The underreporting of sexual violence against women in the Camdeboo
- Authors: Luyt, Derek
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Women -- Violence against -- South Africa -- Camdeboo, Plains of Abused women -- South Africa -- Camdeboo, Plains of Sexual abuse victims -- South Africa -- Camdeboo, Plains of Camdeboo, Plains of (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2796 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003006
- Description: This thesis examines the underreporting of sexual violence against women in the Camdeboo. It is based on a survey of 971 women living in the Camdeboo aged fifteen and older. The thesis considers, with reference to relevant secondary literature, methodological issues pertinent to conducting survey research into violence against women. While many survey researchers into violence against women argue that behaviourally specific questions lead to higher rates of disclosure, the survey on which this thesis is based employed complex and open-ended questions to allow respondents to record their own definitions of physical and sexual abuse. 31,2 percent of the women surveyed disclosed having experienced sexual abuse, but 76,7 percent did not report this abuse to the police. The thesis explores the patterns of sexual abuse of women in the Camdeboo and the factors influencing the underreporting of such abuse. While it was possible to establish correlations between certain socio-demographic variables and the underreporting of sexual abuse, such correlations should be treated with caution. The survey found that women were far more likely to report (and disclose) sexual assaults by strangers than by people known to them, particularly intimate partners. Sexual abuse in intimate relations was found to be strongly associated with physical abuse, and women who had experienced sexual and physical abuse within intimate relationships were more likely to report their physical abuse to the police than their sexual abuse. However, the majority of women, particularly poor and economically dependent women, believed that reporting their intimate partner abuse to the police would not end it, and might even place them at greater risk. The evidence suggests that these perceptions are accurate. Under current circumstances, reporting sexual abuse to the police may not be the best help-seeking strategy available to many sexually abused women, and alternative sources of help may be more appropriate. Consideration should be given to directing more resources into such alternatives.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Luyt, Derek
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Women -- Violence against -- South Africa -- Camdeboo, Plains of Abused women -- South Africa -- Camdeboo, Plains of Sexual abuse victims -- South Africa -- Camdeboo, Plains of Camdeboo, Plains of (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2796 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003006
- Description: This thesis examines the underreporting of sexual violence against women in the Camdeboo. It is based on a survey of 971 women living in the Camdeboo aged fifteen and older. The thesis considers, with reference to relevant secondary literature, methodological issues pertinent to conducting survey research into violence against women. While many survey researchers into violence against women argue that behaviourally specific questions lead to higher rates of disclosure, the survey on which this thesis is based employed complex and open-ended questions to allow respondents to record their own definitions of physical and sexual abuse. 31,2 percent of the women surveyed disclosed having experienced sexual abuse, but 76,7 percent did not report this abuse to the police. The thesis explores the patterns of sexual abuse of women in the Camdeboo and the factors influencing the underreporting of such abuse. While it was possible to establish correlations between certain socio-demographic variables and the underreporting of sexual abuse, such correlations should be treated with caution. The survey found that women were far more likely to report (and disclose) sexual assaults by strangers than by people known to them, particularly intimate partners. Sexual abuse in intimate relations was found to be strongly associated with physical abuse, and women who had experienced sexual and physical abuse within intimate relationships were more likely to report their physical abuse to the police than their sexual abuse. However, the majority of women, particularly poor and economically dependent women, believed that reporting their intimate partner abuse to the police would not end it, and might even place them at greater risk. The evidence suggests that these perceptions are accurate. Under current circumstances, reporting sexual abuse to the police may not be the best help-seeking strategy available to many sexually abused women, and alternative sources of help may be more appropriate. Consideration should be given to directing more resources into such alternatives.
- Full Text:
The value of the middleman in the supply chain of South African tyre production
- Authors: Cornelius, André G
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Tires -- Industrialists -- South Africa Tire Industry -- South Africa Commercial agents -- South Africa Business logistics -- Management -- South Africa Physical distribution of goods -- Management Commercial agents -- South Africa Marketing channels -- Management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:770 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003891
- Description: Only a few middlemen linking chemical intermediate product supply to world tyre productions have managed to survive new direct business models. In fact, the only region, where the practice of using a middleman in the supply chain of tyre production, for a certain primary manufacturer, is in South Africa. Tyre producers in other world regions, similar in market complexity to South Africa, have experienced the elimination of the middleman. Hence the question of this research, why is the middleman in the supply chain of tyre production in South Africa still a better option than that of direct business models? To begin with, the thesis stated that the middleman in the supply chain of South African tyre producers delivers better value than that of the direct business model. To prove/disprove this thesis, the principle that value is a trade-off between what you get for what you give was the basis of this research (Zeithaml, 1998). Further, a model was developed, from secondary literature, to conceptualise this trade-off to provide evidence to prove/disprove that the middleman provides greater value than value from the direct business model. From this point, the research approach was to collect data through interviews to find out the most important aspect of value created by the middleman. Data collected were analysed, using the structure of the model as a guide, to find evidence of the trade-off. This analysis provided evidence that the relationship between the middleman and the tyre producers in South Africa and between the middleman and primary product supplier is the value that the direct business model cannot replace.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Cornelius, André G
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Tires -- Industrialists -- South Africa Tire Industry -- South Africa Commercial agents -- South Africa Business logistics -- Management -- South Africa Physical distribution of goods -- Management Commercial agents -- South Africa Marketing channels -- Management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:770 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003891
- Description: Only a few middlemen linking chemical intermediate product supply to world tyre productions have managed to survive new direct business models. In fact, the only region, where the practice of using a middleman in the supply chain of tyre production, for a certain primary manufacturer, is in South Africa. Tyre producers in other world regions, similar in market complexity to South Africa, have experienced the elimination of the middleman. Hence the question of this research, why is the middleman in the supply chain of tyre production in South Africa still a better option than that of direct business models? To begin with, the thesis stated that the middleman in the supply chain of South African tyre producers delivers better value than that of the direct business model. To prove/disprove this thesis, the principle that value is a trade-off between what you get for what you give was the basis of this research (Zeithaml, 1998). Further, a model was developed, from secondary literature, to conceptualise this trade-off to provide evidence to prove/disprove that the middleman provides greater value than value from the direct business model. From this point, the research approach was to collect data through interviews to find out the most important aspect of value created by the middleman. Data collected were analysed, using the structure of the model as a guide, to find evidence of the trade-off. This analysis provided evidence that the relationship between the middleman and the tyre producers in South Africa and between the middleman and primary product supplier is the value that the direct business model cannot replace.
