Fiscal consolidation framework: tax compliance and behavioural response in the South African context
- Authors: Tshabalala, Nomonde
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52993 , vital:44897
- Description: Recent unfavourable macroeconomic and socio-economic conditions have placed South Africa’s economy in a difficult fiscal situation with rapidly growing public debt and large government deficits. South Africa’s government expenditure cuts and tax hikes have not achieved the goal of Public debt reduction and economic growth has been shrinking, recorded to have shrunk by an annualised 0.6% in 2019. Fiscal policy is a mix of government spending and tax and this study reviewed the tax side of fiscal policy and its effectiveness in reducing government debt, the study further explored the behavioural factors that influence taxpayers’ decisions to comply with tax and the strategies that can be used to increase compliance and improve tax administration and collection by the South African Revenue Services (SARS). This study employed the ordered logistic model to compare the behaviour of South African citizens towards tax compliance and tax evasion. findings revealed that the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviour of South African citizens have generally shifted from a society that values tax compliance to a nation that justifies cheating on taxes. The main behavioural factors that shape perception and behaviour towards tax compliance and tax evasion were found to be amongst others demographic factors such as age, level of education, employment status, social class, income level, and ethnic group. In addition to demographic factors, the level of confidence and patriotism have proved to be important variables that shape taxpayers’ compliance decision. Regarding the aforementioned variables, the study found that the level of confidence in the government has significantly reduced as well as the degree of patriotism. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Economics, Development and Tourism, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Fiscal consolidation framework: tax compliance and behavioural response in the South African context
- Authors: Tshabalala, Nomonde
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52993 , vital:44897
- Description: Recent unfavourable macroeconomic and socio-economic conditions have placed South Africa’s economy in a difficult fiscal situation with rapidly growing public debt and large government deficits. South Africa’s government expenditure cuts and tax hikes have not achieved the goal of Public debt reduction and economic growth has been shrinking, recorded to have shrunk by an annualised 0.6% in 2019. Fiscal policy is a mix of government spending and tax and this study reviewed the tax side of fiscal policy and its effectiveness in reducing government debt, the study further explored the behavioural factors that influence taxpayers’ decisions to comply with tax and the strategies that can be used to increase compliance and improve tax administration and collection by the South African Revenue Services (SARS). This study employed the ordered logistic model to compare the behaviour of South African citizens towards tax compliance and tax evasion. findings revealed that the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviour of South African citizens have generally shifted from a society that values tax compliance to a nation that justifies cheating on taxes. The main behavioural factors that shape perception and behaviour towards tax compliance and tax evasion were found to be amongst others demographic factors such as age, level of education, employment status, social class, income level, and ethnic group. In addition to demographic factors, the level of confidence and patriotism have proved to be important variables that shape taxpayers’ compliance decision. Regarding the aforementioned variables, the study found that the level of confidence in the government has significantly reduced as well as the degree of patriotism. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Economics, Development and Tourism, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Fish ecology and ecophysiology in an anthropogenically-altered temporarily open/closed estuary in the warm-temperate region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Mpinga, Mfundo
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Fishes--Ecology--South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52122 , vital:43431
- Description: Estuaries are globally recognized for their contribution to the coastal marine environment by acting as nursery grounds for numerous marine estuarine-dependent fish species. These linking ecosystems between marine and riverine environments, are ideal for these species due to the habitat diversity, nutrient and food availability, shallower and calmer environments they provide relative to the ocean. Abrupt hydrodynamic and physico-chemical changes which frequently occur in estuaries impose physiological stress and requires superior adaptability in the fish that reside within them. This is exacerbated by anthropogenic modifications to estuaries which affects their natural ecological function. The Seekoei Estuary is one of 192 temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCEs) in South Africa and these estuaries are characterised by their periodical connection to the sea due to the formation of a mouth berm. These estuaries are the dominant type in South Africa. A lot of research has been done in these kinds of estuaries, however, it is still limited due to their vast numbers. These estuaries are popular for human settlement and this has led to mismanagement due to the lack of ecological information. Furthermore, because of their inability to continuously flush out water, temporarily open closed estuaries are more vulnerable to pollution and anthropogenic modifications. The aim of this study was to assess the small fish community in relation to their environment in the hypersaline anthropogenically-altered Seekoei Estuary, by analysing the spatio-temporal trends of physico-chemical properties, nutrient loads, phytoplankton biomass and fish community structure. In addition, histological adaptation in gills of fish that survive hypersaline water was investigated. The study found that physico-chemical properties were influenced by anthropogenic alterations, in particular adverse water abstraction, instream water obstructions and artificial breaching. Nutrient concentration was found to be influenced by the intense agricultural practices in the upper reaches. It was evident that nutrient concentration (dissolved inorganic phosphorus) coupled with high salinity and optimum temperature (15 oC - 20 oC) affected the phytoplankton biomass. This estuary’s inability to naturally breach makes it vulnerable to phytoplankton blooms. The accumulation of cohesive silt caused by low river inflow, due to water abstraction in the upper reaches, was attributed to this estuary’s prolonged mouth closure. This was exacerbated by the presence of the causeway, which acts as a barrier between the middle and lower estuary. The abundance of marine fish species in the estuary, despite its long closure, indicates that the larvae and juveniles of these species make use of overwash events and brief artificial breaching events to recruit into the estuary. The high species richness in iii sites below the causeway is indicative of the barrier effect, which prevents the migration of some species to the upper reaches. This was evident during a massive fish kill, recorded during this study, which was more severe in sites below the causeway than above it. Chloride cell hyperplasia, mucus secretion and thickening of the epithelial layer in gills of indicator fish species from this estuary was the histological adaptation, which enables these fishes to be tolerant to high salinity. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Mpinga, Mfundo
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Fishes--Ecology--South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52122 , vital:43431
- Description: Estuaries are globally recognized for their contribution to the coastal marine environment by acting as nursery grounds for numerous marine estuarine-dependent fish species. These linking ecosystems between marine and riverine environments, are ideal for these species due to the habitat diversity, nutrient and food availability, shallower and calmer environments they provide relative to the ocean. Abrupt hydrodynamic and physico-chemical changes which frequently occur in estuaries impose physiological stress and requires superior adaptability in the fish that reside within them. This is exacerbated by anthropogenic modifications to estuaries which affects their natural ecological function. The Seekoei Estuary is one of 192 temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCEs) in South Africa and these estuaries are characterised by their periodical connection to the sea due to the formation of a mouth berm. These estuaries are the dominant type in South Africa. A lot of research has been done in these kinds of estuaries, however, it is still limited due to their vast numbers. These estuaries are popular for human settlement and this has led to mismanagement due to the lack of ecological information. Furthermore, because of their inability to continuously flush out water, temporarily open closed estuaries are more vulnerable to pollution and anthropogenic modifications. The aim of this study was to assess the small fish community in relation to their environment in the hypersaline anthropogenically-altered Seekoei Estuary, by analysing the spatio-temporal trends of physico-chemical properties, nutrient loads, phytoplankton biomass and fish community structure. In addition, histological adaptation in gills of fish that survive hypersaline water was investigated. The study found that physico-chemical properties were influenced by anthropogenic alterations, in particular adverse water abstraction, instream water obstructions and artificial breaching. Nutrient concentration was found to be influenced by the intense agricultural practices in the upper reaches. It was evident that nutrient concentration (dissolved inorganic phosphorus) coupled with high salinity and optimum temperature (15 oC - 20 oC) affected the phytoplankton biomass. This estuary’s inability to naturally breach makes it vulnerable to phytoplankton blooms. The accumulation of cohesive silt caused by low river inflow, due to water abstraction in the upper reaches, was attributed to this estuary’s prolonged mouth closure. This was exacerbated by the presence of the causeway, which acts as a barrier between the middle and lower estuary. The abundance of marine fish species in the estuary, despite its long closure, indicates that the larvae and juveniles of these species make use of overwash events and brief artificial breaching events to recruit into the estuary. The high species richness in iii sites below the causeway is indicative of the barrier effect, which prevents the migration of some species to the upper reaches. This was evident during a massive fish kill, recorded during this study, which was more severe in sites below the causeway than above it. Chloride cell hyperplasia, mucus secretion and thickening of the epithelial layer in gills of indicator fish species from this estuary was the histological adaptation, which enables these fishes to be tolerant to high salinity. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Fisher’s hypothesis from a disaggregated perspective for South Africa: an asymmetric approach
