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The effect of an alkyl chain and β-diketonato-metal moiety on the photochromic behaviour of azobenzene compounds as materials for solar thermal fuels

  • Authors: Bokhe, Witness Londi
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Photochemistry , Isomerization , Solar thermal energy , Solar thermal fuel , Liquid crystals , Optical materials
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464510 , vital:76517
  • Description: Scientists have been studying the development of renewable energy technologies in detail to create a sustainable energy supply. Among many new advanced material classes being researched recently are photo functional and photo responsive materials. These classes include azobenzene derivatives which are characterized by azo linkage (N=N) sandwiched by two phenyl rings. The trans-to-cis isomerization of azobenzene is a highly efficient and reversible process, making it an ideal candidate for solar thermal energy storage. This research investigates the impact of alkyl chain modifications and the incorporation of a β-diketonato-copper(II) complex on azobenzene derivatives, aiming to optimize their performance as efficient components in solar thermal fuel cells (STFs). The study focuses on a comprehensive analysis of these materials' ability to capture, convert, store, and release solar energy for enhanced sustainability in renewable energy applications. Experimental methodologies include synthesis of azobenzene derivatives with varying alkyl chain length, n (where n =8 & 10) and coordination of these compounds with a β-diketonato-copper(II) complex. Standard analytical techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H and 13C NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (UV/vis) were employed for chemical analysis of the synthesized material. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Polarised Optical Microscope (POM) were used to study the thermal properties and morphology. The photostationery states were determined using NMR spectroscopy and the kinetic parameters of the cis-to-trans relaxation process determined by a UV spectroscopy study. The cis-to-trans isomerisation had a longer half-life than the trans-to-cis isomerisation. The band gap of the isomers is within the range of semiconducting inorganic materials. DSC and POM thermograms showed that the compounds are liquid crystalline. Finally, the study reports that the synthesised azobenzene derivatives show potential as material for solar thermal fuel cells because of their photo-isomerization ability. Furthermore, the synthesised compounds contribute to the advancement of sustainable and efficient solar energy utilization technologies, addressing the growing demand for clean energy solutions in the face of global environmental challenges. Because solar energy may be stored and used without causing direct emissions or pollution, they are considered clean energy. If solar thermal fuels fulfil sustainability standards, they may qualify as green energy. This entails minimising adverse effects on the environment, using non-toxic chemicals and procedures. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2024
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The effect of biological control on the population dynamics of Pontederia crassipes Mart. (Pontederiaceae) and Salvinia minima Baker (Salviniales: Salviniaceae)

  • Authors: Chikodza, Tressia
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Pontederia crassipes , Salvinia minima , Pontederiaceae Biological control South Africa , Salviniaceae Biological control South Africa , Population dynamics , Secondary invasion
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464462 , vital:76513
  • Description: Pontederia crassipes is widely regarded as the most damaging floating aquatic weed in terms of its invasive traits, and its impact on aquatic ecosystems. Biological control using host-specific natural enemies is widely used for its control, with the most recent agent released being a planthopper, Megamelus scutellaris, in South Africa and the USA. In South Africa, inundative releases of M. scutellaris have been shown to control the weed even at eutrophic, and high elevation cold sites, such as Hartbeespoort Dam, arguably Africa’s most hypertrophic impoundment. However, subsequent to the control of P. crassipes on Hartbeespoort Dam, in 2021, a secondary invader, Salvinia minima, dominated the water system. Salvinia minima is only known from a handful sites near Hartbeespoort Dam and there is currently no approved biocontrol agent for it. The population dynamics of P. crassipes and S. minima at the Dam were overall interchanging due to insect feeding on M. scutellaris reducing P. crassipes populations thus allowing S. minima to become dominant. Intense feeding from M. scutellaris resulted in the reduction of P. crassipes populations. During late autumn and winter, remaining P. crassipes plants experienced frost damage from cold temperatures. The decrease in P. crassipes allowed S. minima to successfully invade, potentially as the result of less competition from P. crassipes, and therefore available resources, such as space, nutrients, and light. However, as spring approached, P. crassipes regenerated from its seed bank, and S. minima populations diminished. The changes in dominance were observed in 2021 and 2022 but in 2023, this trend was not evident as S. minima did not dominate as in previous years. This thesis investigated the combination of competition and herbivory by M. scutellaris on the vigour of P. crassipes and S. minima to understand the dynamics of these two highly invasive species. Competitive abilities of P. crassipes and S. minima were determined using an inverse linear model with plant weight as the yield variable. In the absence of herbivory, P. crassipes, was 4 times more competitive than S. minima, but as competitive when exposed to M. scutellaris feeding. Salvinia minima was 1.2 times as aggressive as P. crassipes in the absence of herbivory, but 2.6 times as competitive when M. scutellaris was established on P. crassipes. In the presence of herbivory on P. crassipes, interspecific competition coefficients from P. crassipes on S. minima were no longer statistically significant. These results indicate that the competitive ability of P. crassipes was reduced through herbivory when grown with S. minima, explaining the temporal dominance between the two species at Hartbeespoort Dam. Some studies have reported that P. crassipes releases allelochemicals as a competitive strategy to algae and phytoplankton. Previously identified allelochemicals include N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine and linoleic acid. This thesis investigated the presence or absence of key chemical compounds released by P. crassipes during allelopathy with microbes and phytoplankton to determine its potential to inhibit S. minima growth. Methanol extracts from P. crassipes roots, leaves, and field samples underwent LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, creating a molecular network to match chemical profiles. Of the investigated compounds, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine were absent in P. crassipes and field samples, while linoleic acid was consistently found. Its presence suggests its potential defensive role against S. minima. Future research should explore allelochemical production in the presence of S. minima and algae to confirm if S. minima elicits an allelochemical response by P. crassipes, or whether the methods used here were insufficient to detect allelochemical production. Understanding whether P. crassipes employs allelochemicals, especially in the presence of S. minima, could shed light on its competitive advantage beyond its invasive nature at the Dam. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Botany, 2024
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The effects of Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) on mental health: the case of Shezongo Community of Kafue National Park (KNP), Zambia

