The application value and most appropriate mapping scales for site classification and evaluation in the South African forest industry
- Authors: Sibhakabhaka, Thembisa
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Forests and forestry -- South Africa , Forest products industry -- South Africa Geographic information systems
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/49281 , vital:41617
- Description: The South African forest industry is challenged with aspects related to socio-political developments, conflicts with biodiversity values, uncertainties related to climate change, several biotic and abiotic risks, and a limited potential for expansion. For this reason, efficient and optimal land-use is essential, which requires sustainable forest management practices and accurate information and decision support systems. Tree growth patterns, productivity and risks vary according to changes in geology, topography, climate and soil conditions. It is therefore required that forest managers, planners and researchers have a conceptual understanding of the concept of forest site classification and evaluation. This is essential not only for improved levels resilience, but also to maintain a competitive industry in terms of socio-economic and environmental performance. The first chapter of the study aimed to investigate the perceptions and interpretations of a range of representative stakeholders from the forestry industry regarding the value, shortcomings, requirements and design of forest site classification and evaluation systems in use in the local industry. A questionnaire with 16 questions was used for this purpose, and data was analysed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Results indicated variable levels of understanding amongst respondents of terminology and the nature of systems used in industry. Trends in responses were influenced by the background of stakeholders, the role of individuals in the value chain of forestry as well as past experiences. The perceived importance and value of potential site evaluation applications varied substantially amongst different stakeholders. Results point towards a narrow-focus application for site classification and evaluation systems for site-specific forestry, with a lesser regard with aspects of risk management and environmental performance. Several technical aspects related to site variables, data resolution and scale of presentation were also questioned by participants. Listed priorities for research and development include the integration of site classification and evaluation systems into corporate information systems, modernizing technology, more appropriate site evaluation models, advanced climatic modelling and the development of indices of water and nutrient availability related to forest productivity. There is general agreement for the development of a national forest site classification system. The value of this part of the study lies in the contribution it makes towards our knowledge of stakeholder perceptions regarding site classification and evaluation, as well as the valuable comments made by participants for the refinement of such systems that can serve as indicators for entities involved in education, governance and strategic forest management. The second data chapter of the study involved the development of high-resolution site classification systems in the form of Site Types for two selected study areas in South Africa, one located in Mpumalanga, and the other in the southern Cape. This enabled a comparative analysis with existing low-resolution Land Type classifications that were developed by different authors for the same two study areas, in terms of its reliability, accuracy and general usefulness for applications in the plantation forestry value chain. The comparison of the two types of classification systems revealed that the climate data forming part of the database were of equal accuracy and resolution. However, an obvious difference was detected in the information pertaining to soil in terms of descriptive and spatial data. In the case of both study areas, the Site Type classification systems revealed many soil and geological features that were not indicated by the lower-resolution Land Type systems. Variation in characteristics related to parent material, soil classification, soil depth, intensity of subsoil wetness and soil organic matter were not adequately reflected in these systems. This can potentially have important implications for applications such as species choice, predictions of yield, nutrient optimization, ratings of soil resilience, biodiversity management and evaluations for carbon sequestration potential. The data forming part of this study indicate that although Land Type classification systems can provide valuable support at strategic levels of planning and management, there are several limitations for use at finer scales of resolution. The final chapter of the study includes an investigation and qualitative comparison of the usefulness of Site Type vs. Land Type classification systems, based on existing knowledge in the industry. The two systems are compared in terms of its input towards the following applications: site-species matching, timber yield prediction, site amelioration / site preparation requirements, nutrient management requirements, vegetation management / weed control, management of pests and diseases, determination of risk for soil compaction, soil erosion and nutrient loss, decision making regarding forest engineering operations, prediction of wood / fibre properties, biodiversity management and lastly planning of research activities / priorities. This analysis indicated that applications that require data on only climate and general soil patterns can be supported with equal success by both types of site classification systems. On the other hand, in cases where high-resolution data on site factors are required, Land Type classification systems had numerous shortcomings and received a much lower rating of suitability. The outcome of the study can provide guidance on the development and design of future site classification and evaluation systems for the South African forest industry. High-resolution databases of key site factors should receive priority, together with the development of decision support systems based on causal relationships. This will contribute to the resilience and sustainability of an industry that is increasingly confronted with questions related to the placement, design and management of forest plantations.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Sibhakabhaka, Thembisa
