Emplacement of the 2.44 Ga ultramafic layered Kemi intrusion, Finland PGE, geochemical and Sm-Nd isotopic implications
- Authors: Linkermann, Sean Aaron
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Chromite -- Finland -- Kemi , Mining geology -- Finland -- Kemi , Geochemistry -- Finland -- Kemi , Petrology -- Finland -- Kemi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4940 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005552 , Chromite -- Finland -- Kemi , Mining geology -- Finland -- Kemi , Geochemistry -- Finland -- Kemi , Petrology -- Finland -- Kemi
- Description: Europe’s largest chrome deposit is hosted by the 2.44 Ga Kemi ultramafic layered intrusion. The lower half of the intrusion consists of peridotites, pyroxenites and chromitite layers while the upper half consists of websterites, gabbronorites and leucogabbros. The mafic minerals of the lower and upper parts of the intrusion are altered to serpentine, chlorite, talc, amphiboles and carbonates. However, the original mineralogy is still preserved in the middle part of the intrusion. Earlier work on the Kemi intrusion concentrated mainly on the economically important chromitite layers and suggested that these layers were formed through contamination of a single pulse of primitive magma by underlying Archaean basement crustal material. The broad variations of the major element concentrations reflect variations in the mode of the Kemi rocks. The petrology, which shows olivine- and orthopyroxene-dominated rocks in the lower portion of the intrusion to plagioclase- and clinopyroxene-dominated rocks in the upper portion, shows a gross consistency with a fractional crystallization process.The incompatible elements are relatively enriched in the lower portion of the intrusion which is not consistent with a broad fractional crystallization process. These variations suggest that the ultramafic portion of the KemiIntrusion is relatively enriched in trapped liquid compared to the mafic portion.ε2.44 Nd values ranges from +4 (consistent with depleted mantle source) to -10 (indicating a contribution from Archaean crust). The lower peridotites, pyroxenites and websterites have ε2.44 Nd values ranging between depleted mantle signatures and -2, whereas the gabbroic cumulates have ε2.44 Nd values which cover a range from around -5 to -10. Nd isotopic variation in the lower part of the profile is punctuated by distinct spikes to lower ε2.44 Nd corresponding to the chromitite horizons. Both the lower and upper portions of the Kemi Intrusion show enrichment of LREEC1 relative to HREEC1. The LREEC1 enriched values start to increase markedly from about the 1000 meter mark and continue to increase in value towards the roof of the intrusion.The main enrichment of PGE (ΣPPGE = 55 to 148 ppb) occurs approximately 90 to 160 m above the basal contact, beginning within andcontinuing above the main chromitite ore horizon. The mantle-normalized PGE abundances of the main chromitite horizon and the peridotites and pyroxenites below it show enrichment of IPGEPM (Os + Ir + Ru) relative to PPGEPM (Rh + Pd + Pt). In contrast, the overlying rocks are characterised by enrichment of PPGEPM relative to IPGEPM. These PGE-patterns suggest the influence of two distinct controlling processes above and below the main chromitite reef.The isotopic data are consistent with the initial introduction of multiple pulses of depleted mantle-derived magma crystallising olivine and pyroxene. Before the parent magma was fed into the Kemi magma chamber, it underwent crustal contamination and assimilation in a staging chamber within the lower crust. Some of these pulses were “critically crustally contaminated”, inducing chromite saturation and precipitation. The modelling also predicts minor in-situ contamination of the parent magma in the Kemi chamber with its wall and roof rocks. Above the main chromitite layer (about 160 m above the basal contact), the chromite content decreases and the PPGEPM/IPGEPM values increase which is consistent with scavenging of the IPGE into the lowermost layers and/or evolving magma compositions. Above 1000 m, the isotopic and REE data indicate a new magma pulse which has also been extensively contaminated in the staging magma chamber before emplacement into the Kemi magma chamber. The contamination in the staging magma chamber increased which is reflected in a progressively larger crustal component towards the top of the Kemi Intrusion
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Linkermann, Sean Aaron
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Chromite -- Finland -- Kemi , Mining geology -- Finland -- Kemi , Geochemistry -- Finland -- Kemi , Petrology -- Finland -- Kemi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4940 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005552 , Chromite -- Finland -- Kemi , Mining geology -- Finland -- Kemi , Geochemistry -- Finland -- Kemi , Petrology -- Finland -- Kemi
- Description: Europe’s largest chrome deposit is hosted by the 2.44 Ga Kemi ultramafic layered intrusion. The lower half of the intrusion consists of peridotites, pyroxenites and chromitite layers while the upper half consists of websterites, gabbronorites and leucogabbros. The mafic minerals of the lower and upper parts of the intrusion are altered to serpentine, chlorite, talc, amphiboles and carbonates. However, the original mineralogy is still preserved in the middle part of the intrusion. Earlier work on the Kemi intrusion concentrated mainly on the economically important chromitite layers and suggested that these layers were formed through contamination of a single pulse of primitive magma by underlying Archaean basement crustal material. The broad variations of the major element concentrations reflect variations in the mode of the Kemi rocks. The petrology, which shows olivine- and orthopyroxene-dominated rocks in the lower portion of the intrusion to plagioclase- and clinopyroxene-dominated rocks in the upper portion, shows a gross consistency with a fractional crystallization process.The incompatible elements are relatively enriched in the lower portion of the intrusion which is not consistent with a broad fractional crystallization process. These variations suggest that the ultramafic portion of the KemiIntrusion is relatively enriched in trapped liquid compared to the mafic portion.