- Authors: Mbekeni, Lutho
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52978 , vital:44863
- Description: In this study, we re-examine Fisher’s hypothesis for the South African economy during the post-inflation targeting era of 2002:Q1 to 2019:Q4, and in doing so, we present four noteworthy empirical contributions. Firstly, we employ two nonlinear frameworks to carry out our empirical analysis, i.e. i) Flexible Fourier Function (FFF) unit root tests, and ii) Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (NARDL). Secondly, we take the disaggregated approach in examining Fisher’s hypothesis by making use of survey-based inflation expectations data for financial analysts, the business sector, trade unions representatives, and household participants. Thirdly, we capture our inflation expectations using three different forecast horizons (i.e. current, 12-month ahead, and 24-month ahead). Lastly, we conduct a sensitivity analysis. After employing our FFF based tests, the empirical results highlighted the Reserve Bank’s success of stabilizing real interest rates for periods subsequent to the 2008 Subprime crisis, as compared to periods before the crisis. Furthermore, after employing the NARDL model, we observed that nominal interest rates are more responsive to the falling inflation expectations across all economic agents except for trade unions during the pre-crisis period. On the other hand, nominal interest rates were found to be more responsive to rising expectations of all economic agents in the post-crisis period. Essentially, our findings have important policy implications for monetary policy. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Economics, Development and Tourism, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Mbekeni, Lutho
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52978 , vital:44863
- Description: In this study, we re-examine Fisher’s hypothesis for the South African economy during the post-inflation targeting era of 2002:Q1 to 2019:Q4, and in doing so, we present four noteworthy empirical contributions. Firstly, we employ two nonlinear frameworks to carry out our empirical analysis, i.e. i) Flexible Fourier Function (FFF) unit root tests, and ii) Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (NARDL). Secondly, we take the disaggregated approach in examining Fisher’s hypothesis by making use of survey-based inflation expectations data for financial analysts, the business sector, trade unions representatives, and household participants. Thirdly, we capture our inflation expectations using three different forecast horizons (i.e. current, 12-month ahead, and 24-month ahead). Lastly, we conduct a sensitivity analysis. After employing our FFF based tests, the empirical results highlighted the Reserve Bank’s success of stabilizing real interest rates for periods subsequent to the 2008 Subprime crisis, as compared to periods before the crisis. Furthermore, after employing the NARDL model, we observed that nominal interest rates are more responsive to the falling inflation expectations across all economic agents except for trade unions during the pre-crisis period. On the other hand, nominal interest rates were found to be more responsive to rising expectations of all economic agents in the post-crisis period. Essentially, our findings have important policy implications for monetary policy. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Economics, Development and Tourism, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Flash floods prediction in South African urban areas: Jukskei river catchment as case study
- Authors: Mawasha, Tshepo Sylvester
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Geographic information systems
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52059 , vital:43429
- Description: This study explored the change relation of multi-temporal land-use/land-cover (LULC) conditions in order to determine how they contribute to change in surface runoff volumes and peak discharge, in an effort to predict flash flooding within the Jukskei River catchment. The research is divided into three main parts: (1) LULC change modeling, (2) rainfall-runoff modeling, and (3) flash floods prediction. Three multi-temporal satellite images of Landsat-5 MMS (1987), Landsat-5 TM (2001) and Landsat-8 OLI (2015) were used for LULC modeling. The analysis of the LULC model revealed that there is a continuous increment in built-up area, from 37.7% to 56.2%, in the expense of other LULC classes for the 28-years preceding this study (i.e., 1987 to 2015). Rainfall-runoff model output results revealed that, for these 28 years, there has been an increase in surface runoff due to change in LULC by 21.5%, 32.9% and 45.5% for 1987, 2001 and 2015, respectively. Due to an increase in surface runoff volume and impervious surface over time, the analysis of HEC-RAS/GeoRAS showed that floodplain extent, flood depth, flood velocity, depth-velocity and the level of damage increases especially in low elevation areas and areas at closed proximity to the Jukskei River. Thus, the building structures and infrastructures are at risk of being affected by flash floods during the rainy season. The findings of this study are expected to be used as basic data for the identification of causative factors of flash floods, areas that generate high surface runoff volume, and the prediction of flash floods within the catchment in future. The flood damage maps developed in this study will be useful to policy-makers and the relevant authorities, as well as to local residents, in finding suitable measures for residential development along the floodplain while reducing flood risk in the study area. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Mawasha, Tshepo Sylvester
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Geographic information systems
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52059 , vital:43429
- Description: This study explored the change relation of multi-temporal land-use/land-cover (LULC) conditions in order to determine how they contribute to change in surface runoff volumes and peak discharge, in an effort to predict flash flooding within the Jukskei River catchment. The research is divided into three main parts: (1) LULC change modeling, (2) rainfall-runoff modeling, and (3) flash floods prediction. Three multi-temporal satellite images of Landsat-5 MMS (1987), Landsat-5 TM (2001) and Landsat-8 OLI (2015) were used for LULC modeling. The analysis of the LULC model revealed that there is a continuous increment in built-up area, from 37.7% to 56.2%, in the expense of other LULC classes for the 28-years preceding this study (i.e., 1987 to 2015). Rainfall-runoff model output results revealed that, for these 28 years, there has been an increase in surface runoff due to change in LULC by 21.5%, 32.9% and 45.5% for 1987, 2001 and 2015, respectively. Due to an increase in surface runoff volume and impervious surface over time, the analysis of HEC-RAS/GeoRAS showed that floodplain extent, flood depth, flood velocity, depth-velocity and the level of damage increases especially in low elevation areas and areas at closed proximity to the Jukskei River. Thus, the building structures and infrastructures are at risk of being affected by flash floods during the rainy season. The findings of this study are expected to be used as basic data for the identification of causative factors of flash floods, areas that generate high surface runoff volume, and the prediction of flash floods within the catchment in future. The flood damage maps developed in this study will be useful to policy-makers and the relevant authorities, as well as to local residents, in finding suitable measures for residential development along the floodplain while reducing flood risk in the study area. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Fragmentation of the Albany Thicket Biome: consequences for the biodiversity and health of thicket vegetation
- Authors: Carvalho, Shandon Luke
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Fragmented landscapes
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52344 , vital:43599
- Description: The dense impenetrable vegetation of the Albany Thicket Biome is highly resistant to a wide variety of disturbances but, once disturbed, lacks the regenerative qualities that allow it to return to a stable state. Agricultural development is the main cause of degradation in this biome, creating a landscape consisting of patches of thicket vegetation scattered throughout land cleared for crops or transformed through grazing by domestic livestock. The main objective of this study is to determine the health, status and biodiversity of thicket fragments as it relates to elephant impacts. The level of fragmentation and the remaining extent of intact thicket were investigated as its current status is unknown. The findings suggest that the Thicket Biome is highly fragmented as almost 50% of solid thicket has been cleared, transformed or degraded by agricultural or urban development. For Arid Thicket, the level of fragmentation and the remaining extent of intact thicket could not be determined and both could potentially be greater. For the intact thicket of Dune, Mesic and Valley Thicket types, patch sizes ranged between almost 6 and 876 km2 while the weighted mean was between 2 and 251 km2 . Remote sensing methods (NDVI) were used to determine whether the health of thicket could be remotely assessed. The thicket within and beyond the extent of piospheres around watering holes is subjected to different levels of herbivory. These different levels were compared to corresponding NDVI values with the latter accurately measuring the impact of herbivores along a gradient and providing a method to assess the health of thicket vegetation. Ground surveys of the edge effect, along thicket fragments adjacent to open pastures and separated by cut lines, were conducted. Based on these surveys, the extent of the edge effect was established at a distance of 7 m into thicket fragments separated by cut lines but could not be determined for thicket fragments adjacent to open pastures. Ground surveys were also conducted to assess the health of thicket vegetation exposed to different levels of herbivory, including the impact of elephants (Loxodonta africana). Results showed that different elephant densities produced different levels of impact that could be described in terms of changes in species richness, species diversity, plant height and cover, and growth form composition. Lastly, the findings of the health-based assessments were combined with elephant densities to develop a model that could assess the health of thicket vegetation using a range of ecological variables and relate it to an ideal range of elephant densities. This assessment method was tested at the Addo Elephant National Park and results showed that an elephant density of 1 elephant/km2 would maintain the appropriate diversity, structure and composition of thicket. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Carvalho, Shandon Luke
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Fragmented landscapes
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52344 , vital:43599
