Photophysical behavior of zinc monoaminophthalocyanines linked to mercaptopropionic acid-capped CdTe quantum dots
- Authors: D'Souza, Sarah , Antunes, Edith M , Litwinski, Christian , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247634 , vital:51602 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.03.005"
- Description: Photosensitizing properties of zinc monoaminophthalocyanine (2) {in the absence or presence of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs)} were compared with those of mono-aminophenoxy zinc phthalocyanine (3), zinc tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine and zinc phthalocyanine. Complexes 2 and 3 were also linked to the MPA capped CdTe quantum dots through the formation of an amide bond. High triplet state quantum yields were obtained for the linked QD–phthalocyanine derivatives (complexes 2 and 3) compared to when complexes 2 and 3 were mixed with MPA QDs without a chemical bond.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Photophysical behaviour of asymmetrically substituted metal free, Mg and Zn phthalocyanines in the presence of folic acid
- Authors: Nombona, Nolwazi , Chidawanyika, Wadzanai J U , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247705 , vital:51608 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2010.11.033"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis, characterisation and photophysical properties of new asymmetric metal free, magnesium and zinc phthalocyanines containing a mono carboxylic acid group for possible linking to biological molecules via an amide bond. Successful synthesis of the phthalocyanines was achieved through the statistical condensation method. The phthalocyanines were mixed with folic acid and their photophysical properties were examined. The triplet quantum yield values for all the complexes in DMSO were between 0.49 and 0.74 and in the presence of folic acid they were between 0.37 and 0.63. The lifetimes were generally good ranging from 70 to 290 μs in the absence or presence of folic acid.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Photophysical characterization of dysprosium, erbium and lutetium phthalocyanines tetrasubstituted with phenoxy groups at non-peripheral positions
- Authors: Zugle, Ruphino , Litwinski, Christian , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247561 , vital:51595 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2011.03.030"
- Description: Dysprosium bis-phthalocyanine and monomeric phthalocyanines of erbium and lutetium with non-peripheral phenoxy substituents have been synthesized using two different preparative routes. Photophysical studies on these phthalocyanines revealed that the triplet states of dysprosium and erbium are not populated while the monomeric phthalocyanine complex of lutetium is populated with a quantum yield of 0.83 and a lifetime of 25 μs in DMSO. It was further found that the phthalocyanine complex of lutetium was capable of photochemical generation of singlet state molecular oxygen with yield of 0.71 in THF, thus a promising photosensitizer. However, the three phthalocyanine molecules have very low fluorescence quantum yields of less than 0.01.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Phototransformation of 4-nitrophenol using Pd phthalocyanines supported on single walled carbon nanotubes
- Authors: Ogunbayo, Taofeek B , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247800 , vital:51619 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2011.01.016"
- Description: Adsorption of palladium phthalocyanines complexes on single walled carbon nanotubes was carried out. The resulting composites were employed as catalysts for heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in aqueous media. Singlet oxygen was found to be involved in the phototransformation of 4-NP. Gas chromatographic separation gave hydroquinone and benzoquinone as the phototransformation products. Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model was employed to evaluate the adsorption and desorption equilibria of the reactants and the products. 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(dodecylthiophthalocyaninato) palladium(II) and 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(dodecylthio phthalocyaninato) palladium, containing the longest alkyl chain gave the best performances.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Physical, political and local practice factors as barriers to agricultural development: a case of the Kat River valley, South Africa
- Authors: Mbatha, Cyril N , Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142947 , vital:38178 , DOI: 10.2174/1874923201104010091
- Description: The Kat River Valley, in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, provided a case study against which propositions of determinants of economic development were tested. Physical location was found to matter in determining the level of development and economic leverage which Middle Kat farmers had compared to those downstream in accordance with Bromley's (1982) proposition. Physical location, however, was not a determining factor for farmers in the Upper Kat River who were the least developed. As predicted by Ostrom (1990), high transaction costs stemming from information asymmetries, selfish interests coupled with poor leadership, an unequal distribution of power and the flouting of formal agreements ensured the demise of a once successful Hacop project in the Upper Kat. Finally, Hirschman's (1960) much earlier line of argument was supported in that the nature of proposed development programmes and the compatibility with community values or ‘self images’ contributed to the lack of success of an externally initiated development effort. The findings and conclusion serve an important lesson to economic researchers and decision makers not to duplicate policies for implementation in all geographical and social contexts on the basis of their success elsewhere.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Polygamy in the recognition of Customary Marriages Act:
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141809 , vital:38006 , DOI: 10.1080/10130950.2009.9676275
- Description: The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act (RCMA) 1998, recognises customary marriages which are “negotiated, celebrated or concluded according to any of the systems of indigenous African customary law which exist in South Africa” including polygamous marriages. The Act arises in the context of South Africa's Constitution which bans discrimination on grounds of culture and sexual orientation and allows for heterogeneity in its definitions of marriage and the family. A pluralist approach to family jurisprudence, however, is sometimes conceived of as setting up an irresolvable tension between the constitutional commitment to gender equality and protection for patriarchal prerogatives sanctioned by customary law. The fact that rights sometimes collide with one another is one of the reasons why it is impossible always to treat rights as absolute. When rights clash the question that arises is which of the rights that find themselves in tension with one another should give way and why?
