Teacher professional development as a mechanism to advance education for sustainable development (ESD) integration in Namibia: a senior primary English language case study
- Shangheta, Miryam Keshityeni
- Authors: Shangheta, Miryam Keshityeni
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Career development , Teachers In-service training , Education for sustainable development , English language Study and teaching Namibia , Pedagogical content knowledge
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463603 , vital:76424
- Description: Namibia is a signatory to the Sustainable Development Goals of Agenda 2030 and responds to the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development by incorporating Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) into its education curriculum and policies. In 2020, Namibia launched its National Environmental Education and Education for Sustainable Development Policy. Despite these policy commitments, research indicates that most teachers continue to struggle with integrating ESD into their teaching practices. The integration of ESD in English language teaching classrooms is no exception. This qualitative case study is an attempt to understand how a Teacher Professional Development programme named Teach for ESD offered by NaDEET, a non-governmental organisation in Namibia, aided three Senior Primary Phase English Language teachers to integrate ESD into their teaching practice. The study also aims to unveil the teaching practice of the selected English Language teachers in the Otjozondjupa region who participated in the Teach for ESD programme. Data was gathered using semi-structured interviews (three interviews per teacher), document review, and lesson observation (one per teacher). Theoretically, the study is framed by socio-cultural learning theory after the work of Lev Vygotsky, supplemented by Mavhunga and Rollnick’s (2013) account of Topic Specific Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TSPCK). The qualitative data was analysed inductively to identify themes and sub-themes relevant to the research questions. The study findings might be of value to NaDEET as they implement future TPD courses in ESD, and they may also be of interest to English Language Teaching stakeholders as Namibia implements the EE and ESD Policy in the national school curriculum. The findings showed that the English Language teachers need ESD training; ESD-oriented teaching and learning materials; continuing support for monitoring and evaluation of their ESD practices; and more time allocated to English Language teaching in the timetable so that the environmental / sustainability content can be explored in more depth alongside the development of English Language skills. The study recommends that further research be conducted into effective ways of teaching English Language skills through environmental themes (developing Pedagogical Content Knowledge); and exploring up-scalable models of teacher professional development so that more English Language teachers can receive ESD training. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post-School Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Shangheta, Miryam Keshityeni
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Career development , Teachers In-service training , Education for sustainable development , English language Study and teaching Namibia , Pedagogical content knowledge
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463603 , vital:76424
- Description: Namibia is a signatory to the Sustainable Development Goals of Agenda 2030 and responds to the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development by incorporating Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) into its education curriculum and policies. In 2020, Namibia launched its National Environmental Education and Education for Sustainable Development Policy. Despite these policy commitments, research indicates that most teachers continue to struggle with integrating ESD into their teaching practices. The integration of ESD in English language teaching classrooms is no exception. This qualitative case study is an attempt to understand how a Teacher Professional Development programme named Teach for ESD offered by NaDEET, a non-governmental organisation in Namibia, aided three Senior Primary Phase English Language teachers to integrate ESD into their teaching practice. The study also aims to unveil the teaching practice of the selected English Language teachers in the Otjozondjupa region who participated in the Teach for ESD programme. Data was gathered using semi-structured interviews (three interviews per teacher), document review, and lesson observation (one per teacher). Theoretically, the study is framed by socio-cultural learning theory after the work of Lev Vygotsky, supplemented by Mavhunga and Rollnick’s (2013) account of Topic Specific Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TSPCK). The qualitative data was analysed inductively to identify themes and sub-themes relevant to the research questions. The study findings might be of value to NaDEET as they implement future TPD courses in ESD, and they may also be of interest to English Language Teaching stakeholders as Namibia implements the EE and ESD Policy in the national school curriculum. The findings showed that the English Language teachers need ESD training; ESD-oriented teaching and learning materials; continuing support for monitoring and evaluation of their ESD practices; and more time allocated to English Language teaching in the timetable so that the environmental / sustainability content can be explored in more depth alongside the development of English Language skills. The study recommends that further research be conducted into effective ways of teaching English Language skills through environmental themes (developing Pedagogical Content Knowledge); and exploring up-scalable models of teacher professional development so that more English Language teachers can receive ESD training. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post-School Education, 2024
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Teachers’ use of authentic tasks through mathematics trails in a mobile learning environment to facilitate conceptual teaching
- Authors: Matengu, Given Kahale
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Authenticity (Philosophy) , Mobile communication systems in education , Mathematics Study and teaching (Secondary) Namibia , Math walk , Mathematics Study and teaching Activity programs , Educational technology Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466429 , vital:76727 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/466429
- Description: The teaching and learning of mathematics in Namibia is confronted by various forms of challenges that require continuous search for effective pedagogical strategies and approaches to enhance mathematical understanding. Some of the ways include using real and authentic outdoor activities and technological tools, such as smartphones, for teaching and learning purposes. The need to use authentic and realistic tasks in outdoor settings in the teaching of mathematics has strong support from the literature. Moreover, many recent reforms in education challenge teachers across all subjects to use modern and up-to-date technologies to complement and support existing approaches to teaching. Smartphones, in particular, offer new opportunities in the evolution of technology-enhanced learning by allowing teaching and learning to occur in authentic and realistic contexts that extend to real-life environments. This qualitative case study proposes a practical framework that can facilitate mathematical understanding in teaching through the implementation of authentic and realistic outdoor tasks by using the Math City Map (MCM) project on a smartphone. The study aims to analyse and understand how mathematics teachers can create and implement authentic and realistic tasks in an outdoor mathematics trail to facilitate the conceptual teaching of area, volume, ratio and proportion topics, within the context of the Realistic Mathematics Education theory (RME). The study is framed within the RME theory and the iPAC (personalisation, authenticity, collaboration) mobile pedagogical framework. The research process is underpinned by an interpretivist paradigm. Data was collected from eight selected teachers through observations and interviews and analysed using frameworks derived from the RME and iPAC mobile pedagogical theories and the emergence of common themes. The findings suggest that the integration of smartphones and mathematics trails have pedagogical benefits in mathematics teaching and can facilitate the use of outdoor tasks that are connected to learners’ realities. The study argues that while MCM mathematics trail tasks can be difficult to create, it was worthwhile for teachers using them to conceptually teach the selected topics. It is therefore hoped that the findings of this study contribute towards the use of outdoor mathematics trails and smartphones in the teaching of mathematics. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post-School Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Matengu, Given Kahale
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Authenticity (Philosophy) , Mobile communication systems in education , Mathematics Study and teaching (Secondary) Namibia , Math walk , Mathematics Study and teaching Activity programs , Educational technology Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466429 , vital:76727 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/466429
- Description: The teaching and learning of mathematics in Namibia is confronted by various forms of challenges that require continuous search for effective pedagogical strategies and approaches to enhance mathematical understanding. Some of the ways include using real and authentic outdoor activities and technological tools, such as smartphones, for teaching and learning purposes. The need to use authentic and realistic tasks in outdoor settings in the teaching of mathematics has strong support from the literature. Moreover, many recent reforms in education challenge teachers across all subjects to use modern and up-to-date technologies to complement and support existing approaches to teaching. Smartphones, in particular, offer new opportunities in the evolution of technology-enhanced learning by allowing teaching and learning to occur in authentic and realistic contexts that extend to real-life environments. This qualitative case study proposes a practical framework that can facilitate mathematical understanding in teaching through the implementation of authentic and realistic outdoor tasks by using the Math City Map (MCM) project on a smartphone. The study aims to analyse and understand how mathematics teachers can create and implement authentic and realistic tasks in an outdoor mathematics trail to facilitate the conceptual teaching of area, volume, ratio and proportion topics, within the context of the Realistic Mathematics Education theory (RME). The study is framed within the RME theory and the iPAC (personalisation, authenticity, collaboration) mobile pedagogical framework. The research process is underpinned by an interpretivist paradigm. Data was collected from eight selected teachers through observations and interviews and analysed using frameworks derived from the RME and iPAC mobile pedagogical theories and the emergence of common themes. The findings suggest that the integration of smartphones and mathematics trails have pedagogical benefits in mathematics teaching and can facilitate the use of outdoor tasks that are connected to learners’ realities. The study argues that while MCM mathematics trail tasks can be difficult to create, it was worthwhile for teachers using them to conceptually teach the selected topics. It is therefore hoped that the findings of this study contribute towards the use of outdoor mathematics trails and smartphones in the teaching of mathematics. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post-School Education, 2024
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Teaching problem solving: the "Ten Commandments" approach
- Authors: Matiwane, Noluvuyo
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Problem solving Study and teaching , Physics Study and teaching , Curriculum change , Rhodes University , College students Attitudes
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464897 , vital:76555
- Description: The evident need for an intervention to help physics students, especially incoming university students, develop their problem-solving skills led to exploring possible curriculum structures to achieve the goal. A modified curriculum structure of the first-year physics course, including explicit teaching of physics problem solving, was developed and implemented at Rhodes University, South Africa, in 2017. First-year physics students learn to solve problems by implementing the "Ten Commandments" of physics problem solving in their solutions, following a three-stage problem-solving framework. Additionally, students attend whiteboard tutorial sessions where they actively practise using the problem-solving framework in their solutions to physics problems with peers in an environment where help is available. Students are explicitly prompted to use the \Ten Commandments" during the whiteboard tutorials and not prompted for other assessment tasks. Students' solutions to formative physics assessment tasks (problem sets and tests) in the first semester were examined, problem-solving scores were determined using a problem-solving rubric developed in the department, shifts in attitudes and beliefs about physics and solving problems in physics were measured, and relationships between their problem-solving scores and task performance were evaluated to investigate how students adopted the framework and its implications over one semester. The problems issued to students differed in context and difficulty level; as a result, not all of the "Ten Commandments" were applicable to solve all problems, and different combinations of the commandments were applied to different problems. The explicit use of the problem-solving rubric to mark student problem sets was an indirect prompt for students to use commandments when doing their problem sets. As a result, students attempted to implement more applicable "commandments" (mostly partially correct) in their solutions to problem sets than in tests. Moreover, students' solutions to problems show that they used more of the "commandments" they were familiar with from school and less of the new ones, such as drawing diagrams without being prompted, producing algebraic solutions before substituting numbers, and doing dimensional analysis. Problem sets are often assumed to help prepare students for tests; however, correlations between students' problem-solving scores and performance between the two assessments did not give clear indications of whether problem sets were helping to prepare students to solve problems. Lastly, students' attitudes and beliefs also show a negative shift in students' perceptions of problem-solving by the end of the first semester. Problem-solving is a skill that develops in stages and over time; therefore, a timeframe longer than one semester is needed to report on significant changes in students' problem-solving habits and perspectives about problem-solving in physics. The study results are also important in giving insights into the initial developments of problem-solving skills and teaching problem solving. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Physics and Electronics, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Matiwane, Noluvuyo
