An investigation into the origin and evolution of the Tierkloof Wetland, a peatland dominated by Prionium serratum, in the Western Cape
- Authors: Bekker, Debra Jane
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Prionium serratum , Tierkloof Wetland (Western Cape, South Africa) , Wetlands -- South Africa -- Western Cape , Aquatic plants -- South Africa -- Western Cape Cape , Peatland ecology -- South Africa -- Western Cape , Kromme River (Eastern Cape, South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/53689 , vital:26311
- Description: The Tierkloof Wetland in the Western Cape has been damaged through erosion down to bedrock with gullies that are up to 50 m wide and 7 m deep. The purpose of this study was to investigate the origin and evolution of the Tierkloof Wetland and consider the role both natural and human-induced processes have played in its degradation. The main methods used were digital mapping using GIS software, satellite and aerial photographic interpretation of past and current land use, detailed topographic surveying, coring to bedrock, stratigraphic analysis of valley-fill sediments, and radio carbon dating of peat samples. Nine GIS-produced topographic profiles across the valley were plotted to analyse downstream changes in valley width and morphology along the length of the Tierkloof valley. Detailed cross sections of the stream channel were produced using topographic survey data. Depth to bedrock analysis indicated that there is evidence of a degree of planing of bedrock over geological time periods. Survey data indicates that the longitudinal slope of the former wetland surface is remarkably uniform over most of its length and there is an overall thinning of the valley fill from the head to the toe of the wetland. The stratigraphy and associated organic matter content of the wetland soils showed that the sedimentary fill varies considerably. There are appreciable accumulations of organic sediment, including sandy peat and peat layers with organic content of up to 50 %. The two radio carbon dates obtained from the gully wall midway down the Tierkloof Wetland suggest that peat accumulation started following the last glacial maximum. The peat has accumulated consistently and is mostly associated with the growth of the palmiet, Prionium serratum. Evidence from past and current land-use activities from aerial photographic interpretation show that natural vegetation in the Tierkloof Wetland has been severely degraded, alien plants are extremely common, and road-building and artificial drainage in the wetland have influenced fluvial processes. It is likely that these activities, exacerbated by the high rainfall events in the early 2000s, have triggered the erosional phase that was initiated a few decades ago. However, longer term processes (thousands to tens-of-thousands of years), such as the planing of the bedrock, also indicate that erosional processes have been a natural part of the Tierkloof Wetland development. A conceptual model of wetland development is thus proposed, based on long-term erosional and depositional processes that are linked with climate change and the current aggradation phase of peat formation that is being driven by the ecosystem engineering processes of palmiet plant growth. It is further suggested that relatively recent land-use activities have resulted in an already vulnerable wetland, in geomorphological terms, to cross a threshold to become a severely degraded, gulley- dominated wetland.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Bekker, Debra Jane
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Prionium serratum , Tierkloof Wetland (Western Cape, South Africa) , Wetlands -- South Africa -- Western Cape , Aquatic plants -- South Africa -- Western Cape Cape , Peatland ecology -- South Africa -- Western Cape , Kromme River (Eastern Cape, South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/53689 , vital:26311
- Description: The Tierkloof Wetland in the Western Cape has been damaged through erosion down to bedrock with gullies that are up to 50 m wide and 7 m deep. The purpose of this study was to investigate the origin and evolution of the Tierkloof Wetland and consider the role both natural and human-induced processes have played in its degradation. The main methods used were digital mapping using GIS software, satellite and aerial photographic interpretation of past and current land use, detailed topographic surveying, coring to bedrock, stratigraphic analysis of valley-fill sediments, and radio carbon dating of peat samples. Nine GIS-produced topographic profiles across the valley were plotted to analyse downstream changes in valley width and morphology along the length of the Tierkloof valley. Detailed cross sections of the stream channel were produced using topographic survey data. Depth to bedrock analysis indicated that there is evidence of a degree of planing of bedrock over geological time periods. Survey data indicates that the longitudinal slope of the former wetland surface is remarkably uniform over most of its length and there is an overall thinning of the valley fill from the head to the toe of the wetland. The stratigraphy and associated organic matter content of the wetland soils showed that the sedimentary fill varies considerably. There are appreciable accumulations of organic sediment, including sandy peat and peat layers with organic content of up to 50 %. The two radio carbon dates obtained from the gully wall midway down the Tierkloof Wetland suggest that peat accumulation started following the last glacial maximum. The peat has accumulated consistently and is mostly associated with the growth of the palmiet, Prionium serratum. Evidence from past and current land-use activities from aerial photographic interpretation show that natural vegetation in the Tierkloof Wetland has been severely degraded, alien plants are extremely common, and road-building and artificial drainage in the wetland have influenced fluvial processes. It is likely that these activities, exacerbated by the high rainfall events in the early 2000s, have triggered the erosional phase that was initiated a few decades ago. However, longer term processes (thousands to tens-of-thousands of years), such as the planing of the bedrock, also indicate that erosional processes have been a natural part of the Tierkloof Wetland development. A conceptual model of wetland development is thus proposed, based on long-term erosional and depositional processes that are linked with climate change and the current aggradation phase of peat formation that is being driven by the ecosystem engineering processes of palmiet plant growth. It is further suggested that relatively recent land-use activities have resulted in an already vulnerable wetland, in geomorphological terms, to cross a threshold to become a severely degraded, gulley- dominated wetland.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Ecosystem engineering by the wetland plant palmiet: does it control fluvial form and promote diffuse flow in steep-sided valleys of the Cape Fold Mountains