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Forests and forestry -- South Africa , Forest products industry -- South Africa Geographic information systems
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/49281 , vital:41617
- Description: The South African forest industry is challenged with aspects related to socio-political developments, conflicts with biodiversity values, uncertainties related to climate change, several biotic and abiotic risks, and a limited potential for expansion. For this reason, efficient and optimal land-use is essential, which requires sustainable forest management practices and accurate information and decision support systems. Tree growth patterns, productivity and risks vary according to changes in geology, topography, climate and soil conditions. It is therefore required that forest managers, planners and researchers have a conceptual understanding of the concept of forest site classification and evaluation. This is essential not only for improved levels resilience, but also to maintain a competitive industry in terms of socio-economic and environmental performance. The first chapter of the study aimed to investigate the perceptions and interpretations of a range of representative stakeholders from the forestry industry regarding the value, shortcomings, requirements and design of forest site classification and evaluation systems in use in the local industry. A questionnaire with 16 questions was used for this purpose, and data was analysed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Results indicated variable levels of understanding amongst respondents of terminology and the nature of systems used in industry. Trends in responses were influenced by the background of stakeholders, the role of individuals in the value chain of forestry as well as past experiences. The perceived importance and value of potential site evaluation applications varied substantially amongst different stakeholders. Results point towards a narrow-focus application for site classification and evaluation systems for site-specific forestry, with a lesser regard with aspects of risk management and environmental performance. Several technical aspects related to site variables, data resolution and scale of presentation were also questioned by participants. Listed priorities for research and development include the integration of site classification and evaluation systems into corporate information systems, modernizing technology, more appropriate site evaluation models, advanced climatic modelling and the development of indices of water and nutrient availability related to forest productivity. There is general agreement for the development of a national forest site classification system. The value of this part of the study lies in the contribution it makes towards our knowledge of stakeholder perceptions regarding site classification and evaluation, as well as the valuable comments made by participants for the refinement of such systems that can serve as indicators for entities involved in education, governance and strategic forest management. The second data chapter of the study involved the development of high-resolution site classification systems in the form of Site Types for two selected study areas in South Africa, one located in Mpumalanga, and the other in the southern Cape. This enabled a comparative analysis with existing low-resolution Land Type classifications that were developed by different authors for the same two study areas, in terms of its reliability, accuracy and general usefulness for applications in the plantation forestry value chain. The comparison of the two types of classification systems revealed that the climate data forming part of the database were of equal accuracy and resolution. However, an obvious difference was detected in the information pertaining to soil in terms of descriptive and spatial data. In the case of both study areas, the Site Type classification systems revealed many soil and geological features that were not indicated by the lower-resolution Land Type systems. Variation in characteristics related to parent material, soil classification, soil depth, intensity of subsoil wetness and soil organic matter were not adequately reflected in these systems. This can potentially have important implications for applications such as species choice, predictions of yield, nutrient optimization, ratings of soil resilience, biodiversity management and evaluations for carbon sequestration potential. The data forming part of this study indicate that although Land Type classification systems can provide valuable support at strategic levels of planning and management, there are several limitations for use at finer scales of resolution. The final chapter of the study includes an investigation and qualitative comparison of the usefulness of Site Type vs. Land Type classification systems, based on existing knowledge in the industry. The two systems are compared in terms of its input towards the following applications: site-species matching, timber yield prediction, site amelioration / site preparation requirements, nutrient management requirements, vegetation management / weed control, management of pests and diseases, determination of risk for soil compaction, soil erosion and nutrient loss, decision making regarding forest engineering operations, prediction of wood / fibre properties, biodiversity management and lastly planning of research activities / priorities. This analysis indicated that applications that require data on only climate and general soil patterns can be supported with equal success by both types of site classification systems. On the other hand, in cases where high-resolution data on site factors are required, Land Type classification systems had numerous shortcomings and received a much lower rating of suitability. The outcome of the study can provide guidance on the development and design of future site classification and evaluation systems for the South African forest industry. High-resolution databases of key site factors should receive priority, together with the development of decision support systems based on causal relationships. This will contribute to the resilience and sustainability of an industry that is increasingly confronted with questions related to the placement, design and management of forest plantations.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Economic evaluation of possible loss of Prosopis pods as a result of biological control in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Nqobizitha, Dube