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Problem solving Study and teaching , Physics Study and teaching , Curriculum change , Rhodes University , College students Attitudes
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464897 , vital:76555
- Description: The evident need for an intervention to help physics students, especially incoming university students, develop their problem-solving skills led to exploring possible curriculum structures to achieve the goal. A modified curriculum structure of the first-year physics course, including explicit teaching of physics problem solving, was developed and implemented at Rhodes University, South Africa, in 2017. First-year physics students learn to solve problems by implementing the "Ten Commandments" of physics problem solving in their solutions, following a three-stage problem-solving framework. Additionally, students attend whiteboard tutorial sessions where they actively practise using the problem-solving framework in their solutions to physics problems with peers in an environment where help is available. Students are explicitly prompted to use the \Ten Commandments" during the whiteboard tutorials and not prompted for other assessment tasks. Students' solutions to formative physics assessment tasks (problem sets and tests) in the first semester were examined, problem-solving scores were determined using a problem-solving rubric developed in the department, shifts in attitudes and beliefs about physics and solving problems in physics were measured, and relationships between their problem-solving scores and task performance were evaluated to investigate how students adopted the framework and its implications over one semester. The problems issued to students differed in context and difficulty level; as a result, not all of the "Ten Commandments" were applicable to solve all problems, and different combinations of the commandments were applied to different problems. The explicit use of the problem-solving rubric to mark student problem sets was an indirect prompt for students to use commandments when doing their problem sets. As a result, students attempted to implement more applicable "commandments" (mostly partially correct) in their solutions to problem sets than in tests. Moreover, students' solutions to problems show that they used more of the "commandments" they were familiar with from school and less of the new ones, such as drawing diagrams without being prompted, producing algebraic solutions before substituting numbers, and doing dimensional analysis. Problem sets are often assumed to help prepare students for tests; however, correlations between students' problem-solving scores and performance between the two assessments did not give clear indications of whether problem sets were helping to prepare students to solve problems. Lastly, students' attitudes and beliefs also show a negative shift in students' perceptions of problem-solving by the end of the first semester. Problem-solving is a skill that develops in stages and over time; therefore, a timeframe longer than one semester is needed to report on significant changes in students' problem-solving habits and perspectives about problem-solving in physics. The study results are also important in giving insights into the initial developments of problem-solving skills and teaching problem solving. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Physics and Electronics, 2024
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Technological pedagogical content knowledge: an examination of rural secondary school life sciences teachers’ integration of technology in Eastern Cape province
- Authors: Shambare, Brian
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Educational technology , Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge , Science Study and teaching (Secondary) South Africa Easern Cape , Education, Rural South Africa Easern Cape , Educational sociology
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466458 , vital:76730 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/466458
- Description: Rural education, particularly in the Global South, faces distinct challenges flowing from low socio-economic conditions, limited resources, and inadequate funding. These issues notably affect rural teachers’ abilities to deliver quality education. Although technology integration offers potential benefits and rural teachers have increased access to various technologies, they frequently adopt these tools spontaneously without guidelines. While many teachers in rural schools choose specific technologies to address teaching challenges, technology has to be integrated with a clear pedagogical intent. The rural teachers’ frequent adoption of technologies hints at technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) development, consciously or unconsciously. However, the process of developing this expertise remains largely unknown. Furthermore, the development of TPACK among teachers in rural Global South schools, particularly those who did not receive formal or informal technology training during their initial teacher education or professional development, remains unclear. Therefore, this research delved into the practices, factors, and experiences influencing the development of TPACK, all from the perspective of Life Sciences teachers in rural schools. The voices of teachers in rural regions have been notably absent in the broader discourse of TPACK research, making the current study’s insights particularly significant. This qualitative and investigative study, located within the interpretivist paradigm, is grounded in Vygotsky’s (1978) socio-cultural theory and Koehler and Mishra’s (2006) Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge framework. Seven Life Sciences teachers participated in the study. The teacher participants were purposively sampled from schools in the Joe Gqabi district in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Multiple data-generation instruments were employed. These included a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, lesson observations, and sharing circle discussions. A thematic analysis approach, guided by the study’s dual theoretical perspective, was applied to dissect and analyse the data. The study’s findings challenged the prevailing assumption that rural schools lack access to technological resources, unveiling that rural Life Sciences teachers in this research had access to diverse educational technologies. Nevertheless, despite improved technology accessibility, these teachers predominantly employed ‘simple skill-based’ technologies for content delivery, resulting in limited learner engagement. Notwithstanding the challenges posed by inadequate school infrastructure, limited electricity access, and poor Internet connectivity, this investigation found that Life Sciences teachers in rural settings who lack formal technology integration training demonstrated enthusiasm for incorporating technology into their teaching methods. Furthermore, these teachers exhibited strength in non-technological TPACK domains, such as content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK), and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), while demonstrating limited expertise in technology-related domains, such as technological knowledge (TK), technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK), and technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). The study uncovered nuanced factors, practices, and experiences contributing to TPACK development among rural Life Sciences teachers. These include learning from their learners, collaborating with peers, and engaging in self-directed learning. The study also proposed a new theoretical perspective to the existing TPACK framework to cater for technology integration in rural school contexts. Overall, this research provided a unique perspective on TPACK development in rural schools, particularly in the Global South. The study recommended targeted investments in professional development, promoting peer collaboration, and fostering a culture of self-directed learning. Furthermore, the current research emphasised the importance of recognising the evolving educational landscape as a two-way knowledge exchange between teachers and learners to foster TPACK development in rural schools. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post-School Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Shambare, Brian
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Educational technology , Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge , Science Study and teaching (Secondary) South Africa Easern Cape , Education, Rural South Africa Easern Cape , Educational sociology
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466458 , vital:76730 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/466458
- Description: Rural education, particularly in the Global South, faces distinct challenges flowing from low socio-economic conditions, limited resources, and inadequate funding. These issues notably affect rural teachers’ abilities to deliver quality education. Although technology integration offers potential benefits and rural teachers have increased access to various technologies, they frequently adopt these tools spontaneously without guidelines. While many teachers in rural schools choose specific technologies to address teaching challenges, technology has to be integrated with a clear pedagogical intent. The rural teachers’ frequent adoption of technologies hints at technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) development, consciously or unconsciously. However, the process of developing this expertise remains largely unknown. Furthermore, the development of TPACK among teachers in rural Global South schools, particularly those who did not receive formal or informal technology training during their initial teacher education or professional development, remains unclear. Therefore, this research delved into the practices, factors, and experiences influencing the development of TPACK, all from the perspective of Life Sciences teachers in rural schools. The voices of teachers in rural regions have been notably absent in the broader discourse of TPACK research, making the current study’s insights particularly significant. This qualitative and investigative study, located within the interpretivist paradigm, is grounded in Vygotsky’s (1978) socio-cultural theory and Koehler and Mishra’s (2006) Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge framework. Seven Life Sciences teachers participated in the study. The teacher participants were purposively sampled from schools in the Joe Gqabi district in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Multiple data-generation instruments were employed. These included a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, lesson observations, and sharing circle discussions. A thematic analysis approach, guided by the study’s dual theoretical perspective, was applied to dissect and analyse the data. The study’s findings challenged the prevailing assumption that rural schools lack access to technological resources, unveiling that rural Life Sciences teachers in this research had access to diverse educational technologies. Nevertheless, despite improved technology accessibility, these teachers predominantly employed ‘simple skill-based’ technologies for content delivery, resulting in limited learner engagement. Notwithstanding the challenges posed by inadequate school infrastructure, limited electricity access, and poor Internet connectivity, this investigation found that Life Sciences teachers in rural settings who lack formal technology integration training demonstrated enthusiasm for incorporating technology into their teaching methods. Furthermore, these teachers exhibited strength in non-technological TPACK domains, such as content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK), and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), while demonstrating limited expertise in technology-related domains, such as technological knowledge (TK), technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK), and technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). The study uncovered nuanced factors, practices, and experiences contributing to TPACK development among rural Life Sciences teachers. These include learning from their learners, collaborating with peers, and engaging in self-directed learning. The study also proposed a new theoretical perspective to the existing TPACK framework to cater for technology integration in rural school contexts. Overall, this research provided a unique perspective on TPACK development in rural schools, particularly in the Global South. The study recommended targeted investments in professional development, promoting peer collaboration, and fostering a culture of self-directed learning. Furthermore, the current research emphasised the importance of recognising the evolving educational landscape as a two-way knowledge exchange between teachers and learners to foster TPACK development in rural schools. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post-School Education, 2024
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The acceptability of Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Primary Care (PE-PC) for the treatment of PTSD in a low resourced community in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Leboho, Lerato
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Post-traumatic stress disorder , Prolonged exposure therapy , Primary care (Medicine) South Africa Eastern Cape , Trauma therapy , Poor Medical care South Africa Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466191 , vital:76706
- Description: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a global mental health concern, especially in low- resourced communities that are characterised by limited access to health professionals, limited healthcare infrastructure, and limited access to evidence-based mental healthcare at primary care level. Over the last decade, several psychological trauma-focused therapies (TFTs), such as prolonged exposure therapy (PE) have been developed to treat PTSD. In the context of the existing literature, studies done in HICs have explored the implementation and acceptability of prolonged exposure therapy at primary care level (PE-PC) as a first-line treatment for PTSD. Contrary to this, there is little to no implementation studies done to date that have examined the acceptability of empirically supported treatments (ESTs), such as PE in low-resourced countries, such as South Africa. Using the Implementation Science framework, ten participants were recruited to be interviewed, using semi-structured interviews, about their experiences and perceptions of PE-PC as a treatment for PTSD, and to also share their experiences of living with PTSD. The interview data was analysed using the reflexive thematic analysis (RTA) method to determine whether PE-PC is an acceptable treatment for PTSD that can be administered at community level and highlights the importance of integrating mental health within primary healthcare practice. Based on the analysis four superordinate themes were identified, namely, lack and absence of social support; factors preventing trauma survivors from accessing EBTs; lack of knowledge regarding mental health literacy, and adaptation of a brief trauma-focused therapy in a low-resource community. The evidence this study shows that some of the factors that hinder the acceptability of trauma-focused therapies (TFTs) at community level, include stigma and discrimination, the absence of social support, limited resources, and inadequate knowledge on mental health and illness. Therefore, it makes sense of the urgency to implement evidence-based treatments (EBTs) in LMICs. Findings of this thesis suggest that (a) PE-PC should be adopted at community level, and that (b) PE-PC is an acceptable treatment for PTSD in low-resourced communities. , Thesis (MSocSci) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Leboho, Lerato