- Authors: Barclay, Amy
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Prionium serratum , Wetlands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Aquatic plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Peatland ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Kromme River (Eastern Cape, South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4646 , vital:20708
- Description: Ecosystem engineering refers to the way that organisms control the structure and function of ecosystems. It has been suggested that palmiet (Prionium serratum, Thurniaceae) works as an ecosystem engineer, shaping peat wetlands in South Africa. However, there is currently a paucity of evidence supporting this claim. Palmiet has a dense root, rhizome and stem system that forms dense stands, growing from channel banks into fast flowing river channels. This slows river flows, traps sediment, which builds up riverbeds and ultimately blocks river channels, turning the river into a wetland. The aim of this study was to determine if palmiet is an ecosystem engineer and to document its pattern of colonisation and the nature of its control of a fluvial system. This was achieved by undertaking vegetation surveys in the Kromrivier Wetland in the Eastern Cape. The data was analyzed using vegetation classification and ordination, where vegetation communities were linked to environmental factors. It was found that palmiet occupied three distinctive habitats; 1) on near-horizontal valley- bottom habitats filled with sediments that are a mixture of autochthonous organic sediment and allochthonous clastic fines, 2) the bed of gullies that have recently filled with coarse grained clastic sediment, and 3) open water bodies. Three conceptual models were developed, one that accounts for the process of gully bed colonisation, sediment trapping and gully filling, another involving rapid colonisation of sedimentary fill from tributary sediment sources that block a gully, and the third involving colonisation of open-water areas that form in former gullies upstream of the blockage. The study suggests that the wetland has been characterised by repeated cutting and filling cycles, despite which, palmiet has repeatedly reinstated diffuse flow conditions across the valley floor. Palmiet was indicated to exert a key control on fluvial form and dynamics of the wetlands in the Kromrivier valley.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Barclay, Amy
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Prionium serratum , Wetlands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Aquatic plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Peatland ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Kromme River (Eastern Cape, South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4646 , vital:20708
- Description: Ecosystem engineering refers to the way that organisms control the structure and function of ecosystems. It has been suggested that palmiet (Prionium serratum, Thurniaceae) works as an ecosystem engineer, shaping peat wetlands in South Africa. However, there is currently a paucity of evidence supporting this claim. Palmiet has a dense root, rhizome and stem system that forms dense stands, growing from channel banks into fast flowing river channels. This slows river flows, traps sediment, which builds up riverbeds and ultimately blocks river channels, turning the river into a wetland. The aim of this study was to determine if palmiet is an ecosystem engineer and to document its pattern of colonisation and the nature of its control of a fluvial system. This was achieved by undertaking vegetation surveys in the Kromrivier Wetland in the Eastern Cape. The data was analyzed using vegetation classification and ordination, where vegetation communities were linked to environmental factors. It was found that palmiet occupied three distinctive habitats; 1) on near-horizontal valley- bottom habitats filled with sediments that are a mixture of autochthonous organic sediment and allochthonous clastic fines, 2) the bed of gullies that have recently filled with coarse grained clastic sediment, and 3) open water bodies. Three conceptual models were developed, one that accounts for the process of gully bed colonisation, sediment trapping and gully filling, another involving rapid colonisation of sedimentary fill from tributary sediment sources that block a gully, and the third involving colonisation of open-water areas that form in former gullies upstream of the blockage. The study suggests that the wetland has been characterised by repeated cutting and filling cycles, despite which, palmiet has repeatedly reinstated diffuse flow conditions across the valley floor. Palmiet was indicated to exert a key control on fluvial form and dynamics of the wetlands in the Kromrivier valley.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Plant community distribution and diversity, and threats to vegetation of the Kromme River peat basins, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Nsor, Collins Ayine
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Kromme River (Eastern Cape, South Africa) , Peatland ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plant diversity conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Peatland plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Peatlands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Biodiversity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wetland conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Ecosystem management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4760 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007151 , Kromme River (Eastern Cape, South Africa) , Peatland ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plant diversity conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Peatland plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Peatlands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Biodiversity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wetland conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Ecosystem