshaping human character and society remains the foundational impulse of the humanities. This is achieved through the careful study of specially selected exemplary 'texts': literary works, fine art, social schemes, intellectual movements, historical episodes, and philosophical and religious outlooks.Students are required to respond in person to both 'text' and the discourse of which it is an exemplary instantiation. This is the manner in which they act to influence character and society.
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- Date Issued: 2006
Creating international support for the development of the news media in Africa
- Authors: Banda, Fackson
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6326 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008301
- Description: This article analyses the issues associated with providing support mechanisms for strengthening media institutions in Africa. It takes a historical look at the involvement of international actors in the evolution of African media, arguing that ideology plays a key role in the way international support is crafted for Africa's development, including media development.
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- Date Issued: 2006
Generic substitution: the use of medicinal products containing different salts and implications for safety and efficacy
- Authors: Verbeeck, R K , Kanfer, Isadore , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6445 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006632
- Description: In their quest to gain early entry of new generic products into the market prior to patent expiration, one of the strategies pursued by generic drug product manufacturers is to incorporate different salts of an approved active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a brand company's marketed dosage form and subject such dosage forms to bioequivalence assessment. These initiatives present challenges to regulatory authorities where the decision to approve bioequivalent products containing such pharmaceutical alternatives must be considered in the light of safety and efficacy, and more particularly, with respect to their substitutability. This article describes the various issues and contentions associated with the concept of pharmaceutical alternatives, specifically with respect to the uses of different salts and the implications for safety, efficacy and generic substitution.
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- Date Issued: 2006