- Description: The dense impenetrable vegetation of the Albany Thicket Biome is highly resistant to a wide variety of disturbances but, once disturbed, lacks the regenerative qualities that allow it to return to a stable state. Agricultural development is the main cause of degradation in this biome, creating a landscape consisting of patches of thicket vegetation scattered throughout land cleared for crops or transformed through grazing by domestic livestock. The main objective of this study is to determine the health, status and biodiversity of thicket fragments as it relates to elephant impacts. The level of fragmentation and the remaining extent of intact thicket were investigated as its current status is unknown. The findings suggest that the Thicket Biome is highly fragmented as almost 50% of solid thicket has been cleared, transformed or degraded by agricultural or urban development. For Arid Thicket, the level of fragmentation and the remaining extent of intact thicket could not be determined and both could potentially be greater. For the intact thicket of Dune, Mesic and Valley Thicket types, patch sizes ranged between almost 6 and 876 km2 while the weighted mean was between 2 and 251 km2 . Remote sensing methods (NDVI) were used to determine whether the health of thicket could be remotely assessed. The thicket within and beyond the extent of piospheres around watering holes is subjected to different levels of herbivory. These different levels were compared to corresponding NDVI values with the latter accurately measuring the impact of herbivores along a gradient and providing a method to assess the health of thicket vegetation. Ground surveys of the edge effect, along thicket fragments adjacent to open pastures and separated by cut lines, were conducted. Based on these surveys, the extent of the edge effect was established at a distance of 7 m into thicket fragments separated by cut lines but could not be determined for thicket fragments adjacent to open pastures. Ground surveys were also conducted to assess the health of thicket vegetation exposed to different levels of herbivory, including the impact of elephants (Loxodonta africana). Results showed that different elephant densities produced different levels of impact that could be described in terms of changes in species richness, species diversity, plant height and cover, and growth form composition. Lastly, the findings of the health-based assessments were combined with elephant densities to develop a model that could assess the health of thicket vegetation using a range of ecological variables and relate it to an ideal range of elephant densities. This assessment method was tested at the Addo Elephant National Park and results showed that an elephant density of 1 elephant/km2 would maintain the appropriate diversity, structure and composition of thicket. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Giving effect to the rights of remand detainees
- Authors: Africa, Nicole Kristy
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Prisoners--Civil rights
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/51205 , vital:43216
- Description: Remand detainees make up a considerable amount of the total prison population in South Africa’s correctional system. Inmates are considered a vulnerable group in our society and the majority have suffered unfavourable life circumstances. Correctional centres are not open establishments and the public is not always aware of the human rights violations that occur in these establishments. The crime rate in South Africa is high and effective means must be taken to ensure the safety of its citizens. Time spent on remand is not viewed as punishment, however it is often met with appalling conditions including severe overcrowding, violence, gangsterism, drug usage, illness, the spread of disease and inadequate infrastructure and resources. This is the reality despite South Africa having one of the most progressive Bill of Rights in the world which guarantees human rights and in addition having a comprehensive Correctional Services legislative framework. Remand detainees are entitled to all rights and protections save for those legally restricted for the purpose of their detention. The court process to determine guilt or innocence is riddled with delays and clogged court rolls which sees matters taking a long time to finalise with time spent on remand regarded as dead time with no opportunities for productive activity. The Canadian position regarding remand detainees was investigated and many similarities were detected with the conditions experienced on remand detention in South Africa. It was found that these challenges are a global issue. This study investigates methods for improvement to the South African remand detainee landscape and highlights reforms that can be undertaken to make South Africa a leader in this arena. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, Criminal and Procedural Law, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Africa, Nicole Kristy
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Prisoners--Civil rights
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/51205 , vital:43216
- Description: Remand detainees make up a considerable amount of the total prison population in South Africa’s correctional system. Inmates are considered a vulnerable group in our society and the majority have suffered unfavourable life circumstances. Correctional centres are not open establishments and the public is not always aware of the human rights violations that occur in these establishments. The crime rate in South Africa is high and effective means must be taken to ensure the safety of its citizens. Time spent on remand is not viewed as punishment, however it is often met with appalling conditions including severe overcrowding, violence, gangsterism, drug usage, illness, the spread of disease and inadequate infrastructure and resources. This is the reality despite South Africa having one of the most progressive Bill of Rights in the world which guarantees human rights and in addition having a comprehensive Correctional Services legislative framework. Remand detainees are entitled to all rights and protections save for those legally restricted for the purpose of their detention. The court process to determine guilt or innocence is riddled with delays and clogged court rolls which sees matters taking a long time to finalise with time spent on remand regarded as dead time with no opportunities for productive activity. The Canadian position regarding remand detainees was investigated and many similarities were detected with the conditions experienced on remand detention in South Africa. It was found that these challenges are a global issue. This study investigates methods for improvement to the South African remand detainee landscape and highlights reforms that can be undertaken to make South Africa a leader in this arena. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, Criminal and Procedural Law, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Happiness in manufacturing
- Authors: Prinsloo, Christopher John
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52992 , vital:44893
- Description: The study of happiness, originally with a basis in psychology and sociology, became more scientific when methods were found to measure the complex concept. Humanity believe that happiness is meaningful, important, and worth achieving because, it is one of the most significant dimensions of human experience and emotions. The rewards of being happy for individuals and society are many including health, positivity, and productivity. The debate rages on whether subjective wellbeing increases as gross domestic product increases in countries and cities. Research has affirmed that happy employees are more productive, thereby improving financial sustainable, financial results for organisations and society. The opposite perspective is that unhappy employees negatively affect the performance, moral of fellow employees leading to negative results for organisations and poor social conditions. The Steel Wire and Rope manufacturing plant serves many organisations worldwide, where large industries exist including mining, offshore, agriculture and general-purpose applications. The manufacturing industry in which the study is based is strategic to South African local manufacture with critical applications in mine winding, by hoisting materials and men to the surface from the deepest mines in the world. Achievements include the longest and heaviest rope in the world. Happiness in this industry has not yet been explored, making this study new in this particular industry. The Steel Wire and Rope factory are a manufacturing facility and manufacturing companies can benefit from improving employee happiness levels. This makes this study of a steel wire and rope manufacturing facility important, as it would provide insight into similar manufacturing industries. The purpose of the study is to understand the happiness levels of employees in the steel, wire and rope manufacturing facility. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, NMU Business School, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Prinsloo, Christopher John
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52992 , vital:44893
- Description: The study of happiness, originally with a basis in psychology and sociology, became more scientific when methods were found to measure the complex concept. Humanity believe that happiness is meaningful, important, and worth achieving because, it is one of the most significant dimensions of human experience and emotions. The rewards of being happy for individuals and society are many including health, positivity, and productivity. The debate rages on whether subjective wellbeing increases as gross domestic product increases in countries and cities. Research has affirmed that happy employees are more productive, thereby improving financial sustainable, financial results for organisations and society. The opposite perspective is that unhappy employees negatively affect the performance, moral of fellow employees leading to negative results for organisations and poor social conditions. The Steel Wire and Rope manufacturing plant serves many organisations worldwide, where large industries exist including mining, offshore, agriculture and general-purpose applications. The manufacturing industry in which the study is based is strategic to South African local manufacture with critical applications in mine winding, by hoisting materials and men to the surface from the deepest mines in the world. Achievements include the longest and heaviest rope in the world. Happiness in this industry has not yet been explored, making this study new in this particular industry. The Steel Wire and Rope factory are a manufacturing facility and manufacturing companies can benefit from improving employee happiness levels. This makes this study of a steel wire and rope manufacturing facility important, as it would provide insight into similar manufacturing industries. The purpose of the study is to understand the happiness levels of employees in the steel, wire and rope manufacturing facility. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, NMU Business School, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Impact of feeding milk once-a-day on growth and development of jersey calves
- Authors: Myburgh, Albertus Petrus
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Calves -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52095 , vital:43438
