The utilisation of Asolla filiculoides Lam. as a biofertiliser under dryland conditions
- Authors: Kiguli, Lillian Nakibuuka
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Asolla as fertilizer
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4206 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003775 , Asolla as fertilizer
- Description: The response of wheat to soil fertilised with varying quantities of the water fern Azolla filiculoides was investigated. Experiments were conducted to differentiate between the effects of increased soil mineral status and water status. In the preliminary investigation, experiments were carried out in the greenhouse using potted wheat grown in sand with varying proportions of A. filiculoides that had been subjected tovarious pre-treatments. The pre-treatments were fresh, dry and heated A. filiculoides applied at 20%, 50% and 80% volume per 3000 ml. There were significant differences in the measured growth parameters between the plants grown in the various treatments. In addition, the grain yield of wheat plants varied with the different treatments. Results of the preliminary study showed that the addition of heated and dried A. filiculoides resulted in significantly better growth than the addition of fresh A. filiculoides in sand. For fresh biomass, grain weights, Leaf area ratio (LAR) and relative growth rate (RGR), the performance of dried A. filiculoides was as good as that of the heated A. filiculoides. Productivity of wheat in the heated treatments increased significantly with increasing proportion of A. filiculoides added to sand, while in dry treatments there were no significant increases in productivity in the preliminary study. This supported the hypothesis that A. filiculoides, a notorious water weed can be put to agricultural use under dryland conditions in poor nutrient soils. Further investigations using dried A. filiculoides in sand and topsoil showed that the use of the same amounts of the dried fern made no significant short term impact on topsoil grown winter wheat but significantly improved the productivity of wheat in sand. Results showed that the addition of dried 20% Azolla to sand improved the soil fertility to levels equalling the quality of the control topsoil, but the addition of 80% Azolla to sand led to significantly greater wheat productivity than all other treatments. The addition of dried 20% Azolla (8.14 × 10^3 kg ha^(-1)) in sand produced as much wheat biomass as the addition of the recommended NPK fertiliser (30 kg N ha^(-1)) to sand. A comparison between the topsoil and sand-grown plants showed differences in flowering time but these had no effect on the final grain and above ground biomass.
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Theatre voice as metaphor : the advocacy of a praxis based on the centrality of voice to performance
- Authors: Mills, Elizabeth
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Voice , Voice culture , Acting
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2141 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002373 , Voice , Voice culture , Acting
- Description: This study proposes a view of theatre voice as central to performance. It proposes a shift in paradigm through the foregrounding of the function of theatre voice as one of the creative strands of the theatre matrix. The function of theatre voice becomes a theatrical function. Theatre is created in the voice and, therefore, any act of theatre should include conscious questions about the meanings that are, or can be evoked through the voice in theatre. A second thrust to this study is that theatre voice practice should be included in, and theatre voice practitioners should actively engage in, broader debates about theatre. Introduction: The idea that the voice in performance is the enactment of conscious theatrical choices is set up through the notion of the theatrical use of the voice. The introduction outlines the kinds of performance contexts in which a theatrical use of the voice takes shape. This includes an assessment of the degree to which the specific South African context of the writer is useful to questions about a theatrical use of the voice. The concepts which are central to such a view of theatre voice are expanded. These are: the theatrical agency of the actor, theatre voice, the theatrical use of the voice and praxis. Selected examples from local and other productions are offered to illustrate a range of interpretive possibilities open to the voice when considered, in the first instance, as performance. Chapter one: The actor’s relationship with voice is explored through the notion of actor agency. Historically, actors were theatrically empowered by a closer involvement with playwriting, staging, apprenticeship forms of actor training and theatre management. It is argued that the emergence of the director as a new theatrical agent has diminished this actor agency. On the other hand, the introduction of a realist acting methodology has given the actor autonomy of craft, empowering the actor in unprecedented ways. The theatrical agency of actors, directors and theatre voice practitioners is explored as influencing the status and the perception of theatre voice within theatre. The proposal of the centrality of voice to performance is dependent on the agency of actors, directors and theatre voice practitioners. Chapter two: It is argued that an Aristotelian Poetics of Voice has, under the influence of realism, developed into a “Poetics of the Self”. The paradigmatic shift proposed through a view of the voice as central to theatre, is explored through a post realist, intertextuality of voice. This includes a re-consideration of the contemporary theatre voice notion of the “natural” voice. Chapter three: Cicely Berry’s work, with particular reference to The Actor and his Text (1987), is analysed in terms of realism and the theatrical use of the voice. A second focus in the analysis of Berry’s work supports the argument that voice practitioners theorise positions for theatre voice even though their texts are practical and technically orientated. Berry’s work is singled out here because the contemporary practice of the Central School tradition is the generic tradition of South African English theatre voice practice. Chapter four: Strategies and constructs are proposed in support of the centrality of voice to the theatre. Ways of realising a theatrical use of the voice are also suggested. This is based on a shift in the way in which practitioners think about theatre voice. In the first instance, it is suggested that practitioners move beyond positions of polarity and actively embrace that which is contradictory in theatre and theatre voice practice. Secondly, a traditional hermeneutic understanding of the interpretation of voice is challenged. Thirdly, the use of metaphor which is pertinent to actors, directors and voice practitioners is explored as a means to vocal action. Concrete examples of the creative use of the voice, are provided through the sonic texts of Performance Writing. By way of conclusion, some ideas are offered about the issue of empowering the actor in a theatrical use of the voice. This study is intended to contribute to a theoretical and practical debate which will promote the argument for the centrality of voice to performance.