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Trees -- South Africa , Mimosaceae , Forests and forestry -- South Africa , Forest conservation -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Mimosaceae -- Biological control -- South Africa , Mesquite -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11165 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/394 , Trees -- South Africa , Mimosaceae , Forests and forestry -- South Africa , Forest conservation -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Mimosaceae -- Biological control -- South Africa , Mesquite -- South Africa
- Description: Species of Prosopis (Mimosaceae), or mesquite, are native to the Americas and introduced in South Africa as agro forestry trees to provide wood, fodder and shade in the late 1800s. In the Northern Cape Province, these trees have been particularly used for their pods by local farmers and local industry. However due to Prosopis’ ability to spread rapidly there has been increasing pressure to step up control of the tree. Due to the costs associated with most control methods biological control has been singled out as the most viable control method worth pursuing. This thesis attempts to explain and shed light on the effects that increased biological control of Prosopis would have on the farming community and Prosopis based businesses in the area. Two hypothetical scenarios were used, the first being a possible 50% reduction in available pods and the other a possible 100% reduction. In an effort to explain these effects data was collected from a series of collection activities in the form of a pilot study and two unique questionnaire surveys. Twenty-seven farmers and one Prosopis based business were interviewed at random with the data analysed and documented. Results showed that the business community is the main user of pods incurring crippling losses in the event of a 50% or 100% decrease in available pods. Using control costs from working for water De Aar long term costs of the presence of Prosopis were estimated and compared to the estimated provincial cost of losing pods giving a cost comparison ratio of (α)270 million : Y(N(15.7million)). Only 48% of the respondents valued pods and 11% had traded in pods, the top concern resulting from the invasion was the loss of underground water. With a 50% decline in available pods, all respondents indicated unchanged effects. However empirical results showed that with a 100% decline in pods estimate losses of R 5 818 per farm are expected. The cost comparison ratio showing the losses farmers bore with Prosopis in the area and the losses they would suffer with a 100% decline in pods was R11 389 + (K): R5 818. In light of the empirical results, policy recommendations that support the introduction of more effective biological control agents have been made with areas for further research identified and discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Nqobizitha, Dube
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Trees -- South Africa , Mimosaceae , Forests and forestry -- South Africa , Forest conservation -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Mimosaceae -- Biological control -- South Africa , Mesquite -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11165 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/394 , Trees -- South Africa , Mimosaceae , Forests and forestry -- South Africa , Forest conservation -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Mimosaceae -- Biological control -- South Africa , Mesquite -- South Africa
- Description: Species of Prosopis (Mimosaceae), or mesquite, are native to the Americas and introduced in South Africa as agro forestry trees to provide wood, fodder and shade in the late 1800s. In the Northern Cape Province, these trees have been particularly used for their pods by local farmers and local industry. However due to Prosopis’ ability to spread rapidly there has been increasing pressure to step up control of the tree. Due to the costs associated with most control methods biological control has been singled out as the most viable control method worth pursuing. This thesis attempts to explain and shed light on the effects that increased biological control of Prosopis would have on the farming community and Prosopis based businesses in the area. Two hypothetical scenarios were used, the first being a possible 50% reduction in available pods and the other a possible 100% reduction. In an effort to explain these effects data was collected from a series of collection activities in the form of a pilot study and two unique questionnaire surveys. Twenty-seven farmers and one Prosopis based business were interviewed at random with the data analysed and documented. Results showed that the business community is the main user of pods incurring crippling losses in the event of a 50% or 100% decrease in available pods. Using control costs from working for water De Aar long term costs of the presence of Prosopis were estimated and compared to the estimated provincial cost of losing pods giving a cost comparison ratio of (α)270 million : Y(N(15.7million)). Only 48% of the respondents valued pods and 11% had traded in pods, the top concern resulting from the invasion was the loss of underground water. With a 50% decline in available pods, all respondents indicated unchanged effects. However empirical results showed that with a 100% decline in pods estimate losses of R 5 818 per farm are expected. The cost comparison ratio showing the losses farmers bore with Prosopis in the area and the losses they would suffer with a 100% decline in pods was R11 389 + (K): R5 818. In light of the empirical results, policy recommendations that support the introduction of more effective biological control agents have been made with areas for further research identified and discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Natural resource harvesting and disturbance in communal lands: assessing the roles of local ecological knowledge, dependency and market access