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Post-traumatic stress disorder , Prolonged exposure therapy , Primary care (Medicine) South Africa Eastern Cape , Trauma therapy , Poor Medical care South Africa Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466191 , vital:76706
- Description: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a global mental health concern, especially in low- resourced communities that are characterised by limited access to health professionals, limited healthcare infrastructure, and limited access to evidence-based mental healthcare at primary care level. Over the last decade, several psychological trauma-focused therapies (TFTs), such as prolonged exposure therapy (PE) have been developed to treat PTSD. In the context of the existing literature, studies done in HICs have explored the implementation and acceptability of prolonged exposure therapy at primary care level (PE-PC) as a first-line treatment for PTSD. Contrary to this, there is little to no implementation studies done to date that have examined the acceptability of empirically supported treatments (ESTs), such as PE in low-resourced countries, such as South Africa. Using the Implementation Science framework, ten participants were recruited to be interviewed, using semi-structured interviews, about their experiences and perceptions of PE-PC as a treatment for PTSD, and to also share their experiences of living with PTSD. The interview data was analysed using the reflexive thematic analysis (RTA) method to determine whether PE-PC is an acceptable treatment for PTSD that can be administered at community level and highlights the importance of integrating mental health within primary healthcare practice. Based on the analysis four superordinate themes were identified, namely, lack and absence of social support; factors preventing trauma survivors from accessing EBTs; lack of knowledge regarding mental health literacy, and adaptation of a brief trauma-focused therapy in a low-resource community. The evidence this study shows that some of the factors that hinder the acceptability of trauma-focused therapies (TFTs) at community level, include stigma and discrimination, the absence of social support, limited resources, and inadequate knowledge on mental health and illness. Therefore, it makes sense of the urgency to implement evidence-based treatments (EBTs) in LMICs. Findings of this thesis suggest that (a) PE-PC should be adopted at community level, and that (b) PE-PC is an acceptable treatment for PTSD in low-resourced communities. , Thesis (MSocSci) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
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The adaptation of non-standard labour markets and their spatial distribution: the effects and legacies of COVID-19 on South Africa’s freelance creative workers
- Authors: Drummond, Fiona Jane
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466350 , vital:76720
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release in 2026. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
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- Authors: Drummond, Fiona Jane
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466350 , vital:76720
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release in 2026. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
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The Amadiba Crisis Committee: sustaining mobilisation in Xolobeni, South Africa
- Authors: Nowicki, Lucas Joel
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Amadiba Crisis Committee , Social movements South Africa , Civil society South Africa Political aspects , Environmental protest , Resource-based communities South Africa Eastern Cape , Grassroots movement
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466027 , vital:76678
- Description: This thesis seeks to understand how the Amadiba Crisis Committee (ACC), a rural movement from Xolobeni, has sustained mobilisation and worked with allies in civil society. The ACC was formed in 2007 in response to attempts by a mining company, Transworld Energy and Mineral Resources (TEM), to establish a sand mine off the coast of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Since 2007, the ACC has achieved significant victories in their fight against imposed development projects they argue threaten existing livelihoods that rely on the land. This thesis theorises the ACC’s mobilisation by drawing on concepts such as political opportunity, resource mobilisation, repertoires of action, framing and resource frontiers’. The thesis responds to the research question(s) by undertaking a thematic analysis of textual data drawn from semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with ACC members and their allies in civil society, most of which were collected during fieldwork in Xolobeni. The study finds that the ACC has sustained mobilisation through the combination of more public and institutional repertoires of action with more subtle everyday forms of resistance. These repertoires include dynamic uses of the law and rights discourses to further the movement’s goals. The ACC also used more confrontational tactics whereby activists use their bodies to physically disrupt extractive projects’ operations, actions which are coordinated through communication networks and local leadership structures. Furthermore, the ACC promotes alternative development strategies in a way which can be conceived as a type of prefigurative politics whereby activists actualise and embody the types of relations and development they want to see in the world. Many of these tactics were supported and made possible due to the presence of allies in civil society such as Sustaining the Wild Coast (SWC). Although there is a risk that such allies may end up co-opting and undermining mobilisation, this risk has been averted because both the SWC and the ACC are committed to maintaining separation between the movement and NGO in mobilisation. The SWC’s support has included facilitating access to media and civil society networks located in urban areas and using these networks and social capital to access information and other necessary resources. Overall, the movement has sustained resistance to imposed development projects by drawing on strong existing historical community ties, using diverse repertoires to achieve goals and build the movement’s base, and by consistently outlining alternative development strategies as a positive vision to their mobilisation. This has consolidated the ACC as a movement and established them as a powerful force with the ability to shape local development, policy and public discourse. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Political and International Studies, 2024
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- Authors: Nowicki, Lucas Joel
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Amadiba Crisis Committee , Social movements South Africa , Civil society South Africa Political aspects , Environmental protest , Resource-based communities South Africa Eastern Cape , Grassroots movement
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466027 , vital:76678
- Description: This thesis seeks to understand how the Amadiba Crisis Committee (ACC), a rural movement from Xolobeni, has sustained mobilisation and worked with allies in civil society. The ACC was formed in 2007 in response to attempts by a mining company, Transworld Energy and Mineral Resources (TEM), to establish a sand mine off the coast of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Since 2007, the ACC has achieved significant victories in their fight against imposed development projects they argue threaten existing livelihoods that rely on the land. This thesis theorises the ACC’s mobilisation by drawing on concepts such as political opportunity, resource mobilisation, repertoires of action, framing and resource frontiers’. The thesis responds to the research question(s) by undertaking a thematic analysis of textual data drawn from semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with ACC members and their allies in civil society, most of which were collected during fieldwork in Xolobeni. The study finds that the ACC has sustained mobilisation through the combination of more public and institutional repertoires of action with more subtle everyday forms of resistance. These repertoires include dynamic uses of the law and rights discourses to further the movement’s goals. The ACC also used more confrontational tactics whereby activists use their bodies to physically disrupt extractive projects’ operations, actions which are coordinated through communication networks and local leadership structures. Furthermore, the ACC promotes alternative development strategies in a way which can be conceived as a type of prefigurative politics whereby activists actualise and embody the types of relations and development they want to see in the world. Many of these tactics were supported and made possible due to the presence of allies in civil society such as Sustaining the Wild Coast (SWC). Although there is a risk that such allies may end up co-opting and undermining mobilisation, this risk has been averted because both the SWC and the ACC are committed to maintaining separation between the movement and NGO in mobilisation. The SWC’s support has included facilitating access to media and civil society networks located in urban areas and using these networks and social capital to access information and other necessary resources. Overall, the movement has sustained resistance to imposed development projects by drawing on strong existing historical community ties, using diverse repertoires to achieve goals and build the movement’s base, and by consistently outlining alternative development strategies as a positive vision to their mobilisation. This has consolidated the ACC as a movement and established them as a powerful force with the ability to shape local development, policy and public discourse. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Political and International Studies, 2024
- Full Text:
The art of adaption: the National Arts Festival’s strategic response to the COVID-19 pandemic
- Authors: Brody, Blake Benjamin
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Standard Bank National Arts Festival , Strategic planning , Strategic thinking , Crisis management South Africa , Business model , Stakeholder management , COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020- Influence
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/461863 , vital:76246
- Description: The National Arts Festival (NAF), an annual event held in South Africa, faced a significant challenge in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The traditional in-person format of the festival was no longer feasible due to government restrictions. In response, the NAF's CEO, Monica Newton, led her team in a rapid transition to a virtual platform. This decision-making process and the creation of the first virtual NAF (vNAF) occurred within a remarkably short period of 100 days. This teaching case study delves into the academic framework of crisis management, stakeholder theory, strategic thinking, strategic management, and business models, examining their application in the context of the NAF's transformation. To understand the decision-making process and challenges faced by the NAF, a qualitative research design was employed. Data collection involved two face-to-face interviews with Monica Newton, CEO of the NAF, and secondary sources. The teaching case is accompanied by a comprehensive note for educators, offering guidance on its classroom use. The note includes a case synopsis, intended audience, suggested learning outcomes, theoretical connections, teaching strategies, potential discussion questions, evaluation methods, and additional resources. It supports a multi-faceted analysis of the NAF's transformation and encourages vibrant class discussion. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Commerce, Rhodes Business School, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Brody, Blake Benjamin
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Standard Bank National Arts Festival , Strategic planning , Strategic thinking , Crisis management South Africa , Business model , Stakeholder management , COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020- Influence
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/461863 , vital:76246
- Description: The National Arts Festival (NAF), an annual event held in South Africa, faced a significant challenge in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The traditional in-person format of the festival was no longer feasible due to government restrictions. In response, the NAF's CEO, Monica Newton, led her team in a rapid transition to a virtual platform. This decision-making process and the creation of the first virtual NAF (vNAF) occurred within a remarkably short period of 100 days. This teaching case study delves into the academic framework of crisis management, stakeholder theory, strategic thinking, strategic management, and business models, examining their application in the context of the NAF's transformation. To understand the decision-making process and challenges faced by the NAF, a qualitative research design was employed. Data collection involved two face-to-face interviews with Monica Newton, CEO of the NAF, and secondary sources. The teaching case is accompanied by a comprehensive note for educators, offering guidance on its classroom use. The note includes a case synopsis, intended audience, suggested learning outcomes, theoretical connections, teaching strategies, potential discussion questions, evaluation methods, and additional resources. It supports a multi-faceted analysis of the NAF's transformation and encourages vibrant class discussion. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Commerce, Rhodes Business School, 2024
- Full Text:
The assessment of abandoned cultivated lands: a case study of Lower Tsitsana and Hlankomo villages in the Tsitsa River catchment, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Dakie, Regina Nokufa
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Agricultural land , Grasslands South Africa Eastern Cape , Abandoned land , Social ecology , Aerial photography
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464787 , vital:76545
