Pollinator mediated selection in Pelargonium reniforme Curtis (Geraniaceae) : patterns and process
- Authors: De Wet, Leigh-Ann Robynne
- Date: 2013-06-25
- Subjects: Pelargoniums -- Classification , Pelargoniums -- Pollen , Pelargoniums -- Selection
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4255 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008185 , Pelargoniums -- Classification , Pelargoniums -- Pollen , Pelargoniums -- Selection
- Description: Pelargonium reniforme is currently divided into two subspecies, P. reniforme subsp. reniforme and P. reniforme subsp. velutinum. The species falls into section Reniformia along with the closely-related P. sidoides. Observations of the section showed some discrepancies in the current taxonomy; mainly floral variation that was not recorded in the descriptions of the subspecies of P. reniforme, particularly the differences in hypanthium lengths. Patterns of variability were analysed using both morphometrics and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) data for P. reniforme (both subspecies), and P. sidoides. Results showed no support for the current subspecific division of P. reniforme but also no support for the current status of P. sidoides as a separate species. However, both morphometric and ISSR data show some evidence for the existence of two distinctly separate groups within P. reniforl1le subsp. velutinum as two distinct types have been recognized: those with bright pink flowers with long tubes (up to 70mm), and those with pale pink flowers with shorter tubes (as little as 8mm). These two forms have been found in a single population (Grahamstown), where they occur sympatrically, as well as in monomorphic populations. Analyses of the processes thought to be responsible for the observed patterns were conducted on the Grahamstown population. Observations of pollinators suggest that long-tongued insects (Butterflies, Nemestrinid flies) pollinate the long-tubed flowers and short-tongued insects (Bombyliid flies, long-tongued bees) pollinate short-tubed flowers. However, analysis of selection gradients in the population, indicate no directional selection is occurring for hypanthium lengths. The results of this thesis show that selection is occurring within Pelargonium reniforme, but at this time, selection is not strongly directional and floral differences are maintained, even when floral forms occur sympatrically. It is suggested that a review of the taxonomy be undertaken as well as additional pollination and selection studies to confirm suspected taxonomic groupings and relationships between the floral forms respectively. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
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- Authors: De Wet, Leigh-Ann Robynne
- Date: 2013-06-25
- Subjects: Pelargoniums -- Classification , Pelargoniums -- Pollen , Pelargoniums -- Selection
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4255 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008185 , Pelargoniums -- Classification , Pelargoniums -- Pollen , Pelargoniums -- Selection
- Description: Pelargonium reniforme is currently divided into two subspecies, P. reniforme subsp. reniforme and P. reniforme subsp. velutinum. The species falls into section Reniformia along with the closely-related P. sidoides. Observations of the section showed some discrepancies in the current taxonomy; mainly floral variation that was not recorded in the descriptions of the subspecies of P. reniforme, particularly the differences in hypanthium lengths. Patterns of variability were analysed using both morphometrics and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) data for P. reniforme (both subspecies), and P. sidoides. Results showed no support for the current subspecific division of P. reniforme but also no support for the current status of P. sidoides as a separate species. However, both morphometric and ISSR data show some evidence for the existence of two distinctly separate groups within P. reniforl1le subsp. velutinum as two distinct types have been recognized: those with bright pink flowers with long tubes (up to 70mm), and those with pale pink flowers with shorter tubes (as little as 8mm). These two forms have been found in a single population (Grahamstown), where they occur sympatrically, as well as in monomorphic populations. Analyses of the processes thought to be responsible for the observed patterns were conducted on the Grahamstown population. Observations of pollinators suggest that long-tongued insects (Butterflies, Nemestrinid flies) pollinate the long-tubed flowers and short-tongued insects (Bombyliid flies, long-tongued bees) pollinate short-tubed flowers. However, analysis of selection gradients in the population, indicate no directional selection is occurring for hypanthium lengths. The results of this thesis show that selection is occurring within Pelargonium reniforme, but at this time, selection is not strongly directional and floral differences are maintained, even when floral forms occur sympatrically. It is suggested that a review of the taxonomy be undertaken as well as additional pollination and selection studies to confirm suspected taxonomic groupings and relationships between the floral forms respectively. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
