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Theories of economic underdevelopment: a general equilibrium analysis

  • Authors: Black, Philip Andrew
  • Date: 1982
  • Subjects: Equilibrium (Economics) -- Mathematical models Economic development -- Mathematical models Developing countries -- Economic conditions -- Mathematical models
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:1049 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006235
  • Description: This thesis is mainly concerned with the question whether 'conventional' economic theory - especially the neoclassical theory of general equilibrium - is sufficiently flexible to accommodate the particular conditions prevailing in the developing countries. It is argued that most existing theories of economic underdevelopment adopt an interpretative approach which essentially amounts to relaxing some of the chief assumptions of the neoclassical theory. When applied to the two-sector model of general equilibrium, these theories generally yield predictions which are vastly different from those associated with the neoclassical assumptions of perfect competition, unlimited factor substitutability and unrestricted resource mobility. Several theories seek to explain the development problem in terms of the specific production processes used in poor countries. Myrdal's (1957) theory of cumulative causation, for example, effectively introduces increasing returns to scale in at least one sector or region of the economy; in contrast to the neoclassical theory, he thus nvisages a cumulative process of regional divergence in the output level per worker. Similarly, Richard Eckaus's (1955) explanation of the "factor-proportions problem" is based on the assumption of limited factor substitutability. This enables him to establish the existence of a so-called "unemployment equiIibrium", thus implying that developing countries may be faced with a conflict between the objective of maximizing social -welfare on the one hand, and that of full employment on the other. More recently, Leibenstein (1960) has shown that this trade-off may be complicated by the introduction of capital-biased technological inventions and innovations. The solution to the factor-proportions problem consists in the adoption of more appropriate, usually labour-biased technologies, increased capital formation and a reduction in the rate of population growth. Much of the postwar literature on economic development has focused on the imperfectly competitive structure of the product and the factor markets in developing countries. Myint (1954) has highlighted the role played by monopolies and ligopolies during the "opening-up" process of economic development. Likewise, both Lewis's (1954) dualist theory and Todaro's (1969; 1971) model of rural-urban migration attempt to explain the unemployment problem in terms of various factor price distortions. In an international context, Prebisch (1950; 1959) and Singer (1950) have again shown how prevailing differences in the structure of markets between developed and developing countries may turn the terms of trade against the latter; using a two-sector model, Bhagwati (1958) has demonstrated that such a deterioration in the terms of trade could bring about a net decrease in the welfare level of the countries concerned. Generally, the policy measures relevant to the "market imperfections" problem include the creation of job opportunities in the rural (rather than urban) sector, the encouragement of informal-sector enterprises,and the imposition of factor taxes and subsidies as a means of counteracting the adverse effect of factor price distortions on employment. A more recent approach to the unemployment problem is the plea by the International Labor Office (1970; 1972) for a redistribution of income within the developing countries. In terms of the two-sector model, such a policy may well succeed in eliminating labour unemployment caused by fixed factor proportions and/or factor price distortions. It should be realized, though, that a redistribution of income may lower the aggregate savings level, and hence also the growth rates of capital and labour employment in the economy. On the whole, it would seem that these theories do indeed adopt a modified version of the neoclassical theory in providing a fairly comprehensive explanation of the economic problems of labour unemployment, low incomes and inequality.
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  • Date Issued: 1982

