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Migrant labour and colonial rule in Basutoland, 1890-1930

- Kimble, Judith M

  • Authors: Kimble, Judith M
  • Date: 1999
  • Subjects: Migrant labor -- Lesotho Markets -- Lesotho Produce trade -- Lesotho Lesotho -- Economic conditions Lesotho -- History -- To 1966 Lesotho -- Politics and government -- To 1966
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2542 , vital:20302 , ISBN 0868103594
  • Description: The original Introduction to the thesis, in summary, developed three main themes (a) a close analysis of the institutional arrangements of the pre-capitalist mode of production, demonstrating its complexity; (b) a broader perspective on the legal, political, social and economic aspects of colonialism; and (c) an account of the distinctive patterns of migrant labour which resulted. First. Judy examined the cheap labour hypothesis of Wolpe (1972), which identified the policy of Segregation as ‘the key mechanism in the subcontinent for the forcible generation and reproduction of labour power on a scale and at a price required by foreign mining capital'. Although she found this a major advance from earlier views of migrant labour as simply a system whereby "men oscillate between their home in some rural area and their place of work’ (Francis Wilson, 1972b), she criticised Wolpe’s hypothesis for failing to incorporate an adequate analysis of ‘the internal forces promoting labour migrancy in Basutoland under colonial rule’, to which she paid particular attention. She did not regard migrant labour solely as ‘The outcome of ruling class policy or ruling class intention’ (Brenner, 1977:78). Nor does she accept Wolpe’s assumption that the migrant labour system was an intended effect of the strategy of mining capital; this reduced "the variety of complex historical factors’ to "the driving force of “the needs of capital”. She therefore offered ‘a more extended exploration of the political dimension of colonial rule’ and a more complex analysis of mining capital and its relationship with pre-capitalist social formations. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1999

West Bank land restitution claim: social history report

- Maqasho, Landiswa, Bank, Leslie, Mrawu, Busisiwe

  • Authors: Maqasho, Landiswa , Bank, Leslie , Mrawu, Busisiwe
  • Date: 1999
  • Subjects: Colored people (South Africa) -- South Africa -- East London Africans -- South Africa -- East London Land reform -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Land settlement -- Government policy -- South Africa Mdantsane (East London) Nongqongqo (East London) West Bank location (East London)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2691 , vital:20317 , ISBN 0868103624
  • Description: Today, the west bank of the Buffalo River is a well-established industrial area. At the centre of this industrial complex is the Mercedes Benz South Africa production plant. Yet, over 40 years ago on the production site of this world reknowned motor manufacturer there was a small urban location which housed approximately 7000 African and Coloured residents. The village was known as Nongqongqo. According to Tankard (1990) it was the “original village and first official location of East London” and served primarily as a source of labour for workshops, transport and packing concerns in the East London harbour. The village, which was also known as the West Bank Location, was a stable and peaceful community that accommodated an ethnically mixed community of Xhosa, Fingoes (Mfengu), Pondos, Zulus, Sothos and so-called Coloured people. In 1965, the tranquillity of everyday life in this seaside village came to a rude and abrupt end when government bulldozers and trucks moved in to demolish the village. The inhabitants were forcibly resettled on the east bank of the Buffalo River and in the fledgling township of Mdantsane in the Ciskei. The removals were undertaken in accordance with the terms of the Bantu Administration Act No. 25 of 1945, Population Registration Act of 1950 and Group Areas Act of 1952 (cf. Booysen, 1995). The aim of this report is to investigate the social and historical circumstances that surrounded the destruction of this once vibrant seaside village. This report forms part of a process through which approximately 1400 original residents of Nongqongqo are seeking restitution for losses they incurred during this removal in terms of the Restitution of Land Rights Act of 1994. This report seeks to contribute to this process by contextualising the Nongqongqo removal within an historical understanding of the management of black urbanization in East London and by investigating the specific social, economic and political circumstances that led to the deproclamation of this location. However, in order to understand the impact of the removals, the article also attempts to reconstruct from oral and documentary sources a profile of the West Bank community in the years preceding the removal. Although the historical material on West Bank is sketchy, we have managed to assemble data that allows us to build up a fairly comprehensive socio-economic profile and residential arrangements in this community in 1955. This exercise in historical reconstruction, we believe, is essential for a meaningful assessment of the significance of the removals for those involved. In the final part of the article we begin to assess and aggregate the emotional, social and economic costs of the removals for the people of Nongqongqo. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1999

