A study of electrospun nanofibers and diatomaceous earth materials for the extraction of alkaloids, flavonoids and aromatic amines in various matrices
- Mothibedi, Kediemetse (Kedimetse)
- Authors: Mothibedi, Kediemetse (Kedimetse)
- Date: 2013 , 2013-04-07
- Subjects: Nanofibers , Electrospinning , Sorbents , Extraction (Chemistry) , Alkaloids , Flavonoids , Amines , Matrices , Goldenseal , Ginkgo , Dyes and dyeing -- Chemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4288 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003052 , Nanofibers , Electrospinning , Sorbents , Extraction (Chemistry) , Alkaloids , Flavonoids , Amines , Matrices , Goldenseal , Ginkgo , Dyes and dyeing -- Chemistry
- Description: The thesis explored the use of different sorbent materials in solid phase extraction method development. The methods included the use of the polymeric Agilent Bond Elut Plexa solid phase extraction and electrospun polymer-silica composite sorbents for clean-up and preconcentration. Sample clean-up for alkaloids (hydrastine and berberine) in goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) in Ginkgo biloba was achieved using Bond Elut Plexa SPE sorbent. Clean-up of flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba was also achieved using electrospun polymer-silica composite (polystyrene-silica, polyacrylonitrile-silica and nylon 6-silica) sorbents. All analysis of flavonoids and alkaloids was carried out using an Agilent 1200 Series HPLC coupled with a diode array detector. Good peak separation was achieved in less than 6 min employing an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column (4.6 x 75 mm, 3.5 μm) at 35⁰C. The mobile phases employed were 0.1% phosphoric acid/methanol gradient and 0.5% phosphoric acid/methanol (40:60) for alkaloids and flavonoids respectively. The calibration curves exhibited linearity up to 120 μg mL⁻¹ with correlation coefficients of more than 0.9980. The recoveries ranged from 73-109% with relative standard deviation of less than 5% for all analytes. Agilent Chem Elut supported liquid extraction was employed for the development of a sample preparation method for the determination of 24 banned aromatic amines from azo dyes in textile following the EU standard method EN 14362-1:2003 (E) and the Chinese standard method GB/T 17592-2006. The supported liquid extraction was effective in the extraction of the aromatic amines from textile (cotton, wool and polyester/cotton [80%:20%]). Most of the recoveries obtained were conforming to the minimum requirements set in the EN 14362-1:2003 (E) standard method and the relative standard deviations were less than 15%. Good peak separation was obtained within 70 min run time using the Agilent Zorbax SB-Phenyl column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5-micron) or the Agilent DB-35 MS (J & W) (30 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness. It was demonstrated that the polymeric Agilent Bond Elut Plexa, electrospun nanofibers and diatomaceous earth were effective in extraction of alkaloids, flavonoids and aromatic amines in different matrices. The developed methods were simple, rapid and reproducible.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Mothibedi, Kediemetse (Kedimetse)
- Date: 2013 , 2013-04-07
- Subjects: Nanofibers , Electrospinning , Sorbents , Extraction (Chemistry) , Alkaloids , Flavonoids , Amines , Matrices , Goldenseal , Ginkgo , Dyes and dyeing -- Chemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4288 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003052 , Nanofibers , Electrospinning , Sorbents , Extraction (Chemistry) , Alkaloids , Flavonoids , Amines , Matrices , Goldenseal , Ginkgo , Dyes and dyeing -- Chemistry
- Description: The thesis explored the use of different sorbent materials in solid phase extraction method development. The methods included the use of the polymeric Agilent Bond Elut Plexa solid phase extraction and electrospun polymer-silica composite sorbents for clean-up and preconcentration. Sample clean-up for alkaloids (hydrastine and berberine) in goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) in Ginkgo biloba was achieved using Bond Elut Plexa SPE sorbent. Clean-up of flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba was also achieved using electrospun polymer-silica composite (polystyrene-silica, polyacrylonitrile-silica and nylon 6-silica) sorbents. All analysis of flavonoids and alkaloids was carried out using an Agilent 1200 Series HPLC coupled with a diode array detector. Good peak separation was achieved in less than 6 min employing an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column (4.6 x 75 mm, 3.5 μm) at 35⁰C. The mobile phases employed were 0.1% phosphoric acid/methanol gradient and 0.5% phosphoric acid/methanol (40:60) for alkaloids and flavonoids respectively. The calibration curves exhibited linearity up to 120 μg mL⁻¹ with correlation coefficients of more than 0.9980. The recoveries ranged from 