The future of e-Service provision in Marginalised Areas: Online Negotiation.
- Jere, Norbert R, Thinyane, Mamello, Terzoli, Alfredo
- Authors: Jere, Norbert R , Thinyane, Mamello , Terzoli, Alfredo
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/431332 , vital:72765 , https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1type=pdfdoi=5d49a8014f769a529d821556ad204f1b25a97dcb#page=245
- Description: As the amount of commercial transactions carried out on t he Internet in-creases, the interest to partially or totally automate the negotiation of the terms of these transactions has rapidly become an interesting research topic. Several e-marketing strategies through various online websites have been developed. In rural communities e-services applications such as e-commerce, ehealth, e-judiciary and e-government have been devel-oped. However, most of these applications are failing to fully benefit the people in the societies because they are no modifications which are done to the applications as technology changes. This paper discusses the de-velopment of an intelligent negotiation module to enhance an e-commerce platform. The paper explains a negotiation application that has been developed and plugged to any existing e-Commerce shopping por-tal for the Dwesa Community in the Eastern cape province of South Africa and proposes an architecture for all other e-Services. This project ex-plained is undertaken within the Siyakhula Living Lab.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Jere, Norbert R , Thinyane, Mamello , Terzoli, Alfredo
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/431332 , vital:72765 , https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1type=pdfdoi=5d49a8014f769a529d821556ad204f1b25a97dcb#page=245
- Description: As the amount of commercial transactions carried out on t he Internet in-creases, the interest to partially or totally automate the negotiation of the terms of these transactions has rapidly become an interesting research topic. Several e-marketing strategies through various online websites have been developed. In rural communities e-services applications such as e-commerce, ehealth, e-judiciary and e-government have been devel-oped. However, most of these applications are failing to fully benefit the people in the societies because they are no modifications which are done to the applications as technology changes. This paper discusses the de-velopment of an intelligent negotiation module to enhance an e-commerce platform. The paper explains a negotiation application that has been developed and plugged to any existing e-Commerce shopping por-tal for the Dwesa Community in the Eastern cape province of South Africa and proposes an architecture for all other e-Services. This project ex-plained is undertaken within the Siyakhula Living Lab.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The genealogy of Jobe Tribe
- Authors: Bani, Zanemali
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Bani, Zanemali Jobe (African people) -- South Africa -- Peddie -- History Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa -- Peddie
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/41343 , vital:25081 , This manuscript is held at the Cory Library for Humanities Research at Rhodes University. For further information contact cory@ru.ac.za. The digitisation of this image was made possible through a generous grant received from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation 2014-2017. , PR 10 353
- Description: A genealogy of the Jobe Tribe drafted by Chief Zanemali Bani. , Bani, Zanemali, Chief (donor)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Bani, Zanemali
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Bani, Zanemali Jobe (African people) -- South Africa -- Peddie -- History Xhosa (African people) -- South Africa -- Peddie
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/41343 , vital:25081 , This manuscript is held at the Cory Library for Humanities Research at Rhodes University. For further information contact cory@ru.ac.za. The digitisation of this image was made possible through a generous grant received from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation 2014-2017. , PR 10 353
- Description: A genealogy of the Jobe Tribe drafted by Chief Zanemali Bani. , Bani, Zanemali, Chief (donor)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The impact of HIV/AIDS on the delivery of maternal health care services of selected primary health care clinics of Peddie in the Eastern Cape Province
- Mangi, Nozuko Glenrose https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-8820
- Authors: Mangi, Nozuko Glenrose https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-8820
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Maternal health services , Primary health care , HIV infections -- Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24576 , vital:63209
- Description: The aim of this descriptive study was to explore the impact of HIV/AIDS on the maternal health programme at selected Primary Health Care (PHC) clinics in the Peddie sub-district, in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This study showed that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has had major influences on the rendering of maternal health services in this sub-district. An understanding of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the delivery of the maternal health programme in the Peddie Primary Health Clinics will potentially help the District Health Service office, as well as the clinic managers and professional nurses to formulate strategies to strengthen the maternal health programme. This data will also be helpful when developing plans to cope with the heavy work-load of the clinics offering maternal health services, and to address the attitudes and concerns of the professional nurses working in the PHC clinics in this area. Thirty professional nurses working at 10 clinics responded to the questionnaires which elicited questions pertaining to the impact of HIV/AIDS on the rendering of their services. As part of the data gathering procedures, standardised notice boards at the PHC clinics were used to document the services rendered. The numbers of ANC clients attended to each of the clinics per week were collected in routine attendance tick registers used in the clinics for recording and monitoring statistics in the maternal health programme. The data was analysed to examine the possible impact of HIV/AIDS on maternal health services rendered by registered nurses/midwives working in the PHC clinics. The registered nurses who responded to the questionnaires (Annexure H) made several suggestions. These included the following: (i) encouraged more training (11 nurses), (ii) addition of more staff members, (iii) to have specialized staff for management of maternal HIV. Because of the study limitations such as the sample size of 10 clinics with a total of 30 nurses who were studied, the study may not be generalised to the whole of the Eastern Cape Province. The study however did provide baseline information on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the maternal health programme. The study findings were that HIV/AIDS has had an impact on the delivery of the maternal health programme due to the extra services brought about by the response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the maternal health programme at the PHC level in Peddie. The research provided insight into issues that are crucial to the delivery of maternal health programmes in rural areas. , Thesis (MCur) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Mangi, Nozuko Glenrose https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9158-8820