Current ISER research projects

- Rhodes University, Institute of Social and Economic Research

Poverty in Duncan Village, East London: a qualitiative perspective

- Bank, Leslie John

  • Authors: Bank, Leslie John
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Urban poor -- South Africa Rural-urban migration -- South Africa -- East London East London (South Africa) -- Social conditions -- Case studies
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2003 , vital:20246 , ISBN 0868103209
  • Description: East London is a minor coastal city with a fragile economy based largely on the food, motor and textile manufacturing sectors. Between 1945 and 1960 the economy of the city grew rapidly registering annual growth rates in excess of 10%. This growth was based on secondary industrialization in the manufacturing sector. However, since the inauguration of the homeland policy which wedged East London between two impoverished, self- governing homeland states, Transkei and Ciskei, the economy of the city has fared less well. Low annual growth rates were recorded throughout the 1970s and 1980s despite efforts by the Apartheid government to shore up the local economy by offering attractive industrial decentralization incentives in the region. The fragility of the city is not only based on its regional location, but on the absence of mineral and power sources and its distance from major metropolitan markets. Being situated in one of the poorest provinces in the country, East London's growth has always been limited by a weak local consumer market (Swilling 1987: 140). While the economic prospects for the city have recently improved with the dismantling of the homeland system and the centralization of the Eastern Cape's regional government in nearby capital of Bisho (30 minutes’ drive from East London), the city is still badly in need of major economic investment to cater for its rapidly growing population. During the past decade, there has been a massive transfer of population from rural to urban areas in the Eastern Cape generally. This occurred as a result of a softening of homeland borders in the mid-1980s, the removal of the influx control laws in 1986, as well as the deterioration of agricultural prospects in a region gripped by a crippling drought throughout the 1980s. These factors have ensured that East London became the tar-get of a sustained wave of rural-urban immigration. Dozens of new informal settlements have sprung up all over the city during the past five years, while the established townships within the city limits have become hopelessly overcrowded. The research for this project was conducted in East London's most congested township, Duncan Village. In 1995, it had a population of approximately 100 000 people. Between 1964 and 1979, Duncan Village was the target of massive forced removals. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Regional development planning in the Border-Ciskei-Transkei region: an examination of its implementation, effects and implications

- Nel, E L

  • Authors: Nel, E L
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: Regional planning -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Regional planning -- South Africa -- Transkei Regional planning -- South Africa -- Ciskei Rural development -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1899 , vital:20237 , ISBN 0868103098
  • Description: This paper examines the implementation and effects of regional development planning in the former Border-Ciskei-Transkei region of South Africa. State planning strategies were utilized for more than 30 years to further the ends of apartheid by trying to turn the black 'Homelands', into independent economic entities. In addition, the results of the dubious strategies applied and their implications receive particular attention. This is particularly significant in terms of the recent closure of numerous firms in the region as a result of exposure to market forces. The study aims to document and analyse what happened in the area, to detail the conclusions that can be derived from the experience and, by implication, to raise issues which future planners need to take into consideration. The experience of decades of politically-based planning of the economy led to a situation which subsidised inefficiency, encouraged exploitation and failed to leave a sustainable industrial base. Firms were drawn in by the incentives offered and not by inherent locational advantages. The weak economic linkages which resulted and the current disinvestment in the wake of the termination of incentives are an indictment against the policy. The saga of regional development in the Border-Ciskei- Transkei region vividly illustrates the need for future planners to take cognizance of key economic realities when contemplating such strategies. The new government should not repeat the mistake of attracting and subsidising industrial firms which have only tenuous links with the host economy and which require state support to operate profitably. Appropriate policies to assist the most needy remain an urgent necessity which the new government has yet to address properly. This study is based on surveys of manufacturing firms in the region which received state support, interviews with government and development agents, chambers of commerce and municipalities as well as a detailed review of published reports, academic articles and research projects. The time frame of the study extends from the early 1940s when the first attempts at regional development planning were made, through to 1993, the latest year for which data is available. This permits a broad sweep to be made of policies from the apartheid to the post-apartheid period. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Resettlement in the Border/Ciskei region of South Africa