  • Authors: Smith, Loryn Janine
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Human-animal relationships Zambia Kafue National Park , Human–wildlife conflict , Wildlife management areas Zambia , Environmental psychology , Mental health , Well-being , Human-animal relationships Psychological aspects
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/465843 , vital:76658
  • Description: Background: Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a bi-directional relationship affecting man and wild animals. Both species suffer extreme consequences, including encroachment of man into wildlife habitats and the destruction of crops and livestock by wildlife foraging for food sources. HWC is particularly prominent in Game Management Areas (GMAs), situated as buffer zones around national parks. Subsequent conflict between man and wildlife leads to not only physical harm but also psychological distress, exacerbating the consequences for mental health. Objectives: A mixed methods design was used to investigate the effects of HWC on mental health. The study aimed to determine the hidden nature of HWC within a population residing in a GMA region in Kafue National Park, Zambia. Methods: Forty-two participants took part in this study, representing a diverse range of demographic characteristics. Of these, 40 participants completed quantitative measures investigating the effect of HWC on mental health. Additionally, eight participants participated in interviews on the nature of mental health in the context of HWC. Some interview participants also completed the quantitative measures, while others did not. Thematic analysis guided qualitative investigations, while Chi-Square Analyses and Fisher’s Exact Test were used to investigate the association between HWC and mental health. Results and Conclusions: The study found an association between HWC and heightened psychological distress in rural communities residing in GMA areas. Further research is required to improve the symbiotic relationship between man and wildlife, considering the consequences of HWC on human well-being and mental health. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
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The expression and evaluation of CrpeNPV gp37 as a formulation additive for enhanced infectivity with CrleGV-SA and improved Thaumatotibia leucotreta control

  • Authors: Muleya, Naho
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Cryptophlebia leucotreta Biological control , False Codling Moth , Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus , Cryptophlebia peltastica nucleopolyhedrovirus , Citrus Diseases and pests South Africa , Baculoviruses
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463919 , vital:76457
  • Description: Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a significant pest native to Africa, causing damage to citrus and posing a threat to the export of fresh citrus in South Africa. Classified as a phytosanitary risk by several South African export markets, this pest necessitates effective control measures. Baculoviruses emerge as promising biological control agents against T. leucotreta due to their inherent safety and eco-friendly characteristics. Among these, Cryptophlebia leucotreta Granulovirus (CrleGV-SA) and Cryptophlebia peltastica Nucleopolyhedrovirus (CrpeNPV) stand out, both causing larval mortality upon infecting T. leucotreta. CrleGV-SA has been formulated into the products Cryptogran™, CryptoMax™ and Cryptex®, while CrpeNPV has been formulated into the product Multimax™. Both viruses are used in integrated pest management programmes to reduce fruit damage in agricultural fields, with CrleGV-SA having been employed against T. leucotreta for nearly 20 years in South Africa. However, these control options are limited by factors such as virulence and the slow speed of kill. This limitation can be addressed by exploiting potential synergistic relationships between baculoviruses infecting the same host. Previous studies have demonstrated that the truncated CpGV gp37 can enhance the infectivity of NPVs on other lepidopteran pests, such as Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). Although the mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unclear, it presents an opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of baculovirus-based management strategies. Notably, the genome of CrpeNPV encodes gp37, while CrleGV-SA lacks this gene. The potential interaction between CrleGV-SA and CrpeNPV gp37 remains unexplored. Therefore, investigating whether they exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effects is essential for optimising baculovirus-based management of T. leucotreta. This study aims to express CrpeNPV gp37 in a bacterial system and then evaluate its effect on larval mortality when combined with CrleGV-SA in laboratory bioassays. The initial step involved extracting genomic DNA (gDNA) from occlusion bodies (OBs) of CrpeNPV. A modified Quick DNA Miniprep plus kit was utilised, which entailed pre-treatment with Na2CO3 followed by neutralisation with Tris-HCI before gDNA extraction using the kit. Subsequently, the concentration of the gDNA was estimated using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer. Oligonucleotides targeting the CrpeNPV gp37 gene were designed for PCR amplification, with the gDNA serving as a template. The gp37 amplicon was identified through agarose gel electrophoresis and then gel purified in preparation for cloning. Secondly, the purified PCR product was cloned into the intermediate vector pJET1.2/blunt and then subcloned into the bacterial expression vector pCA528 through DNA ligation. The construction of recombinant plasmids (pJET-gp37 and pCA-gp37) was conducted and verified using Colony PCR, plasmid extraction, restriction enzyme analysis, and Sanger sequencing. Thirdly, the recombinant protein (6×His-SUMO-gp37) was expressed and purified using Nickel affinity chromatography and analysed through SDS-PAGE and Western blot techniques. The expression of 6×His-SUMO-gp37 was carried out at both 25 °C and 18 °C. A time course induction study was conducted, inducing transformed cells for 0-, 3-, 5-, and 24-hours post induction (hpi). SDS-PAGE and Western blotting of samples collected at various time points revealed that 6×His-SUMO-gp37, approximately 42 kDa in size, was visible from 3 hpi, with maximal expression at 24 hpi. Solubility analysis of 6×His-SUMO-gp37 was performed at both temperatures, showing solubility at 18 °C but predominantly present in the insoluble fraction. The soluble protein was purified under native conditions, while the insoluble protein was purified under denaturing conditions. Despite being unable to elute 6×His-SUMO-gp37 under native conditions, successful elution was achieved under denaturing conditions, confirmed via Western blot analysis. No further experiments were conducted on the eluted 6×His-SUMO-gp37 under denaturing conditions. Lastly, a preliminary surface dose bioassay was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pelleted bacteria expressing 6×His-SUMO-gp37 in combination with CrleGV-SA against T. leucotreta neonates. Two lethal concentration doses of CrleGV-SA were prepared: a low concentration (2.96×104 OBs/mL) capable of killing 40 % of the T. leucotreta population, and a high concentration (2.96×105 OBs/mL) capable of killing 90 % of the population. The target protein, 6×His-SUMO-gp37, and the control, pCA528, were obtained by lysing the cells, centrifuging the samples, and collecting the insoluble fractions in pellet form. These fractions were then resuspended in PBS and used as treatments in combination with the prepared CrleGV-SA concentration doses. The concentration of the pellets was estimated using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm. The bioassay results revealed that the combination of 100 μg/mL of pelleted bacteria expressing 6×His-SUMO-gp37 with CrleGV-SA had no effect on T. leucotreta larval mortality compared to CrleGV-SA alone. A one-way ANOVA was performed to assess differences among the virus treatment groups, concluding that no statistically significant differences were observed among the groups. The experiments in this study provided valuable insights for future research, particularly in exploring the use of a protein-virus combination as a novel method for pest control. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry, Microbiology & Bioinformatics, 2024
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The impact of corruption on stock market performance : evidence from BRICS