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Therapists' constructs of healthy functioning as aspirational goal in transformative psychotherapy
- Authors: Steyn, Reinette
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Psychotherapy , Mental health -- South Africa , Mental health
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3064 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002573 , Psychotherapy , Mental health -- South Africa , Mental health
- Description: This dissertation reviews the ways in which psychotherapists working in relatively long-term 'transformational' therapies construct the outcome goals of their interventions. It is generally accepted that a therapist's beliefs about what constitutes mental health will influence the client, and will therefore facilitate a certain outcome accordingly. A problem in a long-term, 'non-directive' therapy is that the eventual outcome is not always visible in the interim development of the client or in the business of individual sessions. Without a clearly defined 'plan' or 'goal' there is a real danger of the intervention having opposite results to what would have been desirable, or no noticeably beneficial results, both of which can be an abuse of the client's investment and trust in the process. The absence of clearly constructed goals makes it difficult to assess efficacy of a therapeutic method used to attain an improved state of mental health that will be lasting, i.e. a positive 'transformation'; it also problematises comparisons across orientations. The identification of explicit goals is of special importance in a developing 'third-world' community like South Africa, where western ('European') concepts of mental health are being offered as an alternative to so-called 'indigenous healing' and where different cultural communities may have different expectations, needs or demands of their members 'in health'. Individual-based therapeutic orientations included in the research were psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapies, including object-relational therapies with various emphases and self psychology, as well as transformative types of hypnosis, Gestalt therapy, client-centred therapy and transactional analysis. Twenty of the semi-structured interviews with 52 therapists working in one or more of these areas were selected for construct analysis. Through analysis of the constructs of mental health as aspirational goal that emerged in therapists' talking about their experience of the process and the consequences of therapy observed in their patients, it appeared that there are generalisable constructs across various orientations in the transformative therapies. It is hoped that these constructs may serve as a foundation for further research in the problem areas indicated, but also that therapists working in the field may use this research not only as a basis for self-evaluation, but for adding to the constructs from their own experience, to the further enrichment of the whole field of work.
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Towards an understanding of the role of commercialisation in programming at the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation from 1995 to 1998 : a case study
- Authors: Chikunkhuzeni, Francis Chim'ndomo
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Malawi Broadcasting Corporation , Broadcasting -- Malawi , Public broadcasting -- Malawi , Broadcasting policy -- Malawi , Broadcast advertising -- Malawi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3422 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002875 , Malawi Broadcasting Corporation , Broadcasting -- Malawi , Public broadcasting -- Malawi , Broadcasting policy -- Malawi , Broadcast advertising -- Malawi
- Description: Competition in many market-driven media systems in advanced industrial countries can sometimes compromise traditional public service broadcast values such as programming for diversity, citizenship, minority interests and national identity. This study investigates the presence and effects of commercial-logic in a state-owned broadcaster in a developing country: the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation. Using indepth interviews and analysis of records on finance and programme schedules, the study finds overwhelming indicators of the presence of commercial logic, not driven by competition, but a commitment to provide a public service under deteriorating financial conditions. Distinguishing between the impacts of advertising and sponsorship markets on media output, the study finds contradictory effects of commercialisation. Some effects confirm some of the adverse effects of commercialisation such as heavy sponsorinfluence on programme content, self-censorship among programme producers who avoid injuring sponsors and producers paying more attention to sponsored programmes at the expense ofthe quality of some non-sponsored public service programmes. However, effects are not always contrary to public service broadcasting but may Indeed reinforce such broadcasting. Commercialisation in some instances has led to the sustenance of a range of non-sponsored public service programmes including programmes to promote culture and civic rights. In general, this study highlights the need to focus on what is realistically possible within the dynamics of the Malawi Society as a precondition for a proactive and elaborate strategy for commercialisation ofthe country's public broadcaster.