- Full Text:
The variability and predictability of the IRI shape parameters over Grahamstown, South Africa
- Authors: Chimidza, Oyapo
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Ionosphere -- Mathematical models -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5496 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005282 , Ionosphere -- Mathematical models -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper -- South Africa
- Description: The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) shape parameters B0, B1, and D1 provide a representation of the shape of the F2 layer, the thickness of the F2 layer and the shape of the F1 layer of the ionosphere respectively. The aim of this study was to examine the variability of these parameters using Grahamstown, South Africa (33.3±S, 26.5±E) ionosonde data and determine their predictability by the IRI-2001 model. A further aim of this study was to investigate developing an alternative model for predicting these parameters. These parameters can be determined from electron density profiles that are inverted from ionograms recorded with an ionosonde. Data representing the B0, B1 and D1 parameters, with half hourly or hourly intervals, were scaled and deduced from the digital pulse sounder (DPS) ionosonde for the period April 1996 to December 2006. An analysis of the diurnal, seasonal, and solar variations of the behaviour of these parameters was undertaken for the years 2000, 2004 and 2005 using monthly medians. Comparisons between the observational results and that of the IRI model (IRI 2001 version) indicate that the IRI-2001 model does not accurately represent the diurnal and seasonal variation of the parameters. A preliminary model was thus developed using the technique of Neural Networks (NNs). All available data from the Grahamstown ionosonde from 1996 to 2006 were used in the training of the NNs and the prediction of the variation of the shape parameters. Inputs to the model were the day number, the hour of day, the solar activity and the magnetic index. Comparisons between the preliminary NN model and the IRI-2001 model indicated that the preliminary model was more accurate at the prediction of the parameters than the IRI-2001 model. This analysis showed the need to improve the existing IRI model or develop a new model for the South African region. This thesis describes the results from this feasibility study which show the variability and predictability of the IRI shape parameters.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Chimidza, Oyapo
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Ionosphere -- Mathematical models -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5496 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005282 , Ionosphere -- Mathematical models -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper -- South Africa
- Description: The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) shape parameters B0, B1, and D1 provide a representation of the shape of the F2 layer, the thickness of the F2 layer and the shape of the F1 layer of the ionosphere respectively. The aim of this study was to examine the variability of these parameters using Grahamstown, South Africa (33.3±S, 26.5±E) ionosonde data and determine their predictability by the IRI-2001 model. A further aim of this study was to investigate developing an alternative model for predicting these parameters. These parameters can be determined from electron density profiles that are inverted from ionograms recorded with an ionosonde. Data representing the B0, B1 and D1 parameters, with half hourly or hourly intervals, were scaled and deduced from the digital pulse sounder (DPS) ionosonde for the period April 1996 to December 2006. An analysis of the diurnal, seasonal, and solar variations of the behaviour of these parameters was undertaken for the years 2000, 2004 and 2005 using monthly medians. Comparisons between the observational results and that of the IRI model (IRI 2001 version) indicate that the IRI-2001 model does not accurately represent the diurnal and seasonal variation of the parameters. A preliminary model was thus developed using the technique of Neural Networks (NNs). All available data from the Grahamstown ionosonde from 1996 to 2006 were used in the training of the NNs and the prediction of the variation of the shape parameters. Inputs to the model were the day number, the hour of day, the solar activity and the magnetic index. Comparisons between the preliminary NN model and the IRI-2001 model indicated that the preliminary model was more accurate at the prediction of the parameters than the IRI-2001 model. This analysis showed the need to improve the existing IRI model or develop a new model for the South African region. This thesis describes the results from this feasibility study which show the variability and predictability of the IRI shape parameters.
- Full Text:
The zonation of coastal dune plants in relation to sand burial, resource availability and physiological adaptation
- Authors: Gilbert, Matthew Edmund
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Sand dune conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Coastal ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Botany -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Coastal biology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Littoral plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Littoral plants Sand dune plants -- Ecophysiology Sand dune plants -- Geographical distribution
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4195 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003764
- Description: When considering the large amount of work done on dune ecology, and that a number of the classical ecological theories originate from work on dunes, it is apparent that there remains a need for physiological and mechanistic explanations of dune plant phenomena. This thesis demonstrated that in the extreme coastal environment dune plants must survive both high rates of burial (disturbance), and low nutrient availability (stress). The ability of four species to respond to these two factors corresponded with their position in a vegetation gradient on the dunes. A low stem tissue density was shown to enhance the potential stem elongation rate of buried plants, but reduced the maximum height to which a plant could grow. Such a tradeoff implies that tall light-competitive plants are able to survive only in stable areas, while burial responsive mobile-dune plants are limited to areas of low vegetation height. This stem tissue density tradeoff was suggested as the mechanism determining the zonation that species show within the dune vegetation gradient present at various sites in South Africa. Finally, detailed investigations of dune plant ecophysiology found that: 1) The resources used in the response to burial derive from external sources of carbon and nitrogen, as well as simple physiological and physical mechanisms of resource allocation. 2) The leaves of dune plants were found to be operating at one extreme of the photosynthetic continuum; viz efficient use of leaf nitrogen at the expense of water loss. 3) Contrary to other ecosystems, the environmental characteristics of dunes may allow plants to occupy a high disturbance, high stress niche, through the maintenance of lowered competition. 4) At least two mobile-dune species form steep dunes, and are able to optimise growth, on steeper dunes, such that they have to grow less in response to burial than plants that form more shallow dunes. In this thesis, it was shown that the link between the carbon and nitrogen economies of dune plants was pivotal in determining species distributions and survival under extreme environmental conditions. As vast areas of the world’s surface are covered by sand dunes these observations are not just of passing interest.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Gilbert, Matthew Edmund
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Sand dune conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Coastal ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Botany -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Coastal biology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Littoral plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Littoral plants Sand dune plants -- Ecophysiology Sand dune plants -- Geographical distribution
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4195 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003764
- Description: When considering the large amount of work done on dune ecology, and that a number of the classical ecological theories originate from work on dunes, it is apparent that there remains a need for physiological and mechanistic explanations of dune plant phenomena. This thesis demonstrated that in the extreme coastal environment dune plants must survive both high rates of burial (disturbance), and low nutrient availability (stress). The ability of four species to respond to these two factors corresponded with their position in a vegetation gradient on the dunes. A low stem tissue density was shown to enhance the potential stem elongation rate of buried plants, but reduced the maximum height to which a plant could grow. Such a tradeoff implies that tall light-competitive plants are able to survive only in stable areas, while burial responsive mobile-dune plants are limited to areas of low vegetation height. This stem tissue density tradeoff was suggested as the mechanism determining the zonation that species show within the dune vegetation gradient present at various sites in South Africa. Finally, detailed investigations of dune plant ecophysiology found that: 1) The resources used in the response to burial derive from external sources of carbon and nitrogen, as well as simple physiological and physical mechanisms of resource allocation. 2) The leaves of dune plants were found to be operating at one extreme of the photosynthetic continuum; viz efficient use of leaf nitrogen at the expense of water loss. 3) Contrary to other ecosystems, the environmental characteristics of dunes may allow plants to occupy a high disturbance, high stress niche, through the maintenance of lowered competition. 4) At least two mobile-dune species form steep dunes, and are able to optimise growth, on steeper dunes, such that they have to grow less in response to burial than plants that form more shallow dunes. In this thesis, it was shown that the link between the carbon and nitrogen economies of dune plants was pivotal in determining species distributions and survival under extreme environmental conditions. As vast areas of the world’s surface are covered by sand dunes these observations are not just of passing interest.