  • Authors: Kapase, Siphe
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Corruption BRIC countries , Stock exchanges BRIC countries , BRIC countries , Autoregression (Statistics) , Corruption Perceptions Index
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462724 , vital:76329
  • Description: This thesis examines the impact of corruption perception on stock market performance across BRICS nations from 2010 to 2022 using a primarily quantitative approach. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as Corruption as Grease, Corruption as Sand, and New Institutional Economics, the study employs the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. It explores how corruption perceptions influence stock market capitalization (MCAP) over various time horizons. It utilizes empirical data and advanced techniques like unit root testing and cointegration tests to provide insights into short-term fluctuations and long-term trends in financial markets. The findings reveal significant long-term negative effects of the corruption perception index (CPI) on MCAP. Higher levels of perceived corruption correlate with lower stock market capitalization over extended periods, underscoring the persistent impact of institutional weaknesses on market stability. Short-term analyses show varying adjustment speeds towards equilibrium among BRICS nations, reflecting different economic contexts and policy responses to corruption. The findings suggest that investors should focus on markets with lower corruption perceptions for better stock market performance and advise policymakers to enhance transparency to build more resilient financial markets. Future research should continue to explore the impact of corruption on BRICS nations. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
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The impact of Fintech firms on bank performance: analysing the South African case (2009-2021)

  • Authors: Runyowa, Simon Simbarashe
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Fintech South Africa , Banks and banking South Africa , Financial institutions South Africa , Bank management , Payment system
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462812 , vital:76337
  • Description: The growth of the Fintech Firm sector globally was inevitable, given the changes in consumer behaviour, expectations, and the ever-changing and evolving nature of technology. The sector saw a sharp increase during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and was driven by digital payments, government policy, less stringent regulation, and technological innovation. Unsurprisingly, South Africa was home to a mature and developing Fintech sector primarily driven by money transfers and mobile payments putting Fintech firms in the same market segment as traditional banks but with a more extensive potential customer base through offering easily accessible and lower-cost services. The relationship between the growth of the Fintech firm sector and Bank performance was widely researched within the literature with varying results. The study aimed to add to the body of literature and determine the nature of this relationship in the South African context. The study primarily aimed to determine the relationship and impact of the growth of the Fintech firm payments segment on the performance of the South African Banking sector. Additionally, the study aimed to measure the sector's growth by creating a Fintech Growth Index. Using the Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effect and the Generalized Method of Moments estimation techniques, estimations between Bank performance variables and the Fintech growth Index were analysed between 2009 and 2021. Firstly, the study found the growth of the Fintech payments segment to be positive. Secondly, the study found that the growth of the payment segment had a negative relationship and impact on the financial performance of South African banks. The findings of this study have implications for the development and regulatory framework of the South African Fintech sector as well as its interaction with the South African banking sector. Furthermore, policymakers may find that the growth of the Fintech Firm sector has overall positive benefits for financial inclusion for South African consumers. The study recommended that future research be taken to address the gap in the literature regarding the growth of the South African Fintech sector. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
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The impact of international investment agreements on FDI in developing countries and the implications for development policy

  • Authors: Lomas, Djamella
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Investments, Foreign , Bilateral Investment Treaty , Gravity model of international trade , Developing countries Foreign economic relations , Developing countries Economic policy , BRIC countries
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463489 , vital:76413
  • Description: This study investigates the impact of international investment agreements, specifically bilateral investment treaties (BITs), on inward Foreign direct investment (FDI) in recipient developing countries and the implications of such agreements for development policy. The study estimates a log-linear gravity model based on a unique dataset created to investigate whether the presence of BITs has a positive impact on inward FDI stock in 36 developing countries. The selection of countries attempts to capture a set of bilateral relationships that accounts for a significant proportion of inward FDI in developing countries. To test the hypothesis that signing BITs has a positive effect on inward FDI in developing countries it was necessary that all recipient countries be developing economies. However, investor countries are both developed and developing economies. Therefore, each bilateral FDI relationship is either between a developing recipient and developed investor country or between a developing recipient and developing investor country. For each recipient country, FDI stock data from investor countries for 2019 was obtained from the ITC’s Investment Map database (ITC, 2022). This yielded 1009 bilateral FDI relationships (observations for the dependent variable) after removing pairs for which certain explanatory variable data was not available. For the gravity model, GDP data was collected from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators Database (World Bank, 2023a), while the other traditional gravity variables were collected from the CEPII GeoDist Database (CEPII, 2011). Alongside the gravity variables, the study employs three additional control variables (two macroeconomic and one institutional) in certain specifications of the basic model, namely the exchange rate, inflation rate and an index of political stability. Data for the three additional variables was sourced from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook Database (IMF, 2022) for the macroeconomic variables and the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators Database (World Bank, 2023b) in the case of the political stability index. To examine the key question of the impact of BITs on bilateral FDI, a number of BITs dummy variables are created to investigate, firstly, whether having signed a BIT impacts on FDI in developing countries and, secondly, whether having a BIT in force significantly impacts on FDI in developing countries. Thereafter, in each case, dummy variables are created to investigate whether there is a significant difference between the impact on FDI of having a BIT signed or in force between a developed and developing country specifically, and having a BIT signed or in force between two developing countries. In order to examine the implications for development policy, the thesis analyses case studies of selected BITs between developed and developing economies, as well as those between developing economies. The texts of the BIT documents were obtained from the UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub Database (UNCTAD, 2023b). The results of the study reveal that, on average, signing and/or having a BIT in force has a significant positive impact on the inward FDI stock of the recipient developing country from the outward investor country. This positive impact is found to be even stronger in the case of BITs between developed and developing countries. However, there is no significant impact on inward FDI for BITs signed between two developing countries. The study finds that GDP of the recipient and investor country, existence of a common official language and the distance between countries all have a significant impact on FDI in the recipient developing country, and are signed as expected in the gravity literature. The existence of a common border is weakly significant in some specifications of the basic model and not significant in others. The additional control variables are all significant and signed as expected in the literature. The study contributes to the literature by distinguishing, not only between the impact of BITs signed versus BITs in force on inward FDI in developing countries, but also by distinguishing between the impact of BITs on FDI when the partners are developed and developing countries versus when both partners are developing countries. The study also finds that, in an effort to attract FDI, developing countries have signed BITs which carry obligations that extend significant protection measures to foreign investors. However, such protections are offered at the expense of sovereign interests. The study finds that this has served to significantly reduce the policy space available for developing countries to attract FDI that is aligned to their sustainable development needs. The limitations of the study are as follows. The gravity specification is cross-sectional, and a panel data approach could be recommended for future work. Furthermore, the traditional OLS gravity specification has a number of disadvantages and different types of estimator could be used in future work, software permitting. In addition, the impact on FDI of the termination of BITs could be investigated, as sufficient data is becoming available for such an approach. Finally, it is difficult to generalise from the case study analysis undertaken of specific BITs provisions because of the limited number of BITs examined in the thesis. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
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The influence of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SME success in South Africa