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Transcribing tales, creating cultural identities an analysis of selected written english texts of Xhosa folktales
- Authors: Naidu, Samantha
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Tales -- South Africa , Folklore -- South Africa , Xhosa literature -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2187 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002229 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-8657 , Tales -- South Africa , Folklore -- South Africa , Xhosa literature -- History and criticism
- Description: This thesis maps a marriage of postcolonial theory and folklore studies. The progeny of this marriage is an analytic tool which can suitably and effectively tackle the subject of written folktale texts, whether they be part of a nineteenth century colonialist discourse, or a twenty-first century nationalist discourse. First, GM Theal's collection of folktale texts, Kaffir Folklore (1882), is analysed as part of his specific colonialist discourse. Theal formulated for himself, and for the Xhosa peoples, identities which consolidated the colonialisms he supported. I argue that these folktale texts, although a part of Theal's colonialist discourse, are hybrid, containing the voices of both coloniser and colonised. Second, the position of contemporary written folktales in a neo-colonialist and >new nationalist discourse=, is examined. The optimistic belief of scholars and authors, that folktales are a means of bridging cultural gaps, is questioned. Finally, it is shown that authors of folktale texts can synthesise diverse literary traditions in a hybrid artform. This synthesis, to some extent, embodies the >new nationalist= aim of a unified national cultural identity in South Africa. The central value of recognising the role of folktale texts in colonialist and nationalist discourses lies in the awareness that this type of literary activity in South Africa is a cross-cultural practice. The confluence of voices which constitutes these folktale texts, reveals that our stories are intertwined. In the past, the discourses of colonialism and apartheid controlled the formation of the diverse and hierarchised cultural identities of South Africa. But this is not to say that alternative stories of self-fashioning and cultural self-determination did not exist. In the folktale texts of writers such as Mhlope, Jordan, and even in Theal's colonial collection, different mediums, literary heritages and styles converge to create narratives which speak of cross-cultural interaction and the empowerment of the black voice. In post-apartheid South Africa, there is even greater opportunity to reshape stories, to recreate selves, and to redefine intercultural relations. This thesis has outlined how some of those stories, which use folktale texts as their central trope, are constructed and commodified. Not only do these reinvented folktale texts embody the heterogeneous cultural influences of South Africa, they also have the potential to promote, first, the understanding of cultural differences, and second, the acceptance of the notion of cultural hybridity in our society.
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Visual literacy in adult basic education : a study of ABET learners' visual perception with regard to their general level of English second language learning
- Authors: Bouwer, Anne Margaret
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- Foreign speakers Visual literacy -- South Africa Adult education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1821 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003707
- Description: Adult learners face many difficulties in their learning programmes, particularly due to the fact that having mastered literacy in their mother tongues, they move on to further educational programmes which are mostly produced in English. In contemporary society, people need to be adept in a number of literacies, termed multiliteracies. Adult learners are rarely taught visual competence as visual images are relegated to illustrations for written texts, and attention is mainly focussed on the all-important written word. Adult basic education learners need to be able to interpret pictures in books, newspapers and magazines, just as much as they need to be able to read and write. It is the premise of this research that visual literacy enhances thinking skills and that adult learners need to be actively taught how to interpret visual images in order to more ably deal with the written word, the more 'important' part of literacy. The goals of this research are to develop understanding of the processes which go into understanding images and text, and to examine how pictures can be used to help adult learners develop proficiency in English. Another goal is to teach learners the basics of visual literacy so as to improve their comprehension of the plethora of images surrounding them. The research findings could help to inform adult educators facing the current crisis in Adult Basic Education and Training in South Africa, focusing on a little-studied aspect of literacy, visual literacy, one of the critical outcomes in the new South African curriculum for Adult Education and one of the multiliteracies required by citizens of today's world.
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Water requirements and distribution of Ammophila arenaria and Scaevola plumieri on South African coastal dunes
- Authors: Peter, Craig Ingram
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Scaevola plumieri , Sand dune plants , Sand dune planting , Plants -- Transpiration , Sandworts , Plant-water relationships , Evapotranspiration , Plants, Effect of heat on
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4219 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003788 , Scaevola plumieri , Sand dune plants , Sand dune planting , Plants -- Transpiration , Sandworts , Plant-water relationships , Evapotranspiration , Plants, Effect of heat on
- Description: Phenomenological models are presented which predicts transpiration rates (E) of individual leaves of Scaevola plumieri, an indigenous dune pioneer, and Ammophila arenaria, an exotic grass species introduced to stabilise mobile sand. In both cases E is predictably related to atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD). VPD is calculated from measurements of ambient temperature and humidity, hence, where these two environmental variables are known, E can be calculated. Possible physiological reasons for the relationships of E to VPD in both species are discussed. Scaling from measurements of E at the leaf level to the canopy level is achieved by summing the leaf area of the canopy in question. E is predicted for the entire canopy leaf area by extrapolation to this larger leaf area. Predicted transpiration rates of individual shoot within the canopy were tested gravimetrically and shown to be accurate in the case of S. plumieri, but less so in the case of A. arenaria. Using this model, the amount of water used by a known area of sand dune is shown to be less than the rainfall input in the case of S. plumieri in wet and dry years. The water use of A. arenaria exceeds rainfall in the low-rainfall year of 1995, while in 1998 rainfall input is slightly higher than water extraction by the plants. Using a geographic information system (GIS), regional maps (surfaces) of transpiration were calculated from surfaces of mean monthly temperature and mean monthly relative humidity. Monthly surfaces of transpiration were subtracted from the monthly median rainfall to produce a surface of mean monthly water deficit. Areas of water surpluses along the coast correspond with the recorded distribution of both species in the seasons that the plants are most actively growing and reproducing. This suggests that unfavourable water availability during these two species growth periods limit their distributions along the coast. In addition to unfavourable water deficits, additional climatic variables that may be important in limiting the distribution of these two species were investigated using a discriminant function analysis.
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