ε2.44 Nd values ranges from +4 (consistent with depleted mantle source) to -10 (indicating a contribution from Archaean crust). The lower peridotites, pyroxenites and websterites have ε2.44 Nd values ranging between depleted mantle signatures and -2, whereas the gabbroic cumulates have ε2.44 Nd values which cover a range from around -5 to -10. Nd isotopic variation in the lower part of the profile is punctuated by distinct spikes to lower ε2.44 Nd corresponding to the chromitite horizons. Both the lower and upper portions of the Kemi Intrusion show enrichment of LREEC1 relative to HREEC1. The LREEC1 enriched values start to increase markedly from about the 1000 meter mark and continue to increase in value towards the roof of the intrusion.The main enrichment of PGE (ΣPPGE = 55 to 148 ppb) occurs approximately 90 to 160 m above the basal contact, beginning within andcontinuing above the main chromitite ore horizon. The mantle-normalized PGE abundances of the main chromitite horizon and the peridotites and pyroxenites below it show enrichment of IPGEPM (Os + Ir + Ru) relative to PPGEPM (Rh + Pd + Pt). In contrast, the overlying rocks are characterised by enrichment of PPGEPM relative to IPGEPM. These PGE-patterns suggest the influence of two distinct controlling processes above and below the main chromitite reef.The isotopic data are consistent with the initial introduction of multiple pulses of depleted mantle-derived magma crystallising olivine and pyroxene. Before the parent magma was fed into the Kemi magma chamber, it underwent crustal contamination and assimilation in a staging chamber within the lower crust. Some of these pulses were “critically crustally contaminated”, inducing chromite saturation and precipitation. The modelling also predicts minor in-situ contamination of the parent magma in the Kemi chamber with its wall and roof rocks. Above the main chromitite layer (about 160 m above the basal contact), the chromite content decreases and the PPGEPM/IPGEPM values increase which is consistent with scavenging of the IPGE into the lowermost layers and/or evolving magma compositions. Above 1000 m, the isotopic and REE data indicate a new magma pulse which has also been extensively contaminated in the staging magma chamber before emplacement into the Kemi magma chamber. The contamination in the staging magma chamber increased which is reflected in a progressively larger crustal component towards the top of the Kemi Intrusion
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The biology and molecular ecology of floating sulphur biofilms
- Authors: Bowker, Michelle Louise
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Biofilms , Microbial ecology , Sulfur
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4056 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004117 , Biofilms , Microbial ecology , Sulfur
- Description: Floating sulphur biofilms have been observed to occur on sulphate-containing natural systems and waste stabilization ponds. It has been postulated that these biofilms form on the surface of the water because sulphate reducing bacteria present in the bottom layers of the water body reduce sulphate to sulphide which then diffuses upwards and is oxidized under the correct redox conditions to sulphur by sulphide oxidizing bacteria. Very little information exists on these complex floating systems and in order to study them further, model systems were designed. The Baffle Reactor was successfully used to cultivate floating sulphur biofilms. Conditions within the reactor could be closely scrutinized in the laboratory and it was found that sulphate levels decreased, sulphide levels increased and that sulphur was produced over a period of 2 weeks. The success of this system led to it being scaled-up and currently a method to harvest sulphur from the biofilm is under development. It is thought that biofilms are highly complex, heterogeneous structures with different bacteria distributed in different layers. Preliminary work suggested that bacteria were differentially distributed along nutrient and oxygen gradients within the biofilm. Biofilms are very thin structures and therefore difficult to study and Gradient systems were developed in an attempt to spatially separate the biofilm species into functional layers. Gradient Tubes were designed; these provided a gradient of high-sulphide, low oxygen conditions to high-oxygen, low-sulphide conditions. Bacteria were observed to grow in different layers of these systems. The Gradient Tubes could be sectioned and the chemical characteristics of each section as well as the species present could be determined. Silicon Tubular Bioreactors were also developed and these were very efficient at producing large amounts of sulphur under strictly controlled redox conditions. Microscopy and molecular methods including the amplification of a section of Ribosomal Ribonucleic acid by Polymerase Chain Reaction were used in an attempt to characterize the populations present in these biofilm systems. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis was used to create band profiles of the populations; individual bands were excised from the gels and sequenced. Identified species included Ectothiorhodospira sp., Dethiosulfovibrio russensis, Pseudomonas geniculata, Thiobacillus baregensis and Halothiobacillus kellyi.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Bowker, Michelle Louise
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Biofilms , Microbial ecology , Sulfur
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4056 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004117 , Biofilms , Microbial ecology , Sulfur