  • Authors: Sisusa, Ubenathi
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Financial services industry South Africa , Democratization of finance , Small business Finance , Small and medium enterprises , Resource-based view
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463527 , vital:76417
  • Description: The success rate of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa is still low due to the majority failing in their early stages of initiation. The main reasons why SMEs fail can be ascribed to their lack of access to financial services and effective financial management practices. Access to financial services refers to the ability of SMEs to obtain financial products and services from formal financial institutions at affordable prices, while effective financial management practices refer to the adoption of cash and credit management practices to efficiently manage finances within the SMEs. This study investigated the influence of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SME success in South Africa. Access to financial services was measured by SMEs’ access to transactional bank accounts, savings accounts, credit facilities, and insurance products. Effective financial management practices were measured according to their cash and credit management practices. Lastly, SME success was measured as SMEs operating for over five years, reporting growth according to the owner’s perception, and earning annual profits of R15 000 and above. This study applied the quantitative research design to investigate the influence of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SME success in South Africa. The study used existing data collected by Ipsos for the FinMark Trust FinScope South Africa MSME 2020 with a sample of 4 897 respondents. The study used secondary data to investigate the independent variables, namely access to financial services and effective financial management practices, on the dependent variable, SME success. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the multiple regression analysis were used to test the hypotheses of the study. The results showed that these SMEs were mostly from the Gauteng Province (40%), the majority had between 11 and 50 employees (76%), and the owner was the manager (73%). Pearson’s correlation coefficient results showed a significant positive correlation between access to financial services and SME success. It also showed a significant positive correlation between effective financial management practices and SME success. Furthermore, this study’s multiple regression analysis showed that access to financial services and effective financial management practices significantly influence SME success. Thus, SMEs with access to financial services (transactional bank accounts, savings accounts, credit facilities, and insurance products) and adopting effective financial management practices such as cash and credit management are likely to succeed. This study emphasises the importance of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SMEs’ success. Therefore, it is recommended that to enhance SME success, SMEs need to open transactional bank accounts as soon as they start operating to ensure that they build favourable profiles with the financial institutions to gain access to other financial services such as credit facilities and insurance products. Furthermore, in terms of effective financial management practices, SMEs need to adopt the relevant cash and credit management practices, ensuring that they can meet the financial institutions’ requirements, subsequently enabling them to access financial services. Lastly, this study recommends that financial institutions offer relevant and affordable financial products and services to SMEs to ensure they can access more financial services. This study contributes to SMEs and formal financial institutions in South Africa by identifying the factors that influence SME success, the measures that SME owners can put in place for the SMEs to be successful, the role that formal financial institutions play in enabling SMEs’ success, and the changes they can implement to aid SMEs to access financial services at affordable costs. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Management, 2024
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The integration of sustainability in municipalities in South Africa: an evaluation of an Eastern Cape district municipality’s water supply distribution systems

  • Authors: Maxwele, Zukani
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Sustainable development South Africa Eastern Cape , Municipal services South Africa Eastern Cape , Water resources development South Africa Eastern Cape , Sustainability
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/461885 , vital:76248
  • Description: The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa mandates municipalities to provide sustainable services to communities, particularly those responsible for water and sanitation. Despite this obligation, many communities in the Oliver Reginald Tambo District Municipality (ORTDM) face prolonged water interruptions due to challenges with infrastructure. This study has assessed the ORTDM’s efforts to integrate sustainability principles into its water supply distribution systems development programmes. Essentially, it aimed to evaluate whether and how ORTDM integrates social, environmental, economic, engineering, and project management sustainability principles into its developmental initiatives. Grounded in the backdrop of global sustainable development imperatives, particularly the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) concept, the research explored challenges and considerations within local government in pursuit of sustainability in water infrastructure development. Utilising a qualitative research approach within a post-positivism paradigm, the study employed semi-structured interviews and document analysis as primary data collection methods, emphasising triangulation for research validity and ethical considerations throughout the study. Although the initially planned sample size was 12 participants, the study successfully interviewed seven municipal officials from ORTDM’s water and sanitation services delivery department, achieving a participation rate of 58%, which aligns with qualitative research standards. Findings from document analysis and interviews were categorised based on identified sustainability principles, highlighting strategies adopted and challenges encountered by ORTDM, including opportunities available for ORTDM. The study reveals that while ORTDM has made efforts to integrate sustainability principles, numerous challenges, including financial and natural resource constraints, organisational capacity limitations, inadequate infrastructure planning and maintenance, and socio-economic challenges, have hindered desired outcomes. Additionally, issues like vandalism, theft, biodiversity loss, and fragmented water conservation strategies exacerbate sustainability integration challenges. To address these barriers, the study recommends prioritising management approaches to enhance sustainability integration in ORTDM’s water services. Drawing on resilience theory, the study further proposes integrating resilience principles into planning, design, and management processes to improve organisational and system resilience, thus ensuring reliable and sustainable water services. The study emphasises the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative solutions in achieving resilient, equitable, economical, and environmentally responsible water supply distribution systems. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Commerce, Rhodes Business School, 2024
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The investigation of novel Benzimidazoles as anti-cancer agents in triple negative breast cancer cell lines