- Description: In conventional calf rearing systems calves are fed milk twice a day. Calves are normally housed in a calf shed, kept in individual pens or in groups. The goal should be to limit mor-talities to less than 5% from birth to 30 days. This can be achieved by reducing animal stress, controlling diseases and feeding the animals properly. The immune function can be de-pressed by inadequate nutrition which will increase susceptibility to diseases. Key objective on a dairy farm should be to rear a healthy calf until the calf reaches the optimum mating weight. Digestive disorders and respiratory diseases are the main causes of mortalities of young calves. Jersey calves at Outeniqua Research Farm are kept in movable hutches out-side, for 8 weeks and whole milk is fed only once a day. Although it is common practice to feed milk to calves twice-a-day, Jersey calves are raised with great success by feeding whole milk once-a-day, but proven data was never collected to indicate that feeding whole milk to Jersey calves does not compromise growth or development of calves. Much research was done on feeding of milk to Holstein calves, but little was done on Jersey calves. Research also shows results on feeding of milk replacer rather than whole milk. This raised the question of can whole milk be fed once-a-day successfully to Jersey calves with-out compromising growth and development and what are the advantages of feeding whole milk once-a-day to Jersey calves? , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Myburgh, Albertus Petrus
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Calves -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52095 , vital:43438
- Description: In conventional calf rearing systems calves are fed milk twice a day. Calves are normally housed in a calf shed, kept in individual pens or in groups. The goal should be to limit mor-talities to less than 5% from birth to 30 days. This can be achieved by reducing animal stress, controlling diseases and feeding the animals properly. The immune function can be de-pressed by inadequate nutrition which will increase susceptibility to diseases. Key objective on a dairy farm should be to rear a healthy calf until the calf reaches the optimum mating weight. Digestive disorders and respiratory diseases are the main causes of mortalities of young calves. Jersey calves at Outeniqua Research Farm are kept in movable hutches out-side, for 8 weeks and whole milk is fed only once a day. Although it is common practice to feed milk to calves twice-a-day, Jersey calves are raised with great success by feeding whole milk once-a-day, but proven data was never collected to indicate that feeding whole milk to Jersey calves does not compromise growth or development of calves. Much research was done on feeding of milk to Holstein calves, but little was done on Jersey calves. Research also shows results on feeding of milk replacer rather than whole milk. This raised the question of can whole milk be fed once-a-day successfully to Jersey calves with-out compromising growth and development and what are the advantages of feeding whole milk once-a-day to Jersey calves? , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Impacts of food security programmes at Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Ngxeba, Zola
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/53030 , vital:44875
- Description: Poverty is recognised as one of the greatest challenges faced by developing and the least developed countries. South Africa has been no different with increased levels of poverty which are also inherit from the substantial inequality in the country. Thus, food security programmes have become an innovative way to tackle the issue of poverty across municipalities. Taking a qualitative and quantitative root within the Buffallo City Municipality located in the Eastern Cape, this study evaluated the impact these programmes have on household food security. Through surveys and interviews with participants in the Siyazondla and Siyakhula food programme instituted by department of rural development and agrarian reform (DRDAR) the findings show that beneficiaries benefited heavily from the programmes. Several households reported increased scale of food supply due to programmes such as the gardening projects and inputs within the agricultural process particularly; seeds, fertilizer and equipment neccesary for planting. Thus, conclusively, the outcome of these food security programmes has been positive and it is adviced that the department of rural development and agrarian reform (DRDAR) increase the population of households in the projects offered by the department. Moreover, these projects should be implimented to provide means which could enable communities to continue the projects without need for dependence. This would entail providing individuals with the neccesary skills and education to continue these projects within their households at limited costs. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Economics, Development and Tourism, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Ngxeba, Zola
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/53030 , vital:44875
- Description: Poverty is recognised as one of the greatest challenges faced by developing and the least developed countries. South Africa has been no different with increased levels of poverty which are also inherit from the substantial inequality in the country. Thus, food security programmes have become an innovative way to tackle the issue of poverty across municipalities. Taking a qualitative and quantitative root within the Buffallo City Municipality located in the Eastern Cape, this study evaluated the impact these programmes have on household food security. Through surveys and interviews with participants in the Siyazondla and Siyakhula food programme instituted by department of rural development and agrarian reform (DRDAR) the findings show that beneficiaries benefited heavily from the programmes. Several households reported increased scale of food supply due to programmes such as the gardening projects and inputs within the agricultural process particularly; seeds, fertilizer and equipment neccesary for planting. Thus, conclusively, the outcome of these food security programmes has been positive and it is adviced that the department of rural development and agrarian reform (DRDAR) increase the population of households in the projects offered by the department. Moreover, these projects should be implimented to provide means which could enable communities to continue the projects without need for dependence. This would entail providing individuals with the neccesary skills and education to continue these projects within their households at limited costs. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Economics, Development and Tourism, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Improving customer service through the marketing-logistic interface for automotive suppliers in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Mkumatela, Yolisa
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52955 , vital:44865
- Description: The primary purpose of this study was to investigate if the marketing-log-istics interface can improve customer service for automotive suppliers in the Eastern Cape. The rationale was that the poor service delivery by automotive suppliers can negatively affect the customer service levels, which can lead to dissatisfied customers and thus decrease the firm's profits while improved customer service levels may benefit the supplier, as customers may seek the best service from the supplier in terms of the right price, good quality, on time delivery, correct order quantities, and the correct delivery location for orders. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Management Sciences, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Mkumatela, Yolisa
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52955 , vital:44865
- Description: The primary purpose of this study was to investigate if the marketing-log-istics interface can improve customer service for automotive suppliers in the Eastern Cape. The rationale was that the poor service delivery by automotive suppliers can negatively affect the customer service levels, which can lead to dissatisfied customers and thus decrease the firm's profits while improved customer service levels may benefit the supplier, as customers may seek the best service from the supplier in terms of the right price, good quality, on time delivery, correct order quantities, and the correct delivery location for orders. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Management Sciences, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Incidence of parasitic trematodes effects on the energetics and behaviour of Coryogalops sordidus (Family: Gobiidae) resident in microbialite pools, warm temperate South Africa
- Authors: Du Toit, Hendrik Daniël
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Gobiidae -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52458 , vital:43666
- Description: Coryogalops sordidus(Epaulette goby), is a cryptobenthic species of the Family Gobiidae that iscommonly foundoccupying turbulent surf zones, calm rock pools, and sand and mud flats, where they are generally carnivorous predators. The distribution of C. sordidushas been recorded for Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and South Africa. The species is also resident in the microbialite pools on the temperate south east coast of South Africa. Recent reports indicated these gobies to be covered in numerous dark lesions, possibly suggesting that the microbialite pools are a sub-optimal habitat. Preliminary analyses have indicated that the dark lesions are a result of encysted metacercaria of a digenetic trematode (fluke). There werehowever,no current recorded parasiticspecies occurring within microbialite pool nor any records of any parasitic species utilizingC. sordidus as a host in South Africa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate parasite-host interactions and parasite presence in and around themicrobialite pool systems of Algoa Bay using C. sordidusas a study species. Coryogalops sordiduswas identified to be parasitised by digenetic trematode metacercaria of the Family Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886, localised primarily to the host musculature, fins, eyes, and integument with no settlement on any of the visceral organs. Furthermore, C. sordidus was found additionally parasitised by a green leech (Class: Hirundinea) of the Family Piscicolidae Johnston, 1865, localised exclusively to the ventral body surface, underneath the pelvic fin of the host. Further investigation into the life cycle of the trematode, suggested that the most probable final hosts wereherons,namely Ardea cinereaand Egretta garzetta garzetta, and intermediate host likely being the freshwater gastropod Assimineacf.capensis, present inthe upper microbialite pools. In both the microbialite and neighbouring rock pools trematode prevalence was found to oscillate in response to seasonal chemical and climatic conditions, whereas the secondary piscicolid leech parasite was influencedmoreby host presence than environmental conditions. Greater prevalence and intensity were measured in the microbialite pools suggesting that these systems likely contained a suit of favourable conditions that allowed for greater trematode loads to be maintained as compared to neighbouring rock pools. As parasites often have deleterious effects on their hosts, the response can manifest as an altered host behaviour or an increased energetic debt due to elevated immune response activity and the associated cost of tissue repair at sites of parasite aggregation.This study further investigatedifgobies (C. sordidus) infected with metacercarial cysts display higher metabolic ratesordifferent swimming behaviour compared to non-infected individuals. The results indicated that the metacercarial load carried by infected hosts had on average no significant impact on energetics, swimming ability, or swimming behaviour, concluding that the average metacercarial intensity present on the gobies is therefore below the threshold of an altered host response. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Du Toit, Hendrik Daniël