- Description: Floating sulphur biofilms have been observed to occur on sulphate-containing natural systems and waste stabilization ponds. It has been postulated that these biofilms form on the surface of the water because sulphate reducing bacteria present in the bottom layers of the water body reduce sulphate to sulphide which then diffuses upwards and is oxidized under the correct redox conditions to sulphur by sulphide oxidizing bacteria. Very little information exists on these complex floating systems and in order to study them further, model systems were designed. The Baffle Reactor was successfully used to cultivate floating sulphur biofilms. Conditions within the reactor could be closely scrutinized in the laboratory and it was found that sulphate levels decreased, sulphide levels increased and that sulphur was produced over a period of 2 weeks. The success of this system led to it being scaled-up and currently a method to harvest sulphur from the biofilm is under development. It is thought that biofilms are highly complex, heterogeneous structures with different bacteria distributed in different layers. Preliminary work suggested that bacteria were differentially distributed along nutrient and oxygen gradients within the biofilm. Biofilms are very thin structures and therefore difficult to study and Gradient systems were developed in an attempt to spatially separate the biofilm species into functional layers. Gradient Tubes were designed; these provided a gradient of high-sulphide, low oxygen conditions to high-oxygen, low-sulphide conditions. Bacteria were observed to grow in different layers of these systems. The Gradient Tubes could be sectioned and the chemical characteristics of each section as well as the species present could be determined. Silicon Tubular Bioreactors were also developed and these were very efficient at producing large amounts of sulphur under strictly controlled redox conditions. Microscopy and molecular methods including the amplification of a section of Ribosomal Ribonucleic acid by Polymerase Chain Reaction were used in an attempt to characterize the populations present in these biofilm systems. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis was used to create band profiles of the populations; individual bands were excised from the gels and sequenced. Identified species included Ectothiorhodospira sp., Dethiosulfovibrio russensis, Pseudomonas geniculata, Thiobacillus baregensis and Halothiobacillus kellyi.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
The effect of 6-Methoxy-2-Benzoxazolinone (6-MBOA) on indoleamine regulation and its possible role in depression
- Authors: Tanda, Sindiswa Eunice
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Tryptophan -- Physiological effect , Tryptophan -- Therapeutic use , Antidepressants
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3912 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003971 , Tryptophan -- Physiological effect , Tryptophan -- Therapeutic use , Antidepressants
- Description: Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is obtained from the diet. Approximately 98 % of ingested tryptophan is metabolized by the enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). The metabolism of tryptophan by TDO is an important determinant of tryptophan bioavailability to the brain for serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis, an essential amine in affective disorders such as depression. Studies done on circadian rhythmicity of the enzyme activity have shown that, TDO activity is high during the scoto-phase (dark-phase), which is attributable to the de novo enzyme synthesis that occurs during this phase. 6-Methoxy-2-benzoxazolinontr-(6-MBOA), a structural analogue of melatonin (aMT) was shown to inhibit TDO activity in both the photo-phase (light-phase) and the scoto-phase with greater potency during the light-phase. Further studies were directed at demonstrating the effects of 6-MBOA on the brain tryptophan hydroxylase (TH) activity, which is a rate limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis and subsequently on 5-HT levels. The findings showed that, 6-MBOA induces TH activity with a concomitant rise in brain 5-HT levels. The blockade of 5-HT re-uptake into the presynaptic neuron leads to an increase in 5-HT available for the stimulatory action of 5-HT receptors. An attempt to establish whether the administration of 6-MBOA would block the binding of 5-HT to receptors on the synaptosomal membrane showed that 6-MBO A only inhibits the binding of 5 -HT at specific concentrations. In view of the positive effects imposed by 6-MBOA on brain 5-HT levels, urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) excretion was measured before and after treatment with 6-MBOA. 5-HIAA excretion was found to be significantly increased after 6-MBOA treatment. Extensive research on the biosynthesis of pineal metabolites has been conducted in the past two decades. The pineal metabolites are synthesized from the precursor tryptophan. In order to obtain an overall picture of the effect of6-MBOA on pineal indole metabolism, an organ culture technique was employed. The results obtained showed that although 6-MBOA administration to rats caused a significant increase in aMT production, there was an insignificant increase in NAS production. This is an immediate precursor of aMT. Other pineal indoles were not affected at all by 6-MBOA administration. Furthermore, the production of pineal NAS and aMT showed an inter-individual variation with some animals producing very high, some very low and some produced average levels of these two metabolites in both photo and scoto-phase experiments. A study undertaken to investigate the circadian rhythm in endogenous aMT production using the competitive ELISA technique showed a clear pattern with high levels of aMT produced during the dark-phase and low levels ofaMT produced during the light-phase. Furthermore, the administration of6-MBOA to rats lead to a significant rise in endogenous aMT production.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Tanda, Sindiswa Eunice
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Tryptophan -- Physiological effect , Tryptophan -- Therapeutic use , Antidepressants
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3912 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003971 , Tryptophan -- Physiological effect , Tryptophan -- Therapeutic use , Antidepressants