- Description: Globally, agriculture is an essential part of people’s livelihoods, contributing to rural economies and food security. However, cultivated land abandonment, the intentional or unintentional cessation of agricultural activities for takeover by other land uses, is becoming increasingly common. Although widely studied, the outcomes of cultivated land abandonment are highly context-dependent and varied. Understanding this phenomenon would thus benefit from placed-based social-ecological case study perspectives, particularly in more understudied contexts. This study represents such a perspective, taking a social-ecological approach to understand how land abandonment has emerged and what its consequences are for the desired future outcomes in the Hlankomo and Lower Tsitsana villages in the Tsitsa River catchment. Drawing on McGinnis & Ostrom’s (2009) framework, I framed cultivated land abandonment in my study area as a “focal action situation” informed by the interaction of natural resource systems, governance systems, actors, and resource units. To better understand the current state of the natural resource system and important ecological (resource) units (grass), I used two measures of ecological condition: a rapid assessment test that provided a broad, if superficial, understanding of degradation and land condition, and a veld condition assessment that provided an understanding of grassland composition and quality in abandoned fields. I also used aerial photographs to assess the extent of changes in abandoned cultivation in the catchment. To understand actors, governance systems, how they interacted with natural resource systems and units for land abandonment to emerge, and what implications these interactions may have for the future of these lands, I used semi-structured interviews. The Rapid Assessment Test tool showed that the abandoned cultivated fields were dominated by grasses (58.3%), while shrubs (11%) and succulents (11%) were the least prevalent. The veld assessment identified sixteen grass species in both villages, with Aristida junciformis (23%) and Eragrostis plana (22.2 %) being the most dominant. The grazing statuses of the grasses showed that there were more Increaser II species, followed by Increaser III, Exotic, Increaser I and Decreaser species, respectively. There were more grass species with low grazing and average grazing values than grass species with high grazing values. The Rapid Assessment tool and the Veld assessment showed that the fields were dominated by poor grass species that grow on degraded lands. The results thus showed that the abandoned cultivated lands are degraded and in poor condition, as they are covered mainly by poor grass species that are dominant in over-utilised and overgrazed areas. The aerial photographs showed a decline in cultivated lands from 1966 to 2015, with a significant decline between 1966 and 2003. The land under cultivation between 1966 and 2003 decreased by 95 %, resulting in an annual decline of 2.56 %. The land under cultivation from 2003 and 2015 decreased by 60 %, resulting in a decline of 4 % per year. Local people corroborated the increase in cultivated land abandonment in the interviews, and this is why I attempt to understand why abandoned cultivated land happened (how the resource system and governance systems/actors interacted to shape cultivated land abandonment). As in other South African rural contexts, reasons people gave for land cultivation abandonment revealed the strongly intertwined nature of ecological and social systems, including no fence, livestock eating crops, no cattle, lack of labour, migration, lack of resources (money and equipment), parents passing on, expensive fertilizers, rainfall variability, dependency on grants, lack of interest and laziness. People had different views about the future of the abandoned cultivated lands, suggesting building homes, recreational parks, poultry farms, and recultivating and livestock protection camps, while others indicated that they didn’t care what happens to the abandoned fields. Many people still value abandoned lands and would prefer for the land to be recultivated, but they are held back by factors beyond their control, such as no fencing and a lack of governmental support in the form of fertilisers and machinery for ploughing. Additionally, our ecological results suggest that, due to the degraded states of these lands, significant rehabilitation would be required to realize these desired outcomes. Overall, this study shows the social-ecological complexity that drives cultivated land abandonment in the Tsitsa River catchment, providing a context-specific understanding of the drivers and consequences of abandoned cultivated land, future options more specific to these villages, and the broader Tsitsa catchment. At the same time, my study also corroborates similar studies in rural African and other global South contexts, thus supporting generalizable knowledge that can be used in the development of agrarian, social and environmental policies in these regions. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Environmental Science, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Dakie, Regina Nokufa
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Agricultural land , Grasslands South Africa Eastern Cape , Abandoned land , Social ecology , Aerial photography
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464787 , vital:76545
- Description: Globally, agriculture is an essential part of people’s livelihoods, contributing to rural economies and food security. However, cultivated land abandonment, the intentional or unintentional cessation of agricultural activities for takeover by other land uses, is becoming increasingly common. Although widely studied, the outcomes of cultivated land abandonment are highly context-dependent and varied. Understanding this phenomenon would thus benefit from placed-based social-ecological case study perspectives, particularly in more understudied contexts. This study represents such a perspective, taking a social-ecological approach to understand how land abandonment has emerged and what its consequences are for the desired future outcomes in the Hlankomo and Lower Tsitsana villages in the Tsitsa River catchment. Drawing on McGinnis & Ostrom’s (2009) framework, I framed cultivated land abandonment in my study area as a “focal action situation” informed by the interaction of natural resource systems, governance systems, actors, and resource units. To better understand the current state of the natural resource system and important ecological (resource) units (grass), I used two measures of ecological condition: a rapid assessment test that provided a broad, if superficial, understanding of degradation and land condition, and a veld condition assessment that provided an understanding of grassland composition and quality in abandoned fields. I also used aerial photographs to assess the extent of changes in abandoned cultivation in the catchment. To understand actors, governance systems, how they interacted with natural resource systems and units for land abandonment to emerge, and what implications these interactions may have for the future of these lands, I used semi-structured interviews. The Rapid Assessment Test tool showed that the abandoned cultivated fields were dominated by grasses (58.3%), while shrubs (11%) and succulents (11%) were the least prevalent. The veld assessment identified sixteen grass species in both villages, with Aristida junciformis (23%) and Eragrostis plana (22.2 %) being the most dominant. The grazing statuses of the grasses showed that there were more Increaser II species, followed by Increaser III, Exotic, Increaser I and Decreaser species, respectively. There were more grass species with low grazing and average grazing values than grass species with high grazing values. The Rapid Assessment tool and the Veld assessment showed that the fields were dominated by poor grass species that grow on degraded lands. The results thus showed that the abandoned cultivated lands are degraded and in poor condition, as they are covered mainly by poor grass species that are dominant in over-utilised and overgrazed areas. The aerial photographs showed a decline in cultivated lands from 1966 to 2015, with a significant decline between 1966 and 2003. The land under cultivation between 1966 and 2003 decreased by 95 %, resulting in an annual decline of 2.56 %. The land under cultivation from 2003 and 2015 decreased by 60 %, resulting in a decline of 4 % per year. Local people corroborated the increase in cultivated land abandonment in the interviews, and this is why I attempt to understand why abandoned cultivated land happened (how the resource system and governance systems/actors interacted to shape cultivated land abandonment). As in other South African rural contexts, reasons people gave for land cultivation abandonment revealed the strongly intertwined nature of ecological and social systems, including no fence, livestock eating crops, no cattle, lack of labour, migration, lack of resources (money and equipment), parents passing on, expensive fertilizers, rainfall variability, dependency on grants, lack of interest and laziness. People had different views about the future of the abandoned cultivated lands, suggesting building homes, recreational parks, poultry farms, and recultivating and livestock protection camps, while others indicated that they didn’t care what happens to the abandoned fields. Many people still value abandoned lands and would prefer for the land to be recultivated, but they are held back by factors beyond their control, such as no fencing and a lack of governmental support in the form of fertilisers and machinery for ploughing. Additionally, our ecological results suggest that, due to the degraded states of these lands, significant rehabilitation would be required to realize these desired outcomes. Overall, this study shows the social-ecological complexity that drives cultivated land abandonment in the Tsitsa River catchment, providing a context-specific understanding of the drivers and consequences of abandoned cultivated land, future options more specific to these villages, and the broader Tsitsa catchment. At the same time, my study also corroborates similar studies in rural African and other global South contexts, thus supporting generalizable knowledge that can be used in the development of agrarian, social and environmental policies in these regions. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Environmental Science, 2024
- Full Text:
The development of dual-action antimalarial compounds
- Authors: Vinindwa, Bonani
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466625 , vital:76761
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release in 2025. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Vinindwa, Bonani
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/466625 , vital:76761
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release in 2025. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2024
- Full Text:
The development of mobile money services and financial inclusion in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Chingono, Kudzaishe Emily
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Mobile commerce Zimbabwe , Financial inclusion , Automated tellers , Financial literacy , Education Social aspects South Africa , Technology and older people South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462691 , vital:76326
- Description: Purpose- The use of mobile phones in Zimbabwe fostered the development of various financial innovations, such as mobile money services. It is important to note that the use of mobile money services in Zimbabwe has gradually increased. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between the development of mobile money services and financial inclusion in Zimbabwe. The main goal was to determine if there is a correlation between financial inclusion and the development of mobile money services. Design and Methodological approach: This study used a quantitative research design in which time series data was used to generate the analysis. The data used in the study covered a period of 20 years, starting from 2000 to 2020 on a yearly basis. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model was used to analyze the relationship. Findings: The ARDL study results showed that in the long run, there is no statistically significant correlation between the development of mobile money services and financial inclusion, and this is suggested by the long-term relationship between the two variables over a period of 20 years. In the short run, the study findings showed that the development of mobile money services have a positive significant influence on financial inclusion with. Therefore, increase in mobile money usage was associated with increase in financial inclusion. Between the period 2000 and 2020, the major determinants of mobile moneys services are age, number of ATMs, financial literacy, income level and mobile phone penetration. The tests also showed that these variables significantly and positively influenced use of mobile money as a financial inclusion tool in Zimbabwe (p<.05). Research Limitations: The study did not find a lot of current relevant literature that would explain the relationship between mobile money services and financial inclusion. Majority of the work was carried out in other countries, and little was covered in Zimbabwe. Practical Implications: The study results implies that government should put in place measure to ensure the expansion of mobile money services in the rural areas. The mobile telecommunication firms should ensure increased mobile phone penetration. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Chingono, Kudzaishe Emily
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Mobile commerce Zimbabwe , Financial inclusion , Automated tellers , Financial literacy , Education Social aspects South Africa , Technology and older people South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462691 , vital:76326
- Description: Purpose- The use of mobile phones in Zimbabwe fostered the development of various financial innovations, such as mobile money services. It is important to note that the use of mobile money services in Zimbabwe has gradually increased. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between the development of mobile money services and financial inclusion in Zimbabwe. The main goal was to determine if there is a correlation between financial inclusion and the development of mobile money services. Design and Methodological approach: This study used a quantitative research design in which time series data was used to generate the analysis. The data used in the study covered a period of 20 years, starting from 2000 to 2020 on a yearly basis. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model was used to analyze the relationship. Findings: The ARDL study results showed that in the long run, there is no statistically significant correlation between the development of mobile money services and financial inclusion, and this is suggested by the long-term relationship between the two variables over a period of 20 years. In the short run, the study findings showed that the development of mobile money services have a positive significant influence on financial inclusion with. Therefore, increase in mobile money usage was associated with increase in financial inclusion. Between the period 2000 and 2020, the major determinants of mobile moneys services are age, number of ATMs, financial literacy, income level and mobile phone penetration. The tests also showed that these variables significantly and positively influenced use of mobile money as a financial inclusion tool in Zimbabwe (p<.05). Research Limitations: The study did not find a lot of current relevant literature that would explain the relationship between mobile money services and financial inclusion. Majority of the work was carried out in other countries, and little was covered in Zimbabwe. Practical Implications: The study results implies that government should put in place measure to ensure the expansion of mobile money services in the rural areas. The mobile telecommunication firms should ensure increased mobile phone penetration. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