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Gobiidae -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52458 , vital:43666
- Description: Coryogalops sordidus(Epaulette goby), is a cryptobenthic species of the Family Gobiidae that iscommonly foundoccupying turbulent surf zones, calm rock pools, and sand and mud flats, where they are generally carnivorous predators. The distribution of C. sordidushas been recorded for Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and South Africa. The species is also resident in the microbialite pools on the temperate south east coast of South Africa. Recent reports indicated these gobies to be covered in numerous dark lesions, possibly suggesting that the microbialite pools are a sub-optimal habitat. Preliminary analyses have indicated that the dark lesions are a result of encysted metacercaria of a digenetic trematode (fluke). There werehowever,no current recorded parasiticspecies occurring within microbialite pool nor any records of any parasitic species utilizingC. sordidus as a host in South Africa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate parasite-host interactions and parasite presence in and around themicrobialite pool systems of Algoa Bay using C. sordidusas a study species. Coryogalops sordiduswas identified to be parasitised by digenetic trematode metacercaria of the Family Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886, localised primarily to the host musculature, fins, eyes, and integument with no settlement on any of the visceral organs. Furthermore, C. sordidus was found additionally parasitised by a green leech (Class: Hirundinea) of the Family Piscicolidae Johnston, 1865, localised exclusively to the ventral body surface, underneath the pelvic fin of the host. Further investigation into the life cycle of the trematode, suggested that the most probable final hosts wereherons,namely Ardea cinereaand Egretta garzetta garzetta, and intermediate host likely being the freshwater gastropod Assimineacf.capensis, present inthe upper microbialite pools. In both the microbialite and neighbouring rock pools trematode prevalence was found to oscillate in response to seasonal chemical and climatic conditions, whereas the secondary piscicolid leech parasite was influencedmoreby host presence than environmental conditions. Greater prevalence and intensity were measured in the microbialite pools suggesting that these systems likely contained a suit of favourable conditions that allowed for greater trematode loads to be maintained as compared to neighbouring rock pools. As parasites often have deleterious effects on their hosts, the response can manifest as an altered host behaviour or an increased energetic debt due to elevated immune response activity and the associated cost of tissue repair at sites of parasite aggregation.This study further investigatedifgobies (C. sordidus) infected with metacercarial cysts display higher metabolic ratesordifferent swimming behaviour compared to non-infected individuals. The results indicated that the metacercarial load carried by infected hosts had on average no significant impact on energetics, swimming ability, or swimming behaviour, concluding that the average metacercarial intensity present on the gobies is therefore below the threshold of an altered host response. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Internationalisation at the Nelson Mandela University Business School
- Authors: Sapepa, Ongeziwe Ndimentle
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52946 , vital:44896
- Description: The concept of internationalisation of higher education is a dynamic process, continuously shaped and reshaped by the international context in which it occurs. While the topic of internationalisation has been explored, internationalisation at the Nelson Mandela University Business School has not been investigated. This study will attempt to determine the Nelson Mandela University Business School’s internationalisation. This study used literature reviews to investigate the definition and elements of internationalisation. The literature review facilitated the creation of a conceptual model for internationalisation. The network theory and the social exchange theory informed the theoretical basis of this study. This research pursues a positivistic approach using quantitative methods of analysis. Accordingly, the conceptual model was tested using Likert scale data and statistical analysis. This study surveyed current and former Nelson Mandela University Business School students This study established that the independent factors of International Affiliation, African Collaboration, Research, Curriculum, Field trips, Benefits, Risks and COVID-19 were all found to exert a significant positive effect on Internationalisation. An Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted to explore the relationships among factors and to identify any possible patterns in the factor relationships. All these factors (except for African Collaboration and Field trips) demonstrated positive correlations with Internationalisation. In this study, the statistical data, relating to these factors helped to establish the hypothesised model for Internationalisation at Nelson Mandela University Business School. The data are established as a baseline, which allows for comparisons to be made between surveys at similar higher education institutions. Internationalisation requires additional research to refine and test its suitability and validity to test internationalisation. This study further makes contribution to the network theory as well as to the social exchange theory as the findings support these theories. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, NMU Business School, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Sapepa, Ongeziwe Ndimentle
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52946 , vital:44896
- Description: The concept of internationalisation of higher education is a dynamic process, continuously shaped and reshaped by the international context in which it occurs. While the topic of internationalisation has been explored, internationalisation at the Nelson Mandela University Business School has not been investigated. This study will attempt to determine the Nelson Mandela University Business School’s internationalisation. This study used literature reviews to investigate the definition and elements of internationalisation. The literature review facilitated the creation of a conceptual model for internationalisation. The network theory and the social exchange theory informed the theoretical basis of this study. This research pursues a positivistic approach using quantitative methods of analysis. Accordingly, the conceptual model was tested using Likert scale data and statistical analysis. This study surveyed current and former Nelson Mandela University Business School students This study established that the independent factors of International Affiliation, African Collaboration, Research, Curriculum, Field trips, Benefits, Risks and COVID-19 were all found to exert a significant positive effect on Internationalisation. An Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted to explore the relationships among factors and to identify any possible patterns in the factor relationships. All these factors (except for African Collaboration and Field trips) demonstrated positive correlations with Internationalisation. In this study, the statistical data, relating to these factors helped to establish the hypothesised model for Internationalisation at Nelson Mandela University Business School. The data are established as a baseline, which allows for comparisons to be made between surveys at similar higher education institutions. Internationalisation requires additional research to refine and test its suitability and validity to test internationalisation. This study further makes contribution to the network theory as well as to the social exchange theory as the findings support these theories. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, NMU Business School, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Investigating financing options for business success
- Authors: Vena, Sindile
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/53002 , vital:44908
- Description: The study sought to examine the extent to which the financing options chosen by entrepreneurs will have an impact on business success. The investigator adopted the progression of the ventures along the business life cycle stages as a benchmark for assessing success. The study focused primarily on small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in the Eastern Cape Information Communication Technologies (ICT) sector. An empirical study, using an online survey was conducted amongst 50 small business owners/ business representative within the ICT sector in the Eastern Cape Province. Key results revealed that the financial support of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) and personal savings have played a key role in the success of ICT SMMEs throughout the business life cycle phases. This occurs after an ICT SMME has advanced successfully over the startup stage and aims for success in the development phase. The empirical finding revealed that for these SMMEs to attain success at this stage, they should finance their business investment projects utilising financing and credit trade in the form of bank loans, families, relatives and friends. According to the empirical finding in chapter five, the abovementioned financing options are only substantially linked to good advancement from the development phase onto the expansion phase. In addition, suggestions have been made to the ICT SMME management to include BBBEE finance, personal savings, bank loans, families, relatives and friends and trade credit as suitable funding choices for the ICT SMME's life cycle. The recommendations made included that proponents of the BBBEE legislation underpinning the enterprise development and supplier development, should intentionally pressure the private sector to comply with this legislation, as compliance will increase the pool of capital available to SMMEs.The chances of receiving these forms of support would therefore improve the probabilites of sucess for ICT SMMEs. Moreover, personal financing is crucial to successful progress for ICT SMMEs along the business life cycle. It is recommended that startup owners should always exercise iv saving in their personal capacity. In the early stages, the owner's capital will still be valuable as "seed financing" for start-up businesses., when all the other options of external funding are not available. Moreover, SMMEs should continuously explore the other financing options, such as bank loans, families, relatives and friends and trade credit only when their business goals are achieving success at the development stage. The study calls upon academia to consider performing descriptive studies to look at these findings. Through setting a concise financing approach for SMMEs in the ICT sector, SMMEs may help to close the distance between themselves and access to various financing options and supportive organisations. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, NMU Business School, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Vena, Sindile
