The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the biological control of invasive aquatic weeds in South Africa
- Authors: Baso, Nompumelelo Catherine
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Aquatic weeds -- Biological control -- South Africa , Plants -- Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide on , Atmospheric carbon dioxide -- Environmental aspects
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/140772 , vital:37917
- Description: There has been a rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, from pre-industrial values of 280 ppm to more than 400 ppm currently, and this is expected to more than double by the end of the 21st century. Studies have shown that plants grown above 600 ppm tend to have an increased growth rate and invest more in carbon-based defences. This has important implications for the management of invasive alien plants, especially for the field of biological control which is mostly dependent on herbivorous insects. This is because insects reared on such plants have been shown to have reduced overall fitness. Nevertheless, most of the studies on potential changes in plant-insect interactions under elevated CO2 are based on agricultural systems, with only a limited number of these types of studies conducted on alien invasive weeds. However, climate change and invasive species are two of the most prevalent features of global environmental change. Therefore, this also warrants active research and experimental studies to better understand how these systems will be affected by future climates. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the biological control of four invasive aquatic weeds (Azolla filiculoides, Salvinia molesta, Pistia stratiotes, and Myriophyllum aquaticum). These species are a threat to natural resources in South Africa but are currently under successful control by their biological control agents (Stenopelmus rufinasus, Cyrtobagous salviniae, Neohydronomus affinis, and Lysathia n. sp.). To achieve this, the selected plant species were grown in a three-factor experimental design in winter (CO2 X nutrients X herbivory), and another two-factorial design in summer (CO2 X herbivory). Atmospheric CO2 concentrations were set at ambient (400 ppm) or elevated (800 ppm), as per the predictions of the IPCC. As per my hypothesis, the results suggest that these species will become more challenging in future due to increased biomass production, asexual reproduction and a higher C: N ratio which is evident under high CO2 concentrations. Although the biological control agents were in some instances able to reduce this CO2 fertilisation effect, their efficacy was significantly reduced compared with the levels of control observed at ambient CO2. These results suggest that additional biological control agents and other management methods may be needed for continued control of these invasive macrophytes, both in South Africa and further afield where they are problematic.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Baso, Nompumelelo Catherine
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Aquatic weeds -- Biological control -- South Africa , Plants -- Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide on , Atmospheric carbon dioxide -- Environmental aspects
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/140772 , vital:37917
- Description: There has been a rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, from pre-industrial values of 280 ppm to more than 400 ppm currently, and this is expected to more than double by the end of the 21st century. Studies have shown that plants grown above 600 ppm tend to have an increased growth rate and invest more in carbon-based defences. This has important implications for the management of invasive alien plants, especially for the field of biological control which is mostly dependent on herbivorous insects. This is because insects reared on such plants have been shown to have reduced overall fitness. Nevertheless, most of the studies on potential changes in plant-insect interactions under elevated CO2 are based on agricultural systems, with only a limited number of these types of studies conducted on alien invasive weeds. However, climate change and invasive species are two of the most prevalent features of global environmental change. Therefore, this also warrants active research and experimental studies to better understand how these systems will be affected by future climates. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the biological control of four invasive aquatic weeds (Azolla filiculoides, Salvinia molesta, Pistia stratiotes, and Myriophyllum aquaticum). These species are a threat to natural resources in South Africa but are currently under successful control by their biological control agents (Stenopelmus rufinasus, Cyrtobagous salviniae, Neohydronomus affinis, and Lysathia n. sp.). To achieve this, the selected plant species were grown in a three-factor experimental design in winter (CO2 X nutrients X herbivory), and another two-factorial design in summer (CO2 X herbivory). Atmospheric CO2 concentrations were set at ambient (400 ppm) or elevated (800 ppm), as per the predictions of the IPCC. As per my hypothesis, the results suggest that these species will become more challenging in future due to increased biomass production, asexual reproduction and a higher C: N ratio which is evident under high CO2 concentrations. Although the biological control agents were in some instances able to reduce this CO2 fertilisation effect, their efficacy was significantly reduced compared with the levels of control observed at ambient CO2. These results suggest that additional biological control agents and other management methods may be needed for continued control of these invasive macrophytes, both in South Africa and further afield where they are problematic.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Chemical weathering on selected nunataks in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
- Authors: Knox, Jenna Tracy
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Glacial climates -- Antarctica -- Queen Maud Land , Glaciology -- Antarctica -- Queen Maud Land , Chemical weathering -- Antarctica -- Queen Maud Land , Atmospheric carbon dioxide -- Environmental aspects , Climatic changes -- Antarctica -- Queen Maud Land , Nunataks -- Antarctica -- Queen Maud Land
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61658 , vital:28046