73-109% with relative standard deviation of less than 5% for all analytes. Agilent Chem Elut supported liquid extraction was employed for the development of a sample preparation method for the determination of 24 banned aromatic amines from azo dyes in textile following the EU standard method EN 14362-1:2003 (E) and the Chinese standard method GB/T 17592-2006. The supported liquid extraction was effective in the extraction of the aromatic amines from textile (cotton, wool and polyester/cotton [80%:20%]). Most of the recoveries obtained were conforming to the minimum requirements set in the EN 14362-1:2003 (E) standard method and the relative standard deviations were less than 15%. Good peak separation was obtained within 70 min run time using the Agilent Zorbax SB-Phenyl column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5-micron) or the Agilent DB-35 MS (J & W) (30 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness. It was demonstrated that the polymeric Agilent Bond Elut Plexa, electrospun nanofibers and diatomaceous earth were effective in extraction of alkaloids, flavonoids and aromatic amines in different matrices. The developed methods were simple, rapid and reproducible.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
Characterization and application of phthalocyanine-gold nanoparticle conjugates
- Authors: Tombe, Sekai Lana
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Gold , Zinc , Nanoparticles , Bioconjugates , Photochemistry , Photocatalysis , Electrospinning , Polymers , Pollutants , Phenols , Azo dyes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4293 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004517 , Phthalocyanines , Gold , Zinc , Nanoparticles , Bioconjugates , Photochemistry , Photocatalysis , Electrospinning , Polymers , Pollutants , Phenols , Azo dyes
- Description: This work presents the syntheses, photophysical and photochemical characterization of arylthio zinc phthalocyanines and their gold nanoparticle conjugates. Spectroscopic and microscopic studies confirmed the formation of the phthalocyanine-gold nanoparticle conjugates which exhibited enhanced photophysicochemical properties in comparison to the phthalocyanines. The studies showed that the presence of gold nanoparticles significantly lowered fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes. However, this interaction did not restrict the formation of excited singlet and triplet states and hence the formation of singlet oxygen required for photocatalysis. The conjugates showed significantly higher singlet oxygen quantum yields and therefore enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to the phthalocyanines. The zinc phthalocyanines and their gold nanoparticle conjugates were successfully incorporated into electrospun polymer fibers. Spectral characteristics of the functionalized electrospun fibers indicated that the phthalocyanines and phthalocyanine-gold nanoparticle conjugates were bound and their integrity was maintained within the polymeric fiber matrices. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the complexes were equally maintained within the electrospun fibers. The functionalized fibers were applied for the photoconversion of 4-chlorophenol and Orange G as model organic pollutants. , Microsoft� Word 2010 , Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Tombe, Sekai Lana
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Gold , Zinc , Nanoparticles , Bioconjugates , Photochemistry , Photocatalysis , Electrospinning , Polymers , Pollutants , Phenols , Azo dyes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4293 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004517 , Phthalocyanines , Gold , Zinc , Nanoparticles , Bioconjugates , Photochemistry , Photocatalysis , Electrospinning , Polymers , Pollutants , Phenols , Azo dyes
- Description: This work presents the syntheses, photophysical and photochemical characterization of arylthio zinc phthalocyanines and their gold nanoparticle conjugates. Spectroscopic and microscopic studies confirmed the formation of the phthalocyanine-gold nanoparticle conjugates which exhibited enhanced photophysicochemical properties in comparison to the phthalocyanines. The studies showed that the presence of gold nanoparticles significantly lowered fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes. However, this interaction did not restrict the formation of excited singlet and triplet states and hence the formation of singlet oxygen required for photocatalysis. The conjugates showed significantly higher singlet oxygen quantum yields and therefore enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to the phthalocyanines. The zinc phthalocyanines and their gold nanoparticle conjugates were successfully incorporated into electrospun polymer fibers. Spectral characteristics of the functionalized electrospun fibers indicated that the phthalocyanines and phthalocyanine-gold nanoparticle conjugates were bound and their integrity was maintained within the polymeric fiber matrices. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the complexes were equally maintained within the electrospun fibers. The functionalized fibers were applied for the photoconversion of 4-chlorophenol and Orange G as model organic pollutants. , Microsoft� Word 2010 , Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