- de Wet, Christopher J, Lujabe, Phumeza, Metele, Nosipho

Rhodes University Institute of Social and Economic Research, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

- Rhodes University, Institute of Social and Economic Research

Rural and urban population trends in the Eastern Cape Province, 1936-1991

- Fox, R C, Tipler, D J

  • Authors: Fox, R C , Tipler, D J
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: Demography -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- Population Rural-urban migration -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Relocation (Housing) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Relocation (Housing) -- South Africa Rural population -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Rural population -- South Africa Cities and towns -- South Africa -- Growth
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2123 , vital:20257 , ISBN 0868103179
  • Description: This study is an attempt to analyze the impact of apartheid policy on population trends, particularly geographical distributions within the Eastern Cape Province for the period 1936 to 1991. Rogerson and McCarthy (1992), in the most recent overview of geographical work, argued that there is scope for studies such as this which integrate spatio-demographic trends with historical and cultural geography. Accordingly, this study delimits population trends and examines the impact of state policy. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used as the main research tool for the storage and manipulation of spatio-demographic data. In terms of the impact of state policy, Christopher's (1994) Atlas of Apartheid provided a comprehensive outline of the historical context which forms the background to the period of study. His book shows how the geographical distribution of race groups within South Africa was largely brought about through the implementation of apartheid legislation. Horrell's (1978) Laws Affecting Race Relations in South Africa, 1948-1976 outlined the apartheid legislation at work during the period up to 1976. The geographical distribution of race groups within the Eastern Cape Province was influenced by a variety of legislative measures and policies from the creation of the reserve areas, through the restrictions on Group Areas, as well as various policies including influx control, border industry/industrial decentralization, forced removals and coloured labour preference. The most significant acts and policies which impacted on the Province are outlined below. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Small business development in Duncan Village: towards a new development framework

- Bank, Leslie John, Jekwa, Mandisi, Lujabe, Phumeza, Mlomo, Bongani

Gender, households and environmental changes in informal settlements in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

- Manona, Cecil W, Bank, Leslie J, Higginbottom, Karen

Risk and benefit as functions of savings and loan clubs: an examination of the importance of rotating credit associations for poor women in Rhini

- Buijs, Gina

The collapse of the 'tribal authority' system and the rise of civic organisations

- Manona, Cecil W, Paper presented at an ISER Seminar, March 1995

  • Authors: Manona, Cecil W , Paper presented at an ISER Seminar, March 1995
  • Date: 1995
  • Subjects: Civic associations -- South Africa Local government -- South Africa -- Ciskei Local government -- South Africa Tribal government -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Manuscript , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2454 , vital:20293
  • Description: The paper examines the performance of a local ('tribal') authority which existed in the Keiskammahoek district up to 1993 and accounts for the rise of civic organisations which challenged tribal authorities virtually everywhere in the former Ciskei. It suggests that the problems of this local authority which included inefficiency, corruption and lack of democracy were manifestations of the limitations of the Black Authorities Act of 1951 which attempted to revive traditional authority in the rural areas in south Africa even though this was incompatible with political developments in many other African states, particularly in a period during which the process of decolonisation was at its peak. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1995