- Description: Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is obtained from the diet. Approximately 98 % of ingested tryptophan is metabolized by the enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). The metabolism of tryptophan by TDO is an important determinant of tryptophan bioavailability to the brain for serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis, an essential amine in affective disorders such as depression. Studies done on circadian rhythmicity of the enzyme activity have shown that, TDO activity is high during the scoto-phase (dark-phase), which is attributable to the de novo enzyme synthesis that occurs during this phase. 6-Methoxy-2-benzoxazolinontr-(6-MBOA), a structural analogue of melatonin (aMT) was shown to inhibit TDO activity in both the photo-phase (light-phase) and the scoto-phase with greater potency during the light-phase. Further studies were directed at demonstrating the effects of 6-MBOA on the brain tryptophan hydroxylase (TH) activity, which is a rate limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis and subsequently on 5-HT levels. The findings showed that, 6-MBOA induces TH activity with a concomitant rise in brain 5-HT levels. The blockade of 5-HT re-uptake into the presynaptic neuron leads to an increase in 5-HT available for the stimulatory action of 5-HT receptors. An attempt to establish whether the administration of 6-MBOA would block the binding of 5-HT to receptors on the synaptosomal membrane showed that 6-MBO A only inhibits the binding of 5 -HT at specific concentrations. In view of the positive effects imposed by 6-MBOA on brain 5-HT levels, urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) excretion was measured before and after treatment with 6-MBOA. 5-HIAA excretion was found to be significantly increased after 6-MBOA treatment. Extensive research on the biosynthesis of pineal metabolites has been conducted in the past two decades. The pineal metabolites are synthesized from the precursor tryptophan. In order to obtain an overall picture of the effect of6-MBOA on pineal indole metabolism, an organ culture technique was employed. The results obtained showed that although 6-MBOA administration to rats caused a significant increase in aMT production, there was an insignificant increase in NAS production. This is an immediate precursor of aMT. Other pineal indoles were not affected at all by 6-MBOA administration. Furthermore, the production of pineal NAS and aMT showed an inter-individual variation with some animals producing very high, some very low and some produced average levels of these two metabolites in both photo and scoto-phase experiments. A study undertaken to investigate the circadian rhythm in endogenous aMT production using the competitive ELISA technique showed a clear pattern with high levels of aMT produced during the dark-phase and low levels ofaMT produced during the light-phase. Furthermore, the administration of6-MBOA to rats lead to a significant rise in endogenous aMT production.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
The development of an immobilised-enzyme bioprobe for the detection of phenolic pollutants in water
- Authors: Russell, Ingrid Margaret
- Date: 1999
- Subjects: Pollutants -- Biodegradation , Pollutants , Chemical reactors , Membrane reactors , Fungi -- Biotechnology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4069 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006211 , Pollutants -- Biodegradation , Pollutants , Chemical reactors , Membrane reactors , Fungi -- Biotechnology
- Description: The possibility of developing an immobilised-enzyme bioprobe, based on mushroom polyphenol oxidase, for the purely biological detection and quantification of phenolic pollutants in water was investigated. Polyphenol oxidase catalyses the bioconversion of many phenolic compounds into quinone-related coloured products. Thus, in an immobilised form, the enzyme serves as a visible indicator of the presence and concentration of phenolic pollutants in water. The objective of this research was to develop a portable, disposable bioprobe incorporating polyphenol oxidase for this purpose. The intensity of the colour changes produced by the enzyme on reaction with p-cresol, p-chlorophenol and phenol was found to increase proportionally with increasing concentrations of these substrates in solution. Immobilisation of the enzyme on various supports did not appear to significantly affect the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The enzyme was immobilised by adsorption and cross-linking on polyethersulphone, nitrocellulose and nylon membranes with the production of various colour ranges on reaction with the phenolic substrates. The most successful immobilisation of the enzyme, in terms of quantity and distribution of enzyme immobilised and colour production, was obtained with the enzyme immobilised by adsorption on nylon membranes in the presence of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH). The enzyme, immobilised using this method, produced ranges of maroon colours in phenolic solutions and orange colours in cresylic solutions. The colour intensities produced were found to increase proportionally with increasing substrate concentration after 5 minutes exposure to the substrates. The bioprobe had a broad substrate specificity and was sensitive to substrate concentrations down to 0.05 mg/L. The enzyme activity of the bioprobe was not significantly affected in a pH range from 4 to 10 and in a temperature range from 5-25⁰C. The bioprobe activity was not affected by various concentrations of salt and metal ions and the bioprobe was able to detect and semi-quantify phenolic substrates in industrial effluent samples. These features of the bioprobe indicate that the commercialisation of such a bioprobe is feasible and this technology has been patented (Patent No. SA 97/0227). , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1999
- Authors: Russell, Ingrid Margaret
- Date: 1999
- Subjects: Pollutants -- Biodegradation , Pollutants , Chemical reactors , Membrane reactors , Fungi -- Biotechnology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4069 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006211 , Pollutants -- Biodegradation , Pollutants , Chemical reactors , Membrane reactors , Fungi -- Biotechnology