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- Date Issued: 2011
Porphyrin nanorods modified glassy carbon electrode for the electrocatalysis of dioxygen, methanol and hydrazine
- Authors: George, Reama C , Mugadza, Tawanda , Khene, Samson , Egharevba, Gabriel O , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247388 , vital:51576 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201100081"
- Description: Porphyrin nanorods (PNR) were prepared by ionic self-assembly of two oppositely charged porphyrin molecules consisting of free base meso-tetraphenylsulfonate porphyrin (H4TPPS42−) and meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (MTMePyP4+M=Sn, Mn, In, Co). These consist of H4TPPS42−SnTMePyP4+, H4TPPS42−CoTMePyP4+, H4TPPS42−InTMePyP4+ and H4TPPS42−MnTMePyP4+ porphyrin nanorods. The absorption spectra and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images of these structures were obtained. These porphyrin nanostructures were used to modify a glassy carbon electrode for the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen, and the oxidation of hydrazine and methanol at low pH. The cyclic voltammogram of PNR-modified GCE in pH 2 buffer solution has five irreversible processes, two distinct reduction processes and three oxidation processes. The porphyrin nanorods modified GCE produce good responses especially towards oxygen reduction at −0.50 V vs. Ag|AgCl (3 M KCl). The process of electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol using PNR-modified GCE begins at 0.71 V vs. Ag|AgCl (3 M KCl). The electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine began at around 0.36 V on H4TPPS42−SnTMePyP4+ modified GCE. The GCE modified with H4TPPS42−CoTMePyP4+ H4TPPS42−InTMePyP4+ and H4TPPS42−MnTMePyP4+ porphyrin nanorods began oxidizing hydrazine at 0.54 V, 0.59 V and 0.56 V, respectively.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Privatisation, human rights and security: reflections on the draft international convention on regulation, oversight and monitoring of private military and security companies
- Authors: Juma, Laurence
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128800 , vital:36160 , http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ldd.v15i1.3
- Description: Efforts to establish regulatory frameworks for private military/security companies (PMSCs), driven by public security concerns as well as private interests of the companies themselves, have yielded a number of soft law instruments. Unfortunately, most of these instruments are conditioned by the underlying interests of their promulgators and have therefore failed to establish universally acceptable regulatory standards.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Range extension of the Lufira Masked Weaver Ploceus ruweti, endemic to Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Authors: Craig, Adrian J F K , Hasson, Michel , Jordaens, Kurt , Breman, Floris C , Louette, Michel
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/449489 , vital:74825 , https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2989/00306525.2010.523018
- Description: For many years the status of Ploceus ruweti Louette and Benson 1982, described from the unique male type specimen obtained in 1960 at Lake Lufira (an artificial impoundment on the Lufira River), remained obscure. However, in 2009 MH revisited the type locality, photographed the birds breeding there (including females and young birds), and rec-orded their song; nests and eggs were described for the first time, and a second male specimen was obtained from local fishermen (Louette and Hasson 2009; collection number RMCA A9-18-A-1). This species had been treated in the authoritative series The Birds of Africa as the Lake Lufira Weaver (Oschadleus 2004), and appears under this name in current checklists and fieldguides (eg Sinclair and Ryan 2003). Since the lake is now known as Lake Tshangalele and, based on our data from a recent field trip to the region, the bird is not restricted to the lake, an appropriate common name for P. ruweti is ‘Lufira Masked Weaver’as recommended by Gill and Wright (2006), and as used in a forthcoming volume of the other authoritative series Handbook of the Birds of the World (Craig 2010).