  • Authors: Smit, Christie Jane
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Uncatalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463973 , vital:76462
  • Description: Access restricted. Exxpected release in 2026. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry, Microbiology & Bioinformatics, 2024
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The making of masculinities: the hidden curriculum about Gender-Based Violence and Rape Culture at an elite private school in South Africa

  • Authors: Talbot, Alexandreo Zinhle
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Masculinity South Africa , Private schools South Africa , Rape culture , Gender-based violence , Hegemony , High school students Attitudes , Hierarchies
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466038 , vital:76679
  • Description: This study examines the formation of ‘ruling class’ masculinities and their relationship to gender-based violence (GBV) and rape culture at an elite private school (called Blue School for the purposes of this study). Through interviews with alumni, the research explores the recollections and narratives of young men in terms of how they navigated and experienced masculine identity formation in the school context during their adolescence, and also deciphers their awareness regarding GBV and rape culture. The findings demonstrate that identity formation within the school studied is complex and often reflected as a Western-centric masculinity drenched in heteronormativity. This is captured through the shared experiences alumni of the school regarding their adherence to traditional values, submission to hierarchical structures, collective mockery of vulnerability and the instillation of competitive individualism. The alumni speak to the ways in which boyhood and gender are conceptualised through the taught curriculum, contrasted with the hidden scripts of masculinities in the boarding school environment. The complex interplay between institutional culture and the formation of gender identities shows a superficial adherence to progressive ideals, unveiling the entrenched hegemonic practices that reinforce restrictive norms. Most alumni expressed a sense of living in an isolated bubble, where wrongdoings are swept under the carpet. Through these practices, elite private schools depict institutional blindness as an entangled strategy to protect institutional reputation and capital. Insinuating irrelevance of GBV within elite private boys’ schools emphasises the racist and homophobic discourses that deem who is capable of performing and experiencing gendered and sexual violence. By drawing on African feminism and Foucault, the study provides insight into the pervasive disciplinary mechanisms and their lasting impact on the alumni’s personal and social embodiment of masculinity. This highlights the urgent need for a reimagined approach to masculinity that is inclusive and cognizant of historical and socio-political nuances. The thesis calls for a systemic examination of the elite private school system across South Africa and African-centred pro-feminist educational strategies to address the genealogical discourses embedded in these institutions. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Political and International Studies, 2024
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The number of independent subsets and the energy of caterpillars under degree restriction

  • Authors: Xhanti, Sinoxolo
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Graph energy , Independent set , Hosoya index , Chemical graph theory , Caterpillar tree , Graph theory
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466838 , vital:76791 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/466838
  • Description: The energy En(G) of a graph G is defined as the sum of the absolute values of its eigenvalues. The Hosoya index Z(G) of a graph G is the number of independent edge subsets of G, including the empty set. And, the Merrifield-Simmons index σ(G) of a graph G is the number of independent vertex subsets of G, including the empty set. The studies of these three graph invariants are motivated by their application in chemistry, combined with pure mathematical interests. In particular, they can be used to predict boiling points of saturated hydrocarbons and estimate the total π-electron energy. For ℓ ≥ 1, let a1, a2, . . . , aℓ be non-negative integers, such that a1 and aℓ are positive. The tree obtained from the path graph of vertices v1, v2, . . . , vℓ, by attaching ai new leaves to vi, for 1 ≤ i ≤ ℓ, is called a (a1, a2, . . . , aℓ)-caterpillar and denoted by C(a1 + 1, a2 + 2, . . . , aℓ−1 + 2, aℓ +1). In this thesis, we characterize extremal caterpillars relative to the energy, the Hosoya index and the Merrifield-Simmons index. We first study caterpillars with the same degree sequence, then compare caterpillars of the same size, same order, and different degree sequence. For any given degree sequence D, we characterize the caterpillar X(D) that maximizes Z and En. In X(D), as we move along the internal path towards the center, the degrees are in a nondecreasing order. Characterization of the caterpillar S(D) that has the minimum Z and En and maximum σ is also provided. In S(D), large and small degrees alternate. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Mathematics, 2024
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The ontological reality of spirit and its ways of knowing as a form of embodied intangible cultural heritage: a case of the oGobela teaching approaches and techniques within Ubungoma practice