- Full Text:
Thermal, spectroscopic and x-ray diffraction studies of copper(II) 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylates and copper(II) oxalate a study of metal-organic frameworks
- Authors: Lamprecht, Emmanuel
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Organometallic compounds Copper Oxalates -- Thermal properties Organic compounds -- Synthesis Spectrum analysis X-rays -- Diffraction
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4389 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005054
- Description: Novel and known metal organic frameworks with copper(II), sodium and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate were prepared by ambient precipitation, solvothermal and gel-synthesis methods, and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry with FTIR evolved-gas analysis. Some of these complexes were investigated for guest inclusion properties with water (the original guest species), methanol, ethanol and pyridine. The gel-synthesis products were the most interesting. The novel threedimensional metal-organic framework complex Cu₂ Na(OH)L·7H₂O (where L=1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate) -formed by gel-synthesis- is a covalent three-dimensional metal organic framework polymer with open channels containing both guest water molecules and water molecules coordinated to sodium. The structure collapsed on dehydration, but was essentially restored to the original structure on rehydration in moist air. On exposure of the dehydrated material to methanol and ethanol vapour, significant uptake of these solvents was observed, and the resolvated structures closely resembled that of the parent material. On heating in dry nitrogen, small amounts of methanol and ethanol remained until about 280 °C, when loss of the remaining guest triggered decomposition of the framework. The related complex, Cu₂¼(OH)½ L·7½H₂O (or possibly Cu₂⅓ (OH)⅔L·8H₂O) -formed by gel-synthesis- had a different physical appearance to Cu₂Na(OH)L·7H₂O above, but had nearly identical X-ray diffraction pattern, mid-infrared spectrum and thermal behaviour. The novel complex Cu₄Na₄L₃·14H₂O -formed by gel-synthesis- is a covalent three-dimensional metal-organic framework with small channels containing both guest water molecules and water coordinated to sodium and copper. Upon dehydration the structure collapsed, but on rehydration in moist air the original structure was partly restored. The dehydrated material did not absorb methanol. Known two-dimensional polymeric complexes [Cu₂L·6H₂O]·4H₂O and [Cu₂L·4H₂O]·2H₂O were also obtained by gel-synthesis, and were characterized and investigated for guest inclusion properties. The structures of these complexes collapsed on dehydration, and were only partly restored on rehydration in saturated water vapour. The dehydrated materials did not absorb methanol. The two-dimensional polymeric mixed-ligand complex Cu₂(pyridine)₄·6H₂O -formed very slowly by gel-synthesis- was characterized by TG-FTIR, and was shown to undergo a complicated decomposition involving the loss of water and pyridine, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in various stages. Solvothermal synthesis did not yield materials suitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies or inclusion studies, producing only an anhydrous or hemihydrate complex with the formula Cu₂L·0.65H2O. Ambient precipitation syntheses did not yield materials suitable for singlecrystal diffraction studies, forming products approximately equivalent to the complexes [Cu₂L·6H₂O]·4H₂O and Cu₂¼(OH)½L·7 ½H₂O above. During the course of the above study it was discovered that, on changing the DSC purge from nitrogen to argon, the normally exothermic carboxylate decompositions appeared to become endothermic. The effects of the supposedly inert atmospheres of argon and nitrogen on the decomposition-mechanism of copper(II) oxalate -a well-studied copper carboxylate- were therefore studied by DSC, TG, TG-FTIR and XRPD. DSC experiments were performed in nitrogen and argon at different flow-rates, in various mixtures of nitrogen and argon, and at various heating rates. Regardless of the proportions of nitrogen and argon, the DSC residues consisted mainly of copper metal, a small amount of copper(I) oxide (cuprite) and, in some circumstances, traces of copper(II) oxide (tenorite). Also, regardless of whether TG-FTIR experiments were performed under argon or nitrogen, the gaseous decomposition products consisted mainly of carbon dioxide, with traces of carbon monoxide being detected over part of the decomposition period. Various explanations for the thermal behaviour are discussed, and it is possible that small amounts of O2 or monatomic oxygen were given off during the decomposition under argon. The design and implementation of a low-cost prototype X-ray proportional counter detector system, consisting of a hybrid analog-digital computer built using commonly available electronic components, is presented. This system was designed to replace ageing discrete-transistor designs still in use in earlier X-ray diffractometers. The prototype performs the functions of pulse-shaping, pulseheight discrimination, counting and scaling, and provides both digital and scaled analog outputs.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Lamprecht, Emmanuel
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Organometallic compounds Copper Oxalates -- Thermal properties Organic compounds -- Synthesis Spectrum analysis X-rays -- Diffraction
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4389 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005054
- Description: Novel and known metal organic frameworks with copper(II), sodium and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate were prepared by ambient precipitation, solvothermal and gel-synthesis methods, and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry with FTIR evolved-gas analysis. Some of these complexes were investigated for guest inclusion properties with water (the original guest species), methanol, ethanol and pyridine. The gel-synthesis products were the most interesting. The novel threedimensional metal-organic framework complex Cu₂ Na(OH)L·7H₂O (where L=1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate) -formed by gel-synthesis- is a covalent three-dimensional metal organic framework polymer with open channels containing both guest water molecules and water molecules coordinated to sodium. The structure collapsed on dehydration, but was essentially restored to the original structure on rehydration in moist air. On exposure of the dehydrated material to methanol and ethanol vapour, significant uptake of these solvents was observed, and the resolvated structures closely resembled that of the parent material. On heating in dry nitrogen, small amounts of methanol and ethanol remained until about 280 °C, when loss of the remaining guest triggered decomposition of the framework. The related complex, Cu₂¼(OH)½ L·7½H₂O (or possibly Cu₂⅓ (OH)⅔L·8H₂O) -formed by gel-synthesis- had a different physical appearance to Cu₂Na(OH)L·7H₂O above, but had nearly identical X-ray diffraction pattern, mid-infrared spectrum and thermal behaviour. The novel complex Cu₄Na₄L₃·14H₂O -formed by gel-synthesis- is a covalent three-dimensional metal-organic framework with small channels containing both guest water molecules and water coordinated to sodium and copper. Upon dehydration the structure collapsed, but on rehydration in moist air the original structure was partly restored. The dehydrated material did not absorb methanol. Known two-dimensional polymeric complexes [Cu₂L·6H₂O]·4H₂O and [Cu₂L·4H₂O]·2H₂O were also obtained by gel-synthesis, and were characterized and investigated for guest inclusion properties. The structures of these complexes collapsed on dehydration, and were only partly restored on rehydration in saturated water vapour. The dehydrated materials did not absorb methanol. The two-dimensional polymeric mixed-ligand complex Cu₂(pyridine)₄·6H₂O -formed very slowly by gel-synthesis- was characterized by TG-FTIR, and was shown to undergo a complicated decomposition involving the loss of water and pyridine, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in various stages. Solvothermal synthesis did not yield materials suitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies or inclusion studies, producing only an anhydrous or hemihydrate complex with the formula Cu₂L·0.65H2O. Ambient precipitation syntheses did not yield materials suitable for singlecrystal diffraction studies, forming products approximately equivalent to the complexes [Cu₂L·6H₂O]·4H₂O and Cu₂¼(OH)½L·7 ½H₂O above. During the course of the above study it was discovered that, on changing the DSC purge from nitrogen to argon, the normally exothermic carboxylate decompositions appeared to become endothermic. The effects of the supposedly inert atmospheres of argon and nitrogen on the decomposition-mechanism of copper(II) oxalate -a well-studied copper carboxylate- were therefore studied by DSC, TG, TG-FTIR and XRPD. DSC experiments were performed in nitrogen and argon at different flow-rates, in various mixtures of nitrogen and argon, and at various heating rates. Regardless of the proportions of nitrogen and argon, the DSC residues consisted mainly of copper metal, a small amount of copper(I) oxide (cuprite) and, in some circumstances, traces of copper(II) oxide (tenorite). Also, regardless of whether TG-FTIR experiments were performed under argon or nitrogen, the gaseous decomposition products consisted mainly of carbon dioxide, with traces of carbon monoxide being detected over part of the decomposition period. Various explanations for the thermal behaviour are discussed, and it is possible that small amounts of O2 or monatomic oxygen were given off during the decomposition under argon. The design and implementation of a low-cost prototype X-ray proportional counter detector system, consisting of a hybrid analog-digital computer built using commonly available electronic components, is presented. This system was designed to replace ageing discrete-transistor designs still in use in earlier X-ray diffractometers. The prototype performs the functions of pulse-shaping, pulseheight discrimination, counting and scaling, and provides both digital and scaled analog outputs.