"We are all friends here": the social dynamics of a development project

- Ainslie, Andrew

Anton Muziwakhe Lembede

- Ka Msumza, Luyanda, Edgar, Robert

  • Authors: Ka Msumza, Luyanda , Edgar, Robert
  • Date: 1994
  • Subjects: Lembede, Anton Muziwakhe, 1914-1947 African National Congress -- Youth League Africans -- Government relations South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1909-1948
  • Language: English
  • Type: Manuscript , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2702 , vital:20318
  • Description: This essay is an introduction to Freedom in Our Lifetime: The Collected Writings of Anton M. Lembede to be published by Skotaville Press in 1995. On Easter Sunday 1944 a group of young political activists gathered at the Bantu Men's Social Centre in Orlando township to launch the African National Congress Youth League. Motivated by their desire to shake up the "Old Guard" in the African National Congress (ANC) and set the ANC on a militant course, this "Class of '44“ became the nucleus of a remarkable generation of African leaders - Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Jordan Ngubane, Ellen Kuzwayo, Albertina Sisulu, A.P. Mda, Dan Tloome, and David Bopape - many of whom remained at the forefront of the struggle for freedom and equality in South Africa for the next half century. However, in 1944, the figure the Youth Leaguers turned to for their first president is not even listed in this group. He was a Natal-born lawyer, Anton Muziwakhe Lembede. Known to his friends as "Lembs," Lembede was a political neophyte when he moved from the Orange Free State to Johannesburg in 1943 to practice law. However his sharp intellect, fiery personality, and unwavering commitment to the struggle made an immediate impression on his peers, and he was quickly catapulted into prominence in both the Youth League and the parent ANC. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1994

Farmers' strategies and their implications for land reform in the Orange Free State

- Beinart, William

  • Authors: Beinart, William
  • Date: 1994
  • Subjects: Agriculture -- Orange Free State Land reform -- South Africa -- Orange Free State Land tenure -- Orange Free State
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Manuscript
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2813 , vital:20328
  • Description: It is possible to conjure a wide variety of future agricultural scenarios in South Africa. But new policies should be developed only with close attention to what exists and what is feasible. Analysis of the potential for land reform should remain sensitive to local ecological and economic conditions and to the current strategies of both farmers and dispossessed. Rural life for many people remains insecure. Farmworkers are particularly vulnerable at present and might become more so in a phase of rapid reform and uncertainty. Although the most carefully planned strategy of reform might be undermined by the sheer demand for land or informal reoccupations, the aims of restitution, justice and redistribution should be tempered by the equally difficult demands of production. Drawing on material from a local research project in the Orange Free State (OFS), done jointly with Colin Murray, this article concentrates on three issues: patterns of land ownership; farming strategies; and land availability. The position of farmworkers and those who have recently moved off farms, as well as the potential for new patterns of occupation will be addressed in subsequent project papers (Murray, 1993). , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1994

Means and ends: the Development Forum movement in the greater Eastern Cape region

- Davies, William J

  • Authors: Davies, William J
  • Date: 1994
  • Subjects: Community development -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1741 , vital:20221 , ISBN 0868102709
  • Description: The emergence of development and other kinds of forums in South Africa is but one manifestation of the process of dynamic change that characterises the nineties. The Eastern Cape is no exception in this regard and, in terms of regional forums, its people and institutions have been in the vanguard of the phenomenon in the country. By providing opportunities for discussion, consultation and interaction at an unprecedented scale, the forum movement has brought many diverse people together and forged hitherto unlikely relationships. The Development Studies Unit has been part of that process, and this Working Paper reflects upon the origins, intent and prospects of the forum movement up to the run-up to the April 1994 elections. It is a baseline document that will be revisited in due course to assess the extent to which the movement has made a difference and where its subsequent future lies. The work was undertaken principally with the DSU’s own resources, together with assistance from the Urban Foundation, and reflects the outcome of a significant proportion of the DSU’s recent research involvements. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1994