- Description: High latitude areas are sensitive to the impacts of climate change, and it is expected that the impact of greenhouse warming will be much higher in the polar regions than in any other climatic zones, with the most highly affected area being that of the Antarctic rim (Barsch, 1993). Weathering and pedogenic processes respond to variations in climate, with models predicting that chemical weathering may increase synchronously with global carbon dioxide levels increase, due to dissolution rates and the erosional impact of hydrological cycles in warming climates (Anderson & Anderson, 2010). As liquid water becomes more available in Antarctica the potential for chemical weathering, due to a less moisture-limited environment and increased temperatures, increases (Convey et al., 2009). Weathering processes are important for soil formation and the production of fine-grained material, with chemical weathering being an active constituent of this. Increased rates of soil formation are likely to occur, with global climate changes resulting in greater chemical weathering occurring in Antarctica. Opportunistic sampling was conducted during the Austral summer of 2016/2017, whereby rock, snow and meltwater samples were taken at various sites within the western portion of Dronning Maud Land of Antarctica. Rock samples were placed in resin, and cut with a diamond saw to create thin sections. Optical microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were used to analyse mineral weight percentage with depth. Twelve soil samples were dried and weighed, sieved and statistically represented according to particle size. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) determined the geochemical analysis for 10 water and snow samples. Rock hardness was inferred through the use of an Equotip, with rebound values recorded for multiple rock faces and samples. Thermal regimes of rock temperature was further recorded using a FLIR infrared camera, and documented for each rock face over a 24 hour period at 2 hourly intervals. The products of increased chemical weathering were evident from particle size analysis; samples were very poorly sorted in nature, and undergo in situ weathering, whereby products were not removed by erosional processes. Weathering rinds were found to be siliceous and ferric, depending on parent lithology. Ferric ratios increased in wt.% from the substrate rock to the external surface, creating the red, iron rich crusts noted on the hand specimens. The observable chemical weathering was found adjacent to intrusions through Precambrian dolerites. Geochemical analysis revealed thin, carbonaceous features, with impurity-rich layers, characteristic of speleothem formation. Carbonaceous layers did not follow underlying substrate features, rather deposited at the external surface, upon which, further precipitation growth could occur, creating karst features. Extensive gypsum coatings (>2mm) under BSE imagery were identified, with the abundance of gypsum salts (below surface level) and rock coatings indicating active sulphuric acid weathering, in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Were mechanical processes faster than chemical, weathering rinds and solution features on silicate rocks would be uncommon in the Antarctic, periglacial landscape. However, this is not the case as the existence of these landforms implies that chemical weathering may occur faster than mechanical weathering processes (Pope et al., 1995). In a changing world, one needs to monitor these processes at a micro-scale in order to fully understand how periglacial environments react to global climatic changes, and the subsequent impacts on these sensitive environments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Knox, Jenna Tracy
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Glacial climates -- Antarctica -- Queen Maud Land , Glaciology -- Antarctica -- Queen Maud Land , Chemical weathering -- Antarctica -- Queen Maud Land , Atmospheric carbon dioxide -- Environmental aspects , Climatic changes -- Antarctica -- Queen Maud Land , Nunataks -- Antarctica -- Queen Maud Land
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61658 , vital:28046
- Description: High latitude areas are sensitive to the impacts of climate change, and it is expected that the impact of greenhouse warming will be much higher in the polar regions than in any other climatic zones, with the most highly affected area being that of the Antarctic rim (Barsch, 1993). Weathering and pedogenic processes respond to variations in climate, with models predicting that chemical weathering may increase synchronously with global carbon dioxide levels increase, due to dissolution rates and the erosional impact of hydrological cycles in warming climates (Anderson & Anderson, 2010). As liquid water becomes more available in Antarctica the potential for chemical weathering, due to a less moisture-limited environment and increased temperatures, increases (Convey et al., 2009). Weathering processes are important for soil formation and the production of fine-grained material, with chemical weathering being an active constituent of this. Increased rates of soil formation are likely to occur, with global climate changes resulting in greater chemical weathering occurring in Antarctica. Opportunistic sampling was conducted during the Austral summer of 2016/2017, whereby rock, snow and meltwater samples were taken at various sites within the western portion of Dronning Maud Land of Antarctica. Rock samples were placed in resin, and cut with a diamond saw to create thin sections. Optical microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were used to analyse mineral weight percentage with depth. Twelve soil samples were dried and weighed, sieved and statistically represented according to particle size. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) determined the geochemical analysis for 10 water and snow samples. Rock hardness was inferred through the use of an Equotip, with rebound values recorded for multiple rock faces and samples. Thermal regimes of rock temperature was further recorded using a FLIR infrared camera, and documented for each rock face over a 24 hour period at 2 hourly intervals. The products of increased chemical weathering were evident from particle size analysis; samples were very poorly sorted in nature, and undergo in situ weathering, whereby products were not removed by erosional processes. Weathering rinds were found to be siliceous and ferric, depending on parent lithology. Ferric ratios increased in wt.% from the substrate rock to the external surface, creating the red, iron rich crusts noted on the hand specimens. The observable chemical weathering was found adjacent to intrusions through Precambrian dolerites. Geochemical analysis revealed thin, carbonaceous features, with impurity-rich layers, characteristic of speleothem formation. Carbonaceous layers did not follow underlying substrate features, rather deposited at the external surface, upon which, further precipitation growth could occur, creating karst features. Extensive gypsum coatings (>2mm) under BSE imagery were identified, with the abundance of gypsum salts (below surface level) and rock coatings indicating active sulphuric acid weathering, in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Were mechanical processes faster than chemical, weathering rinds and solution features on silicate rocks would be uncommon in the Antarctic, periglacial landscape. However, this is not the case as the existence of these landforms implies that chemical weathering may occur faster than mechanical weathering processes (Pope et al., 1995). In a changing world, one needs to monitor these processes at a micro-scale in order to fully understand how periglacial environments react to global climatic changes, and the subsequent impacts on these sensitive environments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
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