- Full Text:
Toward the development of a rearing protocol for juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae)
- Authors: Collett, Paul David
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Argyrosomus -- South Africa , Mariculture -- South Africa , Fishes -- Nutrition -- South Africa , Fishes -- Growth -- South Africa , Fish trade -- South Africa , Sciaenidae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5325 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005171 , Argyrosomus -- South Africa , Mariculture -- South Africa , Fishes -- Nutrition -- South Africa , Fishes -- Growth -- South Africa , Fish trade -- South Africa , Sciaenidae
- Description: The South African mariculture industry is developing the rearing technology of indigenous fish species. Dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) has high-quality flesh and a good market demand. Research is needed to determine the environmental requirements under which growth of dusky kob is optimised. This study assessed the effect of temperature, light intensity, feeding frequency and stocking density, respectively, on growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival of juvenile dusky kob within a weight range of 10-60 g fish⁻¹) in a series of four growth trials. The effect of temperature on growth and FCR was assessed at 14 temperatures from 17 to 28°C. The temperature for best growth was estimated to be 25.3 °C, while 21.4 °C was the temperature at which the best FCR was achieved. A growth trial testing the effect of light intensity on growth showed that light intensity did not affect growth in the range of 23 – 315 lx. Fish fed a restricted ration of 3.6% body weight per day (chapter 2) or 3.41% body weight per day (chapter 4) had a better FCR than fish fed to satiation. A trial to assess the effect of feeding frequency on growth and FCR showed that fish fed both two or three times daily grew better than those fed once daily. FCR was best in fish that were fed once or twice daily. Preliminary analysis of the results from a stocking density trial showed that stocking density in the range of 10 – 50 kg m⁻³ did not affect growth of juvenile dusky kob. It is recommended to culture dusky kob at a temperature of 25.3 - 21.4 °C at stocking densities up 50 kg m⁻³ to maximise growth. However, a study is needed to determine the environmental conditions needed to maximise profit under commercial conditions. The results allow the South African industry the opportunity to assess the culture potential of this species. In addition, the results will help develop protocols that can be used in other South African candidate aquaculture species such as silver kob, yellowtail, white-stumpnose and sole.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Collett, Paul David
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Argyrosomus -- South Africa , Mariculture -- South Africa , Fishes -- Nutrition -- South Africa , Fishes -- Growth -- South Africa , Fish trade -- South Africa , Sciaenidae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5325 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005171 , Argyrosomus -- South Africa , Mariculture -- South Africa , Fishes -- Nutrition -- South Africa , Fishes -- Growth -- South Africa , Fish trade -- South Africa , Sciaenidae
- Description: The South African mariculture industry is developing the rearing technology of indigenous fish species. Dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) has high-quality flesh and a good market demand. Research is needed to determine the environmental requirements under which growth of dusky kob is optimised. This study assessed the effect of temperature, light intensity, feeding frequency and stocking density, respectively, on growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival of juvenile dusky kob within a weight range of 10-60 g fish⁻¹) in a series of four growth trials. The effect of temperature on growth and FCR was assessed at 14 temperatures from 17 to 28°C. The temperature for best growth was estimated to be 25.3 °C, while 21.4 °C was the temperature at which the best FCR was achieved. A growth trial testing the effect of light intensity on growth showed that light intensity did not affect growth in the range of 23 – 315 lx. Fish fed a restricted ration of 3.6% body weight per day (chapter 2) or 3.41% body weight per day (chapter 4) had a better FCR than fish fed to satiation. A trial to assess the effect of feeding frequency on growth and FCR showed that fish fed both two or three times daily grew better than those fed once daily. FCR was best in fish that were fed once or twice daily. Preliminary analysis of the results from a stocking density trial showed that stocking density in the range of 10 – 50 kg m⁻³ did not affect growth of juvenile dusky kob. It is recommended to culture dusky kob at a temperature of 25.3 - 21.4 °C at stocking densities up 50 kg m⁻³ to maximise growth. However, a study is needed to determine the environmental conditions needed to maximise profit under commercial conditions. The results allow the South African industry the opportunity to assess the culture potential of this species. In addition, the results will help develop protocols that can be used in other South African candidate aquaculture species such as silver kob, yellowtail, white-stumpnose and sole.
- Full Text:
Towards a corpus of Indian South African English (ISAE) : an investigation of lexical and syntactic features in a spoken corpus of contemporary ISAE
- Authors: Pienaar, Cheryl Leelavathie
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: English language -- South Africa Computational linguistics -- Methodology Discourse analysis -- Data processing English language -- Syntax -- South Africa English language -- Usage -- South Africa East Indians -- South Africa -- Language Lexicology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2357 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002640
- Description: There is consensus among scholars that there is not just one English language but a family of “World Englishes”. The umbrella-term “World Englishes” provides a conceptual framework to accommodate the different varieties of English that have evolved as a result of the linguistic cross-fertilization attendant upon colonization, migration, trade and transplantation of the original “strain” or variety. Various theoretical models have emerged in an attempt to understand and classify the extant and emerging varieties of this global language. The hierarchically based model of English, which classifies world English as “First Language”, “Second Language” and “Foreign Language”, has been challenged by more equitably-conceived models which refer to the emerging varieties as New Englishes. The situation in a country such as multi-lingual South Africa is a complex one: there are 11 official languages, one of which is English. However the English used in South Africa (or “South African English”), is not a homogeneous variety, since its speakers include those for whom it is a first language, those for whom it is an additional language and those for whom it is a replacement language. The Indian population in South Africa are amongst the latter group, as theirs is a case where English has ousted the traditional Indian languages and become a de facto first language, which has retained strong community resonances. This study was undertaken using the methodology of corpus linguistics to initiate the creation of a repository of linguistic evidence (or corpus), of Indian South African English, a sub-variety of South African English (Mesthrie 1992b, 1996, 2002). Although small (approximately 60 000 words), and representing a narrow age band of young adults, the resulting corpus of spoken data confirmed the existence of robust features identified in prior research into the sub-variety. These features include the use of ‘y’all’ as a second person plural pronoun, the use of but in a sentence-final position, and ‘lakker’ /'lVk@/ as a pronunciation variant of ‘lekker’ (meaning ‘good’, ‘nice’ or great’). An examination of lexical frequency lists revealed examples of general South African English such as the colloquially pervasive ‘ja’, ‘bladdy’ (for bloody) and jol(ling) (for partying or enjoying oneself) together with neologisms such as ‘eish’, the latter previously associated with speakers of Black South African English. The frequency lists facilitated cross-corpora comparisons with data from the British National Corpus and the Corpus of London Teenage Language and similarities and differences were noted and discussed. The study also used discourse analysis frameworks to investigate the role of high frequency lexical items such as ‘like’ in the data. In recent times ‘like’ has emerged globally as a lexicalized discourse marker, and its appearance in the corpus of Indian South African English confirms this trend. The corpus built as part of this study is intended as the first building block towards a full corpus of Indian South African English which could serve as a standard for referencing research into the sub-variety. Ultimately, it is argued that the establishment of similar corpora of other known sub-varieties of South African English could contribute towards the creation of a truly representative large corpus of South African English and a more nuanced understanding and definition of this important variety of World English.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Pienaar, Cheryl Leelavathie
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: English language -- South Africa Computational linguistics -- Methodology Discourse analysis -- Data processing English language -- Syntax -- South Africa English language -- Usage -- South Africa East Indians -- South Africa -- Language Lexicology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2357 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002640
- Description: There is consensus among scholars that there is not just one English language but a family of “World Englishes”. The umbrella-term “World Englishes” provides a conceptual framework to accommodate the different varieties of English that have evolved as a result of the linguistic cross-fertilization attendant upon colonization, migration, trade and transplantation of the original “strain” or variety. Various theoretical models have emerged in an attempt to understand and classify the extant and emerging varieties of this global language. The hierarchically based model of English, which classifies world English as “First Language”, “Second Language” and “Foreign Language”, has been challenged by more equitably-conceived models which refer to the emerging varieties as New Englishes. The situation in a country such as multi-lingual South Africa is a complex one: there are 11 official languages, one of which is English. However the English used in South Africa (or “South African English”), is not a homogeneous variety, since its speakers include those for whom it is a first language, those for whom it is an additional language and those for whom it is a replacement language. The Indian population in South Africa are amongst the latter group, as theirs is a case where English has ousted the traditional Indian languages and become a de facto first language, which has retained strong community resonances. This study was undertaken using the methodology of corpus linguistics to initiate the creation of a repository of linguistic evidence (or corpus), of Indian South African English, a sub-variety of South African English (Mesthrie 1992b, 1996, 2002). Although small (approximately 60 000 words), and representing a narrow age band of young adults, the resulting corpus of spoken data confirmed the existence of robust features identified in prior research into the sub-variety. These features include the use of ‘y’all’ as a second person plural pronoun, the use of but in a sentence-final position, and ‘lakker’ /'lVk@/ as a pronunciation variant of ‘lekker’ (meaning ‘good’, ‘nice’ or great’). An examination of lexical frequency lists revealed examples of general South African English such as the colloquially pervasive ‘ja’, ‘bladdy’ (for bloody) and jol(ling) (for partying or enjoying oneself) together with neologisms such as ‘eish’, the latter previously associated with speakers of Black South African English. The frequency lists facilitated cross-corpora comparisons with data from the British National Corpus and the Corpus of London Teenage Language and similarities and differences were noted and discussed. The study also used discourse analysis frameworks to investigate the role of high frequency lexical items such as ‘like’ in the data. In recent times ‘like’ has emerged globally as a lexicalized discourse marker, and its appearance in the corpus of Indian South African English confirms this trend. The corpus built as part of this study is intended as the first building block towards a full corpus of Indian South African English which could serve as a standard for referencing research into the sub-variety. Ultimately, it is argued that the establishment of similar corpora of other known sub-varieties of South African English could contribute towards the creation of a truly representative large corpus of South African English and a more nuanced understanding and definition of this important variety of World English.
