Criminalisation of HIV/AIDS in South Africa: a critical look at the Criminal Law (Sexual offences and related matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007
- Authors: Ndawula, Barnabas
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: AIDS (Disease) -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Sex crimes -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10167 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1280 , AIDS (Disease) -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Sex crimes -- South Africa
- Description: Human Immuno Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have formed part of the South African landscape since the first report in 19831and today South Africa is reported to be the country with the highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the World2. This state of affairs, in combination with South Africa’s high sexual crime rate resulted in a general public out-cry with calls for the government and the legislature to enact laws to stem the spread of HIV/AIDS3. Government and the legislature finally responded by way of promulgating the criminal law (sexual Offences and related matters) Amendment Act4 (hereinafter the sexual Offences Act). The Sexual Offences Act inter alia provides for the compulsory testing of alleged offenders of sexual crimes5 This treatise will show that chapter five of the sexual Offences Act, indirectly criminalises HIV/AIDS, and that this is not desirable. It will be submitted that the criminalisation of HIV is against the stated UNAIDS policy 6 It is finally submitted in this treatise that South Africa should repeal all provisions in its law that directly or indirectly criminalises HIV/AIDS transmission and instead follow both and is a deterrent to public health methods of curbing the epidemic, while at the same time exacerbates the spread of the epidemic by forcing people who are HIV positive not to openly come out. It will be argued in the use of criminal law against the transmission of HIV creates stigma and is also an attack on individual human rights. The study will also show that the supposed marginalised persons, such as women and children are not protected by the use of criminal law in the prevention of HIV transmission, contrary to the arguments of the proponents of those who support the use of criminal law. The study will show that far from protecting these marginalised groups of people, criminalisation of HIV transmission, does in fact hurt them the UNAIDS policy and the South African development corporation (SADC) Model Law on HIV and AIDS.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Ndawula, Barnabas
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: AIDS (Disease) -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Sex crimes -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10167 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1280 , AIDS (Disease) -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Sex crimes -- South Africa
- Description: Human Immuno Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have formed part of the South African landscape since the first report in 19831and today South Africa is reported to be the country with the highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the World2. This state of affairs, in combination with South Africa’s high sexual crime rate resulted in a general public out-cry with calls for the government and the legislature to enact laws to stem the spread of HIV/AIDS3. Government and the legislature finally responded by way of promulgating the criminal law (sexual Offences and related matters) Amendment Act4 (hereinafter the sexual Offences Act). The Sexual Offences Act inter alia provides for the compulsory testing of alleged offenders of sexual crimes5 This treatise will show that chapter five of the sexual Offences Act, indirectly criminalises HIV/AIDS, and that this is not desirable. It will be submitted that the criminalisation of HIV is against the stated UNAIDS policy 6 It is finally submitted in this treatise that South Africa should repeal all provisions in its law that directly or indirectly criminalises HIV/AIDS transmission and instead follow both and is a deterrent to public health methods of curbing the epidemic, while at the same time exacerbates the spread of the epidemic by forcing people who are HIV positive not to openly come out. It will be argued in the use of criminal law against the transmission of HIV creates stigma and is also an attack on individual human rights. The study will also show that the supposed marginalised persons, such as women and children are not protected by the use of criminal law in the prevention of HIV transmission, contrary to the arguments of the proponents of those who support the use of criminal law. The study will show that far from protecting these marginalised groups of people, criminalisation of HIV transmission, does in fact hurt them the UNAIDS policy and the South African development corporation (SADC) Model Law on HIV and AIDS.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The role of culture in the translation of advertisements: a comparative investigation of selected texts with German as source language and South African English as target language
- Authors: Matviyenko, Olena
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Target marketing Cross-cultural studies , Advertising -- Cross-cultural studies , Advertising -- Language , Comparative advertising -- South Africa , Consumer behavior -- South Africa Cross-cultural studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:8365 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1187 , Target marketing Cross-cultural studies , Advertising -- Cross-cultural studies , Advertising -- Language , Comparative advertising -- South Africa , Consumer behavior -- South Africa Cross-cultural studies