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Design and evaluation of illustrated information leaflets as an educational tool for low-literate asthma patients
- Authors: Wrench, Wendy Merle
- Date: 2012 , 2012-10-08
- Subjects: Asthma -- South Africa -- Study and teaching , Asthmatics -- South Africa -- Education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3867 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016236
- Description: Asthma is a chronic non-communicable disease associated with an increase in morbidity, mortality and economic burden. Globally 300 million people have asthma and it is estimated that one in every 250 deaths worldwide are due to asthma. South Africa has the highest asthma prevalence (8.1%) in Africa and the disease is 18th in the top 20 causes of death. Inadequate home management, poor availability of health care, and poor transport and emergency services are recognised as important contributing factors. Patients with a low level of education and limited literacy skills may be unable to understand instructions on frequency and use of asthma medicines, which could result in unintentional non-adherence leading to serious complications and increased health care costs. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a tailored educational intervention on low-literate patients with asthma. Objectives to achieve this aim included designing patient information leaflets (PILs) containing information on asthma, management of asthma and asthma therapy, and using the PILs to educate low-literate asthma patients. A before-andafter intervention type design evaluated self-reported selected health-related quality of life measures, self-reported self-efficacy, knowledge of asthma and asthma management, knowledge of the use of metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and MDI technique. The acceptability and understanding of the tailored PILs was also investigated. Two simple, readable PILs containing pictograms were developed in English and then translated into isiXhosa, the home language of the majority of the target population. Various guidelines on the design of health-related information for people with low-literacy were consulted and input on the design was received from health care providers, patients and graphic artists. A pilot study was conducted at a local primary health care (PHC) clinic to evaluate the PILs and final modifications to the PILs were made based on feedback received. For the main study, patients were recruited from the KwaNonqubela PHC clinic in Alexandria in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Patients were 18 years or older, dependent on public sector health care facilities, diagnosed with asthma, prescribed a MDI (beclomethasone and/or salbutamol) for at least one month and English or isiXhosa-speaking. The exclusion criterion for patients in this study was involvement in any other asthma educational intervention during the period of study. Interviewer-led structured questionnaires were administered to 55 patients at the baseline and follow-up. Data collected include demographics, brief medical history and current asthma medications. Self-efficacy and iii health-related quality of life were assessed. Knowledge of asthma and asthma management was evaluated, and the use of beclomethasone and/or salbutamol metered dose inhalers was assessed. The PIL ‘Understanding asthma and trigger factors of asthma’ formed part of the educational intervention to explain asthma and aspects related to its management. Inhaler technique was evaluated and corrected using the PIL ‘How to use your pump’ together with a demonstration of correct technique by the investigator. Follow-up interviews were conducted approximately four weeks after baseline. PIL acceptability, readability and understanding of each pictogram were investigated at follow-up only. The educational intervention resulted in a significant increase in mean knowledge of asthma from 52.7% at baseline to 75.5% at follow-up. Gender was not associated with knowledge, but there was a significant age effect at baseline only, with the younger patients achieving better knowledge results. In both phases, patients with higher education had improved scores. A significant increase (2.4% to 38.6%) in the number of patients taking the minimum recommended adult dose of beclomethasone was noted but it is a matter of concern that the majority of patients were taking less than this. Patient self-reports suggested a significant increase in adherence, with the number of patients taking beclomethasone daily increasing from 33.3% to 61.3%. Self-reported management and control of asthma improved and this was reflected by the enhanced HRQOL results. MDI technique also improved significantly with an increase in the mean number of correct steps from 4.6 ± 2.2 to 7.9 ± 2.7. Education had a significant effect on MDI technique with more errors associated with lower educational status. There were no significant age or gender effects on the total number of correct steps in either phase. The illustrated PILs were received favourably with the majority of literate patients reporting that they were easy to read. Patients commented positively on the inclusion of pictograms and stated that the pictograms had served as aids in the understanding of asthma, trigger factors of asthma and correct MDI technique. The results of this study show that specially designed illustrated PILs can be an effective tool in educating low-literate patients with asthma. , Adobe Acrobat Pro 11.0.0 Paper Capture Plug-in