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/53002 , vital:44908
- Description: The study sought to examine the extent to which the financing options chosen by entrepreneurs will have an impact on business success. The investigator adopted the progression of the ventures along the business life cycle stages as a benchmark for assessing success. The study focused primarily on small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in the Eastern Cape Information Communication Technologies (ICT) sector. An empirical study, using an online survey was conducted amongst 50 small business owners/ business representative within the ICT sector in the Eastern Cape Province. Key results revealed that the financial support of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) and personal savings have played a key role in the success of ICT SMMEs throughout the business life cycle phases. This occurs after an ICT SMME has advanced successfully over the startup stage and aims for success in the development phase. The empirical finding revealed that for these SMMEs to attain success at this stage, they should finance their business investment projects utilising financing and credit trade in the form of bank loans, families, relatives and friends. According to the empirical finding in chapter five, the abovementioned financing options are only substantially linked to good advancement from the development phase onto the expansion phase. In addition, suggestions have been made to the ICT SMME management to include BBBEE finance, personal savings, bank loans, families, relatives and friends and trade credit as suitable funding choices for the ICT SMME's life cycle. The recommendations made included that proponents of the BBBEE legislation underpinning the enterprise development and supplier development, should intentionally pressure the private sector to comply with this legislation, as compliance will increase the pool of capital available to SMMEs.The chances of receiving these forms of support would therefore improve the probabilites of sucess for ICT SMMEs. Moreover, personal financing is crucial to successful progress for ICT SMMEs along the business life cycle. It is recommended that startup owners should always exercise iv saving in their personal capacity. In the early stages, the owner's capital will still be valuable as "seed financing" for start-up businesses., when all the other options of external funding are not available. Moreover, SMMEs should continuously explore the other financing options, such as bank loans, families, relatives and friends and trade credit only when their business goals are achieving success at the development stage. The study calls upon academia to consider performing descriptive studies to look at these findings. Through setting a concise financing approach for SMMEs in the ICT sector, SMMEs may help to close the distance between themselves and access to various financing options and supportive organisations. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, NMU Business School, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Large mammalian fauna of the Palaeo-Agulhas Plain: predicting habitat use and range distribution
- Authors: Brooke, Christopher F
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Herbivores
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52332 , vital:43590
- Description: Understanding the variations in structure and abundance of animals and what leads to their distribution within the landscape has captured the attention of ecologists for centuries. Importantly, knowledge of current behaviour of large mammals can be used to inform historic population dynamics and is essential to understanding how early humans used large mammals as a foraging resource. Central to this thesis and improving our understanding of large herbivores is the Palaeo-Agulhas Plain (PAP) where large mammalian herbivores formed a key food resource for early humans. The PAP, now submerged off the southern Cape of South Africa, formed a novel ecosystem during lower sea levels. Characterised by large expanses of nutrient rich grasslands and large grazing herbivores, the PAP stands in stark contrast to the nutrient poor fynbos ecosystems that is in the southern Cape today. In this thesis I focus on the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~20 ka) when the PAP was last fully exposed to answer questions relating to the habitat use and range distribution of large herbivores. Importantly, through the Paleoscape Project, modelled climate, soil and vegetation have made these recreations of large mammals possible. Using modelled climate and vegetation this thesis aims to model the large herbivore communities and understand the influence of early humans on the PAP during the LGM for successful integration into the PaleoscapeABM (the PAP agent-based model). To improve our understanding of large mammals on the PAP I identified five large herbivores that became extinct on the PAP since the LGM and modelled their behavioural and physical traits using k-Nearest Neighbour imputation. I predicted the biomass of large herbivores across the PAP using actual biomass of large herbivores from 39 protected areas across South Africa (spanning five functional groups to include the extinct species) across a rainfall gradient and different biomes. The distribution of large herbivores would likely have been driven by similar top-down and bottom-up drivers we see in large herbivore ecology today. Knowing this, I created a predictive model for large mammals by predicting the probability of occurrence of functional groups of large herbivores in relation to environmental drivers and humans. Results showed that all species (except Antidorcas australis) were adapted to the grassy environment of the PAP and these specialisations likely contributed to their extinction along with changing climates and intensified hunting from humans. When predicting herbivore viii biomass, biome was the most important factor influencing the relationship between herbivores and rainfall. In general, large herbivore biomass increased with rainfall across biomes, except for grassland. Finally, I showed the probability of occurrence of large herbivores was influenced by early humans, water availability and a landscape of fear on the PAP. Through this thesis I have successfully provided detailed accounts of the biomass and probability of occurrence of large herbivores on the PAP. Importantly, this information can be seamlessly integrated into the PaleoscapeABM. Finally, I highlight the importance of this knowledge in understanding early humans, the potential shortcomings of this study and resulting areas where research needs to be focused. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Brooke, Christopher F
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Herbivores
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52332 , vital:43590
- Description: Understanding the variations in structure and abundance of animals and what leads to their distribution within the landscape has captured the attention of ecologists for centuries. Importantly, knowledge of current behaviour of large mammals can be used to inform historic population dynamics and is essential to understanding how early humans used large mammals as a foraging resource. Central to this thesis and improving our understanding of large herbivores is the Palaeo-Agulhas Plain (PAP) where large mammalian herbivores formed a key food resource for early humans. The PAP, now submerged off the southern Cape of South Africa, formed a novel ecosystem during lower sea levels. Characterised by large expanses of nutrient rich grasslands and large grazing herbivores, the PAP stands in stark contrast to the nutrient poor fynbos ecosystems that is in the southern Cape today. In this thesis I focus on the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~20 ka) when the PAP was last fully exposed to answer questions relating to the habitat use and range distribution of large herbivores. Importantly, through the Paleoscape Project, modelled climate, soil and vegetation have made these recreations of large mammals possible. Using modelled climate and vegetation this thesis aims to model the large herbivore communities and understand the influence of early humans on the PAP during the LGM for successful integration into the PaleoscapeABM (the PAP agent-based model). To improve our understanding of large mammals on the PAP I identified five large herbivores that became extinct on the PAP since the LGM and modelled their behavioural and physical traits using k-Nearest Neighbour imputation. I predicted the biomass of large herbivores across the PAP using actual biomass of large herbivores from 39 protected areas across South Africa (spanning five functional groups to include the extinct species) across a rainfall gradient and different biomes. The distribution of large herbivores would likely have been driven by similar top-down and bottom-up drivers we see in large herbivore ecology today. Knowing this, I created a predictive model for large mammals by predicting the probability of occurrence of functional groups of large herbivores in relation to environmental drivers and humans. Results showed that all species (except Antidorcas australis) were adapted to the grassy environment of the PAP and these specialisations likely contributed to their extinction along with changing climates and intensified hunting from humans. When predicting herbivore viii biomass, biome was the most important factor influencing the relationship between herbivores and rainfall. In general, large herbivore biomass increased with rainfall across biomes, except for grassland. Finally, I showed the probability of occurrence of large herbivores was influenced by early humans, water availability and a landscape of fear on the PAP. Through this thesis I have successfully provided detailed accounts of the biomass and probability of occurrence of large herbivores on the PAP. Importantly, this information can be seamlessly integrated into the PaleoscapeABM. Finally, I highlight the importance of this knowledge in understanding early humans, the potential shortcomings of this study and resulting areas where research needs to be focused. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Linking agrochemical pollution with the aquatic ecological integrity of the Twee River Catchment, Western Cape
- Authors: Brink, Zanné
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Ecological integrity
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52326 , vital:43588