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Maternal health services , Primary health care , HIV infections -- Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24576 , vital:63209
- Description: The aim of this descriptive study was to explore the impact of HIV/AIDS on the maternal health programme at selected Primary Health Care (PHC) clinics in the Peddie sub-district, in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This study showed that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has had major influences on the rendering of maternal health services in this sub-district. An understanding of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the delivery of the maternal health programme in the Peddie Primary Health Clinics will potentially help the District Health Service office, as well as the clinic managers and professional nurses to formulate strategies to strengthen the maternal health programme. This data will also be helpful when developing plans to cope with the heavy work-load of the clinics offering maternal health services, and to address the attitudes and concerns of the professional nurses working in the PHC clinics in this area. Thirty professional nurses working at 10 clinics responded to the questionnaires which elicited questions pertaining to the impact of HIV/AIDS on the rendering of their services. As part of the data gathering procedures, standardised notice boards at the PHC clinics were used to document the services rendered. The numbers of ANC clients attended to each of the clinics per week were collected in routine attendance tick registers used in the clinics for recording and monitoring statistics in the maternal health programme. The data was analysed to examine the possible impact of HIV/AIDS on maternal health services rendered by registered nurses/midwives working in the PHC clinics. The registered nurses who responded to the questionnaires (Annexure H) made several suggestions. These included the following: (i) encouraged more training (11 nurses), (ii) addition of more staff members, (iii) to have specialized staff for management of maternal HIV. Because of the study limitations such as the sample size of 10 clinics with a total of 30 nurses who were studied, the study may not be generalised to the whole of the Eastern Cape Province. The study however did provide baseline information on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the maternal health programme. The study findings were that HIV/AIDS has had an impact on the delivery of the maternal health programme due to the extra services brought about by the response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the maternal health programme at the PHC level in Peddie. The research provided insight into issues that are crucial to the delivery of maternal health programmes in rural areas. , Thesis (MCur) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The laws of Lerotholi: role and status of codified rules of custom in the kingdom of Lesotho
- Authors: Juma, Laurence
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128810 , vital:36162 , https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/pacinlwr23ampi=94
- Description: The status of customary law in African societies is diminished by factors, most of which are generated by the machinery of the modern state. But its mantle, kept alive by neo-traditional scholarship and a commitment to multiculturalism in the post-independence era, has nevertheless sustained an active discussion on its relevance to the future of law and the general administration of justice in African states.2
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Juma, Laurence
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128810 , vital:36162 , https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/pacinlwr23ampi=94
- Description: The status of customary law in African societies is diminished by factors, most of which are generated by the machinery of the modern state. But its mantle, kept alive by neo-traditional scholarship and a commitment to multiculturalism in the post-independence era, has nevertheless sustained an active discussion on its relevance to the future of law and the general administration of justice in African states.2
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The next decade of environmental science in South Africa: a horizon scan
- Shackleton, Charlie M, Scholes, Robert J, Vogel, Coleen, Wynberg, Rachel, Abrahamse, Tanya, Shackleton, Sheona E, Ellery, William F N, Gambiza, James
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Scholes, Robert J , Vogel, Coleen , Wynberg, Rachel , Abrahamse, Tanya , Shackleton, Sheona E , Ellery, William F N , Gambiza, James
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/157124 , vital:40088 , https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2011.563064
- Description: Environmental systems are in constant flux, with feedbacks and non-linearities catalysed by natural trends and shocks as well as human actions. This poses challenges for sustainable management to promote human well-being. It requires environmental understanding and application that can accommodate such fluxes and pressures, as well as knowledge production systems and institutions that produce graduates with appropriate skills. In this article we consider these challenges in the South African context. Firstly, we summarise six significant environmental realisations from the last decade of environmental science internationally and question what they mean for the teaching of environmental science and research into environmental systems in South Africa in the near future. We then consider these lessons within the context of a horizon scan of near-term pressing environmental issues in South Africa. These include wateruse efficiency, poverty, food security, inequities in land and resource access, urbanisation, agrochemicals and water quality, promoting human well-being and economic adaptability in the face of climate change, and imbuing stronger environmental elements and stewardship into the integrated development planning processes and outcomes. Lastly, we consider the knowledge areas and skills that environmental graduates will require to be able to confront these problems in South Africa and simultaneously contribute to international debates and understandings around the complexity of environmental systems and how to manage them.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Scholes, Robert J , Vogel, Coleen , Wynberg, Rachel , Abrahamse, Tanya , Shackleton, Sheona E , Ellery, William F N , Gambiza, James