  • Authors: Jacobs, Venetia Rose
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Spiritual teacher , Cultural property South Africa , Ubuntu (Philosophy) , Learning , Teaching , Traditional knowledge
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463570 , vital:76421
  • Description: This study uses an ethnographic lens to explore the lived experiences, learning processes and experiential knowledge of oGobela (spiritual teachers). The study explores oGobela teaching approaches, techniques, and ways of knowing in Ubungoma1 practice which is known as Ukuthwasa2, which is understood as a modality or expression of Isintu. Furthermore, Isintu is defined as Indigenous knowledge systems and ancestral wisdom traditions which include Indigenous expressions of African peoples’ interactions with the cosmos, nature, earth and knowledge systems. The study reveals how esoteric knowledge (knowledge from ancestors and divinities) is translated into attainable knowledge in the form of healing techniques. This study aims to dismantle a largely European pedagogy when it pertains to the understanding of religious practices. An ethnographic lens layered with a decolonial intent worked together as a counter-hegemonic practice in the recentralisation of marginal voices, in this case, the voices of Izangoma narrating their lived experiences. Izangoma refer to people who have graduated as healers from initiation school. The theoretical framework used to guide the study was the sociocultural theory and decolonial theory. The decolonial theory was useful in my study to re-examine imperial histories through the harmful lens of colonialism. Sociocultural theory is geared towards looking at how learners actually learn as opposed to the way learners are expected to learn. This Vygotskian school of thought believes that human development is not isolated from historical, cultural and social contexts. My methodology made use of the case study, narrative analysis and criticalethnographic approaches involving semi-structured interviews with approximately seven Izangoma. This included radical embodied participation and reflexive journalling. I also drew on emerging studies on Indigenous knowledge systems such as the “anthropology of dreaming” (Tedlock, 1987, p. 1) and the “institution of drumming and dreaming in Ngoma” (Janzen, 1991, p. 291) to reflect on my experience as an initiate (Gogo Ukukhanya KweMhlaba) and my observations of my Gobela and other oGobela learning processes. The study draws a sample pool of both Izangoma and oGobela, to provide a holistic view of the role of oGobela from a teacher and learner perspective. It is important to note that not everyone who is a Sangoma is a Gobela. Becoming a Gobela is an additional calling based on specific instructions from your ancestors. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post-School Education, 2024
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The processes and problems involved in winding up a deceased estate in South Africa

  • Authors: Mazwi, Likho Athule
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Estates (Law) , Wills , Testator , Executors and administrators , Income tax , Inheritance and transfer tax South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463505 , vital:76415
  • Description: This thesis discusses the processes involved in winding up a deceased estate and potential problems that can occur in carrying out these processes. The research adopts a legal interpretive approach, more specifically a doctrinal research methodology. This is low risk desktop research and is based on publicly available data. In analysing the processes involved in winding up an estate, a will (or lack of a will) is identified as the starting point for the process. A will stipulates how the testator wishes to dispose of his or her property in the event of death, and must be executed in terms of the formalities provided in section 2 of the Wills Act. Section 13(1) of the Administration of Estates Act provides that the estate of the deceased is not wound up until letters of executorship have been granted by the Master. The Administration of Estates Act provides for formalities in the appointment and remuneration of an executor, who is responsible for the administration of the estate and distribution of the assets in the estate. Before the properties can be distributed to the beneficiaries, the executor must first call every person who has a claim against the estate to lodge a claim and pay the debts, including tax debts owed by the deceased. These tax liabilities are determined in terms of the Income Tax Act and Estate Duty Act. The three taxpayers involved in the winding-up process are the deceased taxpayer, the deceased estate, and the beneficiaries of the estate. Several problems that may occur in winding up an estate are identified in the thesis. These include a testator who is incapable of executing a will, wills that do not comply with the formalities, forged wills, undue influence exerted on a testator, the death of testator caused by a beneficiary, disqualified beneficiaries, lost wills, the lack of a valid will, disputed and late claims against the estate, an executor failing to perform his or her duties, removing the executor of an estate, winding up the estate of a person who has died without a will, and insolvent estates. These problems, together with possible solutions, are discussed in detail. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Accounting, 2024
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The reading to learn pedagogy in South African inclusive English First Additional Language classrooms: successes and challenges

  • Authors: Moyo, Sheron
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Reading (Secondary) South Africa Northern Cape , Reading comprehension , English as a second or foreign language , Inclusive education South Africa Northern Cape , High school students Social conditions
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463735 , vital:76436
  • Description: Reading to Learn (RtL) has been frequently suggested for students not meeting grade-appropriate reading standards. However, its achievements and shortcomings have not been examined in inclusive education. In light of this, the main goal of this study was to explore the successes and challenges of this methodology in grade 9 English First Additional Language (FAL) inclusive classrooms across four schools in the Northern Cape Province’s John Taolo Gaetsewe District. In light of the grave concerns about literacy development in South African schools, this methodology was created to fulfil the literacy needs of students from underprivileged groups in Australia. This qualitative study was grounded in social constructivist theory and an interpretative paradigm. The research used an exploratory case study comprising four participants who were purposively recruited and empowered with RtL between 2016 and 2022. The data-gathering methods used were semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and classroom observations to get insights into the achievements and shortcomings of the RtL pedagogy in inclusive classrooms. The qualitative data in this study was analysed using thematic analysis. The study’s findings revealed that the RtL pedagogy gave students who faced reading obstacles in inclusive classes the skills needed to read, read with meaning, and improve as readers and writers through its six-step scaffolding interactive cycle. There were challenges in employing the RtL pedagogy in inclusive classes, such as it is time-consuming and makes it difficult for teachers to adhere to the time frame stipulated by the annual teaching plan. Nevertheless, the study’s findings showed that the advantages of the RtL pedagogy outweigh the challenges. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, Institute for the Study of Englishes of Africa, 2024
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The relationship between financial sector deepening and income inequality in South Africa

  • Authors: Mandleni, Siyanda
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Financial services industry South Africa , Income distribution South Africa , Autoregression (Statistics) , Small business South Africa , Business enterprises, Black South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462790 , vital:76335
  • Description: This research analyzes the relationship between financial sector deepening and income inequality in South Africa from 1980 to 2019, using data from the World Bank Database and the Standardized World Income Inequality Database. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used to explore both the long- and short-run relationships that exist between these variables. Additionally, control variables like GDP, inflation, and structural changes that occurred, which include 1994 and 2005 are considered. According to the findings, the financial sector exacerbates income inequality in the long run. These findings highlight the need for policymakers to prioritize inclusive financial sector reforms. One recommendation is to enhance the access of Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) to formal financial services. For example, promoting more black industrialists and SMMEs in the supply of financial products and services. Possible reforms may include adjusting credit requirements for different income groups or offering lower interest rates on loans for businesses. Ensuring that more financial sector gains are retained within black communities can foster inclusive growth by generating jobs and ensuring a more equitable distribution of income. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
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The relationship between human, social and financial capital and small and medium enterprise (SME) performance in South Africa