Two decades in the life of a city : Grahamstown 1862-1882

  • Authors: Gibbens, Melanie
  • Date: 1982
  • Subjects: Frontier War, 1877-1879 Xhosa (African people) -- History Schools -- Grahamstown (South Africa) Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Fingo Village -- History Hottentot Location -- Grahamstown Grahamstown -- African population Diamond Fields Grahamstown -- Buildings -- City Hall Grahamstown -- Colored population Grahamstown (South Africa) -- History Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Social conditions Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- History -- 1872-1898 Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- Politics and government Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- History Grahamstown -- Streets -- Paradise Row Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- Separation movement Fingo Village (Grahamstown, South Africa) -- History South Africa -- History -- Frontier Wars, 1811-1878 Xhosa (African people) -- History Glanville family Wood family Buildings -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Black people -- South Africa -- Grahamstown
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:2542 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002394
  • Description: [Preface]:In 1862 Grahamstown acquired the dignity, pride and responsibility of full municipal status by its own Act of Incorporation. Ibis Act marked the consolidation of Grahamstown's era of local government by its vigorous and far-sighted Municipal Board of Commissioners, which was established in 1837 and has been examined in depth in K.S. Hunt's thesis on Grahamstown municipal government up to 1862. Clearly, the year 1862 is the logical beginning for a further study of Grahamstown's changing position in the Eastern Cape and its development in the practice of local government during the crucial decades of the 1860's and 1870's. But the choice of 1882 to mark the end of this thesis is in some ways arbitrary. 1882 does not appear to be a turning point, a year of major significance in either the history of Grahamstown or of the Colony as a whole. Besides the convenient time-span of twenty years, there are various factors which, taken together, explain why 1882 is a useful date of demarcation from which to take stock and review Grahamstown's economic, political, social and municipal position after two vital decades in its history. In the civic sphere,the opening of Grahamstown's Town Hall made tangible,in solid Victorian design,a long held ambition of the City Councillors. Buildings, in Victorian attitudes, throughout the British Empire, were regarded as very important civic symbols. One can learn much of Grahamstown Victorian attitudes from the lengthy process of attaining a Town Hall. A much more elaborate ceremony surrounded the opening of the Jubilee Tower, an occasion for assessing the influence of Grahamstown's Settler heritage on the development of the town. Municipal problems concerning finance, water and "native" locations remained thorny questions as they had throughout the period 1862-32. Generally 1882 was a year of transition for Grahamstown and the Colony as a whole. Economically it appeared to start prosperously but 1882 actually marked the beginning of a severe depression which lasted until 1386. It is important to consider how Grahamstown’s economic development relates to the overall economic picture of the Cape Colony at this juncture. Though ostrich feather prices remained high in 1882, the ensuing depression was caused partly by the rapid overexpansion of the industry but most important of all, by a reaction to an inflated era of confidence during the diamond boom years of the 1870's and their consequent easy Bank credit plus intense speculation. Politically 1882 also appeared a year of transition. How to maintain the uneasy peace after the Basuto war remained a constant challenge to Scanlen's ministry. The beginnings of active party conflict in the workings of responsible government were evident only in embryo. The rapid growth of the Afrikaner Bond was to change this. Specifically in relation to the practice of local government in the Cape Colony, the General Municipal Act No. 45 was passed during the Parliamentary session of 1882, enabling any town to seek incorporation. The query is raised as to how far the modus vivendi of the Grahamstown municipality helped frame the clauses of this general Municipal enabling Act. For these various reasons, as well as the additional one that twenty years was found to offer a manageable research unit, 1882 has been decided on as the limit of this thesis. This thesis aims, through a careful examination of Grahamstown's economic, political but particularly civic development, to determine and trace the nature of the Grahamstown community's response to the challenge of the gradual isolation of the 1860's and 1870's. Grahamstown's civic history provides fascinating insights into the structure of the entire community and its attitudes and values. Study has been made of the following major primary sources for the history of Grahamstown 1862-1882: the Grahamstown Municipality records, complete except for incoming letters and housed in the Cape Archives, und the Grahamstown newspapers for the period. The most prolific as well us the most valuable newspaper source of the period is The Grahamstown Journal, a newspaper with a tradition firmly bound up with the formulation of frontier as well as Grahamstown thought, kingpin of the network built up by the successors of Robert Godlonton, the "architect of frontier opinion". It has to be treated with caution as a source because of this very bias. The Council Minutes themselves, meticulously recorded in the Town Clerk's copperplate Victorian script, are scrupulously objective, recording blandly proposers, seconders and fates of motions. What might appear the bare bones of a detailed study of the municipal records yet reflects the economic climate of the town, political opinions, class and race attitudes, civic pride, concepts of public health and charity. The newspapers are a vital addition to the Municipal records themselves. The weekly meetings received faithful, accurate and very copious coverage from press-representatives present at every ordinary meeting. Indeed these reports give a vivid immediacy to the meetings and reveal opinions, pressure groups and lines of conflict within the Council, on issues important and trivial. These, at times lively and enlivening, sometimes stormy meetings, are reported with an authenticity which makes one suspect that often words of speeches were given verbatim - personalities of the Councillors certainly emerge distinctly. Full newspaper coverage is also given to the meetings of the Albany Divisional Council. The annual reports of the Civil Commissioners and Resident Magistrates, which appear in the Parliamentary Blue Books of the period, provide some valuable economic comment on the vicissitudes of life in the eastern frontier districts from 1862-1882. Such information builds useful background for a study of Grahamstown's economic and social development. Efforts have been made to locate probable sources of family papers of one of the most influential Grahamstown families of the period, the Wood family, but to no avail. If any exist they would without doubt have given interesting insight into the business connections of leading Grahamstown men and possibly given an indication of how far civic and political connections linked with religious and family influences in Victorian Grahamstown. Jim's Journal, manuscript in Cory Library, is a record of letters sent home to England by James Butler, while on a visit to the Cape,1876-79 for his health. He provides illuminating glimpses into the day to day life of Grahamstown from a Quaker viewpoint. Taken together, these sources provide considerable insights into the life and times of Grahamstown in the second half of the nineteenth Century. A municipal study examines an area in its totality: it encompasses a study of minutiae within the context of general trends. This fact alone suggests that there are many sources on the history of Grahamstown which have not yet been discovered, but this assessment is submitted on the basis of a thorough study of those which are currently available.
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  • Date Issued: 1982