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/157124 , vital:40088 , https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2011.563064
- Description: Environmental systems are in constant flux, with feedbacks and non-linearities catalysed by natural trends and shocks as well as human actions. This poses challenges for sustainable management to promote human well-being. It requires environmental understanding and application that can accommodate such fluxes and pressures, as well as knowledge production systems and institutions that produce graduates with appropriate skills. In this article we consider these challenges in the South African context. Firstly, we summarise six significant environmental realisations from the last decade of environmental science internationally and question what they mean for the teaching of environmental science and research into environmental systems in South Africa in the near future. We then consider these lessons within the context of a horizon scan of near-term pressing environmental issues in South Africa. These include wateruse efficiency, poverty, food security, inequities in land and resource access, urbanisation, agrochemicals and water quality, promoting human well-being and economic adaptability in the face of climate change, and imbuing stronger environmental elements and stewardship into the integrated development planning processes and outcomes. Lastly, we consider the knowledge areas and skills that environmental graduates will require to be able to confront these problems in South Africa and simultaneously contribute to international debates and understandings around the complexity of environmental systems and how to manage them.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The origin and development of the Nyl River floodplain wetland, Limpopo Province, South Africa: trunk–tributary river interactions in a dryland setting
- McCarthy, T S, Tooth, Stephen, Jacobs, Zenobia, Rowberry, Matthew D, Thompson, Mark, Brandt, Dion, Hancox, P John, Marren, Philip M, Woodborne, Stephan, Ellery, William F N
- Authors: McCarthy, T S , Tooth, Stephen , Jacobs, Zenobia , Rowberry, Matthew D , Thompson, Mark , Brandt, Dion , Hancox, P John , Marren, Philip M , Woodborne, Stephan , Ellery, William F N
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144321 , vital:38331 , DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2011.619324
- Description: The Nyl River floodplain wetland, one of South Africa's largest floodplain wetlands and a Ramsar site of international conservation importance, is located in an area of long-term and still active valley sediment accumulation. Creation of accommodation space for sedimentation has previously been attributed to tectonic controls, but new investigations reveal that a more likely cause is progradation of coarse-grained tributary fans across the narrow river valley downstream of the main area of floodplain wetland. Obstruction of trunk river flow and sediment transfer by these tributary fans has led to backponding and upstream gradient reduction and to accumulation of valley fills up to ∼35 m thick. Chronological control for the timing and rate of sediment accumulation is limited, but we hypothesise that a semi-arid to arid climate, characterised by asynchronous trunk–tributary activity that results in marked discontinuities in downstream water and sediment transfer, is likely to have been a key control. These interpretations are supported by other studies of dryland rivers globally and the findings add to our growing understanding of the controls on the origin and development of southern African wetlands, particularly by demonstrating how the combination of a particular physiography and a dryland climate can impart some distinctive geomorphological characteristics.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: McCarthy, T S , Tooth, Stephen , Jacobs, Zenobia , Rowberry, Matthew D , Thompson, Mark , Brandt, Dion , Hancox, P John , Marren, Philip M , Woodborne, Stephan , Ellery, William F N
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144321 , vital:38331 , DOI: 10.1080/03736245.2011.619324
- Description: The Nyl River floodplain wetland, one of South Africa's largest floodplain wetlands and a Ramsar site of international conservation importance, is located in an area of long-term and still active valley sediment accumulation. Creation of accommodation space for sedimentation has previously been attributed to tectonic controls, but new investigations reveal that a more likely cause is progradation of coarse-grained tributary fans across the narrow river valley downstream of the main area of floodplain wetland. Obstruction of trunk river flow and sediment transfer by these tributary fans has led to backponding and upstream gradient reduction and to accumulation of valley fills up to ∼35 m thick. Chronological control for the timing and rate of sediment accumulation is limited, but we hypothesise that a semi-arid to arid climate, characterised by asynchronous trunk–tributary activity that results in marked discontinuities in downstream water and sediment transfer, is likely to have been a key control. These interpretations are supported by other studies of dryland rivers globally and the findings add to our growing understanding of the controls on the origin and development of southern African wetlands, particularly by demonstrating how the combination of a particular physiography and a dryland climate can impart some distinctive geomorphological characteristics.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The PINIT domain of PIAS3: structure-function analysis of its interaction with STAT3
- Mautsa, Nicodemus, Prinsloo, Earl, Tastan Bishop, Özlem, Blatch, Gregory L
- Authors: Mautsa, Nicodemus , Prinsloo, Earl , Tastan Bishop, Özlem , Blatch, Gregory L
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148082 , vital:38708 , DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1111
- Description: The protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (PIAS3) regulates the transcriptional activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) which regulates transcription of genes involved in cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. The conserved proline, isoleucine, asparagine, isoleucine, threonine (PINIT) domain of PIAS3 is thought to promote STAT3–PIAS3 interaction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Mautsa, Nicodemus , Prinsloo, Earl , Tastan Bishop, Özlem , Blatch, Gregory L
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148082 , vital:38708 , DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1111