  • Authors: Siso, Masiso Nomakha
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Small business South Africa , Small and medium enterprises , Enterprise performance management , Financial literacy , Human capital , Social capital (Sociology) , Financial capital , Resource-based view
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462823 , vital:76338
  • Description: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a severe impact on developing countries, exacerbating economic stagnation, high poverty rates, and unemployment. South Africa, in particular, faces significant challenges, with a 35.3 percent unemployment rate and a 17.4 percent GDP decline in 2021. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are crucial during these economic challenges, traditionally employing a substantial workforce and contributing significantly to the GDP. Despite their importance, SMEs often struggle, with a small percentage surviving the initial two years. Limited research has been conducted on the resources and capabilities crucial for enterprise performance in South Africa. While studies in developed countries exist, few explore the relationship between resources and capabilities facilitating SME performance in developing contexts. This study focuses on human capital, bonding, bridging, and linking social capital, and financial capital as key resources and capabilities. Given the backdrop that many entrepreneurs in South Africa may not possess formal education or extensive work experience, this study contends that financial literacy—encompassing financial knowledge, behaviour, and attitude—serves as a proxy for human capital. Additionally, a notable portion of entrepreneurs in South Africa face a deficit in the skills and knowledge essential for identifying entrepreneurial opportunities. Even among those possessing these capabilities, the challenge lies in the lack of necessary resources, including social and financial capital, to effectively transform such prospects into viable new ventures. This study employed a causal research design and adopted a quantitative research approach within a post-positivist paradigm. The primary objective was to investigate the relationship between the following independent variables; human (where financial literacy was used as a proxy which consisted of financial knowledge, attitude and behaviour), bonding, bridging and linking social capital, and financial capital and the dependent variable; SME performance. An online self-administered questionnaire was used to gather data from SME owners/managers. A pilot study was undertaken, in which an electronic link to the questionnaire was sent to potential respondents. Potential respondents were identified using purposive and convenience sampling methods. Data collection yielded 334 usable responses from SME owners/managers in South Africa. After cleaning the data, the analysis examined the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Cronbach Alpha Coefficient analysis were used to confirm the validity and reliability of the measurement instrument, respectively. Descriptive statistics, regression, and correlation results were reported. Furthermore, a group mean analysis, including independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVAs, were performed to investigate potential significant differences in variables based on demographic and enterprise related variables. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between financial capital and SME performance. This indicates that an entrepreneur's ability to access financial capital or possess financial capital contributes to the performance and success of enterprises in South Africa. This finding underscores the crucial role of financial capital in facilitating the growth and sustainability of enterprises, as it provides a buffer against unfavourable economic shocks, enables entrepreneurs to pursue more capital-intensive strategies, and affords them more time to learn and overcome challenges. Conversely, no significant relationships were found between financial knowledge, behaviour, and attitude, bonding, bridging, and linking social capital, and SME performance. This study contributes to the development of SMEs in South Africa by identifying the critical resources and capabilities essential for their survival and growth. Additionally, it offers valuable recommendations for policymakers to create a conducive environment for entrepreneurs and suggests potential educational initiatives and support structures. Furthermore, this study advocates for the exploration of innovative financing approaches to build a financial cushion and bolster resilience against economic upheavals. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
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The relationship between REITS and stock market prices during periods of volatility: a Bivariate GARCH analysis

  • Authors: Makara, Ntsali Audrey
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Real estate investment trusts South Africa , Stocks Prices , Stock exchanges South Africa , GARCH model , Volatility
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462768 , vital:76333
  • Description: The relationship between real estate and the stock market is essential because they are the two most highly invested assets. In addition, examining the volatility of any asset is important for risk management and investor portfolio returns. The general motivation for analysing the relationship is that it can provide insight to policymakers and investors about the behaviour of stocks and real estate assets. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS) and stock prices in South Africa using daily data from 2 January 2013 to 31 May 2023. The wealth and credit effects are the two mechanisms used to interpret the relationship. The wealth effect is a mechanism that states that the causal relationship between the two markets runs from increasing stock prices which tends to increase real estate. The credit effect claims that real estate prices influence stock prices. Most of the existing literature has examined the relationship between the two markets but less attention has been given to the volatility spillover effects. Therefore, the analysis presented in this thesis extends the existing research by examining the relationship and the spillover effects between the REITs and stock markets. The study employs quantitative research methodology using the following econometric methods i)Vector Autoregression model, ii) Granger Causality Tests and Bivariate GARCH models. The study found that there is no long-run relationship between REITS and stock prices. In addition, the Granger Causality results showed a unidirectional relationship between REITs and stock prices. The results indicate the presence of a wealth effect in South Africa, meaning that changes in stock prices influence the real estate market. Moreover, the GARCH analysis found volatility spillover effects from the stock to the REITs markets. These results are helpful for policymakers and investors interested in the portfolio and risk management of the two markets. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
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The reproductive biology of warty sea cucumber, Neostichopus grammatus Clark (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) under natural and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) conditions in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