- Full Text:
The dynamics of novice and experienced Namibian teachers’ adoption of the Advanced Subsidiary Agricultural Science curriculum
- Authors: Nanyemba, Wilhelmina
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463581 , vital:76422
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release date 2026. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post-School Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nanyemba, Wilhelmina
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463581 , vital:76422
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release date 2026. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post-School Education, 2024
- Full Text:
The effect of an alkyl chain and β-diketonato-metal moiety on the photochromic behaviour of azobenzene compounds as materials for solar thermal fuels
- Authors: Bokhe, Witness Londi
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Photochemistry , Isomerization , Solar thermal energy , Solar thermal fuel , Liquid crystals , Optical materials
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464510 , vital:76517
- Description: Scientists have been studying the development of renewable energy technologies in detail to create a sustainable energy supply. Among many new advanced material classes being researched recently are photo functional and photo responsive materials. These classes include azobenzene derivatives which are characterized by azo linkage (N=N) sandwiched by two phenyl rings. The trans-to-cis isomerization of azobenzene is a highly efficient and reversible process, making it an ideal candidate for solar thermal energy storage. This research investigates the impact of alkyl chain modifications and the incorporation of a β-diketonato-copper(II) complex on azobenzene derivatives, aiming to optimize their performance as efficient components in solar thermal fuel cells (STFs). The study focuses on a comprehensive analysis of these materials' ability to capture, convert, store, and release solar energy for enhanced sustainability in renewable energy applications. Experimental methodologies include synthesis of azobenzene derivatives with varying alkyl chain length, n (where n =8 & 10) and coordination of these compounds with a β-diketonato-copper(II) complex. Standard analytical techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H and 13C NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (UV/vis) were employed for chemical analysis of the synthesized material. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Polarised Optical Microscope (POM) were used to study the thermal properties and morphology. The photostationery states were determined using NMR spectroscopy and the kinetic parameters of the cis-to-trans relaxation process determined by a UV spectroscopy study. The cis-to-trans isomerisation had a longer half-life than the trans-to-cis isomerisation. The band gap of the isomers is within the range of semiconducting inorganic materials. DSC and POM thermograms showed that the compounds are liquid crystalline. Finally, the study reports that the synthesised azobenzene derivatives show potential as material for solar thermal fuel cells because of their photo-isomerization ability. Furthermore, the synthesised compounds contribute to the advancement of sustainable and efficient solar energy utilization technologies, addressing the growing demand for clean energy solutions in the face of global environmental challenges. Because solar energy may be stored and used without causing direct emissions or pollution, they are considered clean energy. If solar thermal fuels fulfil sustainability standards, they may qualify as green energy. This entails minimising adverse effects on the environment, using non-toxic chemicals and procedures. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Bokhe, Witness Londi
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Photochemistry , Isomerization , Solar thermal energy , Solar thermal fuel , Liquid crystals , Optical materials
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464510 , vital:76517
- Description: Scientists have been studying the development of renewable energy technologies in detail to create a sustainable energy supply. Among many new advanced material classes being researched recently are photo functional and photo responsive materials. These classes include azobenzene derivatives which are characterized by azo linkage (N=N) sandwiched by two phenyl rings. The trans-to-cis isomerization of azobenzene is a highly efficient and reversible process, making it an ideal candidate for solar thermal energy storage. This research investigates the impact of alkyl chain modifications and the incorporation of a β-diketonato-copper(II) complex on azobenzene derivatives, aiming to optimize their performance as efficient components in solar thermal fuel cells (STFs). The study focuses on a comprehensive analysis of these materials' ability to capture, convert, store, and release solar energy for enhanced sustainability in renewable energy applications. Experimental methodologies include synthesis of azobenzene derivatives with varying alkyl chain length, n (where n =8 & 10) and coordination of these compounds with a β-diketonato-copper(II) complex. Standard analytical techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H and 13C NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (UV/vis) were employed for chemical analysis of the synthesized material. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Polarised Optical Microscope (POM) were used to study the thermal properties and morphology. The photostationery states were determined using NMR spectroscopy and the kinetic parameters of the cis-to-trans relaxation process determined by a UV spectroscopy study. The cis-to-trans isomerisation had a longer half-life than the trans-to-cis isomerisation. The band gap of the isomers is within the range of semiconducting inorganic materials. DSC and POM thermograms showed that the compounds are liquid crystalline. Finally, the study reports that the synthesised azobenzene derivatives show potential as material for solar thermal fuel cells because of their photo-isomerization ability. Furthermore, the synthesised compounds contribute to the advancement of sustainable and efficient solar energy utilization technologies, addressing the growing demand for clean energy solutions in the face of global environmental challenges. Because solar energy may be stored and used without causing direct emissions or pollution, they are considered clean energy. If solar thermal fuels fulfil sustainability standards, they may qualify as green energy. This entails minimising adverse effects on the environment, using non-toxic chemicals and procedures. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2024
- Full Text:
The effect of biological control on the population dynamics of Pontederia crassipes Mart. (Pontederiaceae) and Salvinia minima Baker (Salviniales: Salviniaceae)
- Authors: Chikodza, Tressia
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Pontederia crassipes , Salvinia minima , Pontederiaceae Biological control South Africa , Salviniaceae Biological control South Africa , Population dynamics , Secondary invasion
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464462 , vital:76513
- Description: Pontederia crassipes is widely regarded as the most damaging floating aquatic weed in terms of its invasive traits, and its impact on aquatic ecosystems. Biological control using host-specific natural enemies is widely used for its control, with the most recent agent released being a planthopper, Megamelus scutellaris, in South Africa and the USA. In South Africa, inundative releases of M. scutellaris have been shown to control the weed even at eutrophic, and high elevation cold sites, such as Hartbeespoort Dam, arguably Africa’s most hypertrophic impoundment. However, subsequent to the control of P. crassipes on Hartbeespoort Dam, in 2021, a secondary invader, Salvinia minima, dominated the water system. Salvinia minima is only known from a handful sites near Hartbeespoort Dam and there is currently no approved biocontrol agent for it. The population dynamics of P. crassipes and S. minima at the Dam were overall interchanging due to insect feeding on M. scutellaris reducing P. crassipes populations thus allowing S. minima to become dominant. Intense feeding from M. scutellaris resulted in the reduction of P. crassipes populations. During late autumn and winter, remaining P. crassipes plants experienced frost damage from cold temperatures. The decrease in P. crassipes allowed S. minima to successfully invade, potentially as the result of less competition from P. crassipes, and therefore available resources, such as space, nutrients, and light. However, as spring approached, P. crassipes regenerated from its seed bank, and S. minima populations diminished. The changes in dominance were observed in 2021 and 2022 but in 2023, this trend was not evident as S. minima did not dominate as in previous years. This thesis investigated the combination of competition and herbivory by M. scutellaris on the vigour of P. crassipes and S. minima to understand the dynamics of these two highly invasive species. Competitive abilities of P. crassipes and S. minima were determined using an inverse linear model with plant weight as the yield variable. In the absence of herbivory, P. crassipes, was 4 times more competitive than S. minima, but as competitive when exposed to M. scutellaris feeding. Salvinia minima was 1.2 times as aggressive as P. crassipes in the absence of herbivory, but 2.6 times as competitive when M. scutellaris was established on P. crassipes. In the presence of herbivory on P. crassipes, interspecific competition coefficients from P. crassipes on S. minima were no longer statistically significant. These results indicate that the competitive ability of P. crassipes was reduced through herbivory when grown with S. minima, explaining the temporal dominance between the two species at Hartbeespoort Dam. Some studies have reported that P. crassipes releases allelochemicals as a competitive strategy to algae and phytoplankton. Previously identified allelochemicals include N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine and linoleic acid. This thesis investigated the presence or absence of key chemical compounds released by P. crassipes during allelopathy with microbes and phytoplankton to determine its potential to inhibit S. minima growth. Methanol extracts from P. crassipes roots, leaves, and field samples underwent LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, creating a molecular network to match chemical profiles. Of the investigated compounds, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine were absent in P. crassipes and field samples, while linoleic acid was consistently found. Its presence suggests its potential defensive role against S. minima. Future research should explore allelochemical production in the presence of S. minima and algae to confirm if S. minima elicits an allelochemical response by P. crassipes, or whether the methods used here were insufficient to detect allelochemical production. Understanding whether P. crassipes employs allelochemicals, especially in the presence of S. minima, could shed light on its competitive advantage beyond its invasive nature at the Dam. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Botany, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Chikodza, Tressia
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Pontederia crassipes , Salvinia minima , Pontederiaceae Biological control South Africa , Salviniaceae Biological control South Africa , Population dynamics , Secondary invasion
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464462 , vital:76513
- Description: Pontederia crassipes is widely regarded as the most damaging floating aquatic weed in terms of its invasive traits, and its impact on aquatic ecosystems. Biological control using host-specific natural enemies is widely used for its control, with the most recent agent released being a planthopper, Megamelus scutellaris, in South Africa and the USA. In South Africa, inundative releases of M. scutellaris have been shown to control the weed even at eutrophic, and high elevation cold sites, such as Hartbeespoort Dam, arguably Africa’s most hypertrophic impoundment. However, subsequent to the control of P. crassipes on Hartbeespoort Dam, in 2021, a secondary invader, Salvinia minima, dominated the water system. Salvinia minima is only known from a handful sites near Hartbeespoort Dam and there is currently no approved biocontrol agent for it. The population dynamics of P. crassipes and S. minima at the Dam were overall interchanging due to insect feeding on M. scutellaris reducing P. crassipes populations thus allowing S. minima to become dominant. Intense feeding from M. scutellaris resulted in the reduction of P. crassipes populations. During late autumn and winter, remaining P. crassipes plants experienced frost damage from cold temperatures. The decrease in P. crassipes allowed S. minima to successfully invade, potentially as the result of less competition from P. crassipes, and therefore available resources, such as space, nutrients, and light. However, as spring approached, P. crassipes regenerated from its seed bank, and S. minima populations diminished. The changes in dominance were observed in 2021 and 2022 but in 2023, this trend was not evident as S. minima did not dominate as in previous years. This thesis investigated the combination of competition and herbivory by M. scutellaris on the vigour of P. crassipes and S. minima to understand the dynamics of these two highly invasive species. Competitive abilities of P. crassipes and S. minima were determined using an inverse linear model with plant weight as the yield variable. In the absence of herbivory, P. crassipes, was 4 times more competitive than S. minima, but as competitive when exposed to M. scutellaris feeding. Salvinia minima was 1.2 times as aggressive as P. crassipes in the absence of herbivory, but 2.6 times as competitive when M. scutellaris was established on P. crassipes. In the presence of herbivory on P. crassipes, interspecific competition coefficients from P. crassipes on S. minima were no longer statistically significant. These results indicate that the competitive ability of P. crassipes was reduced through herbivory when grown with S. minima, explaining the temporal dominance between the two species at Hartbeespoort Dam. Some studies have reported that P. crassipes releases allelochemicals as a competitive strategy to algae and phytoplankton. Previously identified allelochemicals include N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine and linoleic acid. This thesis investigated the presence or absence of key chemical compounds released by P. crassipes during allelopathy with microbes and phytoplankton to determine its potential to inhibit S. minima growth. Methanol extracts from P. crassipes roots, leaves, and field samples underwent LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, creating a molecular network to match chemical profiles. Of the investigated compounds, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine were absent in P. crassipes and field samples, while linoleic acid was consistently found. Its presence suggests its potential defensive role against S. minima. Future research should explore allelochemical production in the presence of S. minima and algae to confirm if S. minima elicits an allelochemical response by P. crassipes, or whether the methods used here were insufficient to detect allelochemical production. Understanding whether P. crassipes employs allelochemicals, especially in the presence of S. minima, could shed light on its competitive advantage beyond its invasive nature at the Dam. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Botany, 2024