- Description: The protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (PIAS3) regulates the transcriptional activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) which regulates transcription of genes involved in cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. The conserved proline, isoleucine, asparagine, isoleucine, threonine (PINIT) domain of PIAS3 is thought to promote STAT3–PIAS3 interaction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The problems of proving actual or apparent bias: an analysis of contemporary developments in South Africa
- Okpaluba, Chuks, Juma, Laurence
- Authors: Okpaluba, Chuks , Juma, Laurence
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127498 , vital:36017 , https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2011/v14i7a2616
- Description: This article takes a critical look at the divergent approaches of courts in constructing the meaning of actual and apparent bias in adjudicative contexts. It argues that while proving actual bias on the part of an adjudicator may not always be easy and parties often revert to apprehended bias, an allegation of bias in any adjudication process is a matter that courts take very seriously. This notwithstanding, the courts have failed to consistently demarcate the necessary elements and threshold of proof that complainants must overcome to secure a successful challenge of decisions based on adjudicative impartiality. Upon critical evaluation of the decisions on the subject so far rendered, this article suggests that the pattern which has seemingly emerged is that which weighs the allegations of bias against the presumption of impartiality and the requirements of the double reasonableness test.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Okpaluba, Chuks , Juma, Laurence
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127498 , vital:36017 , https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2011/v14i7a2616
- Description: This article takes a critical look at the divergent approaches of courts in constructing the meaning of actual and apparent bias in adjudicative contexts. It argues that while proving actual bias on the part of an adjudicator may not always be easy and parties often revert to apprehended bias, an allegation of bias in any adjudication process is a matter that courts take very seriously. This notwithstanding, the courts have failed to consistently demarcate the necessary elements and threshold of proof that complainants must overcome to secure a successful challenge of decisions based on adjudicative impartiality. Upon critical evaluation of the decisions on the subject so far rendered, this article suggests that the pattern which has seemingly emerged is that which weighs the allegations of bias against the presumption of impartiality and the requirements of the double reasonableness test.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The role of eutrophication in the biological control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, in South Africa
- Coetzee, Julie A, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69263 , vital:29474 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9426-y
- Description: South Africa has some of the most eutrophic aquatic systems in the world, as a result of the adoption of an unnecessarily high 1 mg l-1 phosphorus (P) standard for all water treatment works in the 1970 s. The floating aquatic macrophyte, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae), has taken advantage of these nutrient rich systems, becoming highly invasive and damaging. Despite the implementation of a biological control programme in South Africa, water hyacinth remains the worst aquatic weed. A meta-analysis of published and unpublished laboratory studies that investigated the combined effect of P and nitrogen (N) water nutrient concentration and control agent herbivory showed that water nutrient status was more important than herbivory in water hyacinth growth. Analysis of long-term field data collected monthly from 14 sites around South Africa between 2004 and 2005 supported these findings. Therefore, the first step in any water hyacinth control programme should be to reduce the nutrient status of the water body.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69263 , vital:29474 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9426-y
- Description: South Africa has some of the most eutrophic aquatic systems in the world, as a result of the adoption of an unnecessarily high 1 mg l-1 phosphorus (P) standard for all water treatment works in the 1970 s. The floating aquatic macrophyte, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae), has taken advantage of these nutrient rich systems, becoming highly invasive and damaging. Despite the implementation of a biological control programme in South Africa, water hyacinth remains the worst aquatic weed. A meta-analysis of published and unpublished laboratory studies that investigated the combined effect of P and nitrogen (N) water nutrient concentration and control agent herbivory showed that water nutrient status was more important than herbivory in water hyacinth growth. Analysis of long-term field data collected monthly from 14 sites around South Africa between 2004 and 2005 supported these findings. Therefore, the first step in any water hyacinth control programme should be to reduce the nutrient status of the water body.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The Role of Universities in a Transformed Post School Education and Training System
- Authors: Nzimande, Blade E
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Academic Freedom -- South Africa Universities and colleges -- South Africa Equality Liberty Education and state -- South Africa Education, Higher -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/762 , vital:19988
- Description: Over the past two years my Department has been conceptualising and building a single system comprising of all institutions involved in post-school education and training. The inevitable changes have affected some of the institutions and institutional types more than others, but it will inevitably affect all of them, I believe for the better. We are aiming at creating an integrated, accessible, flexible, differentiated and highly articulated system of post school education and training which will benefit our youth, our society more generally and our economy. This lecture talks to the role we see for universities in this transformed system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Nzimande, Blade E
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Academic Freedom -- South Africa Universities and colleges -- South Africa Equality Liberty Education and state -- South Africa Education, Higher -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/762 , vital:19988
- Description: Over the past two years my Department has been conceptualising and building a single system comprising of all institutions involved in post-school education and training. The inevitable changes have affected some of the institutions and institutional types more than others, but it will inevitably affect all of them, I believe for the better. We are aiming at creating an integrated, accessible, flexible, differentiated and highly articulated system of post school education and training which will benefit our youth, our society more generally and our economy. This lecture talks to the role we see for universities in this transformed system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The synthesis and fluorescence behaviour of new unsymmetrically mono-functionalized carboxy Ge, Ti and Sn phthalocynines