- Description: The possibility of developing an immobilised-enzyme bioprobe, based on mushroom polyphenol oxidase, for the purely biological detection and quantification of phenolic pollutants in water was investigated. Polyphenol oxidase catalyses the bioconversion of many phenolic compounds into quinone-related coloured products. Thus, in an immobilised form, the enzyme serves as a visible indicator of the presence and concentration of phenolic pollutants in water. The objective of this research was to develop a portable, disposable bioprobe incorporating polyphenol oxidase for this purpose. The intensity of the colour changes produced by the enzyme on reaction with p-cresol, p-chlorophenol and phenol was found to increase proportionally with increasing concentrations of these substrates in solution. Immobilisation of the enzyme on various supports did not appear to significantly affect the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The enzyme was immobilised by adsorption and cross-linking on polyethersulphone, nitrocellulose and nylon membranes with the production of various colour ranges on reaction with the phenolic substrates. The most successful immobilisation of the enzyme, in terms of quantity and distribution of enzyme immobilised and colour production, was obtained with the enzyme immobilised by adsorption on nylon membranes in the presence of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH). The enzyme, immobilised using this method, produced ranges of maroon colours in phenolic solutions and orange colours in cresylic solutions. The colour intensities produced were found to increase proportionally with increasing substrate concentration after 5 minutes exposure to the substrates. The bioprobe had a broad substrate specificity and was sensitive to substrate concentrations down to 0.05 mg/L. The enzyme activity of the bioprobe was not significantly affected in a pH range from 4 to 10 and in a temperature range from 5-25⁰C. The bioprobe activity was not affected by various concentrations of salt and metal ions and the bioprobe was able to detect and semi-quantify phenolic substrates in industrial effluent samples. These features of the bioprobe indicate that the commercialisation of such a bioprobe is feasible and this technology has been patented (Patent No. SA 97/0227). , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1999
The geology, geochemistry and stratigraphic correlations of the farm Rietfontein 70 JS on the south -eastern flank of the Dennilton Dome, Transvaal, South Africa
- Authors: Crous, Stephanus Philippus
- Date: 1996
- Subjects: Stratigraphic correlation -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Geology, Stratigraphic , Geochemistry -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Geology -- South Africa -- Transvaal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4960 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005572 , Stratigraphic correlation -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Geology, Stratigraphic , Geochemistry -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Geology -- South Africa -- Transvaal
- Description: The study area is located between Loskop Dam and the town of Groblersdal, on the southeastern flank of the Dennilton dome, and is underlain by lithologies of the Pretoria Group, Bushveld Complex mafics and ultramafics and acid lavas that resort under the Rooiberg felsites. Field work comprised of geological mapping, soil-, hard-rock- and stream sediment geochemistry, various geophysical techniques and diamond drilling. The rocktypes that resembles the Rustenburg Layered Suite on the farm Rietfontein 70JS is subdivided into a Mixed Zone, Critical Zone and Main Zone, on grounds of geochemical and certain geophysical attributes. The Mixed Zone that overlies the Bushveld Complex floor-rocks, is furthermore separated into an i) Lower-, ii) Middle- and, iii) Upper Unit. The Lower Unit of the Mixed Zone consists primarily of magnetite-gabbros, iron-rich pegmatites, harzburgites and feldspathic pyroxenites. The Fe-rich constituents of this stratigraphic horizon generates a pronounced magnetic anomaly within the study area. On the basis of; amongst other parameters, Zr/Rb and Sr/Al₂0₃ ratios, the magnetite-gabbros are postulated to conform to lithotypes in the vicinity of magnetite layers 8 to 14 of Upper Zone Subzone B in a normal Bushveld Complex stratigraphical scenario. Similarly, it is argued that the feldspathic pyroxenites and norites that display elevated chromium values are analogues to normal Critical Zone rocktypes of the Rustenburg Layered Snite. A more elaborate and precise stratigraphic correlation for the Critical zone was, however, not possible. It is advocated that a volume imbalance was created by the hot, ascending mafic magmas of the intruding Bushveld Complex, resulting in the updoming of certain prevailing basement features such as the Dennilton Dome. In addition to this ideology, it is proposed that the Mineral Range Fragment is in fact a large xenolith underlain by mafics, after being detached from the Dennilton Dome during the intrusion event. Evidence generated by this study unequivocally indicate that the potential for viable PGE's, Ni, Cu and Au within a Merensky Reef- type configuration or a Plat Reef-type scenario under a relatively thin veneer of acid Bushveld Complex roof-rocks on the eastern flank of the Dennilton Dome, appears feasible.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1996
- Authors: Crous, Stephanus Philippus
- Date: 1996
- Subjects: Stratigraphic correlation -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Geology, Stratigraphic , Geochemistry -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Geology -- South Africa -- Transvaal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4960 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005572 , Stratigraphic correlation -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Geology, Stratigraphic , Geochemistry -- South Africa -- Transvaal , Geology -- South Africa -- Transvaal