- Description: The globalisation of economies and trade growth have made it necessary for international companies to communicate with consumers of different languages and cultures, since a major objective is to sell a standardised product to consumers with linguistic and cultural backgrounds which are different from those to which the manufacturers are accustomed. Once brought to a foreign country, the sales of a product must be promoted by way of advertising. To begin with, the method of advertising depends on the kind of product to be marketed. In addition, persuasive texts, which are characteristic of the language of advertising, not only employ particular pragmatic strategies, but are based on the values and cultural traditions of the relevant society. In different cultures different signs, symbols, names and customs will be used in different situations. In the case of the translation or localisation of advertisements, a translator must be very sensitive to the loss and gain of cultural elements. These could include objects, historical references, customs and habits that are unique to the source culture and not present in the target culture. The main focus of the research is on the culture-specific elements in advertising texts and their depiction in translation. This treatise investigates certain aspects of translation theory (such as theories of equivalence, Skopos theory and other similar theories) to form a basis for conducting this study and then adapts them to the process of translation. In addition, two main opposite techniques known as standardisation or localisation of the advertising message are discussed. The number of source texts (original) and target texts (localised) are examined closely to reveal any misrepresentations and to identify the method of translation applicable in each case.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Matviyenko, Olena
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Target marketing Cross-cultural studies , Advertising -- Cross-cultural studies , Advertising -- Language , Comparative advertising -- South Africa , Consumer behavior -- South Africa Cross-cultural studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:8365 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1187 , Target marketing Cross-cultural studies , Advertising -- Cross-cultural studies , Advertising -- Language , Comparative advertising -- South Africa , Consumer behavior -- South Africa Cross-cultural studies
- Description: The globalisation of economies and trade growth have made it necessary for international companies to communicate with consumers of different languages and cultures, since a major objective is to sell a standardised product to consumers with linguistic and cultural backgrounds which are different from those to which the manufacturers are accustomed. Once brought to a foreign country, the sales of a product must be promoted by way of advertising. To begin with, the method of advertising depends on the kind of product to be marketed. In addition, persuasive texts, which are characteristic of the language of advertising, not only employ particular pragmatic strategies, but are based on the values and cultural traditions of the relevant society. In different cultures different signs, symbols, names and customs will be used in different situations. In the case of the translation or localisation of advertisements, a translator must be very sensitive to the loss and gain of cultural elements. These could include objects, historical references, customs and habits that are unique to the source culture and not present in the target culture. The main focus of the research is on the culture-specific elements in advertising texts and their depiction in translation. This treatise investigates certain aspects of translation theory (such as theories of equivalence, Skopos theory and other similar theories) to form a basis for conducting this study and then adapts them to the process of translation. In addition, two main opposite techniques known as standardisation or localisation of the advertising message are discussed. The number of source texts (original) and target texts (localised) are examined closely to reveal any misrepresentations and to identify the method of translation applicable in each case.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Education decentralization in the Omaheke Region of Namibia
- Authors: Semba, Pecka
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Education -- Namibia Schools -- Decentralization -- Namibia Education and state -- Namibia Educational change -- Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1894 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006114
- Description: Before the attainment of independence on 21 March 1990, the people of Namibia were engaged in a protracted struggle against colonialism, racism and apartheid, all of which had denied the majority of the people democracy and development. The people of Namibia therefore did not have power to make decisions on matters that affect their lives and were also not able to determine their own destiny (Ministry of Regional Government and Housing [MoRGH]: 1998:1). After independence, the Namibian government provided for a policy of decentralization under Chapter 12 of the Constitution. After adopting decentralization as state policy in 1996 the government, under the auspices of the Ministry of Regional, Local Government and Housing, embarked upon an implementation process that began in 2003. Education decentralization was included in this process. As my research investigated participants' experience of education decentralization in the Omaheke Region, I conducted an interpretive case study. I employed semi-structured interviews as my main data collection instrument. The quality of my research lies mostly in the authenticity of my thick descriptions where I rely to a large degree on a high ratio of participant to researcher voice. The study has revealed that there is a basic understanding of what education decentralization refers to. Education decentralization is also perceived to provide for the democratization of education through the active participation of all relevant stakeholders - parents, teachers, learners and civil servants - in the education process. However, although there is a basic understanding of what education decentralization entails, there is not necessarily acceptance. The study revealed that many people in Omaheke have reservations about the process of decentralizing education services. Some regard education