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The effects of Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) on mental health: the case of Shezongo Community of Kafue National Park (KNP), Zambia
- Authors: Smith, Loryn Janine
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Human-animal relationships Zambia Kafue National Park , Human–wildlife conflict , Wildlife management areas Zambia , Environmental psychology , Mental health , Well-being , Human-animal relationships Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/465843 , vital:76658
- Description: Background: Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a bi-directional relationship affecting man and wild animals. Both species suffer extreme consequences, including encroachment of man into wildlife habitats and the destruction of crops and livestock by wildlife foraging for food sources. HWC is particularly prominent in Game Management Areas (GMAs), situated as buffer zones around national parks. Subsequent conflict between man and wildlife leads to not only physical harm but also psychological distress, exacerbating the consequences for mental health. Objectives: A mixed methods design was used to investigate the effects of HWC on mental health. The study aimed to determine the hidden nature of HWC within a population residing in a GMA region in Kafue National Park, Zambia. Methods: Forty-two participants took part in this study, representing a diverse range of demographic characteristics. Of these, 40 participants completed quantitative measures investigating the effect of HWC on mental health. Additionally, eight participants participated in interviews on the nature of mental health in the context of HWC. Some interview participants also completed the quantitative measures, while others did not. Thematic analysis guided qualitative investigations, while Chi-Square Analyses and Fisher’s Exact Test were used to investigate the association between HWC and mental health. Results and Conclusions: The study found an association between HWC and heightened psychological distress in rural communities residing in GMA areas. Further research is required to improve the symbiotic relationship between man and wildlife, considering the consequences of HWC on human well-being and mental health. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Smith, Loryn Janine
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Human-animal relationships Zambia Kafue National Park , Human–wildlife conflict , Wildlife management areas Zambia , Environmental psychology , Mental health , Well-being , Human-animal relationships Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/465843 , vital:76658
- Description: Background: Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a bi-directional relationship affecting man and wild animals. Both species suffer extreme consequences, including encroachment of man into wildlife habitats and the destruction of crops and livestock by wildlife foraging for food sources. HWC is particularly prominent in Game Management Areas (GMAs), situated as buffer zones around national parks. Subsequent conflict between man and wildlife leads to not only physical harm but also psychological distress, exacerbating the consequences for mental health. Objectives: A mixed methods design was used to investigate the effects of HWC on mental health. The study aimed to determine the hidden nature of HWC within a population residing in a GMA region in Kafue National Park, Zambia. Methods: Forty-two participants took part in this study, representing a diverse range of demographic characteristics. Of these, 40 participants completed quantitative measures investigating the effect of HWC on mental health. Additionally, eight participants participated in interviews on the nature of mental health in the context of HWC. Some interview participants also completed the quantitative measures, while others did not. Thematic analysis guided qualitative investigations, while Chi-Square Analyses and Fisher’s Exact Test were used to investigate the association between HWC and mental health. Results and Conclusions: The study found an association between HWC and heightened psychological distress in rural communities residing in GMA areas. Further research is required to improve the symbiotic relationship between man and wildlife, considering the consequences of HWC on human well-being and mental health. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
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The expression and evaluation of CrpeNPV gp37 as a formulation additive for enhanced infectivity with CrleGV-SA and improved Thaumatotibia leucotreta control
- Authors: Muleya, Naho
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Cryptophlebia leucotreta Biological control , False Codling Moth , Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus , Cryptophlebia peltastica nucleopolyhedrovirus , Citrus Diseases and pests South Africa , Baculoviruses
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463919 , vital:76457
- Description: Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a significant pest native to Africa, causing damage to citrus and posing a threat to the export of fresh citrus in South Africa. Classified as a phytosanitary risk by several South African export markets, this pest necessitates effective control measures. Baculoviruses emerge as promising biological control agents against T. leucotreta due to their inherent safety and eco-friendly characteristics. Among these, Cryptophlebia leucotreta Granulovirus (CrleGV-SA) and Cryptophlebia peltastica Nucleopolyhedrovirus (CrpeNPV) stand out, both causing larval mortality upon infecting T. leucotreta. CrleGV-SA has been formulated into the products Cryptogran™, CryptoMax™ and Cryptex®, while CrpeNPV has been formulated into the product Multimax™. Both viruses are used in integrated pest management programmes to reduce fruit damage in agricultural fields, with CrleGV-SA having been employed against T. leucotreta for nearly 20 years in South Africa. However, these control options are limited by factors such as virulence and the slow speed of kill. This limitation can be addressed by exploiting potential synergistic relationships between baculoviruses infecting the same host. Previous studies have demonstrated that the truncated CpGV gp37 can enhance the infectivity of NPVs on other lepidopteran pests, such as Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). Although the mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unclear, it presents an opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of baculovirus-based management strategies. Notably, the genome of CrpeNPV encodes gp37, while CrleGV-SA lacks this gene. The potential interaction between CrleGV-SA and CrpeNPV gp37 remains unexplored. Therefore, investigating whether they exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effects is essential for optimising baculovirus-based management of T. leucotreta. This study aims to express CrpeNPV gp37 in a bacterial system and then evaluate its effect on larval mortality when combined with CrleGV-SA in laboratory bioassays. The initial step involved extracting genomic DNA (gDNA) from occlusion bodies (OBs) of CrpeNPV. A modified Quick DNA Miniprep plus kit was utilised, which entailed pre-treatment with Na2CO3 followed by neutralisation with Tris-HCI before gDNA extraction using the kit. Subsequently, the concentration of the gDNA was estimated using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer. Oligonucleotides targeting the CrpeNPV gp37 gene were designed for PCR amplification, with the gDNA serving as a template. The gp37 amplicon was identified through agarose gel electrophoresis and then gel purified in preparation for cloning. Secondly, the purified PCR product was cloned into the intermediate vector pJET1.2/blunt and then subcloned into the bacterial expression vector pCA528 through DNA ligation. The construction of recombinant plasmids (pJET-gp37 and pCA-gp37) was conducted and verified using Colony PCR, plasmid extraction, restriction enzyme analysis, and Sanger sequencing. Thirdly, the recombinant protein (6×His-SUMO-gp37) was expressed and purified using Nickel affinity chromatography and analysed through SDS-PAGE and Western blot techniques. The expression of 6×His-SUMO-gp37 was carried out at both 25 °C and 18 °C. A time course induction study was conducted, inducing transformed cells for 0-, 3-, 5-, and 24-hours post induction (hpi). SDS-PAGE and Western blotting of samples collected at various time points revealed that 6×His-SUMO-gp37, approximately 42 kDa in size, was visible from 3 hpi, with maximal expression at 24 hpi. Solubility analysis of 6×His-SUMO-gp37 was performed at both temperatures, showing solubility at 18 °C but predominantly present in the insoluble fraction. The soluble protein was purified under native conditions, while the insoluble protein was purified under denaturing conditions. Despite being unable to elute 6×His-SUMO-gp37 under native conditions, successful elution was achieved under denaturing conditions, confirmed via Western blot analysis. No further experiments were conducted on the eluted 6×His-SUMO-gp37 under denaturing conditions. Lastly, a preliminary surface dose bioassay was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pelleted bacteria expressing 6×His-SUMO-gp37 in combination with CrleGV-SA against T. leucotreta neonates. Two lethal concentration doses of CrleGV-SA were prepared: a low concentration (2.96×104 OBs/mL) capable of killing 40 % of the T. leucotreta population, and a high concentration (2.96×105 OBs/mL) capable of killing 90 % of the population. The target protein, 6×His-SUMO-gp37, and the control, pCA528, were obtained by lysing the cells, centrifuging the samples, and collecting the insoluble fractions in pellet form. These fractions were then resuspended in PBS and used as treatments in combination with the prepared CrleGV-SA concentration doses. The concentration of the pellets was estimated using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm. The bioassay results revealed that the combination of 100 μg/mL of pelleted bacteria expressing 6×His-SUMO-gp37 with CrleGV-SA had no effect on T. leucotreta larval mortality compared to CrleGV-SA alone. A one-way ANOVA was performed to assess differences among the virus treatment groups, concluding that no statistically significant differences were observed among the groups. The experiments in this study provided valuable insights for future research, particularly in exploring the use of a protein-virus combination as a novel method for pest control. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry, Microbiology & Bioinformatics, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Muleya, Naho
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Cryptophlebia leucotreta Biological control , False Codling Moth , Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus , Cryptophlebia peltastica nucleopolyhedrovirus , Citrus Diseases and pests South Africa , Baculoviruses
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463919 , vital:76457
- Description: Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a significant pest native to Africa, causing damage to citrus and posing a threat to the export of fresh citrus in South Africa. Classified as a phytosanitary risk by several South African export markets, this pest necessitates effective control measures. Baculoviruses emerge as promising biological control agents against T. leucotreta due to their inherent safety and eco-friendly characteristics. Among these, Cryptophlebia leucotreta Granulovirus (CrleGV-SA) and Cryptophlebia peltastica Nucleopolyhedrovirus (CrpeNPV) stand out, both causing larval mortality upon infecting T. leucotreta. CrleGV-SA has been formulated into the products Cryptogran™, CryptoMax™ and Cryptex®, while CrpeNPV has been formulated into the product Multimax™. Both viruses are used in integrated pest management programmes to reduce fruit damage in agricultural fields, with CrleGV-SA having been employed against T. leucotreta for nearly 20 years in South Africa. However, these control options are limited by factors such as virulence and the slow speed of kill. This limitation can be addressed by exploiting potential synergistic relationships between baculoviruses infecting the same host. Previous studies have demonstrated that the truncated CpGV gp37 can enhance the infectivity of NPVs on other lepidopteran pests, such as Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). Although the mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unclear, it presents an opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of baculovirus-based management strategies. Notably, the genome of CrpeNPV encodes gp37, while CrleGV-SA lacks this gene. The potential interaction between CrleGV-SA and CrpeNPV gp37 remains unexplored. Therefore, investigating whether they exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effects is essential for optimising baculovirus-based management of T. leucotreta. This study aims to express CrpeNPV gp37 in a bacterial system and then evaluate its effect on larval mortality when combined with CrleGV-SA in laboratory bioassays. The initial step involved extracting genomic DNA (gDNA) from occlusion bodies (OBs) of CrpeNPV. A modified Quick DNA Miniprep plus kit was utilised, which entailed pre-treatment with Na2CO3 followed by neutralisation with Tris-HCI before gDNA extraction using the kit. Subsequently, the concentration of the gDNA was estimated using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer. Oligonucleotides targeting the CrpeNPV gp37 gene were designed for PCR amplification, with the gDNA serving as a template. The gp37 amplicon was identified through agarose gel electrophoresis and then gel purified in preparation for cloning. Secondly, the purified PCR product was cloned into the intermediate vector pJET1.2/blunt and then subcloned into the bacterial expression vector pCA528 through DNA ligation. The construction of recombinant plasmids (pJET-gp37 and pCA-gp37) was conducted and verified using Colony PCR, plasmid extraction, restriction enzyme analysis, and Sanger sequencing. Thirdly, the recombinant protein (6×His-SUMO-gp37) was expressed and purified using Nickel affinity chromatography and analysed through SDS-PAGE and Western blot techniques. The expression of 6×His-SUMO-gp37 was carried out at both 25 °C and 18 °C. A time course induction study was conducted, inducing transformed cells for 0-, 3-, 5-, and 24-hours post induction (hpi). SDS-PAGE and Western blotting of samples collected at various time points revealed that 6×His-SUMO-gp37, approximately 42 kDa in size, was visible from 3 hpi, with maximal expression at 24 hpi. Solubility analysis of 6×His-SUMO-gp37 was performed at both temperatures, showing solubility at 18 °C but predominantly present in the insoluble fraction. The soluble protein was purified under native conditions, while the insoluble protein was purified under denaturing conditions. Despite being unable to elute 6×His-SUMO-gp37 under native conditions, successful elution was achieved under denaturing conditions, confirmed via Western blot analysis. No further experiments were conducted on the eluted 6×His-SUMO-gp37 under denaturing conditions. Lastly, a preliminary surface dose bioassay was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pelleted bacteria expressing 6×His-SUMO-gp37 in combination with CrleGV-SA against T. leucotreta neonates. Two lethal concentration doses of CrleGV-SA were prepared: a low concentration (2.96×104 OBs/mL) capable of killing 40 % of the T. leucotreta population, and a high concentration (2.96×105 OBs/mL) capable of killing 90 % of the population. The target protein, 6×His-SUMO-gp37, and the control, pCA528, were obtained by lysing the cells, centrifuging the samples, and collecting the insoluble fractions in pellet form. These fractions were then resuspended in PBS and used as treatments in combination with the prepared CrleGV-SA concentration doses. The concentration of the pellets was estimated using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm. The bioassay results revealed that the combination of 100 μg/mL of pelleted bacteria expressing 6×His-SUMO-gp37 with CrleGV-SA had no effect on T. leucotreta larval mortality compared to CrleGV-SA alone. A one-way ANOVA was performed to assess differences among the virus treatment groups, concluding that no statistically significant differences were observed among the groups. The experiments in this study provided valuable insights for future research, particularly in exploring the use of a protein-virus combination as a novel method for pest control. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry, Microbiology & Bioinformatics, 2024