  • Authors: Senekal, Heleen Ester
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Sea cucumbers South Africa Eastern Cape , Sea cucumbers Reproduction , Gonads , Gonadosomatic Index , Integrated aquaculture , Abalone culture , Sea cucumbers Effect of temperature on , Marine sediments
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464451 , vital:76512
  • Description: This study investigated the reproductive cycle of the warty sea cucumber, Neostichopus grammatus, in the wild and in a farming environment, to test its suitability for co-culture with abalone Haliotis midae in an IMTA system. The research formed part of a broader EU H2020 program, Aquavitae, and was conducted at Wild Coast Abalone in South Africa. The study investigated several environmental parameters, such as temperature, day length, and substrate, to determine if these have any effects on the gonadal development and reproductive cycle. The natural gametogenic cycle of wild warty sea cucumbers was determined by monitoring the Gonadosomatic Index (GI) values monthly for a period of 16 months. The GI index was validated by means of other maturity assessment techniques including measurement of the size and colour of the gonads, oocyte diameter measurements and gonad histology sections. Wild collected sea cucumbers were maintained in abalone farm rearing tanks on a diet of abalone feed and faecal waste for a period of 10 months, with GI values being determined monthly. The wild and farmed sea cucumber GI data was correlated with environmental parameters. Seasonal water temperature was strongly correlated with the GI values of wild warty sea cucumbers, suggesting that water temperature likely influences gonadal development. Sea cucumbers matured sexually during colder months (May to September) and spawned from September to February, during summer. The results of oocyte measurements, macroscopic and microscopic analyses, and histological analyses in combination with the GI values, provides a practical indicator of sexual maturity for captive breeding purposes. Farmed warty sea cucumbers followed the same annual reproductive cycle as wild sea cucumbers, however they came into spawning condition approximately one month later than wild conspecifics. As the farm water temperature was significantly higher than the ambient ocean water temperature, it was hypothesised that this may have affected the gonadal development of the farmed sea cucumbers. Furthermore, the farm-reared sea cucumbers lost weight and condition, indicating a nutritional deficiency. Previous studies indicated that the presence of a sand sediment facilitated the assimilation of organic detrital matter by sea cucumbers. An additional trial was thus set up to determine the effect of a sand sediment and cooler ambient temperature on the growth and gonadal development of the warty sea cucumbers. The growth and GI values of sea cucumbers in the cool water treatment did not differ significantly from the ambient temperature control groups. However, the addition of a sand substrate to the sea cucumber tanks had a significant positive growth effect on sea cucumber body mass and GI values. Sea cucumbers fed a diet of abalone waste material on the sand substrate exhibited final average GI values of 2.99 % (SE ±0.56). In contrast, sea cucumbers kept in bare tanks and only received abalone waste as food had significantly lower average GI values of 1.36 % (SE±0.2). This suggests that the provision of a sand sustrate in sea cucumber rearing containers is essential for the adequate nutrition and gonadal development. The results of this study indicate that the warty sea cucumber is a promising candidate for inlcusion in an IMTA system with South African perlemoen abalone. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2024
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The role of academic literacy courses in students’ disciplinary knowledge-building: a case study of a Namibian university

  • Authors: Nekondo, Linus Vaakohambo
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Information literacy , Communication in learning and scholarship , Decolonization Namibia , Globalization , Education and globalization Namibia , Academic English , Academic language
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466383 , vital:76723 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/466383
  • Description: This doctoral study investigated the role of academic literacy courses in shaping students’ disciplinary knowledge within the context of a Namibian university. Motivated by concerns surrounding persistently high attrition rates in higher education institutions globally, the research challenges the prevailing tendency to attribute poor student performance solely to individual factors, thus neglecting systemic issues whereby the higher education sector is absolved of responsibility. This absolution is often on the premise that the university has provided adequate support, such as through academic literacy courses, to equip students for success. However, despite the provision of such courses, high attrition rates persist. The study was guided by the following questions: 1. How is ‘academic literacy’ conceptualised in the UNAM English for Academic Purposes course curriculum? This question is further divided into two sub-questions: (a) How do the academics who teach the UNAM EAP course conceptualise ‘academic literacy’? and (b) How is knowledge structured in course documents and assessments? 2. How do academics who teach other courses conceptualise UNAM's EAP course and its relationship to the literacy practices expected in their courses? 3. How do students experience the EAP course at UNAM, and how do they understand the relationship between the content and activities of the EAP course and the academic literacy demands of their other courses? Data collection involved individual interviews with both English for Academic Purposes (EAP) lecturers and discipline-specific lecturers across three UNAM campuses, the Faculty of Education, Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Health Sciences. Additionally, focus group interviews were conducted with students from these same campuses. To ensure robustness, triangulation of interview data was achieved by complementing it with document analysis of EAP course materials and mainstream course documents. The goal was to identify instances of code-matches (where academic literacy practices align with the expectations of the disciplines) or code-clashes (where discrepancies emerge). The findings illuminated prevailing perceptions of academic literacy as a set of skills encompassing reading, writing, and related competencies. Implicit in this understanding was that these presumed academic skills are universally applicable across academic contexts and can be taught with equal effectiveness to students regardless of their chosen discipline. An analysis using Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) revealed that such conceptualisation of academic literacy as practices that are neutral and generic across the academy indicates weaker epistemic relations (ER-), and weaker social relations (SR-). That is, the understanding of academic literacy that dominated in the data legitimated neither specialist knowledge nor any specific disposition in the knower. This results in what is known in LCT as a relativist code. Moreover, the study identified a distinct emphasis on generic, skill-based instruction in the EAP course documents. The relativist code identified in the analysis of the interviews with EAP lecturers, and echoing concerns raised in academic literacy literature about add-on courses, was starkly evident in the EAP course content. A code-clash emerged between the skills and genres taught in the EAP course and those required for success in mainstream courses. Three focus areas of the EAP course, essay writing, report writing, and referencing, were analysed in some depth to ascertain the nature of the code-clash. The thesis presents a comprehensive examination of a specific course and its reflection of prevalent generic common-sense approaches observed in various contexts. While the study centred on UNAM's EAP course, its aim was not to critique a particular course or colleagues. Rather, many findings resonate with issues identified in academic literacy research globally, underscoring persistent challenges associated with generic approaches that often fall short of enhancing epistemic access. The study concludes that there is an urgent need to assess the efficacy of academic literacy courses in fostering students’ disciplinary knowledge-building at grassroot level i.e. at the level of HEIs or disciplines. Such an assessment should consider not only the complexities of acquisition of academic literacy but also the broader global elements with transboundary influences, such as neoliberalism, massification, and the globalisation of higher education. This comprehensive examination contributes to ongoing discussions regarding the enabling of epistemic access and epistemic justice within higher education contexts. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, Centre for Higher Education Research, Teaching and Learning, 2024
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