decentralization as central government "dumping" its responsibility on the Regions. Furthermore, neither the Regional Council, the Regional Education Office, schools, communities nor parents have the capacity to cope with decentralization. The responsibility for overseeing the implementation of decentralization in the Region lies with the Omaheke Regional Council. Education as a decentralized function ought to resort directly under the Regional Council. However, the Regional Education office does not yet operate under the Regional Council. Instead the Education Director continues to report directly to the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education in the capital. In this way an important decentralization structure, the Regional Council, is bypassed and rendered toothless. The data reveal that there is only partial evidence of psychological and structural readiness for education decentralization. Consequently there is little meaningful participation and therefore no sense of ownership among parents, teachers, learners, community-based organizations and political leaders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Semba, Pecka
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Education -- Namibia Schools -- Decentralization -- Namibia Education and state -- Namibia Educational change -- Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1894 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006114
- Description: Before the attainment of independence on 21 March 1990, the people of Namibia were engaged in a protracted struggle against colonialism, racism and apartheid, all of which had denied the majority of the people democracy and development. The people of Namibia therefore did not have power to make decisions on matters that affect their lives and were also not able to determine their own destiny (Ministry of Regional Government and Housing [MoRGH]: 1998:1). After independence, the Namibian government provided for a policy of decentralization under Chapter 12 of the Constitution. After adopting decentralization as state policy in 1996 the government, under the auspices of the Ministry of Regional, Local Government and Housing, embarked upon an implementation process that began in 2003. Education decentralization was included in this process. As my research investigated participants' experience of education decentralization in the Omaheke Region, I conducted an interpretive case study. I employed semi-structured interviews as my main data collection instrument. The quality of my research lies mostly in the authenticity of my thick descriptions where I rely to a large degree on a high ratio of participant to researcher voice. The study has revealed that there is a basic understanding of what education decentralization refers to. Education decentralization is also perceived to provide for the democratization of education through the active participation of all relevant stakeholders - parents, teachers, learners and civil servants - in the education process. However, although there is a basic understanding of what education decentralization entails, there is not necessarily acceptance. The study revealed that many people in Omaheke have reservations about the process of decentralizing education services. Some regard education decentralization as central government "dumping" its responsibility on the Regions. Furthermore, neither the Regional Council, the Regional Education Office, schools, communities nor parents have the capacity to cope with decentralization. The responsibility for overseeing the implementation of decentralization in the Region lies with the Omaheke Regional Council. Education as a decentralized function ought to resort directly under the Regional Council. However, the Regional Education office does not yet operate under the Regional Council. Instead the Education Director continues to report directly to the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education in the capital. In this way an important decentralization structure, the Regional Council, is bypassed and rendered toothless. The data reveal that there is only partial evidence of psychological and structural readiness for education decentralization. Consequently there is little meaningful participation and therefore no sense of ownership among parents, teachers, learners, community-based organizations and political leaders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
The influence of Micro-Finance Institutions (MFIs) on Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Kenya
- Authors: Ngatia, Ndiritu
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Microfinance -- Kenya Financial institutions -- Kenya Small business -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:822 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009436
- Description: In Kenya, like in many developing countries, Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) have become the main focus for achieving the much-needed social and economic development and alleviating poverty. However, their development has been hampered by lack of access to appropriate financial and related services. Micro financing has been seen as a viable alternative to providing financial services to entrepreneurs in the MSE sector. The focus of this study was to explore the role of MFIs in the development of MSEs and to see if there are ways in which this role can be enhanced to better support the growth of MSEs. Such enhancement would contribute greatly towards government efforts to foster social-economic development. The results of the research indicate that generally, MFIs appear to have positively influenced the growth of MSE in Kenya and have potential to further influence MSE growth. There were however a number areas that if paid attention to could enhance this influence. These include the need for MFIs to offer supportive services as opposed to merely credit facilities to MSEs and the need for government intervention by putting in place a suitable Act to regulate the operations of MFIs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Ngatia, Ndiritu