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Towards understanding the mechanism of dimerisation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A
- Authors: Gentz, Petra Monika
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Cytology Molecular biology Biochemistry Proteins -- Analysis Proteomics Polypeptides Amino acids -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3992 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004052
- Description: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is the only known protein to contain hypusine, formed by post-translational modification of a highly conserved lysine residue. Hypusination is essential for eIF5A function, being required for binding of a specific subset of mRNAs necessary for progression of eukaryotic cells through the G1-S checkpoint. Little structural information is available for eIF5A other than that derived from archaeal homologues. The aim of this study was to conduct structure-function studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) eIF5A, encoded by TIF51A. Homology models of eIF5A were generated from the Methanococcus jannaschii archaeal homologue (aIF5A) and two Leishmania eIF5As. The models, along with secondary structure predictions identified an a-helix on the C-terminal domain, unique to eukaryote eIF5A. The Neurospora crassa structural analogue, HEX-1, which dimerises in three configurations, was used to generate similar dimeric model configurations of eIF5A. A biochemical and functional analysis was used to validate the homology models of eIF5A.Since the crystal structures of aIF5A and eIF5A were solved from unhypusinated protein produced in Escherichia coli, 6 x His-tagged eIF5A (His-eIF5A) was used for biochemical analysis. This analysis revealed that eIF5A existed as a dimer in solution, dependent on the presence of the highly conserved Cys 39 residue. A yeast TIF51A/TIF51B null yeast strain, with a chromosomal copy of TIF51A under control of PGAL1, was used to confirm that HiseIF5A and selected eIF5A mutants were functional in vivo. Biochemical analysis showed that hypusinated His-eIF5A also exists as a dimer, but neither the dimerisation, nor the function of eIF5A are dependent on the presence of Cys 39. Rather they depend on the presence of hypusine (Hpu) 51 and the presence of RNA leading to the conclusion that RNA and hypusine are required for dimerisation and hence function, of native eIF5A in vivo. In contrast, a Lys 51 to Arg 51 substitution or RNase treatment of His-eIF5A produced in E. coli did not destabilize the dimeric form, suggesting different folding/dimerisation mechanisms in E. coli and yeast cells. The information obtained from the initial homology models, together with the results of the biochemical analysis was used to propose a mechanism for dimerisation of yeast eIF5A involving both hypusine and RNA.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Gentz, Petra Monika
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Cytology Molecular biology Biochemistry Proteins -- Analysis Proteomics Polypeptides Amino acids -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3992 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004052
- Description: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is the only known protein to contain hypusine, formed by post-translational modification of a highly conserved lysine residue. Hypusination is essential for eIF5A function, being required for binding of a specific subset of mRNAs necessary for progression of eukaryotic cells through the G1-S checkpoint. Little structural information is available for eIF5A other than that derived from archaeal homologues. The aim of this study was to conduct structure-function studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) eIF5A, encoded by TIF51A. Homology models of eIF5A were generated from the Methanococcus jannaschii archaeal homologue (aIF5A) and two Leishmania eIF5As. The models, along with secondary structure predictions identified an a-helix on the C-terminal domain, unique to eukaryote eIF5A. The Neurospora crassa structural analogue, HEX-1, which dimerises in three configurations, was used to generate similar dimeric model configurations of eIF5A. A biochemical and functional analysis was used to validate the homology models of eIF5A.Since the crystal structures of aIF5A and eIF5A were solved from unhypusinated protein produced in Escherichia coli, 6 x His-tagged eIF5A (His-eIF5A) was used for biochemical analysis. This analysis revealed that eIF5A existed as a dimer in solution, dependent on the presence of the highly conserved Cys 39 residue. A yeast TIF51A/TIF51B null yeast strain, with a chromosomal copy of TIF51A under control of PGAL1, was used to confirm that HiseIF5A and selected eIF5A mutants were functional in vivo. Biochemical analysis showed that hypusinated His-eIF5A also exists as a dimer, but neither the dimerisation, nor the function of eIF5A are dependent on the presence of Cys 39. Rather they depend on the presence of hypusine (Hpu) 51 and the presence of RNA leading to the conclusion that RNA and hypusine are required for dimerisation and hence function, of native eIF5A in vivo. In contrast, a Lys 51 to Arg 51 substitution or RNase treatment of His-eIF5A produced in E. coli did not destabilize the dimeric form, suggesting different folding/dimerisation mechanisms in E. coli and yeast cells. The information obtained from the initial homology models, together with the results of the biochemical analysis was used to propose a mechanism for dimerisation of yeast eIF5A involving both hypusine and RNA.
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Trends and determinants of inward foreign direct investment to South Africa
- Authors: Rusike, Tatonga Gardner
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: International business enterprises -- South Africa , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Macroeconomics -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:995 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002730 , International business enterprises -- South Africa , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Macroeconomics -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa
- Description: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is seen as a way to provide the needed capital inflow to stimulate growth in a domestic economy. FDI can also result in increased employment levels, managerial skills and increase in technology. In efforts to attract FDI, host countries have undertaken various policy incentives to attract foreign investors. This study analyses the trends and determinants of inward FDI to South Africa for the period 1975-2005. The study starts by reviewing FDI literature on its determinants and provides the macroeconomic background and FDI related policies undertaken in South Africa. The trend and sectoral analysis provides the actual nature of FDI flows to South Africa. An empirical model linking theoretical and empirical determinants of FDI is estimated using the Johansen cointegration and VECM framework. The study also augments the cointegration framework with impulse response and variance decomposition analyses to complement the long and short run determinants of FDI. Dummy variables are used in each of the estimated FDI models to take into account the possibility of structural breaks. Results show that relative to the size of the economy and to other developing countries, South Africa still receives low levels of inward FDI. Only are few years are exceptional i.e. 1997, 2001 and 2005. From the sectoral distribution, the financial sector is now the major recipient of FDI followed by the mining and manufacturing sectors. The emergence of the financial sector could suggest that FDI motives could have shifted from the natural resource seeking and market seeking to efficiency seeking FDI. The United Kingdom emerges as the major source of FDI to South Africa followed by United States of America and Germany. Empirical analysis indicated that openness, exchange rate and financial development are important long run determinants of FDI. Increased openness and financial development attract FDI while an increase (depreciation) in the exchange rate deters FDI to South Africa. Market size emerges as a short run determinant of FDI although it is declining in importance. Most of the impulse response analysis confirmed the VECM findings. Variance decomposition analysis showed that FDI itself, imports and exchange rate explain a significant amount of the forecast error variance. The influence of market size variable is small and declining over time.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Rusike, Tatonga Gardner
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: International business enterprises -- South Africa , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Macroeconomics -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:995 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002730 , International business enterprises -- South Africa , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Macroeconomics -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa
- Description: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is seen as a way to provide the needed capital inflow to stimulate growth in a domestic economy. FDI can also result in increased employment levels, managerial skills and increase in technology. In efforts to attract FDI, host countries have undertaken various policy incentives to attract foreign investors. This study analyses the trends and determinants of inward FDI to South Africa for the period 1975-2005. The study starts by reviewing FDI literature on its determinants and provides the macroeconomic background and FDI related policies undertaken in South Africa. The trend and sectoral analysis provides the actual nature of FDI flows to South Africa. An empirical model linking theoretical and empirical determinants of FDI is estimated using the Johansen cointegration and VECM framework. The study also augments the cointegration framework with impulse response and variance decomposition analyses to complement the long and short run determinants of FDI. Dummy variables are used in each of the estimated FDI models to take into account the possibility of structural breaks. Results show that relative to the size of the economy and to other developing countries, South Africa still receives low levels of inward FDI. Only are few years are exceptional i.e. 1997, 2001 and 2005. From the sectoral distribution, the financial sector is now the major recipient of FDI followed by the mining and manufacturing sectors. The emergence of the financial sector could suggest that FDI motives could have shifted from the natural resource seeking and market seeking to efficiency seeking FDI. The United Kingdom emerges as the major source of FDI to South Africa followed by United States of America and Germany. Empirical analysis indicated that openness, exchange rate and financial development are important long run determinants of FDI. Increased openness and financial development attract FDI while an increase (depreciation) in the exchange rate deters FDI to South Africa. Market size emerges as a short run determinant of FDI although it is declining in importance. Most of the impulse response analysis confirmed the VECM findings. Variance decomposition analysis showed that FDI itself, imports and exchange rate explain a significant amount of the forecast error variance. The influence of market size variable is small and declining over time.