- Masilela, Nkosiphile, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Masilela, Nkosiphile , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/246977 , vital:51534 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2011.03.026"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis and fluorescence behaviour of novel unsymmetrically substituted monocarboxy germanium ((OH)2GeMCPc, 3), titanium (OTiMCPc 4) and tin ((ac)2SnMCPc, 5) phthalocyanines. The fluorescence quantum yields ranged from 0.09 to 0.14. The fluorescence lifetimes were found to be higher for the complex with higher fluorescence quantum yield value. Higher fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes were obtained for the (ac)2SnMCPc complex (5), followed by OTiMCPc complex (4), and the lowest fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime were observed for (OH)2GeMCPc (3).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Masilela, Nkosiphile , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/246977 , vital:51534 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2011.03.026"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis and fluorescence behaviour of novel unsymmetrically substituted monocarboxy germanium ((OH)2GeMCPc, 3), titanium (OTiMCPc 4) and tin ((ac)2SnMCPc, 5) phthalocyanines. The fluorescence quantum yields ranged from 0.09 to 0.14. The fluorescence lifetimes were found to be higher for the complex with higher fluorescence quantum yield value. Higher fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes were obtained for the (ac)2SnMCPc complex (5), followed by OTiMCPc complex (4), and the lowest fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime were observed for (OH)2GeMCPc (3).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The synthesis and photophysical properties of peripherally and non-peripherally substituted ball-type Mg (II) and Zn (II) phthalocyanines
- Canlica, Mevlude, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Canlica, Mevlude , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/248417 , vital:51684 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C0DT00920B"
- Description: Newly synthesized ball-type Zn(II) and Mg(II) phthalocyanines containing four 1,1′-binaphthol substituents at peripheral and non-peripheral positions are presented. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by using elemental analysis, UV-vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectroscopies. The ΦF values were 0.33, 0.08, 0.20 and 0.08 for 6–9, respectively. The ΦT values were 0.56, 0.85, 0.64 and 0.88 for 6–9, respectively. All the complexes showed reasonably large triplet lifetimes with τT values of 710 (6), 170 (7), 1490 (8) and 380 μs (9) in DMSO. These complexes offer potential as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Canlica, Mevlude , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/248417 , vital:51684 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C0DT00920B"
- Description: Newly synthesized ball-type Zn(II) and Mg(II) phthalocyanines containing four 1,1′-binaphthol substituents at peripheral and non-peripheral positions are presented. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by using elemental analysis, UV-vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectroscopies. The ΦF values were 0.33, 0.08, 0.20 and 0.08 for 6–9, respectively. The ΦT values were 0.56, 0.85, 0.64 and 0.88 for 6–9, respectively. All the complexes showed reasonably large triplet lifetimes with τT values of 710 (6), 170 (7), 1490 (8) and 380 μs (9) in DMSO. These complexes offer potential as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The use of experimental design in the development of an HPLC–ECD method for the analysis of captopril
- Khamanga, Sandile M, Walker, Roderick B
- Authors: Khamanga, Sandile M , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/184056 , vital:44163 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.025"
- Description: An accurate, sensitive and specific high performance liquid chromatography–electrochemical detection (HPLC–ECD) method that was developed and validated for captopril (CPT) is presented. Separation was achieved using a Phenomenex® Luna 5 μm (C18) column and a mobile phase comprised of phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 3.0): acetonitrile in a ratio of 70:30 (v/v). Detection was accomplished using a full scan multi channel ESA Coulometric detector in the “oxidative-screen” mode with the upstream electrode (E1) set at +600 mV and the downstream (analytical) electrode (E2) set at +950 mV, while the potential of the guard cell was maintained at +1050 mV. The detector gain was set at 300. Experimental design using central composite design (CCD) was used to facilitate method development. Mobile phase pH, molarity and concentration of acetonitrile (ACN) were considered the critical factors to be studied to establish the retention time of CPT and cyclizine (CYC) that was used as the internal standard. Twenty experiments including centre points were undertaken and a quadratic model was derived for the retention time for CPT using the experimental data. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of quantitation and detection, as per the ICH guidelines. The system was found to produce sharp and well-resolved peaks for CPT and CYC with retention times of 3.08 and 7.56 min, respectively. Linear regression analysis for the calibration curve showed a good linear relationship with a regression coefficient of 0.978 in the concentration range of 2–70 μg/mL. The linear regression equation was y = 0.0131x + 0.0275. The limits of detection (LOQ) and quantitation (LOD) were found to be 2.27 and 0.6 μg/mL, respectively. The method was used to analyze CPT in tablets. The wide range for linearity, accuracy, sensitivity, short retention time and composition of the mobile phase indicated that this method is better for the quantification of CPT than the pharmacopoeial methods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Khamanga, Sandile M , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/184056 , vital:44163 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.025"