- Full Text:
The impact of corruption on stock market performance : evidence from BRICS
- Authors: Kapase, Siphe
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Corruption BRIC countries , Stock exchanges BRIC countries , BRIC countries , Autoregression (Statistics) , Corruption Perceptions Index
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462724 , vital:76329
- Description: This thesis examines the impact of corruption perception on stock market performance across BRICS nations from 2010 to 2022 using a primarily quantitative approach. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as Corruption as Grease, Corruption as Sand, and New Institutional Economics, the study employs the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. It explores how corruption perceptions influence stock market capitalization (MCAP) over various time horizons. It utilizes empirical data and advanced techniques like unit root testing and cointegration tests to provide insights into short-term fluctuations and long-term trends in financial markets. The findings reveal significant long-term negative effects of the corruption perception index (CPI) on MCAP. Higher levels of perceived corruption correlate with lower stock market capitalization over extended periods, underscoring the persistent impact of institutional weaknesses on market stability. Short-term analyses show varying adjustment speeds towards equilibrium among BRICS nations, reflecting different economic contexts and policy responses to corruption. The findings suggest that investors should focus on markets with lower corruption perceptions for better stock market performance and advise policymakers to enhance transparency to build more resilient financial markets. Future research should continue to explore the impact of corruption on BRICS nations. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Kapase, Siphe
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Corruption BRIC countries , Stock exchanges BRIC countries , BRIC countries , Autoregression (Statistics) , Corruption Perceptions Index
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462724 , vital:76329
- Description: This thesis examines the impact of corruption perception on stock market performance across BRICS nations from 2010 to 2022 using a primarily quantitative approach. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as Corruption as Grease, Corruption as Sand, and New Institutional Economics, the study employs the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. It explores how corruption perceptions influence stock market capitalization (MCAP) over various time horizons. It utilizes empirical data and advanced techniques like unit root testing and cointegration tests to provide insights into short-term fluctuations and long-term trends in financial markets. The findings reveal significant long-term negative effects of the corruption perception index (CPI) on MCAP. Higher levels of perceived corruption correlate with lower stock market capitalization over extended periods, underscoring the persistent impact of institutional weaknesses on market stability. Short-term analyses show varying adjustment speeds towards equilibrium among BRICS nations, reflecting different economic contexts and policy responses to corruption. The findings suggest that investors should focus on markets with lower corruption perceptions for better stock market performance and advise policymakers to enhance transparency to build more resilient financial markets. Future research should continue to explore the impact of corruption on BRICS nations. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
- Full Text:
The impact of Fintech firms on bank performance: analysing the South African case (2009-2021)
- Authors: Runyowa, Simon Simbarashe
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Fintech South Africa , Banks and banking South Africa , Financial institutions South Africa , Bank management , Payment system
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462812 , vital:76337
- Description: The growth of the Fintech Firm sector globally was inevitable, given the changes in consumer behaviour, expectations, and the ever-changing and evolving nature of technology. The sector saw a sharp increase during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and was driven by digital payments, government policy, less stringent regulation, and technological innovation. Unsurprisingly, South Africa was home to a mature and developing Fintech sector primarily driven by money transfers and mobile payments putting Fintech firms in the same market segment as traditional banks but with a more extensive potential customer base through offering easily accessible and lower-cost services. The relationship between the growth of the Fintech firm sector and Bank performance was widely researched within the literature with varying results. The study aimed to add to the body of literature and determine the nature of this relationship in the South African context. The study primarily aimed to determine the relationship and impact of the growth of the Fintech firm payments segment on the performance of the South African Banking sector. Additionally, the study aimed to measure the sector's growth by creating a Fintech Growth Index. Using the Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effect and the Generalized Method of Moments estimation techniques, estimations between Bank performance variables and the Fintech growth Index were analysed between 2009 and 2021. Firstly, the study found the growth of the Fintech payments segment to be positive. Secondly, the study found that the growth of the payment segment had a negative relationship and impact on the financial performance of South African banks. The findings of this study have implications for the development and regulatory framework of the South African Fintech sector as well as its interaction with the South African banking sector. Furthermore, policymakers may find that the growth of the Fintech Firm sector has overall positive benefits for financial inclusion for South African consumers. The study recommended that future research be taken to address the gap in the literature regarding the growth of the South African Fintech sector. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Runyowa, Simon Simbarashe
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Fintech South Africa , Banks and banking South Africa , Financial institutions South Africa , Bank management , Payment system
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/462812 , vital:76337
- Description: The growth of the Fintech Firm sector globally was inevitable, given the changes in consumer behaviour, expectations, and the ever-changing and evolving nature of technology. The sector saw a sharp increase during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and was driven by digital payments, government policy, less stringent regulation, and technological innovation. Unsurprisingly, South Africa was home to a mature and developing Fintech sector primarily driven by money transfers and mobile payments putting Fintech firms in the same market segment as traditional banks but with a more extensive potential customer base through offering easily accessible and lower-cost services. The relationship between the growth of the Fintech firm sector and Bank performance was widely researched within the literature with varying results. The study aimed to add to the body of literature and determine the nature of this relationship in the South African context. The study primarily aimed to determine the relationship and impact of the growth of the Fintech firm payments segment on the performance of the South African Banking sector. Additionally, the study aimed to measure the sector's growth by creating a Fintech Growth Index. Using the Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effect and the Generalized Method of Moments estimation techniques, estimations between Bank performance variables and the Fintech growth Index were analysed between 2009 and 2021. Firstly, the study found the growth of the Fintech payments segment to be positive. Secondly, the study found that the growth of the payment segment had a negative relationship and impact on the financial performance of South African banks. The findings of this study have implications for the development and regulatory framework of the South African Fintech sector as well as its interaction with the South African banking sector. Furthermore, policymakers may find that the growth of the Fintech Firm sector has overall positive benefits for financial inclusion for South African consumers. The study recommended that future research be taken to address the gap in the literature regarding the growth of the South African Fintech sector. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
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The impact of international investment agreements on FDI in developing countries and the implications for development policy
- Authors: Lomas, Djamella
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Investments, Foreign , Bilateral Investment Treaty , Gravity model of international trade , Developing countries Foreign economic relations , Developing countries Economic policy , BRIC countries
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463489 , vital:76413
- Description: This study investigates the impact of international investment agreements, specifically bilateral investment treaties (BITs), on inward Foreign direct investment (FDI) in recipient developing countries and the implications of such agreements for development policy. The study estimates a log-linear gravity model based on a unique dataset created to investigate whether the presence of BITs has a positive impact on inward FDI stock in 36 developing countries. The selection of countries attempts to capture a set of bilateral relationships that accounts for a significant proportion of inward FDI in developing countries. To test the hypothesis that signing BITs has a positive effect on inward FDI in developing countries it was necessary that all recipient countries be developing economies. However, investor countries are both developed and developing economies. Therefore, each bilateral FDI relationship is either between a developing recipient and developed investor country or between a developing recipient and developing investor country. For each recipient country, FDI stock data from investor countries for 2019 was obtained from the ITC’s Investment Map database (ITC, 2022). This yielded 1009 bilateral FDI relationships (observations for the dependent variable) after removing pairs for which certain explanatory variable data was not available. For the gravity model, GDP data was collected from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators Database (World Bank, 2023a), while the other traditional gravity variables were collected from the CEPII GeoDist Database (CEPII, 2011). Alongside the gravity variables, the study employs three additional control variables (two macroeconomic and one institutional) in certain specifications of the basic model, namely the exchange rate, inflation rate and an index of political stability. Data for the three additional variables was sourced from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook Database (IMF, 2022) for the macroeconomic variables and the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators Database (World Bank, 2023b) in the case of the political stability index. To examine the key question of the impact of BITs on bilateral FDI, a number of BITs dummy variables are created to investigate, firstly, whether having signed a BIT impacts on FDI in developing countries and, secondly, whether having a BIT in force significantly impacts on FDI in developing countries. Thereafter, in each case, dummy variables are created to investigate whether there is a significant difference between the impact on FDI of having a BIT signed or in force between a developed and developing country specifically, and having a BIT signed or in force between two developing countries. In order to examine the implications for development policy, the thesis analyses case studies of selected BITs between developed and developing economies, as well as those between developing economies. The texts of the BIT documents were obtained from the UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub Database (UNCTAD, 2023b). The results of the study reveal that, on average, signing and/or having a BIT in force has a significant positive impact on the inward FDI stock of the recipient developing country from the outward investor country. This positive impact is found to be even stronger in the case of BITs between developed and developing countries. However, there is no significant impact on inward FDI for BITs signed between two developing countries. The study finds that GDP of the recipient and investor country, existence of a common official language and the distance between countries all have a significant impact on FDI in the recipient developing country, and are signed as expected in the gravity literature. The existence of a common border is weakly significant in some specifications of the basic model and not significant in others. The additional control variables are all significant and signed as expected in the literature. The study contributes to the literature by distinguishing, not only between the impact of BITs signed versus BITs in force on inward FDI in developing countries, but also by distinguishing between the impact of BITs on FDI when the partners are developed and developing countries versus when both partners are developing countries. The study also finds that, in an effort to attract FDI, developing countries have signed BITs which carry obligations that extend significant protection measures to foreign investors. However, such protections are offered at the expense of sovereign interests. The study finds that this has served to significantly reduce the policy space available for developing countries to attract FDI that is aligned to their sustainable development needs. The limitations of the study are as follows. The gravity specification is cross-sectional, and a panel data approach could be recommended for future work. Furthermore, the traditional OLS gravity specification has a number of disadvantages and different types of estimator could be used in future work, software permitting. In addition, the impact on FDI of the termination of BITs could be investigated, as sufficient data is becoming available for such an approach. Finally, it is difficult to generalise from the case study analysis undertaken of specific BITs provisions because of the limited number of BITs examined in the thesis. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Lomas, Djamella