Politics and science in Radcliffe-Brown: from anarchism to applied anthropology

- Maddock, Kenneth

  • Authors: Maddock, Kenneth
  • Date: 1994
  • Subjects: Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (Alfred Reginald), 1881-1955 Anthropologists Anthropology Ethnology
  • Language: English
  • Type: Manuscript , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2645 , vital:20312
  • Description: It is part of anthropological folklore that A. R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955) was known as "Anarchy Brown" when a student at Cambridge early this century. Meyer Fortes thought the nickname "a friendly recognition of the streak of aloofness in him and of his reputation for holding somewhat highbrow ideas in matters of art, life and literature" (1956: 153)- But there was more to it than the pose of a turn of the century aesthete, as Fortes knew. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1994

Raymond Mhlaba, the Premier of the Eastern Cape

- Orie, Tembeka

Youth in rural Transkei: the demise of "traditional" youth associations and the development of new forms of association and activity, 1975-1993

- McAllister, Patrick A, Dumisani, Deliwe

  • Authors: McAllister, Patrick A , Dumisani, Deliwe
  • Date: 1994
  • Subjects: Rural poor -- South Africa -- Transkei Rural youth -- South Africa -- Transkei Youth -- South Africa -- Transkei -- Societies, etc Youth -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Transkei Transkei (South Africa) -- Social conditions
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2068 , vital:20252 , ISBN 0868102687
  • Description: In the rural Xhosa-speaking parts of South Africa there is a strong tradition of youth associations or youth organisations. With a few notable exceptions, these have been neglected in the sociological and historical literature. Our understanding of rural areas, their relationship with other parts of the country, and of rural change, have suffered in consequence. The youth are at the forefront of the urban/rural interface, and at the forefront of rural change. In his analysis of the indlavini youth organisation that existed in Pondoland in the 1950s, Beinart (1991) illustrates how a study of this element of society is important for an understanding of issues such as the nature of migrant labour and worker consciousness, as well as for social change in rural areas, the politics of generation and gender, and rural protest. Our aim in this study has been to document the decline of the 'traditional' youth associations in the Shixini administrative area of Willowvale district, Transkei. By 'traditional' we mean the youth organisations as they existed in the 1960s and early 1970s, though there is evidence to suggest that there had been considerable continuity in this respect from much earlier - at least from the 1930s and 1940s (Mayer and Mayer 1972). We suggest reasons for this decline, as well as some of the consequences, and examine some of the new, alternative youth activities which have replaced the older ones. This allows us to make some comment about the changing role of youth in rural areas like Shixini, and to suggest some of the policy implications of this. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1994

Community-based development organisations in the Eastern Cape: towards survival and sustainability

- Davies, Bill, Madlavu, Mzukisi

  • Authors: Davies, Bill , Madlavu, Mzukisi
  • Date: 1993
  • Subjects: Community development corporations -- South Africa Community development -- Eastern Cape Community development -- Finance Community development -- Research -- South Africa Community development -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1708 , vital:20218 , ISBN 0868102520
  • Description: Community-Based Development Organisations (CBDOs) appear in many shapes and sizes, and a variety of (often confusing) terminology is used to describe them. The term CBDO is a generic one which refers to a broad class of organisations that are involved in one form or another of "community development" activities. Probably all CBDOs would describe themselves as non-governmental organisations (NGOs); and they could be service organisations, resource organisations (or both), or even welfare organisations. Some would see themselves as development agencies or as performing an advocacy/lobbying function on behalf of a more or less clearly defined constituency. Many CBDOs have a relatively narrow focus (for example, on some particular aspect of education or training - like literacy, teacher upgrading or technical skills)- whilst others pursue a broader range of activities associated with a spectrum of "community development" initiatives, projects or programmes. Much depends on the motivation for establishing a particular CBDO and its access to human and financial resources. They are part of the burgeoning Non- Profit Voluntary Sector in South Africa whose worth, in 1987, was estimated at a minimum of R2 billion - "and probably much more than that" , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1993
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