- Title
- The current role of palm species Hyphaene Coriacea and Phoenix Reclanata in local livelihoods in the Zitundo area, southern Mozambique
- Creator
- Martins, Angelina R O
- ThesisAdvisor
- Shackleton, C. M.(Charles Michael)
- Subject
- Ilala palm -- Economic aspects -- Mozambique
- Subject
- Palms -- Economic aspects -- Mozambique
- Subject
- Non-timber forest products industry -- Mozambique
- Subject
- Sustainable development -- Mozambique
- Subject
- Conservation of natural resources -- Mozambique
- Date
- 2020
- Type
- text
- Type
- Thesis
- Type
- Doctoral
- Type
- PhD
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10962/150613
- Identifier
- vital:38989
- Description
- The majority of rural households in developing countries are heavily dependent on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to fulfill much of their basic daily needs. In Mozambique more than 64% of the population lives in rural areas and depends heavily in the extraction of NTFPs to complement agricultural production. One substantial source of NTFPs are palm species. Palms are sources of food, building materials, cloth, ornaments, medicines, and are also used for cultural purposes. In southern Mozambique two important palms species used as NTFPs are Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata. These two species provide an array of subsistence and commercial products. The sap, leaves and stems of these two palms are harvested by local people as sources of traditional beverages, weaving, roofing, fencing and furniture material as well as other household utensils. The effects (if any) of harvesting of these palm products on palm distribution, population structure, dynamics and viability have never been examined, and thus the sustainability of the practices and benefits flows to local livelihoods are unknow-n. Any effects harvesting effects may also be exacerbated by predicted climate change for the area. The present study aims to investigate the role of the palm species Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata in the livelihoods of households in the Zitundo area, Matutuine district, southern Mozambique and under future climate scenarios. Specifically, this study: i) evaluates the abundance, population structure and harvesting selection of these species; ii) characterizes the ethnobotanical knowledge and use of the two species; iii) examines the local production and trade of palm wine in the area; iv) examines the contribution of palm income to livelihoods and income diversification in area; v) describes the local management practices and perceptions on palm productivity and abundance; and vi) models the current and future distribution of the these palm species in the area. To evaluate the abundance, population structure and stability of these two palm species a population census was carried out, and the size class distribution, Simpson index of dominance, permutation index and the quotient between successive size classes were calculated. I further calculated the preference ratio for specific size classes. Additionally a questionnaire survey was conducted with 179 randomly selected households from the 16 villages in the study area to characterize the ethnobotanical knowledge and use of these two species, as well as to examine the contribution of palm income to livelihoods and diversification. Standard ethnobotanical indices were used as measures of each palm species use and knowledge while principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to highlight the livelihood patterns and the role of diversification and of palm income in local livelihoods. Structured interviews with 37 palm tappers were additionally used to examine the local production and trade of palm wine in the area, while both the household survey and palm tappers interviews, were employed to investigate the local management practices and perceptions on palms productivity and abundance. Maxent Software was used to model the current and future under climate change distribution of the two palm species. Hyphaene coriacea was more abundant than Phoenix reclinata. Both species exhibited steep negative slopes in the regression analyses of size class distribution, indicating the presence of more individuals in shorter size classes. Although there was a dominance of shorter over taller size classes, limited recruitment was observed through low stem densities of seedlings and juveniles compared to the 1-50 cm size class The Simpson index of dominance, the permutation index, and the fluctuating quotients between the consecutive size classes showed a level of instability in both populations. Hyphaene coriacea appeared to be more resilient to tapping than Phoenix reclinata as showed by the higher rate of stem survival after tapping. Hyphaene coriacea was favored for tapping compared to Phoenix reclinata. The most preferred size class to tap for both species was between 101cm and 150 cm. Currently the distribution of Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata was mostly confined to the eastern side of the study area. Most of the area was predicted as unsuitable for both palm species, with less than six percent predicted to be suitable or higher. The occurrence of both species appeared to be influenced mostly by water related variables, such as precipitation, and distance to rivers and distance to water bodies. The habitat suitability for Hyphaene coriacea was predicted to increase under future climate conditions scenarios, while little variation was predicted for Phoenix reclinata distribution. The knowledge about the uses of these two palm species was widespread in the area, although only 32% of respondents were engaged in palm exploitation. Thirteen palm products were exploited, with palm wine production from the sap of both palms being the dominant activity, followed by broom production from Phoenix reclinata stems and basket production from Hyphaene coriacea leaves. The cultural importance of these species included the production of anklets and skirts used during traditional dances and the use of palm wine in the traditional ritual of libation. Palm tapping was practiced year round in five of the sixteen villages in the area. Palm tapping was an important livelihood activity, contributing over 80% of tappers’ total annual income, and tappers earned up to three times more than the national minimum wage for the agricultural and forestry sector. Palm wine was also a highly commercial commodity in Zitundo area, with an average commercialization index above 60%. The income from palm wine sales showed an important role in mitigating the level of poverty in the area. Palm income accounted for over 60% reduction on poverty incidence among palm tappers. Households in Zitundo further engaged in some level of livelihood diversification. The majority of households adopted a wage-based strategy, although this strategy was among the less remunerative in terms of per capita cash income. A palm-based livelihood strategy, although adopted only by 11% of households, was one of the most remunerative strategies. Palm income played a vital role in enhancing household livelihoods and mitigating poverty in the area as shown by the lower poverty incidences among households engaged in the palm-based livelihood strategy than alternatives strategies. The village of household residency, along with household demographic and socio-economic characteristics appeared to determine the knowledge and exploitation level of palms as well as a households’ choice of livelihood strategy, level of palm wine returns, commercialization index and palm income dependency. The importance of palms in local livelihoods and poverty alleviation needs greater acknowledgement by government and development agencies in the area. Palm wine, broom and basket production have a high potential for income generation, and therefore should be included in future local development policies and poverty reduction strategies. Although palms are an open access resource in Zitundo area, the perception is that they are abundant and that tapping does not have many detrimental effects. However, this study found some negative impacts of tapping on the recruitment of both palms species. The inclusion of palm products in future development programs and poverty reduction strategies will require the design of participatory conservation and management strategies that involve all palm users groups and others stakeholders and include long-term participatory monitoring of the effect of palm use on the populations.
- Format
- 327 pages, pdf
- Publisher
- Rhodes University, Faculty of Science, Environmental Science
- Language
- English
- Rights
- de Oliveira Martins, Angelina Rosa
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