- Description: This study was initiated in the Twee River system due to the threat posed by agrochemicals on the occurrence of the endemic and endangered fish species found within the catchment. Poor knowledge and understanding of the environmental effects of fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals among small and large commercial farmers within the study area, in combination with their intensive use may have resulted in chemical contamination above environmentally safe concentrations. Numerous studies have highlighted the fact that more research needs to be conducted to identify the key threats to the continued existence of specifically the Critically Endangered Sedercypris erubescens. The overall aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal patterns in aquatic ecosystem diversity in the Twee River catchment as indicated by macroinvertebrate and native fish distribution and abundance. It was further investigated if there was a link between agrochemical pollution and the aquatic ecological integrity of the Twee River catchment. Selected sampling sites were identified and sampled to determine the presence and concentration of pesticides entering the water of the Twee River system during run-off and event-based spraying. Furthermore, the effect of these pesticides on the distribution and abundance of the aquatic biota were determined using SASS5 for the macroinvertebrate populations and visually sampling the distribution of the native and non-native fish in the Twee River catchment. This study supports suggestions made by previous studies, that sub-lethal to lethal concentrations of insecticides could be a threat to the long-term survival of benthic macroinvertebrates and potentially the more sensitive endemic fish species within the Twee River system. More focussed research is needed to address impacts of pesticides within this catchment. Agricultural and conservation efforts should be aimed at developing of a shared vision amongst stakeholders, to allow for the longterm conservation of the endemic fish of the Twee River. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Brink, Zanné
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Ecological integrity
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52326 , vital:43588
- Description: This study was initiated in the Twee River system due to the threat posed by agrochemicals on the occurrence of the endemic and endangered fish species found within the catchment. Poor knowledge and understanding of the environmental effects of fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals among small and large commercial farmers within the study area, in combination with their intensive use may have resulted in chemical contamination above environmentally safe concentrations. Numerous studies have highlighted the fact that more research needs to be conducted to identify the key threats to the continued existence of specifically the Critically Endangered Sedercypris erubescens. The overall aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal patterns in aquatic ecosystem diversity in the Twee River catchment as indicated by macroinvertebrate and native fish distribution and abundance. It was further investigated if there was a link between agrochemical pollution and the aquatic ecological integrity of the Twee River catchment. Selected sampling sites were identified and sampled to determine the presence and concentration of pesticides entering the water of the Twee River system during run-off and event-based spraying. Furthermore, the effect of these pesticides on the distribution and abundance of the aquatic biota were determined using SASS5 for the macroinvertebrate populations and visually sampling the distribution of the native and non-native fish in the Twee River catchment. This study supports suggestions made by previous studies, that sub-lethal to lethal concentrations of insecticides could be a threat to the long-term survival of benthic macroinvertebrates and potentially the more sensitive endemic fish species within the Twee River system. More focussed research is needed to address impacts of pesticides within this catchment. Agricultural and conservation efforts should be aimed at developing of a shared vision amongst stakeholders, to allow for the longterm conservation of the endemic fish of the Twee River. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Main thesis title 2021: A framework for a waterfront development in Nelson Mandela Bay
- Sethosa, Thandisizwe Theophilus
- Authors: Sethosa, Thandisizwe Theophilus
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master' theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52957 , vital:44902
- Description: Internationally, waterfront developments have become major tourist attractions and added to a city's infrastructure. This study seeks to traverse available literature to develop a conceptual framework for Waterfront Development in Nelson Mandela Bay. A framework is a systematic arrangement of ideas that are used to establish an understanding of ideas and principles that are relevant to a research study. Following the comprehensive analysis of literature that has been carried out globally, a conceptual framework was adopted as a blueprint for successful Waterfront Developments from the Port of Adelaide in South Australia. The framework essentially comprises one dependent factor, namely A successful Waterfront Development. This factor was expected to be influenced positively by the following independent factors, namely Functionality, Accessibility, Natural Environment and Culture, History and Memory. This research pursued a positivistic approach using quantitative methods of analysis. Accordingly, the researcher tested a conceptual model through the use of an online survey and statistical analysis. The hypothesised Waterfront Development Model for Nelson Mandela Bay was evaluated statistically. This includes a detailed process of the assessment of the factors via Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The EFA produced new factors and rearranged the items allocated to different factors in accordance to best statistical fit. The study's questionnaire was distributed to the residents of Nelson Mandela Bay and was completed by a sample of 202 residents. The study sought to identify relevant factors to inform management on how to drive a successful waterfront development imperative in the city. The factor ‘Critical Success Factor’ in the hypothesised model, through the EFA process produced four additional factors namely, ‘Unique NMB Identity’, ‘Public-Private Partnership’, ‘Development Time frames’ and ‘Ownership Structure’. The factor ‘Functionality ‘in the hypothesised model, through the EFA process produced three additional factors namely, ‘Leisure Activities’, ‘Port Activities’ and ‘Residential Potential. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, NMU Business School, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Sethosa, Thandisizwe Theophilus
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master' theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52957 , vital:44902
- Description: Internationally, waterfront developments have become major tourist attractions and added to a city's infrastructure. This study seeks to traverse available literature to develop a conceptual framework for Waterfront Development in Nelson Mandela Bay. A framework is a systematic arrangement of ideas that are used to establish an understanding of ideas and principles that are relevant to a research study. Following the comprehensive analysis of literature that has been carried out globally, a conceptual framework was adopted as a blueprint for successful Waterfront Developments from the Port of Adelaide in South Australia. The framework essentially comprises one dependent factor, namely A successful Waterfront Development. This factor was expected to be influenced positively by the following independent factors, namely Functionality, Accessibility, Natural Environment and Culture, History and Memory. This research pursued a positivistic approach using quantitative methods of analysis. Accordingly, the researcher tested a conceptual model through the use of an online survey and statistical analysis. The hypothesised Waterfront Development Model for Nelson Mandela Bay was evaluated statistically. This includes a detailed process of the assessment of the factors via Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The EFA produced new factors and rearranged the items allocated to different factors in accordance to best statistical fit. The study's questionnaire was distributed to the residents of Nelson Mandela Bay and was completed by a sample of 202 residents. The study sought to identify relevant factors to inform management on how to drive a successful waterfront development imperative in the city. The factor ‘Critical Success Factor’ in the hypothesised model, through the EFA process produced four additional factors namely, ‘Unique NMB Identity’, ‘Public-Private Partnership’, ‘Development Time frames’ and ‘Ownership Structure’. The factor ‘Functionality ‘in the hypothesised model, through the EFA process produced three additional factors namely, ‘Leisure Activities’, ‘Port Activities’ and ‘Residential Potential. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, NMU Business School, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Main thesis title 2021: Evaluating the incentive to move freight distribution from road to rail
- Authors: Williams, John Steven
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52953 , vital:44909
- Description: South Africa’s uncompetitive freight logistics system is severely hampering the country’s competitiveness and the current disproportionate reliance on the road freight sector is a main contributing factor. The need for a modal shift from road to rail has long been advocated as a necessity to correct this freight logistics imbalance. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the incentives needed to move freight distribution from road to rail within shorter distance corridors and specifically the Port Elizabeth- Gauteng corridor. Specifically, it evaluates the incentives needed, the importance of cost, distance and whether special capabilities are required to achieve such a move. Empirical data were collected with an online survey and distributed via the Road freight Association (RFA) to transport operators and micro operators within South Africa. Statistical analysis was used to analyse the main research and sub-questions through descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis and Pearson correlation. The results showed that a mostly strong positive correlation exists between the measured variables in this study while also indicating a significant relationship between the independent variables and moving freight distribution from road to rail. These results proved that all the factors are related to each other and that implementing a move of freight from road to rail would need to include the consideration of all these factors. The study concludes that moving freight distribution from road to rail will be possible if incentives regarding cost rebates or subsidies amongst others are taken into account and included in additional future legislation or more practical implementation plans. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciencence, NMU Business School, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Williams, John Steven
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52953 , vital:44909