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- Date Issued: 2011
Redox activity of CdTe quantum dots linked to nickel tetraaminophthalocyanine
- Authors: Khene, Samson , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/246457 , vital:51478 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2011.06.024"
- Description: Cadmium tellurite quantum dots (CdTe-QDs) are linked to nickel tetraamino phthalocyanine (CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc) through an amide bond. Differential pulse voltammetry shows that that NiTAPc stabilizes the QDs against oxidative disintegration into metallic products on oxidation. Electrocatalytic oxidation of 2, 4-dichlorophenol (DCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) on CdTe-QDs and CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc adsorbed or electrodeposited onto a gold electrode were studied. Adsorbed CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc shows the lowest potential for DCP and PCP oxidation and it is also more stable to fouling by PCP and its oxidation products compared to adsorbed CdTe-QDs without NiTAPc. Electrodeposited CdTe-QDs or CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc show the best activity in terms of enhanced currents towards the oxidation of the chlorophenols.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Regulation and risk assessment for importations and releases of biological control agents against invasive alien plants in South Africa
- Authors: Klein, Hildegard , Hill, Martin P , Zachariades, Costas , Zimmermann, Helmuth G
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/451481 , vital:75052 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC32898
- Description: The importation and release of biological control agents against invasive alien plants in South Africa are subject to regulation by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), under its Agricultural Pests Act, and by the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), initially under its Environment Conservation Act, subsequently under the National Environmental Management Act and eventually, as soon as the relevant regulations have been developed, under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act. Peer review, both within South Africa, and with colleagues in other countries, has helped to ensure the integrity of the science and practice of weed biological control in South Africa. This paper traces the development of the regulatory system from the first weed biological control project in 1913, through a dispensation when importations and releases were authorized by DAFF only to a dual regulatory system involving two government departments. Inappropriate legislation, lack of knowledge about biological control amongst the relevant authorities and the costs of employing compulsory private consultants are some of the reasons for significant delays that have become a feature in the authorization of biological control agent releases. These delays have set back several control programmes. Holding agents in quarantine while awaiting decisions ties up expensive space and staff time and increases the risk of losing colonies through accidents or decreased genetic vigour. It seems likely that changes in legislation within DEA will streamline the regulatory process in the near future.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Remains to be said: The "um" in art and other disfluencies
- Authors: de Jager, Maureen
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/147369 , vital:38630 , https://0-hdl.handle.net.wam.seals.ac.za/10520/EJC45815
- Description: Taking as my starting point an artwork of "fillers" - a 2010 sound piece by Fine Art student Romie Sciscio foregrounding the disfluent speech of various visiting academics to the Department of Fine Art, Rhodes University - I propose that speech disfluencies such as "um", "kind of" and "I suppose" should not simply be derided as white noise or verbal graffiti. Rather, filled pauses - understood both literally and metaphorically - may be seen to function critically, precisely because they are located neither inside nor outside the "message" of speech. They hover between presence and absence, seemingly content-less and yet dimly portentous: they do and do not matter to meaning. As such, they require (or provoke and demand) a different kind of listening - the acoustic equivalent of reading between the lines.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Report on the Mesozoic volcanic and intrusive rocks on the Namibe Basin, Southwest Angola:
- Authors: Marsh, Julian S
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144846 , vital:38384
- Description: The Bero Volcanic Complex comprises a diverse group of quartz latite and tholeiitic basalt lavas, pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits, aeolian sandstones as well as intrusive tholeiitic mafic dykes and gabbros. Only the silicic members of this suite have received prior attention being referred to as “granitic porphyries” by Carvalho (1961) who regarded them as being Precambrian in age. Alberti et al.(1992) informally referred to these silicic rocks as the ‘Giraul Volcanics’ and correlated them with the early Cretaceous Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province of Brazil and Namibia.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Rethinking ‘actually-existing’ public spheres:
- Authors: Garman, Anthea
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159869 , vital:40351 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2011.621292