- Authors: Steele, Melita Zoë
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Non-timber forest products -- South Africa , Natural resources -- South Africa , Rural poor -- South Africa , Rural development -- South Africa , Forests and forestry -- South Africa , Households -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Natural resources, Communal -- South Africa , Commons -- South Africa , Forest ecology -- South Africa , Harvesting
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4736 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004604 , Non-timber forest products -- South Africa , Natural resources -- South Africa , Rural poor -- South Africa , Rural development -- South Africa , Forests and forestry -- South Africa , Households -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Natural resources, Communal -- South Africa , Commons -- South Africa , Forest ecology -- South Africa , Harvesting
- Description: A great deal of research has demonstrated that Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) play a crucial role in the livelihoods of the rural poor, and are particularly important to the most marginalised people throughout the developing world. However, these livelihood benefits are not without cost to the natural resource base that rural communities depend so heavily upon. The continued dependence on NTFPs as a major livelihood source must be contingent upon the minimisation of the level of disturbance created through this dependency. This study assesses the level of disturbance created through natural resource harvesting in eight study sites around South Africa, and applies a predictive conceptual model created by Shankaar et al. (2004b) to try and ascertain under what conditions the level of disturbance created through natural resource harvesting will be high. It assesses the three key factors that Shankaar et al. (2004b) identified (level of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK), level of dependency and access to markets) in relation to the level of disturbance found at each of the study sites. It was found that there was a statistically significant relationship between the level of dependency and the level of disturbance, but there was no statistically significant relationship between either access to markets or the level of LEK and disturbance. Regulation of land use is a key issue, with weak local institutions in communal areas making effective resource management difficult. The significance of these findings is discussed, and priorities for future research are identified. This study adds to the body of knowledge related to NTFP harvesting and critically analyses the conflicts between the livelihood gains and the level of disturbance created through NTFP harvesting in an attempt to ascertain how livelihoods can be safeguarded. And in the longer-term, so that management strategies can be identified where resource extraction is not at the cost of undermining the very livelihoods that depend upon the natural resource base.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Steele, Melita Zoë
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Non-timber forest products -- South Africa , Natural resources -- South Africa , Rural poor -- South Africa , Rural development -- South Africa , Forests and forestry -- South Africa , Households -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Natural resources, Communal -- South Africa , Commons -- South Africa , Forest ecology -- South Africa , Harvesting
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4736 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004604 , Non-timber forest products -- South Africa , Natural resources -- South Africa , Rural poor -- South Africa , Rural development -- South Africa , Forests and forestry -- South Africa , Households -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Natural resources, Communal -- South Africa , Commons -- South Africa , Forest ecology -- South Africa , Harvesting
- Description: A great deal of research has demonstrated that Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) play a crucial role in the livelihoods of the rural poor, and are particularly important to the most marginalised people throughout the developing world. However, these livelihood benefits are not without cost to the natural resource base that rural communities depend so heavily upon. The continued dependence on NTFPs as a major livelihood source must be contingent upon the minimisation of the level of disturbance created through this dependency. This study assesses the level of disturbance created through natural resource harvesting in eight study sites around South Africa, and applies a predictive conceptual model created by Shankaar et al. (2004b) to try and ascertain under what conditions the level of disturbance created through natural resource harvesting will be high. It assesses the three key factors that Shankaar et al. (2004b) identified (level of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK), level of dependency and access to markets) in relation to the level of disturbance found at each of the study sites. It was found that there was a statistically significant relationship between the level of dependency and the level of disturbance, but there was no statistically significant relationship between either access to markets or the level of LEK and disturbance. Regulation of land use is a key issue, with weak local institutions in communal areas making effective resource management difficult. The significance of these findings is discussed, and priorities for future research are identified. This study adds to the body of knowledge related to NTFP harvesting and critically analyses the conflicts between the livelihood gains and the level of disturbance created through NTFP harvesting in an attempt to ascertain how livelihoods can be safeguarded. And in the longer-term, so that management strategies can be identified where resource extraction is not at the cost of undermining the very livelihoods that depend upon the natural resource base.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
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