- Description: South Africa’s uncompetitive freight logistics system is severely hampering the country’s competitiveness and the current disproportionate reliance on the road freight sector is a main contributing factor. The need for a modal shift from road to rail has long been advocated as a necessity to correct this freight logistics imbalance. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the incentives needed to move freight distribution from road to rail within shorter distance corridors and specifically the Port Elizabeth- Gauteng corridor. Specifically, it evaluates the incentives needed, the importance of cost, distance and whether special capabilities are required to achieve such a move. Empirical data were collected with an online survey and distributed via the Road freight Association (RFA) to transport operators and micro operators within South Africa. Statistical analysis was used to analyse the main research and sub-questions through descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis and Pearson correlation. The results showed that a mostly strong positive correlation exists between the measured variables in this study while also indicating a significant relationship between the independent variables and moving freight distribution from road to rail. These results proved that all the factors are related to each other and that implementing a move of freight from road to rail would need to include the consideration of all these factors. The study concludes that moving freight distribution from road to rail will be possible if incentives regarding cost rebates or subsidies amongst others are taken into account and included in additional future legislation or more practical implementation plans. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciencence, NMU Business School, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
Main thesis title 2021: subtitle if needed. If no subtitle follow instructions in manual
- Last name, First name (remember to update the ORCID)
- Authors: Last name, First name (remember to update the ORCID)
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Grahamstown (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's/Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52791 , vital:44031
- Description: Abstract text. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Journalsim and Media Studies, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Last name, First name (remember to update the ORCID)
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Grahamstown (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's/Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52791 , vital:44031
- Description: Abstract text. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Journalsim and Media Studies, 2021
- Full Text:
National minimum wage : a comparative study between Germany and South Africa
- Authors: Tshete, Vusumzi Victor
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Minimum wage--Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/51183 , vital:43227
- Description: This comparative research study attempted to provide the comparative analysis between the Germany’s MiLoG and the South African NMWA. The study has adopted the ILO definition of the Minimum Wage as the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by a collective agreement or an individual contract The Desk review was an appropriate data collection method for the present research studies. Desk research refers to secondary data that was collected without fieldwork. This included reviewal of libraries and the internet, that includes Journals; newspapers; clippings; reports; government statistics; dictionaries; books, On-line databases, Internet sources, legislations and case laws. The multiple research questions that will be addressed by the study question involve the regulation of the implementation of the NMW, the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of the NMW between South Africa and Germany, the impact of the NMW in addressing inequality, poverty and unemployment or socio-economic challenges, as well the overall role of the NMW in the entire labour between the two countries. The present study conducted a literature review on the historical development of the Minimum Wage in South Africa and Germany, the legislative framework around the Minimum Wage in both countries. The literature review also covered the impact of NMW on poverty alleviation and Wage inequalities. The literature further covered, the differences between the implementation of the MiLoG in the case of Germany and the NMWA in the case of South Africa. The literature also covered adjusting amendment and monitoring compliance including the best practices. The findings of the study is that the overarching purpose of introducing a NMW had multi- faceted purpose function such as of transforming the country’s inordinately unequal wage structure while at the same time redressing the inherent poverty, inequalities and transformation of the unequal wage structures both in South Africa and Germany. The Minimum Wage is implemented to prevent workers from earning very low wages. In both 3 countries the Minimum Wage is backed by the legislative framework. Processes to measure and enforce compliance are prevalent in both countries; however, the study found that it is very sophisticated to estimate the exact extent of non-compliance. The study further revealed that the effectiveness of Minimum Wages was seen to depend entirely on their policy design, implementation, and adoption as well as compliance measures. The success of the Minimum Wage solely depend on the compliance rate by employers, hence the study recommends that the New Minimum Wage legislation needs to ensure higher rates of compliance. The effective Minimum Wage should put measures in place to ensure that the compliance enforcement measures are practically implemented. A room still exists for both countries to mitigate wage inequalities that will benefit mostly the vulnerable employees. The study revealed that the NMW Commission needs to be capacitated with resources. A need of recruiting highly qualified inspectors was identified in order to strengthen the process of monitoring and ensuring compliance. The study further revealed that the appropriate Minimum Wage needs a collaborative participation of all stakeholders such as employers, the state, employees, trade unions, employer’s organization, bargaining councils, the member of public in order to achieve its professed mandate. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, Mercantile Law, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Tshete, Vusumzi Victor
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , Minimum wage--Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/51183 , vital:43227
- Description: This comparative research study attempted to provide the comparative analysis between the Germany’s MiLoG and the South African NMWA. The study has adopted the ILO definition of the Minimum Wage as the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by a collective agreement or an individual contract The Desk review was an appropriate data collection method for the present research studies. Desk research refers to secondary data that was collected without fieldwork. This included reviewal of libraries and the internet, that includes Journals; newspapers; clippings; reports; government statistics; dictionaries; books, On-line databases, Internet sources, legislations and case laws. The multiple research questions that will be addressed by the study question involve the regulation of the implementation of the NMW, the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of the NMW between South Africa and Germany, the impact of the NMW in addressing inequality, poverty and unemployment or socio-economic challenges, as well the overall role of the NMW in the entire labour between the two countries. The present study conducted a literature review on the historical development of the Minimum Wage in South Africa and Germany, the legislative framework around the Minimum Wage in both countries. The literature review also covered the impact of NMW on poverty alleviation and Wage inequalities. The literature further covered, the differences between the implementation of the MiLoG in the case of Germany and the NMWA in the case of South Africa. The literature also covered adjusting amendment and monitoring compliance including the best practices. The findings of the study is that the overarching purpose of introducing a NMW had multi- faceted purpose function such as of transforming the country’s inordinately unequal wage structure while at the same time redressing the inherent poverty, inequalities and transformation of the unequal wage structures both in South Africa and Germany. The Minimum Wage is implemented to prevent workers from earning very low wages. In both 3 countries the Minimum Wage is backed by the legislative framework. Processes to measure and enforce compliance are prevalent in both countries; however, the study found that it is very sophisticated to estimate the exact extent of non-compliance. The study further revealed that the effectiveness of Minimum Wages was seen to depend entirely on their policy design, implementation, and adoption as well as compliance measures. The success of the Minimum Wage solely depend on the compliance rate by employers, hence the study recommends that the New Minimum Wage legislation needs to ensure higher rates of compliance. The effective Minimum Wage should put measures in place to ensure that the compliance enforcement measures are practically implemented. A room still exists for both countries to mitigate wage inequalities that will benefit mostly the vulnerable employees. The study revealed that the NMW Commission needs to be capacitated with resources. A need of recruiting highly qualified inspectors was identified in order to strengthen the process of monitoring and ensuring compliance. The study further revealed that the appropriate Minimum Wage needs a collaborative participation of all stakeholders such as employers, the state, employees, trade unions, employer’s organization, bargaining councils, the member of public in order to achieve its professed mandate. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, Mercantile Law, 2021
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2021-04
On the ideals and semimodules of commutative semirings
- Authors: Olivier, Ruan
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52782 , vital:44026
- Description: Semirings are a generalisation of rings where additive inverses need not exist. In this dissertation, we focus on results of commutative semirings with non-zero identity. Many results that we study are analogous to results from commutative rings with non-zero identity. Properties which are unique to semirings are also investigated, such as semirings where all elements are additively idempotent. The notion of ideals is examined in the context of a semiring. Specifically, prime ideals, maximal ideals, k-ideals and partitioning ideals of semirings are considered. Additionally, the module over a ring is generalised to a semimodule over a semiring. The emphasis is on prime subsemimodules and multiplication semimodules. Lastly, invertible ideals of semirings are examined. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Olivier, Ruan
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Gqeberha (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/52782 , vital:44026
- Description: Semirings are a generalisation of rings where additive inverses need not exist. In this dissertation, we focus on results of commutative semirings with non-zero identity. Many results that we study are analogous to results from commutative rings with non-zero identity. Properties which are unique to semirings are also investigated, such as semirings where all elements are additively idempotent. The notion of ideals is examined in the context of a semiring. Specifically, prime ideals, maximal ideals, k-ideals and partitioning ideals of semirings are considered. Additionally, the module over a ring is generalised to a semimodule over a semiring. The emphasis is on prime subsemimodules and multiplication semimodules. Lastly, invertible ideals of semirings are examined. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04