- Description: The idea of the usefulness and efficacy of the public sphere, and the notion of publicness it employs, is one which continues to resonate in modern-day liberal democracies as a mechanism to engage citizens in national matters. It also serves as a check on unfettered power and particularly as a rationale for the news media and their operations.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Seducing the people: populism and the challenge to democracy in South Africa
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141668 , vital:37995 , DOI: 10.1080/02589001.2011.533056
- Description: Recent ructions in South Africa's ruling African National Congress have been described from time to time in the media as signalling a dangerous shift towards ‘populism’. The article examines this contention. It argues that South Africa is witnessing a significant challenge to the founding precepts of constitutional democracy. This challenge emanates from the (populist) equation of democracy with ‘the will of the people’. The article unpacks some of the implications of reducing democracy to majoritarianism. It provides also an analysis of why populist appeals of various kinds have been so appealing to South African voters 15 years into democracy. The article argues that the challenges that are currently being experienced in relation to democratisation in South Africa have to do with the inherent tension between the animating ideology of democracy, which suggests that power resides with the people, and the practical functioning of democracy, which relies on the devolution of power to the representatives chosen by a section of the people who rely on order and predictability in the polity in order to govern in a workable way. Populist appeals, it is argued, exploit this tension. But what makes it possible for this strategy to succeed is the failure on the part of political elites to engage in the process of building democracy by way of inculcating respect for democratic values.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Selection and characterization of suitable lipid excipients for use in the manufacture of didanosine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers
- Authors: Kasongo, Kasongo W , Pardeike, Jana , Muller, Rainer H , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/184016 , vital:44156 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.22711"
- Description: This research aimed to evaluate the suitability of lipids for the manufacture of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with the hydrophilic drug, didanosine (DDI). The crystalline state and polymorphism of lipids with the best‐solubulizing potential for DDI was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS). DSC and WAXS were also used to determine potential interactions between the bulk lipids and DDI. Precirol® ATO 5 and Transcutol® HP showed the best‐solubilizing potential for DDI. Precirol® ATO 5 exists in the β‐modification before heating; however, a mixture of both α‐ and β‐modifications were detected following heating. Addition of Transcutol® HP to Precirol® ATO 5 changes the polymorphism of the latter from the β‐modification to a form that exhibits coexistence of the α‐ and β‐modifications. DDI exists in a crystalline state when dispersed at 5% (w/w) in Precirol® ATO 5 or in a Precirol® ATO 5/Transcutol® HP mixture. DSC and WAXS profiles of DDI/bulk lipids mixture obtained before and after exposure to heat revealed no interactions between DDI and the lipids. Precirol® ATO 5 and a mixture of Precirol® ATO 5 and Transcutol® HP may be used to manufacture DDI‐loaded SLN and NLC, respectively.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Selective adsorption of PVP on the surface of silver nanoparticles
- Authors: Mdluli, Phumlani S , Sosibo, Ndabenhle M , Mashazi, Philani N , Nyokong, Tebello , Tshikhudo, Robert T , Skepu, Amanda , van der Lingen, Elma
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247143 , vital:51550 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.07.049"
- Description: The use of surfactants to affect the shape evolution of silver nanoparticles is explored. This allows one to fine-tune the morphological evolution and the optical properties of the metal nanoparticles. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) has been used as a surfactant to control the growth of silver nanoparticles at room temperature. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to understand regio-selective adsorption of PVP that leads to the preferential growth of silver nanoparticles in dimethylformamide (DMF). The interaction energies between PVP and Ag(1 1 0), Ag(1 0 0) and Ag(1 1 1) crystal planes were calculated and in addition the length density profile of the surfactant on silver surfaces was also examined. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that the length distribution profiles analysis obtained from the molecular dynamics study fully explained the adsorption of PVP on the surface of silver nanoparticles through the carbonyl group of the PVP ring. The application of molecular dynamics simulation technique is important in understanding the evolution of silver nanoparticles and is vital in choosing the right surfactants.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Shaking a hornets' nest: pitfalls of abortion counselling in a secular constitutional order–a view from South Africa
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141521 , vital:37982 , DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2011.627469