- Description: The study area is located between Loskop Dam and the town of Groblersdal, on the southeastern flank of the Dennilton dome, and is underlain by lithologies of the Pretoria Group, Bushveld Complex mafics and ultramafics and acid lavas that resort under the Rooiberg felsites. Field work comprised of geological mapping, soil-, hard-rock- and stream sediment geochemistry, various geophysical techniques and diamond drilling. The rocktypes that resembles the Rustenburg Layered Suite on the farm Rietfontein 70JS is subdivided into a Mixed Zone, Critical Zone and Main Zone, on grounds of geochemical and certain geophysical attributes. The Mixed Zone that overlies the Bushveld Complex floor-rocks, is furthermore separated into an i) Lower-, ii) Middle- and, iii) Upper Unit. The Lower Unit of the Mixed Zone consists primarily of magnetite-gabbros, iron-rich pegmatites, harzburgites and feldspathic pyroxenites. The Fe-rich constituents of this stratigraphic horizon generates a pronounced magnetic anomaly within the study area. On the basis of; amongst other parameters, Zr/Rb and Sr/Al₂0₃ ratios, the magnetite-gabbros are postulated to conform to lithotypes in the vicinity of magnetite layers 8 to 14 of Upper Zone Subzone B in a normal Bushveld Complex stratigraphical scenario. Similarly, it is argued that the feldspathic pyroxenites and norites that display elevated chromium values are analogues to normal Critical Zone rocktypes of the Rustenburg Layered Snite. A more elaborate and precise stratigraphic correlation for the Critical zone was, however, not possible. It is advocated that a volume imbalance was created by the hot, ascending mafic magmas of the intruding Bushveld Complex, resulting in the updoming of certain prevailing basement features such as the Dennilton Dome. In addition to this ideology, it is proposed that the Mineral Range Fragment is in fact a large xenolith underlain by mafics, after being detached from the Dennilton Dome during the intrusion event. Evidence generated by this study unequivocally indicate that the potential for viable PGE's, Ni, Cu and Au within a Merensky Reef- type configuration or a Plat Reef-type scenario under a relatively thin veneer of acid Bushveld Complex roof-rocks on the eastern flank of the Dennilton Dome, appears feasible.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1996
Geological characteristics of selected disseminated sediment-hosted gold deposits in Nevada, U.S.A. : in search of an exploration model
- Authors: Skead, Michael Bethel
- Date: 1995 , 2013-10-07
- Subjects: Gold ores -- Geology -- Nevada
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5036 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007414 , Gold ores -- Geology -- Nevada
- Description: Sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits in Nevada, western United States are major gold sources and contain reserves in excess of 1 500 metric tons of gold (Percival et aI., 1988). Discovery of these deposit types continues at a pace, with Placer Dome announcing a mojor discovery, Pipeline, to the south of the Gold Acres Mine, along the Battle Mountain - Eureka Trend in 1994 (The Northern Miner, 1994). Host sediments favoured for disseminated gold mineralisation are thinly bedded silty limestones , carbonate debris flows and to a lesser extent shale, chert and sandstone. The distribution of mineralisation is controlled essentially by the intersection of high-angle faults, which acted as conduits for hydrothermal fluids, with favourable host lithologies, anticlines, low-angle faults and other high-angle faults. Geochemical signature for these deposits is simple being Au, Ag, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, Te, F and Ba, but individual element concentrations vary greatly between and within deposits. Age of mineralisation is cause for considerable debate, and ages ranging between isotopic dates of approximately 117 Ma to early to mid-Tertiary (30-40 Ma) are proposed. Most of these deposits are situated along three major trends namely the Carlin, Battle Mountain - Eureka and Getchell trends. The Battle Mountain - Eureka trend and, to a lesser extent the Carlin trend, are defined by major linear aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies , which are believed to reflect deep-seated structures. Most deposits are hosted in autochthonous Devonian, thinly bedded, silty limestones that occur as windows through what is believed to be allochthonous Ordovician siliciclastic sediments, which were transported from west to east along the Roberts Mountains thrust during the late-Devonian Antler Orogeny. However, recent fossil dating of what were thought to be Ordivician siliciclastic sediments, gives a Devonian age. This questions the age of Ordivician sediments at the other deposits and the interpretation of the structural windows in which deposits are located. Fault-bounded, proximal, carbonate debris-flow breccias are now recognised as a major host to mineralisation. These debris flow breccias, together with interbedded carbonate and siliciclastic sediments, carbonaceous sediments and soft sediment deformation are all characteristics of lithologies in pull-apart basins which develop along a major strike slip faults. It is proposed that sediment-hosted disseminated gold mineralisation is controlled by the distribution of deep-seated long-lived, predominantly right-lateral strike-slip faults. It is along these strike-slip faults that syn-sedimentary pull-apart basins developed, within which sediments favoured by epigenetic gold mineralisation were deposited. These pull-apart basins were then overprinted by post-depositional extensional structures, such as negative flower structures. Igneous intrusions and hydrothermal cells have exploited these extensional structures in both compressional and extensional regional tectonic regimes. This model explains the characteristics of the host sediment at many of the deposits, the spatial relationship between igneous intrusion and mineralisation, spanning the period Cretaceous through to mid-Tertiary, the distribution of deposits as districts along major regional trends and why hydrothermal activity is noted between deposit districts but with no complementary mineralisation. Mineralisation is controlled predominantly by high angle structures and although the recent age for mineralisation at the Betze/Post deposit is ~ 117 Ma (Arehart et aI., 1993a), placing it in the compressional Sevier Orogeny, these high-angle structures would be developed within local extensional tectonic domains as described above. This model can, and should, be applied to other areas of the world where similar geological features exist. In exploring for these deposits in Nevada the distribution of Ordovician siliciclastic sediments should be reviewed, especially where spatially associated with deep regional structures. Ordovician sediments have historically been regarded as unfavourable, hence large areas for potential exploration have been ignored but with new ages for these sediments this opens large areas for potential discoveries. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1995