- Full Text:
Tripping over our own feet : a critical discussion of Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) with specific reference to their impact on South Africa's ability to combat HIV and AIDS
- Authors: Brennan, Jade
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, (1994) Trade regulation -- South Africa Intellectual property -- South Africa HIV (Viruses) -- South Africa AIDS (Disease) -- South Africa Patients -- Civil rights -- South Africa Human rights -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2850 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006316
- Description: This thesis aims to look at the agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) with specific reference to their impact on South Africa's ability to combat HIV and AIDS. It begins by looking at the history of patents and intellectual property rights and illustrates why and how the TRIPS Agreement came into existence. The TRIPS Agreement exemplifies the disparities between developed and developing countries and this can clearly be seen with regard to the provision of anti-HIV and AIDS drugs. The developing world deals with the bulk of the HIV and AIDS epidemic whilst the developed world holds most of the patents on the medication needed to treat those living with HIV and AIDS. This situation lends itself to a rift between patient rights on the one hand, and patent rights on the other. Traditionally the state has been the provider of rights such as health, but TRIPS alters this to include strong patent protection that is in line with neo liberal doctrine. The thesis examines these tensions with specific reference to South Africa's ability successfully to implement programmes to combat HIV and AIDS.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Brennan, Jade
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, (1994) Trade regulation -- South Africa Intellectual property -- South Africa HIV (Viruses) -- South Africa AIDS (Disease) -- South Africa Patients -- Civil rights -- South Africa Human rights -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2850 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006316
- Description: This thesis aims to look at the agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) with specific reference to their impact on South Africa's ability to combat HIV and AIDS. It begins by looking at the history of patents and intellectual property rights and illustrates why and how the TRIPS Agreement came into existence. The TRIPS Agreement exemplifies the disparities between developed and developing countries and this can clearly be seen with regard to the provision of anti-HIV and AIDS drugs. The developing world deals with the bulk of the HIV and AIDS epidemic whilst the developed world holds most of the patents on the medication needed to treat those living with HIV and AIDS. This situation lends itself to a rift between patient rights on the one hand, and patent rights on the other. Traditionally the state has been the provider of rights such as health, but TRIPS alters this to include strong patent protection that is in line with neo liberal doctrine. The thesis examines these tensions with specific reference to South Africa's ability successfully to implement programmes to combat HIV and AIDS.
- Full Text:
Understanding and improving the residual efficacy of the cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (Cryptogran)
- Authors: Kirkman, Wayne
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Cryptophlebia leucotreta , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Control , Pests -- Biological control , Citrus -- Diseases and pests
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5794 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005482 , Cryptophlebia leucotreta , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Control , Pests -- Biological control , Citrus -- Diseases and pests
- Description: False codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia (=Cryptophlebia) leucotreta (Meyr) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most important pests on citrus. The Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) has been developed into a successful biological control agent, registered under the name Cryptogran, and is currently the preferred product for the control of FCM on citrus in South Africa. A prerequisite to the continued success of Cryptogran as a means of controlling false codling moth is to understand the factors affecting field persistence of the virus, and to find ways to improve it. The aim of this study was to gain a clearer understanding of the product and the abiotic and biotic factors affecting its persistence in the field, and to investigate methods to improve this persistence. The effect of UV-irradiation on the virus was determined, and various products were tested as UV protectants in laboratory bioassays. Lignin was the most effective additive, and was tested in several field trials, where it also enhanced the efficacy of Cryptogran. Laboratory trials indicated that Cryptogran is rainfast. Cryptogran applications early in the season had a longer period of residual activity than sprays applied closer to harvest. Daytime applications were less effective that evening sprays. Sprays applied coinciding with peaks in pheromone moth trap catches were more effective than those applied between peaks. Biotic factors influencing persistence were investigated. Residual efficacy was longer when treatments were applied to blocks than as single tree treatments. Attempts were made to quantify the effect of the navel end of a navel orange on the field persistence of Cryptogran. Cryptogran was shown to be compatible with many agricultural chemicals used on citrus. Economic thresholds and various cost-benefit analyses are discussed. A list of practical recommendations to growers was drawn up, and possibilities for future research are presented.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Kirkman, Wayne
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Cryptophlebia leucotreta , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Control , Pests -- Biological control , Citrus -- Diseases and pests
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5794 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005482 , Cryptophlebia leucotreta , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Control , Pests -- Biological control , Citrus -- Diseases and pests
- Description: False codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia (=Cryptophlebia) leucotreta (Meyr) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most important pests on citrus. The Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) has been developed into a successful biological control agent, registered under the name Cryptogran, and is currently the preferred product for the control of FCM on citrus in South Africa. A prerequisite to the continued success of Cryptogran as a means of controlling false codling moth is to understand the factors affecting field persistence of the virus, and to find ways to improve it. The aim of this study was to gain a clearer understanding of the product and the abiotic and biotic factors affecting its persistence in the field, and to investigate methods to improve this persistence. The effect of UV-irradiation on the virus was determined, and various products were tested as UV protectants in laboratory bioassays. Lignin was the most effective additive, and was tested in several field trials, where it also enhanced the efficacy of Cryptogran. Laboratory trials indicated that Cryptogran is rainfast. Cryptogran applications early in the season had a longer period of residual activity than sprays applied closer to harvest. Daytime applications were less effective that evening sprays. Sprays applied coinciding with peaks in pheromone moth trap catches were more effective than those applied between peaks. Biotic factors influencing persistence were investigated. Residual efficacy was longer when treatments were applied to blocks than as single tree treatments. Attempts were made to quantify the effect of the navel end of a navel orange on the field persistence of Cryptogran. Cryptogran was shown to be compatible with many agricultural chemicals used on citrus. Economic thresholds and various cost-benefit analyses are discussed. A list of practical recommendations to growers was drawn up, and possibilities for future research are presented.