Verdrängung und verleugnung der wirklichkeit als erzählproblem im werk Hans Erich Nossacks

Witwatersrand genesis: a comparative study of some early gold mining companies, 1886-1894

  • Authors: Webb, Arthur (Arthur C M)
  • Date: 1982
  • Subjects: Gold mines and mining -- South Africa -- History Gold mines and mining -- South Africa -- Witwatersrand -- History Ferreira Gold Mining Company (Firm) Witwatersrand Gold Mining Company (Firm) Simmer and Jack Gold Mining Company (Firm) Wemmer Gold Mining Company (Firm)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:1029 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003725
  • Description: Preface: For anyone standing on the ridge of the Witwatersrand on a spring day in September 1886 the sight immediately to the south represented a hive of activity and hope. Nearly a hundred years later ample evidence stretches away on both sides of the watershed to confirm the fulfilment of those early sentiments. It is, nevertheless, all too easy to ignore the struggles and failures which marked the beginnings of the world's greatest gold field in the light of its subsequent abundant success. Only when attention is turned to the individual companies formed to exploit the discovery does the true picture emerge of the lack of adequate technological and managerial knowledge amongst the early pioneers and of the financial frailty of their companies. The object of this thesis is to shed light on these beginnings by reviewing the histories of four of the earliest companies established to work the main reef. The approach adopted is to scrutinize the material available with a view to determining the motivations and actions of the managements of the various companies with regard to their economic environment, whether within or without the individual company. Clearly, the availability of information is a major determinant of the success of any such venture and this was particularly so in the case of the companies considered. With the exception of the Barlow Rand Limited holding of the H. Eckstein and Company Archives, which offers an integral coverage of that firm's dealings with the emerging industry, and which is certainly the most comprehensive source of information available to the researcher, little material relating to specific gold mining companies has survived. Under these circumstances it was necessary to rely heavily for information on the local press. These newspapers proved an invaluable source in this regard. As a mining camp with a limited capacity for generating newsworthy incidents, the newspapers of early Johannesburg found an eager readership for information about the industry which lay at the heart of the community. For their part, the managements of the various mining companies found in the pages of the local press an outlet for intelligence both true and false; the press was a useful vehicle for the publication of directors' and annual reports to meet a wider audience, but similarly it could be and was used to disseminate 'spectacular' reports calculated to influence the status of a company's stock on the local share market. As a research source the press has thus to be approached with caution but its value, if the warning is heeded, is in no way diminished. Beyond these two sources the next most valuable accumulation of data on the early industry is "The Gold Fields Collection" housed in the Cory Library for Historical Research at Rhodes University. As a collection it is far from complete and it is to be hoped that the donors will in future see fit to augment it with further material as this becomes available. It neverthess proved an invaluable source for the investigation of at least one of the companies of the study and for a general background to the industry.
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  • Date Issued: 1982