- Authors: Skead, Michael Bethel
- Date: 1995 , 2013-10-07
- Subjects: Gold ores -- Geology -- Nevada
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5036 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007414 , Gold ores -- Geology -- Nevada
- Description: Sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits in Nevada, western United States are major gold sources and contain reserves in excess of 1 500 metric tons of gold (Percival et aI., 1988). Discovery of these deposit types continues at a pace, with Placer Dome announcing a mojor discovery, Pipeline, to the south of the Gold Acres Mine, along the Battle Mountain - Eureka Trend in 1994 (The Northern Miner, 1994). Host sediments favoured for disseminated gold mineralisation are thinly bedded silty limestones , carbonate debris flows and to a lesser extent shale, chert and sandstone. The distribution of mineralisation is controlled essentially by the intersection of high-angle faults, which acted as conduits for hydrothermal fluids, with favourable host lithologies, anticlines, low-angle faults and other high-angle faults. Geochemical signature for these deposits is simple being Au, Ag, As, Sb, Hg, Tl, Te, F and Ba, but individual element concentrations vary greatly between and within deposits. Age of mineralisation is cause for considerable debate, and ages ranging between isotopic dates of approximately 117 Ma to early to mid-Tertiary (30-40 Ma) are proposed. Most of these deposits are situated along three major trends namely the Carlin, Battle Mountain - Eureka and Getchell trends. The Battle Mountain - Eureka trend and, to a lesser extent the Carlin trend, are defined by major linear aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies , which are believed to reflect deep-seated structures. Most deposits are hosted in autochthonous Devonian, thinly bedded, silty limestones that occur as windows through what is believed to be allochthonous Ordovician siliciclastic sediments, which were transported from west to east along the Roberts Mountains thrust during the late-Devonian Antler Orogeny. However, recent fossil dating of what were thought to be Ordivician siliciclastic sediments, gives a Devonian age. This questions the age of Ordivician sediments at the other deposits and the interpretation of the structural windows in which deposits are located. Fault-bounded, proximal, carbonate debris-flow breccias are now recognised as a major host to mineralisation. These debris flow breccias, together with interbedded carbonate and siliciclastic sediments, carbonaceous sediments and soft sediment deformation are all characteristics of lithologies in pull-apart basins which develop along a major strike slip faults. It is proposed that sediment-hosted disseminated gold mineralisation is controlled by the distribution of deep-seated long-lived, predominantly right-lateral strike-slip faults. It is along these strike-slip faults that syn-sedimentary pull-apart basins developed, within which sediments favoured by epigenetic gold mineralisation were deposited. These pull-apart basins were then overprinted by post-depositional extensional structures, such as negative flower structures. Igneous intrusions and hydrothermal cells have exploited these extensional structures in both compressional and extensional regional tectonic regimes. This model explains the characteristics of the host sediment at many of the deposits, the spatial relationship between igneous intrusion and mineralisation, spanning the period Cretaceous through to mid-Tertiary, the distribution of deposits as districts along major regional trends and why hydrothermal activity is noted between deposit districts but with no complementary mineralisation. Mineralisation is controlled predominantly by high angle structures and although the recent age for mineralisation at the Betze/Post deposit is ~ 117 Ma (Arehart et aI., 1993a), placing it in the compressional Sevier Orogeny, these high-angle structures would be developed within local extensional tectonic domains as described above. This model can, and should, be applied to other areas of the world where similar geological features exist. In exploring for these deposits in Nevada the distribution of Ordovician siliciclastic sediments should be reviewed, especially where spatially associated with deep regional structures. Ordovician sediments have historically been regarded as unfavourable, hence large areas for potential exploration have been ignored but with new ages for these sediments this opens large areas for potential discoveries. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1995
The nature of olivine-rich cumulate rocks of the lower critical and lower zones of the northwestern Bushveld Complex
- Authors: Haikney, Susan Ann
- Date: 1993
- Subjects: Geochemistry -- South Africa , Igneous rocks -- South Africa , Olivine -- South Africa , Bushveld Complex (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4980 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005592 , Geochemistry -- South Africa , Igneous rocks -- South Africa , Olivine -- South Africa , Bushveld Complex (South Africa)
- Description: Boreholes NG1 and NG2 were drilled on the farm Nooitgedacht 406 KQ to intersect the lower Critical and lower Zones of the western Bushveld Complex. The aim of this study is to describe the textural features and chemical characteristics of the olivine-bearing rocks in the intersections, as determined by petrographic studies, XRF analysis and microprobe analysis. The olivine-bearing rocks are dunites, harzburgites and olivine pyroxenites. They comprise olivine and orthopyroxene, with minor chromite, clinopyroxene and plagioclase, and their textures vary between adcumulate, mesocumulate and poikilitic. The sequence intersected can be broadly correlated with that in the eastern Bushveld Complex. Of the whole-rock inter-element ratios, the MMF (MgO)/[MgO+FeO])ratio is the clearest indicator of cyclicity. The olivine-rich rocks are more primitive than the associated rocks, and seem to become more primitive with height in most intervals. The plagioclase in the olivine-bearing rocks is unusually sodic in corrposition, having a maximum Na₂0 content of 8.12%. A comparison of olivine and plagioclase compositions with those in other intrusions has revealed that the only other major intrusion with sodic plagioclase is the Kiglapait intrusion of Canada. In the Kiglapait intrusion the sodic plagioclase occurs in conjunction with fayalitic olivine as opposed to the forsteritic variety of this study. Chemical variations in the rocks sampled indicate that periodic replenishment of the magma from which the rocks crystallised must have occurred. In some of the olivine-bearing intervals where little fractionation is evident, replenishment seems to have been continuous. In other intervals fractionation appears to have continued uninterrupted for significant periods, prior to rejuvenation by fresh influxes of magma.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1993