- Full Text:
Verification of Ionospheric tomography using MIDAS over Grahamstown, South Africa
- Authors: Katamzi, Zama Thobeka
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Ionosphere -- Remote sensing -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper , Tomography -- Scientific applications -- South Africa , Global Positioning System
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5497 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005283 , Ionosphere -- Remote sensing -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper , Tomography -- Scientific applications -- South Africa , Global Positioning System
- Description: Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites and receivers are used to derive total electron content (TEC) from the time delay and phase advance of the radiowaves as they travels through the ionosphere. TEC is defined as the integralof the electron density along the satellite-receiver signal path. Electron densityprofiles can be determined from these TEC values using ionospheric tomographic inversion techniques such as Multi-Instrument Data Analysis System (MIDAS).This thesis reports on a study aimed at evaluating the suitability of ionospheric tomography as a tool to derive one-dimensional electron density profiles, using the MIDAS inversion algorithm over Grahamstown, South Africa (33.30◦S, 26.50◦E). The evaluation was done by using ionosonde data from the Louisvale (28.50◦S, 21.20◦E) and Madimbo (22.40◦S, 30.90◦E) stations to create empirical orthonormal functions (EOFs). These EOFs were used by MIDAS in the inversion process to describe the vertical variation of the electron density. Profiles derived from the MIDAS algorithm were compared with profiles obtained from the international Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 2001 model and with ionosonde profiles from the Grahamstown ionosonde station. The optimised MIDAS profiles show a good agreement with the Grahamstown ionosonde profiles. The South African Bottomside Ionospheric Model (SABIM) was used to set the limits within which MIDAS was producing accurate peak electron density (NmF2) values and to define accuracy in this project, with the understanding that the national model (SABIM) is currently the best model for the Grahamstown region. Analysis show that MIDAS produces accurate results during the winter season, which had the lowest root mean square (rms) error of 0.37×1011[e/m3] and an approximately 86% chance of producing NmF2 closer to the actual NmF2 value than the national model SABIM. MIDAS was found to also produce accurate NmF2 values at 12h00 UT, where an approximately 88% chance of producing an accurate NmF2 value, which may deviate from the measured value by 0.72×1011[e/m3], was determined. In conclusion, ionospheric tomographic inversion techniques show promise in the reconstruction of electron density profiles over South Africa, and are worth pursuing further in the future.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Katamzi, Zama Thobeka
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Ionosphere -- Remote sensing -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper , Tomography -- Scientific applications -- South Africa , Global Positioning System
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5497 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005283 , Ionosphere -- Remote sensing -- South Africa , Atmosphere, Upper , Tomography -- Scientific applications -- South Africa , Global Positioning System
- Description: Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites and receivers are used to derive total electron content (TEC) from the time delay and phase advance of the radiowaves as they travels through the ionosphere. TEC is defined as the integralof the electron density along the satellite-receiver signal path. Electron densityprofiles can be determined from these TEC values using ionospheric tomographic inversion techniques such as Multi-Instrument Data Analysis System (MIDAS).This thesis reports on a study aimed at evaluating the suitability of ionospheric tomography as a tool to derive one-dimensional electron density profiles, using the MIDAS inversion algorithm over Grahamstown, South Africa (33.30◦S, 26.50◦E). The evaluation was done by using ionosonde data from the Louisvale (28.50◦S, 21.20◦E) and Madimbo (22.40◦S, 30.90◦E) stations to create empirical orthonormal functions (EOFs). These EOFs were used by MIDAS in the inversion process to describe the vertical variation of the electron density. Profiles derived from the MIDAS algorithm were compared with profiles obtained from the international Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 2001 model and with ionosonde profiles from the Grahamstown ionosonde station. The optimised MIDAS profiles show a good agreement with the Grahamstown ionosonde profiles. The South African Bottomside Ionospheric Model (SABIM) was used to set the limits within which MIDAS was producing accurate peak electron density (NmF2) values and to define accuracy in this project, with the understanding that the national model (SABIM) is currently the best model for the Grahamstown region. Analysis show that MIDAS produces accurate results during the winter season, which had the lowest root mean square (rms) error of 0.37×1011[e/m3] and an approximately 86% chance of producing NmF2 closer to the actual NmF2 value than the national model SABIM. MIDAS was found to also produce accurate NmF2 values at 12h00 UT, where an approximately 88% chance of producing an accurate NmF2 value, which may deviate from the measured value by 0.72×1011[e/m3], was determined. In conclusion, ionospheric tomographic inversion techniques show promise in the reconstruction of electron density profiles over South Africa, and are worth pursuing further in the future.
- Full Text:
Water quality, abalone growth and the potential for integrated mariculture on a South African abalone Haliotis midae L. farm
- Authors: Yearsley, Rowan David
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Abalones -- South Africa Abalone culture -- South Africa Abalones -- Growth Mariculture -- South Africa Water quality -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5334 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005180
- Description: Abalone Haliotis midae farming in South Africa is highly intensive, employing pump-ashore, flow-through systems. Despite the known sensitivity of abalone to water quality, there is only a rudimentary understanding of water quality dynamics on South African abalone farms and its effects on abalone production. Furthermore, the potential for reusing the relatively dilute abalone farm effluent to culture other animal species has not been investigated. This study investigated the dynamics of water quality and growth on a South African abalone farm and assessed the suitability of the effluent for the culture of silver kob Argyrosomus inodorus and bloodworm Arenicola loveni loveni. Monitoring of water quality and abalone growth in abalone tanks revealed that oxygen concentrations decreased, while H⁺ ion and free-ammonia (NH₃) concentration increased in a gradient between the inflow and outflow. Abalone growth was positively correlated with oxygen concentration and negatively correlated with free-ammonia and H⁺ ion concentration. The oxygen (O) concentration of the farm influent was dependent upon the influents’ temperature (T) and was described by the relationship O (mg L⁻¹) = 11.244 – 0.208T (r²=0.74). Linear regression analysis of data collected from abalone farm tanks revealed that the concentration of total ammonia at the outflow of abalone tanks (μg TAN L⁻¹) was dependant upon temperature (°C), flow-rate (L s⁻¹ kg⁻¹ H. midae), abalone size (g) and length of time since the tank was last cleaned (d) (n = 125, r² = 0.80). The production of total ammonia (μg TAN s⁻¹ kg⁻¹) was related to temperature, abalone size and days that the tanks remained un-cleaned (n = 125; r² = 0.81). A diurnal cycle of respiration was evident in abalone tanks with higher oxygen consumption and H+ ion production at night. The oxygen concentration of farm effluent was related to temperature, farm biomass and flow rate by means of a linear regression equation (n = 40; r² = 0.69). The results demonstrated the importance of optimising the flow-rate per unit of biomass for various temperatures and sizes of abalone. As abalone size and temperature cannot be controlled under farm conditions, the flow-rate per unit of biomass which the abalone culture system receives will determine the quality of the culture water. The specific growth rate (0.48 ± 0.01 % BW d⁻¹), mortality (1.8 ± 0.5 %), feed conversion ratio (3.0 ± 0.2) and protein efficiency ratio (1.0 ± 0.1) of silver kob kept in either abalone farm effluent or control seawater for 120 days did not differ significantly (t-test, P>0.05). A 90 day growth trial indicated that abalone farm effluent is a suitable culture medium for bloodworm. Bloodworm supplied with control seawater lost weight at 0.19 ± 0.04 % BW d-1, while those given abalone effluent grew at 0.39 ± 0.07 % BW d⁻¹. Mortality was 6 ± 3 % in effluent and 11 ± 8 % in seawater. The bloodworm were efficient at processing solid waste. Abalone farm effluent initially contained 7.7 ± 13 mg L⁻¹ more suspended solids than control seawater, which contained 3.5 ± 0.5 mg L⁻¹, but after passing through bloodworm systems the concentration in abalone effluent was reduced to only 1.4 ± 3.5 mg L⁻¹ above that in control seawater. Therefore, abalone farm effluent could be reused as a culture medium for both silver kob and bloodworm. Future work is needed to investigate aspects of the feasibility of such systems such as growth rates at different sizes and stocking densities.
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- Authors: Yearsley, Rowan David
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Abalones -- South Africa Abalone culture -- South Africa Abalones -- Growth Mariculture -- South Africa Water quality -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5334 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005180
- Description: Abalone Haliotis midae farming in South Africa is highly intensive, employing pump-ashore, flow-through systems. Despite the known sensitivity of abalone to water quality, there is only a rudimentary understanding of water quality dynamics on South African abalone farms and its effects on abalone production. Furthermore, the potential for reusing the relatively dilute abalone farm effluent to culture other animal species has not been investigated. This study investigated the dynamics of water quality and growth on a South African abalone farm and assessed the suitability of the effluent for the culture of silver kob Argyrosomus inodorus and bloodworm Arenicola loveni loveni. Monitoring of water quality and abalone growth in abalone tanks revealed that oxygen concentrations decreased, while H⁺ ion and free-ammonia (NH₃) concentration increased in a gradient between the inflow and outflow. Abalone growth was positively correlated with oxygen concentration and negatively correlated with free-ammonia and H⁺ ion concentration. The oxygen (O) concentration of the farm influent was dependent upon the influents’ temperature (T) and was described by the relationship O (mg L⁻¹) = 11.244 – 0.208T (r²=0.74). Linear regression analysis of data collected from abalone farm tanks revealed that the concentration of total ammonia at the outflow of abalone tanks (μg TAN L⁻¹) was dependant upon temperature (°C), flow-rate (L s⁻¹ kg⁻¹ H. midae), abalone size (g) and length of time since the tank was last cleaned (d) (n = 125, r² = 0.80). The production of total ammonia (μg TAN s⁻¹ kg⁻¹) was related to temperature, abalone size and days that the tanks remained un-cleaned (n = 125; r² = 0.81). A diurnal cycle of respiration was evident in abalone tanks with higher oxygen consumption and H+ ion production at night. The oxygen concentration of farm effluent was related to temperature, farm biomass and flow rate by means of a linear regression equation (n = 40; r² = 0.69). The results demonstrated the importance of optimising the flow-rate per unit of biomass for various temperatures and sizes of abalone. As abalone size and temperature cannot be controlled under farm conditions, the flow-rate per unit of biomass which the abalone culture system receives will determine the quality of the culture water. The specific growth rate (0.48 ± 0.01 % BW d⁻¹), mortality (1.8 ± 0.5 %), feed conversion ratio (3.0 ± 0.2) and protein efficiency ratio (1.0 ± 0.1) of silver kob kept in either abalone farm effluent or control seawater for 120 days did not differ significantly (t-test, P>0.05). A 90 day growth trial indicated that abalone farm effluent is a suitable culture medium for bloodworm. Bloodworm supplied with control seawater lost weight at 0.19 ± 0.04 % BW d-1, while those given abalone effluent grew at 0.39 ± 0.07 % BW d⁻¹. Mortality was 6 ± 3 % in effluent and 11 ± 8 % in seawater. The bloodworm were efficient at processing solid waste. Abalone farm effluent initially contained 7.7 ± 13 mg L⁻¹ more suspended solids than control seawater, which contained 3.5 ± 0.5 mg L⁻¹, but after passing through bloodworm systems the concentration in abalone effluent was reduced to only 1.4 ± 3.5 mg L⁻¹ above that in control seawater. Therefore, abalone farm effluent could be reused as a culture medium for both silver kob and bloodworm. Future work is needed to investigate aspects of the feasibility of such systems such as growth rates at different sizes and stocking densities.