Zusammenhangen and logical atomism in Wittgenstein's tractatus

  • Authors: Dyer, Clive
  • Date: 1982 , 2013-03-19
  • Subjects: Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951. , Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951. Tractatus logico-philosophicus. , Logical atomism , Ontology
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:2734 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005929 , Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951. , Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951. Tractatus logico-philosophicus. , Logical atomism , Ontology
  • Description: Introduction: The argument presented in this thesis is that Wittgenstein's answer to the question - as to how one. proposition can be generated out of another - can show a way in which the reconciliation between logical atomism and Zusammenhangen becomes obvious. In the Preliminaries an exposition of logical atomism and the Zusammenhangen thesis is given. The way in which the problem appears is then briefly exposed. The way towards a solution begins with the elucidation of Wittgenstein's picture theory of meaning and the truthfunctional analysis of a proposition. The problem is clarified in the question which now arises: i.e., given the truth-functional analysis of a proposition,. how can one proposition be generated out of another? The problem is then shown to vanish in the logical construction of a proposition and of propositions. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in
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  • Date Issued: 1982

The Educational Journal

Senior staff party

  • Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
  • Date: 1981-11-25
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:7443 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018320
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  • Date Issued: 1981-11-25

CSSA Conference: research directions in parallel processing

  • Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
  • Date: 1981-11-16
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:7442 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018319
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  • Date Issued: 1981-11-16

"Ian Scott Henderson: a tribute"

  • Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
  • Date: 1981-11-12
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:7441 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018318
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  • Date Issued: 1981-11-12

Speech night, St Andrew's school, Senderwood, Johannesburg

  • Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
  • Date: 1981-11-06
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:7439 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018316
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  • Date Issued: 1981-11-06

The Educational Journal

The Educational Journal

Message from the Vice-Chancellor for 1981 intervarsity

  • Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
  • Date: 1981-08-06
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:7437 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018314
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  • Date Issued: 1981-08-06

Rhodeo, Vol. 35, No. 5

  • Date: 1981-08
  • Subjects: Grahamstown -- Newspapers , Journalism, Students -- South Africa , Rhodes University -- Activate , Rhodes University -- Students , Student newspapers and periodicals -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:14708 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019580
  • Description: Rhodeo is the Independent Student Newspaper of Rhodes University. Located in Grahamstown, Rhodeo was established in 1947, and renamed in 1994 as Activate. During apartheid Rhodeo became an active part of the struggle for freedom of expression as part of the now defunct South African Student Press Union. Currently Activate is committed to informing Rhodes University students, staff and community members about relevant issues, mainly on campus. These issues range from hard news to more creative journalism. While Activate acts as a news source, one of its main objectives it to be accessible as a training ground for student journalists. The newspaper is run entirely by the students and is published twice a term. Activate is a free newspaper which receives an annual grant from the Rhodes University Student Representative Council, however, majority of its revenue is generated through advertising.
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  • Date Issued: 1981-08

The Educational Journal

Introduction to Cecil Rhodes commemoration lecture 1981

  • Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
  • Date: 1981-07-29
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:7435 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018312
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  • Date Issued: 1981-07-29

Vote of thanks: Cecil Rhodes commemoration lecture

  • Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
  • Date: 1981-07-29
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:7436 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018313
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  • Date Issued: 1981-07-29

The old Rhodian Union Zimbabwe

  • Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
  • Date: 1981-07-16
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:7434 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018311
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  • Date Issued: 1981-07-16

Opening 28th Annual General Meeting of SA Pharmacy Students Federation

  • Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
  • Date: 1981-06-30
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:7433 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018310
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  • Date Issued: 1981-06-30

The Educational Journal

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