- Authors: Haikney, Susan Ann
- Date: 1993
- Subjects: Geochemistry -- South Africa , Igneous rocks -- South Africa , Olivine -- South Africa , Bushveld Complex (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4980 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005592 , Geochemistry -- South Africa , Igneous rocks -- South Africa , Olivine -- South Africa , Bushveld Complex (South Africa)
- Description: Boreholes NG1 and NG2 were drilled on the farm Nooitgedacht 406 KQ to intersect the lower Critical and lower Zones of the western Bushveld Complex. The aim of this study is to describe the textural features and chemical characteristics of the olivine-bearing rocks in the intersections, as determined by petrographic studies, XRF analysis and microprobe analysis. The olivine-bearing rocks are dunites, harzburgites and olivine pyroxenites. They comprise olivine and orthopyroxene, with minor chromite, clinopyroxene and plagioclase, and their textures vary between adcumulate, mesocumulate and poikilitic. The sequence intersected can be broadly correlated with that in the eastern Bushveld Complex. Of the whole-rock inter-element ratios, the MMF (MgO)/[MgO+FeO])ratio is the clearest indicator of cyclicity. The olivine-rich rocks are more primitive than the associated rocks, and seem to become more primitive with height in most intervals. The plagioclase in the olivine-bearing rocks is unusually sodic in corrposition, having a maximum Na₂0 content of 8.12%. A comparison of olivine and plagioclase compositions with those in other intrusions has revealed that the only other major intrusion with sodic plagioclase is the Kiglapait intrusion of Canada. In the Kiglapait intrusion the sodic plagioclase occurs in conjunction with fayalitic olivine as opposed to the forsteritic variety of this study. Chemical variations in the rocks sampled indicate that periodic replenishment of the magma from which the rocks crystallised must have occurred. In some of the olivine-bearing intervals where little fractionation is evident, replenishment seems to have been continuous. In other intervals fractionation appears to have continued uninterrupted for significant periods, prior to rejuvenation by fresh influxes of magma.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1993
A study of the distribution of nutrients during the growth of cayenne pineapples under field conditions
- Authors: Fowler, William Mackenzie
- Date: 1977
- Subjects: Plants -- Nutrition , Pineapple -- Crop yields , Growth (Plants) , Field Crops -- Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4260 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011888 , Plants -- Nutrition , Pineapple -- Crop yields , Growth (Plants) , Field Crops -- Nutrition
- Description: The purpose of this study was to determine the uptake and distribution of nutrients during the growth of the Cayenne cultivar of Ananas comosus (L) Merr under field conditions in the Eastern Cape. The study was also done to help explain the apparent drop in the nutrient levels in the basal section of the "D"- leaf of the pineapple plant during the winter months and to determine the best part or parts of the plant to sample in order to measure the nutrient status of the pineapple plant at any stage of its growth. The investigation was conducted by selecting a plot within a production land on two farms in the pineapple growing region of the Eastern Cape. Plants were sampled from each plot at regular intervals from planting of the pineapple tops until the harvesting of the fruit of the first plant crop. Plant growth was measured and the nutrient concentrations in each section of the plant were determined. The total amounts of nutrients for each plant part were calculated and the nutrient uptake was compared and plotted on distribution diagrams.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1977
- Authors: Fowler, William Mackenzie
- Date: 1977
- Subjects: Plants -- Nutrition , Pineapple -- Crop yields , Growth (Plants) , Field Crops -- Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4260 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011888 , Plants -- Nutrition , Pineapple -- Crop yields , Growth (Plants) , Field Crops -- Nutrition
- Description: The purpose of this study was to determine the uptake and distribution of nutrients during the growth of the Cayenne cultivar of Ananas comosus (L) Merr under field conditions in the Eastern Cape. The study was also done to help explain the apparent drop in the nutrient levels in the basal section of the "D"- leaf of the pineapple plant during the winter months and to determine the best part or parts of the plant to sample in order to measure the nutrient status of the pineapple plant at any stage of its growth. The investigation was conducted by selecting a plot within a production land on two farms in the pineapple growing region of the Eastern Cape. Plants were sampled from each plot at regular intervals from planting of the pineapple tops until the harvesting of the fruit of the first plant crop. Plant growth was measured and the nutrient concentrations in each section of the plant were determined. The total amounts of nutrients for each plant part were calculated and the nutrient uptake was compared and plotted on distribution diagrams.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1977
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