- Description: There exists an enormous gulf between the aspirations of South Africa's abortion legislation – among the most liberal in the world – and its implementation. One weakness in the provision of abortion services in South Africa is the absence of comprehensive abortion counselling services. On the face of it, the idea that counselling ought, as a matter of course, to be a significant component of a country's termination of pregnancy service provision, seems both straightforwardly sensible and politically innocent. This paper describes how abortion counselling has historically, in many different contexts, been saturated with questionable assumptions about women and their bodies. Counselling has more often than not been deployed, either as the formal policy of states or through informal mechanisms, as a means of curbing the right to abortion rather than deepening the meaning of that right. Differing approaches to counselling emerge as a reflection of contestations over reproductive and gender politics. Specifying an appropriate model for the provision of state-sponsored abortion counselling in the public health sector of a secular constitutional state provokes more of a hornet's nest of dilemmas than is sometimes supposed.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Simulating Collective agency: Joint purpose, presence and power as Constraints to learning in a social Context
- Authors: Kulundu, Injairu
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/386530 , vital:68149 , xlink:href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajee/article/view/122249"
- Description: This paper reflects on the practice of social learning by using my experiences as a social development practitioner in two projects. The first, the Arkwork Collective, is an art-junk process that engages marginalised youth in Grahamstown, South Africa in a process that uses creative sculpture and drama to explore personal and social issues that exist in their immediate context. The second, Jonga Phambili Sinethemba looks into the impact of climate change and HIV/AIDS (amongst other issues) in the rural and peri-urban communities of Willowvale and Lesseyton in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. It seeks to provide a platform where members of each community can define the vulnerabilities, capabilities, social networks in their areas with the aim of bolstering the adaptive capacity of these communities. Snippets of my experiences in these projects are shared with the intention of demonstrating constraints to learning in a social context. Key ideas that the paper explores include honouring the lived experiences of participants as part of the process, prioritising the participation of each individual present as part of the ongoing conversation, the challenge of surfacing the vital independent links of a collective, drawing on the reflective capacity of a diverse group, assessing the quality of participation, building capabilities for ‘response-ability’ and rethinking facilitation. Each section sets out challenges and questions for practitioners in this field to reflect on. The paper suggests that in order to achieve the laudable aims of social learning, we need to peel back the common rhetoric of its participatory aims and acknowledge the complexity, flexibility and dedication that it requires.
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- Date Issued: 2011
Small steps to equal dignity: the work of the South African equality courts
- Authors: Krüger, Rósaan
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68920 , vital:29339 , http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/ERR7_kruger.pdf
- Description: Publisher version , Introduction: “The South African Constitution is primarily and emphatically an egalitarian constitution. The supreme laws of comparable constitutional states may underscore other principles and rights. But in the light of our own particular history, and our vision for the future, a constitution was written with equality at its centre. Equality is our Constitution’s focus and organising principle.” Given the foundational role of equality in the South African constitutional framework, the drafters of the South African Constitution (the Constitution) directed the South African Parliament (Parliament) to enact legislation to “prevent or prohibit unfair discrimination” between individuals within three years of the enactment of the Constitution.3 Under great pressure, Parliament finalised and passed the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (the Equality Act) within two days of the constitutional deadline.4 The Equality Act, as the title indicates, addresses the promotion of equality on the one hand, and provides for reactive measures where the equality right is breached, on the other. The reactive provisions include the prohibition of unfair discrimination and related infringements of the equality right. The Equality Act expressly provides for the enforcement of its provisions in specifically created equality courts. The majority of the reactive provisions of the Equality Act have been operational since 16 June 2003. More than a decade after the enactment of the legislation, the promotional aspects of the Equality Act are yet to come into operation. This article focuses on the reactive provisions of the Equality Act by providing a snapshot of the work of selected South African equality courts for the period from June 2003 to December 2007 insofar as complaints of racism are concerned. In order to contextualise the application of the Equality Act, the article provides a brief overview of the reactive provisions of the Equality Act and the mechanisms for its enforcement.
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- Date Issued: 2011