- Description: An accurate, sensitive and specific high performance liquid chromatography–electrochemical detection (HPLC–ECD) method that was developed and validated for captopril (CPT) is presented. Separation was achieved using a Phenomenex® Luna 5 μm (C18) column and a mobile phase comprised of phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 3.0): acetonitrile in a ratio of 70:30 (v/v). Detection was accomplished using a full scan multi channel ESA Coulometric detector in the “oxidative-screen” mode with the upstream electrode (E1) set at +600 mV and the downstream (analytical) electrode (E2) set at +950 mV, while the potential of the guard cell was maintained at +1050 mV. The detector gain was set at 300. Experimental design using central composite design (CCD) was used to facilitate method development. Mobile phase pH, molarity and concentration of acetonitrile (ACN) were considered the critical factors to be studied to establish the retention time of CPT and cyclizine (CYC) that was used as the internal standard. Twenty experiments including centre points were undertaken and a quadratic model was derived for the retention time for CPT using the experimental data. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of quantitation and detection, as per the ICH guidelines. The system was found to produce sharp and well-resolved peaks for CPT and CYC with retention times of 3.08 and 7.56 min, respectively. Linear regression analysis for the calibration curve showed a good linear relationship with a regression coefficient of 0.978 in the concentration range of 2–70 μg/mL. The linear regression equation was y = 0.0131x + 0.0275. The limits of detection (LOQ) and quantitation (LOD) were found to be 2.27 and 0.6 μg/mL, respectively. The method was used to analyze CPT in tablets. The wide range for linearity, accuracy, sensitivity, short retention time and composition of the mobile phase indicated that this method is better for the quantification of CPT than the pharmacopoeial methods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The xfn connection management and control protocol
- Foss, Richard, Gurdan, Robby, Klinkradt, Bradley, Chigwamba, Nyasha
- Authors: Foss, Richard , Gurdan, Robby , Klinkradt, Bradley , Chigwamba, Nyasha
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427137 , vital:72417 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=16143
- Description: With the advent of digital networks that link audio devices, there is a need for a protocol that integrates control and connection management, enables the streaming of all media content such as audio and video between devices from different manufacturers, and that provides a common approach to the control of these devices. This paper describes such a protocol, named XFN, currently being standardized as part of the AES X170 project. XFN is an IP-based peer to peer network protocol, in which any device on the network may send or receive connection management, control, and monitoring messages. Essential to the XFN protocol is the fact that each parameter in a device can be addressed via a hierarchical structure that reflects the functional layout of the device.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Foss, Richard , Gurdan, Robby , Klinkradt, Bradley , Chigwamba, Nyasha
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427137 , vital:72417 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=16143
- Description: With the advent of digital networks that link audio devices, there is a need for a protocol that integrates control and connection management, enables the streaming of all media content such as audio and video between devices from different manufacturers, and that provides a common approach to the control of these devices. This paper describes such a protocol, named XFN, currently being standardized as part of the AES X170 project. XFN is an IP-based peer to peer network protocol, in which any device on the network may send or receive connection management, control, and monitoring messages. Essential to the XFN protocol is the fact that each parameter in a device can be addressed via a hierarchical structure that reflects the functional layout of the device.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The ‘refeudalisation’ or the ‘return of the repressed’ of the public sphere?:
- Authors: Garman, Anthea
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159857 , vital:40350 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2011.621293
- Description: The prevalent depiction of the heyday of the public sphere and its fall from grace under present-day, publicity-ridden, highly commercialised media, with their individualised address of entertainment, is an inadequate conception of today's complex public spheres. The 18th-century bourgeois public sphere had a number of features – often repressed in practice and in theory – which were bound to have their outcomes and a/effects in the public spaces, practices and vehicles we experience today.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Garman, Anthea
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159857 , vital:40350 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2011.621293
- Description: The prevalent depiction of the heyday of the public sphere and its fall from grace under present-day, publicity-ridden, highly commercialised media, with their individualised address of entertainment, is an inadequate conception of today's complex public spheres. The 18th-century bourgeois public sphere had a number of features – often repressed in practice and in theory – which were bound to have their outcomes and a/effects in the public spaces, practices and vehicles we experience today.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus infection induces a redistribution of heat shock proteins 70 and 90 in BHK-21 cells, and is inhibited by novobiocin and geldanamycin:
- Mutsvunguma, Lorraine Z, Moetlhoa, Boitumelo, Edkins, Adrienne L, Luke, Garry A, Blatch, Gregory L, Knox, Caroline M
- Authors: Mutsvunguma, Lorraine Z , Moetlhoa, Boitumelo , Edkins, Adrienne L , Luke, Garry A , Blatch, Gregory L , Knox, Caroline M
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/165085 , vital:41207 , DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0262-x
- Description: Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Cardiovirus genus in the family Picornaviridae. In addition to other host cellular factors and pathways, picornaviruses utilise heat shock proteins (Hsps) to facilitate their propagation in cells. This study investigated the localisation of Hsps 70 and 90 in TMEV-infected BHK-21 cells by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. The effect of Hsp90 inhibitors novobiocin (Nov) and geldanamycin (GA) on the development of cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by infection was also examined. Hsp90 staining was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells but was found concentrated in the perinuclear region during late infection where it overlapped with the signal for non-structural protein 2C within the viral replication complex.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Mutsvunguma, Lorraine Z , Moetlhoa, Boitumelo , Edkins, Adrienne L , Luke, Garry A , Blatch, Gregory L , Knox, Caroline M
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/165085 , vital:41207 , DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0262-x