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Microfinance -- Kenya Financial institutions -- Kenya Small business -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:822 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009436
- Description: In Kenya, like in many developing countries, Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) have become the main focus for achieving the much-needed social and economic development and alleviating poverty. However, their development has been hampered by lack of access to appropriate financial and related services. Micro financing has been seen as a viable alternative to providing financial services to entrepreneurs in the MSE sector. The focus of this study was to explore the role of MFIs in the development of MSEs and to see if there are ways in which this role can be enhanced to better support the growth of MSEs. Such enhancement would contribute greatly towards government efforts to foster social-economic development. The results of the research indicate that generally, MFIs appear to have positively influenced the growth of MSE in Kenya and have potential to further influence MSE growth. There were however a number areas that if paid attention to could enhance this influence. These include the need for MFIs to offer supportive services as opposed to merely credit facilities to MSEs and the need for government intervention by putting in place a suitable Act to regulate the operations of MFIs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
Animal suffering in factory farming and the best way to prevent it
- Authors: Watkins, Gareth
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Vegetarianism -- Moral and ethical aspects Food animals -- Moral and ethical aspects Animal rights Animal welfare Animal welfare -- Moral and ethical aspects Vegetarianism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2728 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003736
- Description: This thesis moves beyond the traditional approaches of how we ought to treat animals, and instead concentrates on the best strategy for preventing animal suffering in the farming industry. Chapter 1 considers the question of how we can know that animals feel pain, and concludes not only that it is rational to believe that they can, but also that this is a significant fact. Chapter 2 then analyses one possible strategy for helping to prevent animal suffering, namely demi-vegetarianism. For a number of reasons, however, this strategy is found to be flawed, therefore Chapter 3 analyses a second possible strategy, namely vegetarianism, and concludes that this is, in fact, the best strategy for helping to prevent animal suffering in the farming industry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Watkins, Gareth
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Vegetarianism -- Moral and ethical aspects Food animals -- Moral and ethical aspects Animal rights Animal welfare Animal welfare -- Moral and ethical aspects Vegetarianism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2728 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003736
- Description: This thesis moves beyond the traditional approaches of how we ought to treat animals, and instead concentrates on the best strategy for preventing animal suffering in the farming industry. Chapter 1 considers the question of how we can know that animals feel pain, and concludes not only that it is rational to believe that they can, but also that this is a significant fact. Chapter 2 then analyses one possible strategy for helping to prevent animal suffering, namely demi-vegetarianism. For a number of reasons, however, this strategy is found to be flawed, therefore Chapter 3 analyses a second possible strategy, namely vegetarianism, and concludes that this is, in fact, the best strategy for helping to prevent animal suffering in the farming industry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Symbolism and imagery in the story of Cupid and Psyche in Apuleius' Metamorphosis
- Authors: Beattie, Shannon Boyd
- Date: 1979
- Subjects: Apuleius. Metamorphoses
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3625 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009511
- Description: A study of the story of Cupid and Psyche within the context of the Metamorphoses as a whole reveals a recurrent pattern of themes, motifs, and images, which indicates that the story symbolises the experiences of Lucius. The Judaeo-Christian Greek meaning of psyche, oneself, implies that Psyche is a symbol of Lucius. This is borne out by the similarity of their experiences, and by the fact that they both have the same character traits of simplicitas and curiositas. Cupid's warnings to Psyche concerning the control which Fortuna has over her life further establish the connection between Psyche and Lucius, whose life is controlled by blind Fate. Military imagery, and images of light and dark, which occur in connection with Cupid and Psyche, also describe the experiences of Lucius. Venus symbolises Isis, as is indicated by Isis' identification of herself as Venus, in addition to many other deities, at the end of the Metamorphoses. Once again imagery, this time of the sea, makes this relationship clear, while military imagery implies a parallel between the relationship of Psyche and Cupid, and that of Lucius and Fotis. Jupiter intervenes in Psyche's misfortunes, just as Isis saves Lucius from his hardships. Juno and Ceres are also identified with Isis at the end of the Metamorphoses, thus linking the story of Cupid and Psyche with the life of Lucius.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1979
- Authors: Beattie, Shannon Boyd
- Date: 1979
- Subjects: Apuleius. Metamorphoses
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3625 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009511