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Willingness to pay for the control of water hyacinth in an urban environment of South Africa
- Authors: Law, Matthew Charles
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Water hyacinth -- Control -- South Africa , Urban ecology (Sociology) -- South Africa , Biodiversity -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biodiversity conservation -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biological invasions -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biological invasions -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:996 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002731 , Water hyacinth -- Control -- South Africa , Urban ecology (Sociology) -- South Africa , Biodiversity -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biodiversity conservation -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biological invasions -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biological invasions -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa
- Description: Water hyacinth is recognised as one of the most problematic invasive aquatic plant species in Africa. For this reason considerable funds are spent each year on itscontrol. As a consequence of the amount of money being spent on problems such as the invasion of water hyacinth, and because of the recognition of the ongoing and accelerated efforts that are required in the future, recent research has focused on accurately quantifying the costs and benefits of control of invasive species to aid policy decisions.A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis would be able to identify if the funds are justified and are being spent effectively. This thesis provides an example of a cost-benefit analysis of funds spent on the control of water hyacinth in an urban environment in South Africa. In order to develop a comprehensive assessment of the total economic value of the control of water hyacinth to an urban population, the Nahoon River in East London was selected as the study site to calculate the benefits of control. In addition to valuing the direct services provided by the resources that are traded in the market (in this case water provision), a contingent valuation study was undertaken in Abbottsford and Dorchester Heights (two suburbs in East London banking the Nahoon River). These were done in order to assess any non-use value a sample of 132 households of the population has for the control of water hyacinth, and any use values that are not traded in the market, for example recreational value. When the benefits of control of water hyacinth were compared to the costs of one of the least cost effective methods of control (herbicidal control), the benefits outweighed the costs by a ratio of more than 4:1, and for the most cost effective method of control the ratio was almost 6:1. These results provide a justification for the funds that are devoted to the control of water hyacinth, providing an argument for the continued expenditure for its control, and for further research into more cost effective methods of control, such as biological control.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Law, Matthew Charles
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Water hyacinth -- Control -- South Africa , Urban ecology (Sociology) -- South Africa , Biodiversity -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biodiversity conservation -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biological invasions -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biological invasions -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:996 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002731 , Water hyacinth -- Control -- South Africa , Urban ecology (Sociology) -- South Africa , Biodiversity -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biodiversity conservation -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biological invasions -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Biological invasions -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa
- Description: Water hyacinth is recognised as one of the most problematic invasive aquatic plant species in Africa. For this reason considerable funds are spent each year on itscontrol. As a consequence of the amount of money being spent on problems such as the invasion of water hyacinth, and because of the recognition of the ongoing and accelerated efforts that are required in the future, recent research has focused on accurately quantifying the costs and benefits of control of invasive species to aid policy decisions.A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis would be able to identify if the funds are justified and are being spent effectively. This thesis provides an example of a cost-benefit analysis of funds spent on the control of water hyacinth in an urban environment in South Africa. In order to develop a comprehensive assessment of the total economic value of the control of water hyacinth to an urban population, the Nahoon River in East London was selected as the study site to calculate the benefits of control. In addition to valuing the direct services provided by the resources that are traded in the market (in this case water provision), a contingent valuation study was undertaken in Abbottsford and Dorchester Heights (two suburbs in East London banking the Nahoon River). These were done in order to assess any non-use value a sample of 132 households of the population has for the control of water hyacinth, and any use values that are not traded in the market, for example recreational value. When the benefits of control of water hyacinth were compared to the costs of one of the least cost effective methods of control (herbicidal control), the benefits outweighed the costs by a ratio of more than 4:1, and for the most cost effective method of control the ratio was almost 6:1. These results provide a justification for the funds that are devoted to the control of water hyacinth, providing an argument for the continued expenditure for its control, and for further research into more cost effective methods of control, such as biological control.
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WISC-IV performance of South African grade 7 English and Xhosa speaking children with advantaged versus disadvantaged education
- Authors: Van Tonder, Phia
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Intelligence tests -- South Africa Educational tests and measurements -- South Africa Psychological tests -- Cross-cultural studies Educational psychology -- South Africa Language and languages -- Ability testing Educational evaluation -- South Africa Education, Elementary -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3098 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003920
- Description: Research reveals that the level as well as the quality of education plays a role in the determination of an individual's intellectual capacity. Substantial differences in quality of education for black and white individuals were experienced in South Africa due to Apartheid. Compared to the traditionally white Private and Model C schools, Township/ DET schools had limited resources, as well as a separate syllabus and examination system, a situation that has not improved substantially since democratisation in 1994. Research on black South African adults with the WAIS-III has confirmed significant influences on IQ in association with exposure to either such advantaged (Private/Model C) schooling, or disadvantaged (Township/DET) schooling. However to date there has been no published research on the use of the Wechsler intelligence tests on a black South African child population similarly stratified for quality of education. Therefore, for the purposes of this study, the latest Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) was administered to a sample of 36 Grade 7 learners between the ages of 12-13 (mean 13.01 years), stratified for quality of education to form three comparative groups. Data analyses revealed significant differences on the WISC-IV Factor Indices and Full Scale IQ with the English speaking Private/Model C school group performing the best, followed by the Xhosa speaking Private/ Model C school group, and the Xhosa speaking Township/ DET school group performing the worst. This continuum of lowering is understood to occur abreast of a continuum of decreased exposure to relatively advantaged education. These normative indications are considered to have vital implications for the use of the WISC-IV in the South African cross-cultural situation where vastly differential educational opportunities continue to exist.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Van Tonder, Phia
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Intelligence tests -- South Africa Educational tests and measurements -- South Africa Psychological tests -- Cross-cultural studies Educational psychology -- South Africa Language and languages -- Ability testing Educational evaluation -- South Africa Education, Elementary -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3098 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003920
- Description: Research reveals that the level as well as the quality of education plays a role in the determination of an individual's intellectual capacity. Substantial differences in quality of education for black and white individuals were experienced in South Africa due to Apartheid. Compared to the traditionally white Private and Model C schools, Township/ DET schools had limited resources, as well as a separate syllabus and examination system, a situation that has not improved substantially since democratisation in 1994. Research on black South African adults with the WAIS-III has confirmed significant influences on IQ in association with exposure to either such advantaged (Private/Model C) schooling, or disadvantaged (Township/DET) schooling. However to date there has been no published research on the use of the Wechsler intelligence tests on a black South African child population similarly stratified for quality of education. Therefore, for the purposes of this study, the latest Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) was administered to a sample of 36 Grade 7 learners between the ages of 12-13 (mean 13.01 years), stratified for quality of education to form three comparative groups. Data analyses revealed significant differences on the WISC-IV Factor Indices and Full Scale IQ with the English speaking Private/Model C school group performing the best, followed by the Xhosa speaking Private/ Model C school group, and the Xhosa speaking Township/ DET school group performing the worst. This continuum of lowering is understood to occur abreast of a continuum of decreased exposure to relatively advantaged education. These normative indications are considered to have vital implications for the use of the WISC-IV in the South African cross-cultural situation where vastly differential educational opportunities continue to exist.
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