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- Authors: Wrench, Wendy Merle
- Date: 2012 , 2012-10-08
- Subjects: Asthma -- South Africa -- Study and teaching , Asthmatics -- South Africa -- Education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3867 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016236
- Description: Asthma is a chronic non-communicable disease associated with an increase in morbidity, mortality and economic burden. Globally 300 million people have asthma and it is estimated that one in every 250 deaths worldwide are due to asthma. South Africa has the highest asthma prevalence (8.1%) in Africa and the disease is 18th in the top 20 causes of death. Inadequate home management, poor availability of health care, and poor transport and emergency services are recognised as important contributing factors. Patients with a low level of education and limited literacy skills may be unable to understand instructions on frequency and use of asthma medicines, which could result in unintentional non-adherence leading to serious complications and increased health care costs. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a tailored educational intervention on low-literate patients with asthma. Objectives to achieve this aim included designing patient information leaflets (PILs) containing information on asthma, management of asthma and asthma therapy, and using the PILs to educate low-literate asthma patients. A before-andafter intervention type design evaluated self-reported selected health-related quality of life measures, self-reported self-efficacy, knowledge of asthma and asthma management, knowledge of the use of metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and MDI technique. The acceptability and understanding of the tailored PILs was also investigated. Two simple, readable PILs containing pictograms were developed in English and then translated into isiXhosa, the home language of the majority of the target population. Various guidelines on the design of health-related information for people with low-literacy were consulted and input on the design was received from health care providers, patients and graphic artists. A pilot study was conducted at a local primary health care (PHC) clinic to evaluate the PILs and final modifications to the PILs were made based on feedback received. For the main study, patients were recruited from the KwaNonqubela PHC clinic in Alexandria in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Patients were 18 years or older, dependent on public sector health care facilities, diagnosed with asthma, prescribed a MDI (beclomethasone and/or salbutamol) for at least one month and English or isiXhosa-speaking. The exclusion criterion for patients in this study was involvement in any other asthma educational intervention during the period of study. Interviewer-led structured questionnaires were administered to 55 patients at the baseline and follow-up. Data collected include demographics, brief medical history and current asthma medications. Self-efficacy and iii health-related quality of life were assessed. Knowledge of asthma and asthma management was evaluated, and the use of beclomethasone and/or salbutamol metered dose inhalers was assessed. The PIL ‘Understanding asthma and trigger factors of asthma’ formed part of the educational intervention to explain asthma and aspects related to its management. Inhaler technique was evaluated and corrected using the PIL ‘How to use your pump’ together with a demonstration of correct technique by the investigator. Follow-up interviews were conducted approximately four weeks after baseline. PIL acceptability, readability and understanding of each pictogram were investigated at follow-up only. The educational intervention resulted in a significant increase in mean knowledge of asthma from 52.7% at baseline to 75.5% at follow-up. Gender was not associated with knowledge, but there was a significant age effect at baseline only, with the younger patients achieving better knowledge results. In both phases, patients with higher education had improved scores. A significant increase (2.4% to 38.6%) in the number of patients taking the minimum recommended adult dose of beclomethasone was noted but it is a matter of concern that the majority of patients were taking less than this. Patient self-reports suggested a significant increase in adherence, with the number of patients taking beclomethasone daily increasing from 33.3% to 61.3%. Self-reported management and control of asthma improved and this was reflected by the enhanced HRQOL results. MDI technique also improved significantly with an increase in the mean number of correct steps from 4.6 ± 2.2 to 7.9 ± 2.7. Education had a significant effect on MDI technique with more errors associated with lower educational status. There were no significant age or gender effects on the total number of correct steps in either phase. The illustrated PILs were received favourably with the majority of literate patients reporting that they were easy to read. Patients commented positively on the inclusion of pictograms and stated that the pictograms had served as aids in the understanding of asthma, trigger factors of asthma and correct MDI technique. The results of this study show that specially designed illustrated PILs can be an effective tool in educating low-literate patients with asthma. , Adobe Acrobat Pro 11.0.0 Paper Capture Plug-in