- Description: A study of the story of Cupid and Psyche within the context of the Metamorphoses as a whole reveals a recurrent pattern of themes, motifs, and images, which indicates that the story symbolises the experiences of Lucius. The Judaeo-Christian Greek meaning of psyche, oneself, implies that Psyche is a symbol of Lucius. This is borne out by the similarity of their experiences, and by the fact that they both have the same character traits of simplicitas and curiositas. Cupid's warnings to Psyche concerning the control which Fortuna has over her life further establish the connection between Psyche and Lucius, whose life is controlled by blind Fate. Military imagery, and images of light and dark, which occur in connection with Cupid and Psyche, also describe the experiences of Lucius. Venus symbolises Isis, as is indicated by Isis' identification of herself as Venus, in addition to many other deities, at the end of the Metamorphoses. Once again imagery, this time of the sea, makes this relationship clear, while military imagery implies a parallel between the relationship of Psyche and Cupid, and that of Lucius and Fotis. Jupiter intervenes in Psyche's misfortunes, just as Isis saves Lucius from his hardships. Juno and Ceres are also identified with Isis at the end of the Metamorphoses, thus linking the story of Cupid and Psyche with the life of Lucius.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1979
Rhodesian African art, 1857-1974
- Authors: Des Fontaine, Fayne
- Date: 1974
- Subjects: Art, African Art -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MFA
- Identifier: vital:2481 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011136
- Description: ART is life, and life is for living. This is the essential function of Mankind. Everything interrelates. African life and thought are inseparable. Art is an implement of power; it bridges the gap between Man and his Gods, and Man and Nature. The ability to understand art, does not depend on the ability to see and appreciate but to understand the culture of the people, to know the past). When considering AFRICAN ART, one can be sure that the ART OF RHODESIA is certainly the last to come to one's mind; that is, if one excludes the Prehistoric Artist of Rhodesia and the ART of the Zimbabwian culture, and concentrates on ART executed after the PIONEER PERIOD (circa 1857) to the turn of the century. Comparatively little has been written on the aspect of local art, and when it bas, it is primarily concerned with SHONA SCULPTURE. Rhodesian art is primarily functional, and the range of materials as well as the range of techniques are equally vast. The art of sculpture and carving particularly in wood, is a well-known characteristic of Africa. Rhodesia, however, does not offer such a vast selection of traditional art today, whether in wood, stone or metal. The carvers in Rhodesia, unlike those of some African States have long since downed their tools as there are no longer the rituals that at one time inspired the artist. These rituals have almost died out and the Kings that were his patrons have been out of power for centuries. The destruction of traditional African values is inevitable because of cultural change, white civilization, and more recently, ex:ploi ta tion has forced the traditional carver to become a carpenter or to join a co-operative in order to provide Tourist Art. Intro., p. 1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1974
- Authors: Des Fontaine, Fayne
- Date: 1974
- Subjects: Art, African Art -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MFA
- Identifier: vital:2481 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011136
- Description: ART is life, and life is for living. This is the essential function of Mankind. Everything interrelates. African life and thought are inseparable. Art is an implement of power; it bridges the gap between Man and his Gods, and Man and Nature. The ability to understand art, does not depend on the ability to see and appreciate but to understand the culture of the people, to know the past). When considering AFRICAN ART, one can be sure that the ART OF RHODESIA is certainly the last to come to one's mind; that is, if one excludes the Prehistoric Artist of Rhodesia and the ART of the Zimbabwian culture, and concentrates on ART executed after the PIONEER PERIOD (circa 1857) to the turn of the century. Comparatively little has been written on the aspect of local art, and when it bas, it is primarily concerned with SHONA SCULPTURE. Rhodesian art is primarily functional, and the range of materials as well as the range of techniques are equally vast. The art of sculpture and carving particularly in wood, is a well-known characteristic of Africa. Rhodesia, however, does not offer such a vast selection of traditional art today, whether in wood, stone or metal. The carvers in Rhodesia, unlike those of some African States have long since downed their tools as there are no longer the rituals that at one time inspired the artist. These rituals have almost died out and the Kings that were his patrons have been out of power for centuries. The destruction of traditional African values is inevitable because of cultural change, white civilization, and more recently, ex:ploi ta tion has forced the traditional carver to become a carpenter or to join a co-operative in order to provide Tourist Art. Intro., p. 1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1974
The solubility of barium sulphate in water at 25°
- Authors: Rosseinsky, D R
- Date: 1957
- Subjects: Chemistry, Physical and theoretical , Solubility , Barium sulfate
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4491 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013097
- Description: Barium sulphate is a widely used analytical precipitate and for this reason its properties have been extensively studied. The variety of results encountered with barium sulphate samples prepared by different methods is an indication of the complex nature of this interesting substance. Intro., p. 8.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1957
- Authors: Rosseinsky, D R
- Date: 1957
- Subjects: Chemistry, Physical and theoretical , Solubility , Barium sulfate
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4491 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013097
- Description: Barium sulphate is a widely used analytical precipitate and for this reason its properties have been extensively studied. The variety of results encountered with barium sulphate samples prepared by different methods is an indication of the complex nature of this interesting substance. Intro., p. 8.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1957