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Investments, Foreign , Bilateral Investment Treaty , Gravity model of international trade , Developing countries Foreign economic relations , Developing countries Economic policy , BRIC countries
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463489 , vital:76413
- Description: This study investigates the impact of international investment agreements, specifically bilateral investment treaties (BITs), on inward Foreign direct investment (FDI) in recipient developing countries and the implications of such agreements for development policy. The study estimates a log-linear gravity model based on a unique dataset created to investigate whether the presence of BITs has a positive impact on inward FDI stock in 36 developing countries. The selection of countries attempts to capture a set of bilateral relationships that accounts for a significant proportion of inward FDI in developing countries. To test the hypothesis that signing BITs has a positive effect on inward FDI in developing countries it was necessary that all recipient countries be developing economies. However, investor countries are both developed and developing economies. Therefore, each bilateral FDI relationship is either between a developing recipient and developed investor country or between a developing recipient and developing investor country. For each recipient country, FDI stock data from investor countries for 2019 was obtained from the ITC’s Investment Map database (ITC, 2022). This yielded 1009 bilateral FDI relationships (observations for the dependent variable) after removing pairs for which certain explanatory variable data was not available. For the gravity model, GDP data was collected from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators Database (World Bank, 2023a), while the other traditional gravity variables were collected from the CEPII GeoDist Database (CEPII, 2011). Alongside the gravity variables, the study employs three additional control variables (two macroeconomic and one institutional) in certain specifications of the basic model, namely the exchange rate, inflation rate and an index of political stability. Data for the three additional variables was sourced from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook Database (IMF, 2022) for the macroeconomic variables and the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators Database (World Bank, 2023b) in the case of the political stability index. To examine the key question of the impact of BITs on bilateral FDI, a number of BITs dummy variables are created to investigate, firstly, whether having signed a BIT impacts on FDI in developing countries and, secondly, whether having a BIT in force significantly impacts on FDI in developing countries. Thereafter, in each case, dummy variables are created to investigate whether there is a significant difference between the impact on FDI of having a BIT signed or in force between a developed and developing country specifically, and having a BIT signed or in force between two developing countries. In order to examine the implications for development policy, the thesis analyses case studies of selected BITs between developed and developing economies, as well as those between developing economies. The texts of the BIT documents were obtained from the UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub Database (UNCTAD, 2023b). The results of the study reveal that, on average, signing and/or having a BIT in force has a significant positive impact on the inward FDI stock of the recipient developing country from the outward investor country. This positive impact is found to be even stronger in the case of BITs between developed and developing countries. However, there is no significant impact on inward FDI for BITs signed between two developing countries. The study finds that GDP of the recipient and investor country, existence of a common official language and the distance between countries all have a significant impact on FDI in the recipient developing country, and are signed as expected in the gravity literature. The existence of a common border is weakly significant in some specifications of the basic model and not significant in others. The additional control variables are all significant and signed as expected in the literature. The study contributes to the literature by distinguishing, not only between the impact of BITs signed versus BITs in force on inward FDI in developing countries, but also by distinguishing between the impact of BITs on FDI when the partners are developed and developing countries versus when both partners are developing countries. The study also finds that, in an effort to attract FDI, developing countries have signed BITs which carry obligations that extend significant protection measures to foreign investors. However, such protections are offered at the expense of sovereign interests. The study finds that this has served to significantly reduce the policy space available for developing countries to attract FDI that is aligned to their sustainable development needs. The limitations of the study are as follows. The gravity specification is cross-sectional, and a panel data approach could be recommended for future work. Furthermore, the traditional OLS gravity specification has a number of disadvantages and different types of estimator could be used in future work, software permitting. In addition, the impact on FDI of the termination of BITs could be investigated, as sufficient data is becoming available for such an approach. Finally, it is difficult to generalise from the case study analysis undertaken of specific BITs provisions because of the limited number of BITs examined in the thesis. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
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The influence of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SME success in South Africa
- Authors: Sisusa, Ubenathi
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Financial services industry South Africa , Democratization of finance , Small business Finance , Small and medium enterprises , Resource-based view
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463527 , vital:76417
- Description: The success rate of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa is still low due to the majority failing in their early stages of initiation. The main reasons why SMEs fail can be ascribed to their lack of access to financial services and effective financial management practices. Access to financial services refers to the ability of SMEs to obtain financial products and services from formal financial institutions at affordable prices, while effective financial management practices refer to the adoption of cash and credit management practices to efficiently manage finances within the SMEs. This study investigated the influence of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SME success in South Africa. Access to financial services was measured by SMEs’ access to transactional bank accounts, savings accounts, credit facilities, and insurance products. Effective financial management practices were measured according to their cash and credit management practices. Lastly, SME success was measured as SMEs operating for over five years, reporting growth according to the owner’s perception, and earning annual profits of R15 000 and above. This study applied the quantitative research design to investigate the influence of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SME success in South Africa. The study used existing data collected by Ipsos for the FinMark Trust FinScope South Africa MSME 2020 with a sample of 4 897 respondents. The study used secondary data to investigate the independent variables, namely access to financial services and effective financial management practices, on the dependent variable, SME success. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the multiple regression analysis were used to test the hypotheses of the study. The results showed that these SMEs were mostly from the Gauteng Province (40%), the majority had between 11 and 50 employees (76%), and the owner was the manager (73%). Pearson’s correlation coefficient results showed a significant positive correlation between access to financial services and SME success. It also showed a significant positive correlation between effective financial management practices and SME success. Furthermore, this study’s multiple regression analysis showed that access to financial services and effective financial management practices significantly influence SME success. Thus, SMEs with access to financial services (transactional bank accounts, savings accounts, credit facilities, and insurance products) and adopting effective financial management practices such as cash and credit management are likely to succeed. This study emphasises the importance of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SMEs’ success. Therefore, it is recommended that to enhance SME success, SMEs need to open transactional bank accounts as soon as they start operating to ensure that they build favourable profiles with the financial institutions to gain access to other financial services such as credit facilities and insurance products. Furthermore, in terms of effective financial management practices, SMEs need to adopt the relevant cash and credit management practices, ensuring that they can meet the financial institutions’ requirements, subsequently enabling them to access financial services. Lastly, this study recommends that financial institutions offer relevant and affordable financial products and services to SMEs to ensure they can access more financial services. This study contributes to SMEs and formal financial institutions in South Africa by identifying the factors that influence SME success, the measures that SME owners can put in place for the SMEs to be successful, the role that formal financial institutions play in enabling SMEs’ success, and the changes they can implement to aid SMEs to access financial services at affordable costs. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Management, 2024
- Full Text:
- Authors: Sisusa, Ubenathi
- Date: 2024-10-11
- Subjects: Financial services industry South Africa , Democratization of finance , Small business Finance , Small and medium enterprises , Resource-based view
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/463527 , vital:76417
- Description: The success rate of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa is still low due to the majority failing in their early stages of initiation. The main reasons why SMEs fail can be ascribed to their lack of access to financial services and effective financial management practices. Access to financial services refers to the ability of SMEs to obtain financial products and services from formal financial institutions at affordable prices, while effective financial management practices refer to the adoption of cash and credit management practices to efficiently manage finances within the SMEs. This study investigated the influence of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SME success in South Africa. Access to financial services was measured by SMEs’ access to transactional bank accounts, savings accounts, credit facilities, and insurance products. Effective financial management practices were measured according to their cash and credit management practices. Lastly, SME success was measured as SMEs operating for over five years, reporting growth according to the owner’s perception, and earning annual profits of R15 000 and above. This study applied the quantitative research design to investigate the influence of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SME success in South Africa. The study used existing data collected by Ipsos for the FinMark Trust FinScope South Africa MSME 2020 with a sample of 4 897 respondents. The study used secondary data to investigate the independent variables, namely access to financial services and effective financial management practices, on the dependent variable, SME success. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the multiple regression analysis were used to test the hypotheses of the study. The results showed that these SMEs were mostly from the Gauteng Province (40%), the majority had between 11 and 50 employees (76%), and the owner was the manager (73%). Pearson’s correlation coefficient results showed a significant positive correlation between access to financial services and SME success. It also showed a significant positive correlation between effective financial management practices and SME success. Furthermore, this study’s multiple regression analysis showed that access to financial services and effective financial management practices significantly influence SME success. Thus, SMEs with access to financial services (transactional bank accounts, savings accounts, credit facilities, and insurance products) and adopting effective financial management practices such as cash and credit management are likely to succeed. This study emphasises the importance of access to financial services and effective financial management practices on SMEs’ success. Therefore, it is recommended that to enhance SME success, SMEs need to open transactional bank accounts as soon as they start operating to ensure that they build favourable profiles with the financial institutions to gain access to other financial services such as credit facilities and insurance products. Furthermore, in terms of effective financial management practices, SMEs need to adopt the relevant cash and credit management practices, ensuring that they can meet the financial institutions’ requirements, subsequently enabling them to access financial services. Lastly, this study recommends that financial institutions offer relevant and affordable financial products and services to SMEs to ensure they can access more financial services. This study contributes to SMEs and formal financial institutions in South Africa by identifying the factors that influence SME success, the measures that SME owners can put in place for the SMEs to be successful, the role that formal financial institutions play in enabling SMEs’ success, and the changes they can implement to aid SMEs to access financial services at affordable costs. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Management, 2024
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