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Contributions to our knowledge of the biology of Machiloides Delanyi Wygodzinsky and Ctenolepisma Longicaudata Escherich : (Hexapoda Thysanura)
- Authors: Heeg, J. (Jan)
- Date: 1963
- Subjects: Insects -- Adaptation , Insects -- Physiology , Thysanura , Apterygota
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5856 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012261 , Insects -- Adaptation , Insects -- Physiology , Thysanura , Apterygota
- Description: Among the South African Thysanura, the order Lepismatoidea has spread over the whole sub-continent, while all except one species of the order Machiloidea are confined to the discontinuous forest belt which lies below the escarpment of the inland plateau. The Machiloidea are not , however, strictly confined to the actual forests within their geographical region, some species invading regions of considerable aridity. Investigations on the ecology, water relations and orientation behaviour of a representative species of each order have been carried out. These have revealed that: (i) the physical conditions in the typical niche of the Machiloidea are extremely stable, whereas those in the habitat of the Lepismatoidea are subject to some considerable fluctuation. (ii) the Lepismatoidea are more resistant to desiccation than the Machiloidea; in both cases this resistance is due in part to physical barriers in the cuticle and partly to an active metabolic process. (iii) the Machiloidea rely on their eversible vesicles, situated on the abdominal coxosternites, for the uptake of water which cannot be drunk, such as a thin film of water or soil capillary water. (iv) the Lepismatoidea are able to absorb water from a subsaturated atmosphere. (v) the behavioural responses of both in respect of humidity, temperature, light and gravity, are such as to keep them in conditions within the range of their physiological limitations. From these results it is concluded that the Machiloidea can survive outside the shelter of forests, provided that water is readily available in some form in which it can be absorbed by the animals. The general implications of the results are such as to permit the erection of an hypothesis explaining the distribution of the Thysanura in South Africa in terms of t he availability of wate. The results also lead to speculations on the evolution of the Pterygota.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Heeg, J. (Jan)
- Date: 1963
- Subjects: Insects -- Adaptation , Insects -- Physiology , Thysanura , Apterygota
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5856 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012261 , Insects -- Adaptation , Insects -- Physiology , Thysanura , Apterygota
- Description: Among the South African Thysanura, the order Lepismatoidea has spread over the whole sub-continent, while all except one species of the order Machiloidea are confined to the discontinuous forest belt which lies below the escarpment of the inland plateau. The Machiloidea are not , however, strictly confined to the actual forests within their geographical region, some species invading regions of considerable aridity. Investigations on the ecology, water relations and orientation behaviour of a representative species of each order have been carried out. These have revealed that: (i) the physical conditions in the typical niche of the Machiloidea are extremely stable, whereas those in the habitat of the Lepismatoidea are subject to some considerable fluctuation. (ii) the Lepismatoidea are more resistant to desiccation than the Machiloidea; in both cases this resistance is due in part to physical barriers in the cuticle and partly to an active metabolic process. (iii) the Machiloidea rely on their eversible vesicles, situated on the abdominal coxosternites, for the uptake of water which cannot be drunk, such as a thin film of water or soil capillary water. (iv) the Lepismatoidea are able to absorb water from a subsaturated atmosphere. (v) the behavioural responses of both in respect of humidity, temperature, light and gravity, are such as to keep them in conditions within the range of their physiological limitations. From these results it is concluded that the Machiloidea can survive outside the shelter of forests, provided that water is readily available in some form in which it can be absorbed by the animals. The general implications of the results are such as to permit the erection of an hypothesis explaining the distribution of the Thysanura in South Africa in terms of t he availability of wate. The results also lead to speculations on the evolution of the Pterygota.
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