- Description: Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Cardiovirus genus in the family Picornaviridae. In addition to other host cellular factors and pathways, picornaviruses utilise heat shock proteins (Hsps) to facilitate their propagation in cells. This study investigated the localisation of Hsps 70 and 90 in TMEV-infected BHK-21 cells by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. The effect of Hsp90 inhibitors novobiocin (Nov) and geldanamycin (GA) on the development of cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by infection was also examined. Hsp90 staining was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells but was found concentrated in the perinuclear region during late infection where it overlapped with the signal for non-structural protein 2C within the viral replication complex.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Towards a standard model for networked audio devices
- Eales, Andrew, Foss, Richard
- Authors: Eales, Andrew , Foss, Richard
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427151 , vital:72418 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/online/browse.cfm?elib=16144
- Description: Different control protocols for networked audio devices typically emphasize particular aspects of a device, such as the representation of parameter data, or a representation of the functional structure of a device. A sophisticated device model must represent parameter data, device structure and the visual presentation of controls. Parameter data should be related to the device structure, while also being represented within a flexible, logical hierarchy. The development of a standard device model is proposed and discussed with reference to the OSC, IEC62379, ACN and X170 control protocols. This abstract model is independent of any specific control protocol, and provides support for interoperability between control protocols. The proposed model is also discussed within the context of an object-based approach to service enumeration and control using an associative, shared memory model.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Eales, Andrew , Foss, Richard
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427151 , vital:72418 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/online/browse.cfm?elib=16144
- Description: Different control protocols for networked audio devices typically emphasize particular aspects of a device, such as the representation of parameter data, or a representation of the functional structure of a device. A sophisticated device model must represent parameter data, device structure and the visual presentation of controls. Parameter data should be related to the device structure, while also being represented within a flexible, logical hierarchy. The development of a standard device model is proposed and discussed with reference to the OSC, IEC62379, ACN and X170 control protocols. This abstract model is independent of any specific control protocol, and provides support for interoperability between control protocols. The proposed model is also discussed within the context of an object-based approach to service enumeration and control using an associative, shared memory model.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Triggers and barriers to youth entrepreneurship in the Eastern Cape South Africa
- Authors: Chindoga, Lynety
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Youth development -- South Africa , Entrepreneurship -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Young adults -- Employment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25948 , vital:64636
- Description: To realise the dream of the African Renaissance and a better life for all South Africans, the entrepreneurial energies of all people, including children, should be harnessed to contribute towards economic development, job creation and poverty alleviation. Entrepreneurship creates wealth and results in economic prosperity for a country. However, in South Africa, entrepreneurship still remains a dream yet to be realised. This is supported by the findings of Maas and Herrington (2006), who identified entrepreneurial activity in South Africa to be very weak as evidenced by a low Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate. Youths are not engaging in entrepreneurial activity and are making the bulk of the unemployed in South Africa. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the perceived triggers and barriers to youth entrepreneurship in South Africa. Two sets of questionnaires were self- administered to high school students and university students. The respondents which consisted of three hundred and twenty three university students and two hundred and fifty six high school students, were selected using simple random sampling method. Five point Likert scale was used to measure the responses. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The results indicated that youth entrepreneurial intention is low in South Africa. The results also indicated that students perceived mainly extrinsic rewards, market opportunities as well as intrinsic rewards as the three top triggers towards entrepreneurial intention. Independence/autonomy and capital were also regarded as triggers to entrepreneurial intentions. The barriers to youth entrepreneurship included lack of capital, skill and support as well as lack of market opportunities and risk. The study recommends that in order to encourage youth entrepreneurial intentions, government and all stakeholders should ensure that all the perceived triggers are made available. In addition, the barriers to youth entrepreneurship should be minimised. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Chindoga, Lynety
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Youth development -- South Africa , Entrepreneurship -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Young adults -- Employment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25948 , vital:64636
- Description: To realise the dream of the African Renaissance and a better life for all South Africans, the entrepreneurial energies of all people, including children, should be harnessed to contribute towards economic development, job creation and poverty alleviation. Entrepreneurship creates wealth and results in economic prosperity for a country. However, in South Africa, entrepreneurship still remains a dream yet to be realised. This is supported by the findings of Maas and Herrington (2006), who identified entrepreneurial activity in South Africa to be very weak as evidenced by a low Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate. Youths are not engaging in entrepreneurial activity and are making the bulk of the unemployed in South Africa. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the perceived triggers and barriers to youth entrepreneurship in South Africa. Two sets of questionnaires were self- administered to high school students and university students. The respondents which consisted of three hundred and twenty three university students and two hundred and fifty six high school students, were selected using simple random sampling method. Five point Likert scale was used to measure the responses. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The results indicated that youth entrepreneurial intention is low in South Africa. The results also indicated that students perceived mainly extrinsic rewards, market opportunities as well as intrinsic rewards as the three top triggers towards entrepreneurial intention. Independence/autonomy and capital were also regarded as triggers to entrepreneurial intentions. The barriers to youth entrepreneurship included lack of capital, skill and support as well as lack of market opportunities and risk. The study recommends that in order to encourage youth entrepreneurial intentions, government and all stakeholders should ensure that all the perceived triggers are made available. In addition, the barriers to youth entrepreneurship should be minimised. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Unitarity constraints on the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density in higher derivative gravity