Photocatalytic activity and antibacterial properties of Ag/N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on PVAE-CS nanofibre support
- Authors: Ocwelwang, Atsile Rosy
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Nanocomposites (Materials) , Nanofibers , Electrospinning
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Chemistry)
- Identifier: vital:11337 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006794 , Nanocomposites (Materials) , Nanofibers , Electrospinning
- Description: Lack of potable water is one of the major challenges that the world faces currently and the effects of this are mainly experienced by people in developing countries. This has therefore propelled research in advanced oxidation technologies AOTs to improve the current water treatment methods using cost effective, non toxic and efficient treatment methods. Hence, in this study the sol-gel synthesis method was used to prepare TiO2 nanoparticles that were photocatalytically active under UV and visible solar light as well as possessing antibacterial properties. Silver and nitrogen doping was carried out to extend the optical absorption of TiO2. For easy removal and reuse of the photocatalyst the nanoparticles were immobilized on chitosan and poly (vinyl-alcohol-co-ethylene) using the electrospining technique. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, DRS, and TGA. FTIR and EDS analysis confirmed the formation and composition of TiO2 nanopowders for the doped and undoped nanoparticles. XRD analysis showed that the anatase phase was the dominant crystalline phase of the synthesized nanopowders. SEM and TEM respectively illustrated the distribution and size of the electrospun nanofibers and the nanoparticles of TiO2. DRS results showed that there was a significant shift in the absorption band edge and wavelength of Ag-TiO2 to 397 nm, followed by N-TiO2 at 396 nm compared to the commercial titania which was at 359 nm. The photocatalytic activities and antibacterial properties of these materials were tested on methylene blue dye and E.coli microorganism respectively. Ag-TiO2 immobilized on nanofibers of chitosan and PVAE had the highest photocatalytic activity compared to N-TiO2. Similar results were observed when the biocide properties of these materials were tested on E. coli.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ocwelwang, Atsile Rosy
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Nanocomposites (Materials) , Nanofibers , Electrospinning
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Chemistry)
- Identifier: vital:11337 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006794 , Nanocomposites (Materials) , Nanofibers , Electrospinning
- Description: Lack of potable water is one of the major challenges that the world faces currently and the effects of this are mainly experienced by people in developing countries. This has therefore propelled research in advanced oxidation technologies AOTs to improve the current water treatment methods using cost effective, non toxic and efficient treatment methods. Hence, in this study the sol-gel synthesis method was used to prepare TiO2 nanoparticles that were photocatalytically active under UV and visible solar light as well as possessing antibacterial properties. Silver and nitrogen doping was carried out to extend the optical absorption of TiO2. For easy removal and reuse of the photocatalyst the nanoparticles were immobilized on chitosan and poly (vinyl-alcohol-co-ethylene) using the electrospining technique. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, DRS, and TGA. FTIR and EDS analysis confirmed the formation and composition of TiO2 nanopowders for the doped and undoped nanoparticles. XRD analysis showed that the anatase phase was the dominant crystalline phase of the synthesized nanopowders. SEM and TEM respectively illustrated the distribution and size of the electrospun nanofibers and the nanoparticles of TiO2. DRS results showed that there was a significant shift in the absorption band edge and wavelength of Ag-TiO2 to 397 nm, followed by N-TiO2 at 396 nm compared to the commercial titania which was at 359 nm. The photocatalytic activities and antibacterial properties of these materials were tested on methylene blue dye and E.coli microorganism respectively. Ag-TiO2 immobilized on nanofibers of chitosan and PVAE had the highest photocatalytic activity compared to N-TiO2. Similar results were observed when the biocide properties of these materials were tested on E. coli.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
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