- Authors: Brustein, R , Medved, A J M
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6815 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004325
- Description: We discuss corrections to the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density η/s in higher-derivative gravity theories. Generically, these theories contain ghost modes with Planck-scale masses. Motivated by general considerations about unitarity, we propose new boundary conditions for the equations of motion of the graviton perturbations that force the amplitude of the ghosts modes to vanish. We analyze explicitly four-derivative perturbative corrections to Einstein gravity which generically lead to four-derivative equations of motion, compare our choice of boundary conditions to previous proposals and show that, with our new prescription, the ratio η/s remains at the Einstein-gravity value of 1/4π to leading order in the corrections. It is argued that, when the new boundary conditions are imposed on six and higher-derivative equations of motion, η/s can only increase from the Einstein-gravity value. We also recall some general arguments that support the validity of our results to all orders in the strength of the corrections to Einstein gravity. We then discuss the particular case of Gauss-Bonnet gravity, for which the equations of motion are only of two-derivative order and the value of η/s can decrease below 1/4π when treated in a nonperturbative way. Our findings provide further evidence for the validity of the KSS bound for theories that can be viewed as perturbative corrections to Einstein gravity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Brustein, R , Medved, A J M
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6815 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004325
- Description: We discuss corrections to the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density η/s in higher-derivative gravity theories. Generically, these theories contain ghost modes with Planck-scale masses. Motivated by general considerations about unitarity, we propose new boundary conditions for the equations of motion of the graviton perturbations that force the amplitude of the ghosts modes to vanish. We analyze explicitly four-derivative perturbative corrections to Einstein gravity which generically lead to four-derivative equations of motion, compare our choice of boundary conditions to previous proposals and show that, with our new prescription, the ratio η/s remains at the Einstein-gravity value of 1/4π to leading order in the corrections. It is argued that, when the new boundary conditions are imposed on six and higher-derivative equations of motion, η/s can only increase from the Einstein-gravity value. We also recall some general arguments that support the validity of our results to all orders in the strength of the corrections to Einstein gravity. We then discuss the particular case of Gauss-Bonnet gravity, for which the equations of motion are only of two-derivative order and the value of η/s can decrease below 1/4π when treated in a nonperturbative way. Our findings provide further evidence for the validity of the KSS bound for theories that can be viewed as perturbative corrections to Einstein gravity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Use and users of municipal commonage around three small towns in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Davenport, Nicholas A, Shackleton, Charlie M, Gambiza, James
- Authors: Davenport, Nicholas A , Shackleton, Charlie M , Gambiza, James
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181116 , vital:43700 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.003"
- Description: Municipal commonages surround many small towns throughout South Africa, and are an integral component of the national land reform programme. But little is known about their extent, use or value, and most appear to have limited or no management or investment. This paper reports on a survey of randomly selected households in three small towns in the Eastern Cape to ascertain the extent and purpose of use of municipal commonages. Between 27% and 70% of urban households used commonage depending on site. Key resources used were fuelwood, medicinal plants, and grazing of livestock. Typically, commonage using households were poorer and less educated than other urban residents, although the profile of users is unique for each town. Given the extensive use of commonage resources, and their contribution to the livelihoods of the poor, local municipalities need to develop and implement sound management strategies that account for all users of commonages, rather than the oft encountered focus on livestock owners and production.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Davenport, Nicholas A , Shackleton, Charlie M , Gambiza, James
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181116 , vital:43700 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.003"
- Description: Municipal commonages surround many small towns throughout South Africa, and are an integral component of the national land reform programme. But little is known about their extent, use or value, and most appear to have limited or no management or investment. This paper reports on a survey of randomly selected households in three small towns in the Eastern Cape to ascertain the extent and purpose of use of municipal commonages. Between 27% and 70% of urban households used commonage depending on site. Key resources used were fuelwood, medicinal plants, and grazing of livestock. Typically, commonage using households were poorer and less educated than other urban residents, although the profile of users is unique for each town. Given the extensive use of commonage resources, and their contribution to the livelihoods of the poor, local municipalities need to develop and implement sound management strategies that account for all users of commonages, rather than the oft encountered focus on livestock owners and production.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011