management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: This study examined the current plant diversity status and the impact of drivers of change on the peat basins of the Kromme River peatland. It was conducted at six sites over sixty one years in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. I reviewed the rapid habitat and biodiversity loss of wetlands globally and discussed the distribution of wetlands and specifically peatlands in South Africa. Plant species diversity was assessed using Modified- Whittaker plots. The influence of environmental variables on floristic composition and distribution was investigated using ordination techniques (DCA and CCA). Land use dynamics were assessed by applying GIS techniques on orthorectified aerial images. Six different peat basins were subjectively classified into good, medium and poor condition peat basins. The good condition peat basin (Krugersland) was the most diverse in plant species (4.1 Shannon-Weiner’s index) (p> 0.20; F = 11.04; df = 2), with the highest mean number of plant species (32.5 ± 3.4). This was followed by the medium condition class (Kammiesbos) (26.5 ± 9.0) and poor condition class (Companjesdrift) (22.5 ± 8.9). On average, species composition was not evenly distributed across the peat basins (p> 0.21; F = 0.94; df = 2), since 77.8% of the Shannon-Weiner evenness index obtained were less than one. However, there were variations in plant species richness across six peat basins as confirmed by Oneway ANOVA test (p= 0.0008, F = 1241.6, df = 4). Key environmental variables that influenced plant species distribution and structure were erosion and grazing intensity, potassium, phosphorus, soil pH and calcium. Total species variance accounted for in the first two axes for ground cover and plant height were 40.7% and 56.4% respectively. Alien species (e.g. Acacia mearnsii and Conyza scabrida) were common in degraded peat basins, whereas good condition peat basins supported indigenous species (e.g., Cyperus denudatus, Chrysanthemoides monolifera and Digitaria eriantha). Analysis of aerial images revealed a general progressive decrease in the peatland area between 1942 and 1969 in the good (Krugersland) and poor (Companjesdrift) condition class, with a marginal increase from 1969 to 2003. Peatland area in the good and poor condition class decreased by 5.3% and 8.3% respectively between 1942 and 1969, with a marginal increase of 1.5% and 4.1% respectively from 1969 to 2003. Annual net rate of change in peatland area over the 61 year period was -0.32% (good condition class) and - 0.79% (poor condition class). Transformed lands were impacted by drivers of change such as alien invasives, agricultural activities, erosion and sediment transport. The area under alien invasives increased by 50% between 1942 and 2003, with an annual net rate of change of +0.82 (good condition class) and +1.63% (poor condition class).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Nsor, Collins Ayine
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Kromme River (Eastern Cape, South Africa) , Peatland ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plant diversity conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Peatland plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Peatlands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Biodiversity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wetland conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Ecosystem management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4760 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007151 , Kromme River (Eastern Cape, South Africa) , Peatland ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plant diversity conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Peatland plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Peatlands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Biodiversity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wetland conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Ecosystem management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: This study examined the current plant diversity status and the impact of drivers of change on the peat basins of the Kromme River peatland. It was conducted at six sites over sixty one years in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. I reviewed the rapid habitat and biodiversity loss of wetlands globally and discussed the distribution of wetlands and specifically peatlands in South Africa. Plant species diversity was assessed using Modified- Whittaker plots. The influence of environmental variables on floristic composition and distribution was investigated using ordination techniques (DCA and CCA). Land use dynamics were assessed by applying GIS techniques on orthorectified aerial images. Six different peat basins were subjectively classified into good, medium and poor condition peat basins. The good condition peat basin (Krugersland) was the most diverse in plant species (4.1 Shannon-Weiner’s index) (p> 0.20; F = 11.04; df = 2), with the highest mean number of plant species (32.5 ± 3.4). This was followed by the medium condition class (Kammiesbos) (26.5 ± 9.0) and poor condition class (Companjesdrift) (22.5 ± 8.9). On average, species composition was not evenly distributed across the peat basins (p> 0.21; F = 0.94; df = 2), since 77.8% of the Shannon-Weiner evenness index obtained were less than one. However, there were variations in plant species richness across six peat basins as confirmed by Oneway ANOVA test (p= 0.0008, F = 1241.6, df = 4). Key environmental variables that influenced plant species distribution and structure were erosion and grazing intensity, potassium, phosphorus, soil pH and calcium. Total species variance accounted for in the first two axes for ground cover and plant height were 40.7% and 56.4% respectively. Alien species (e.g. Acacia mearnsii and Conyza scabrida) were common in degraded peat basins, whereas good condition peat basins supported indigenous species (e.g., Cyperus denudatus, Chrysanthemoides monolifera and Digitaria eriantha). Analysis of aerial images revealed a general progressive decrease in the peatland area between 1942 and 1969 in the good (Krugersland) and poor (Companjesdrift) condition class, with a marginal increase from 1969 to 2003. Peatland area in the good and poor condition class decreased by 5.3% and 8.3% respectively between 1942 and 1969, with a marginal increase of 1.5% and 4.1% respectively from 1969 to 2003. Annual net rate of change in peatland area over the 61 year period was -0.32% (good condition class) and - 0.79% (poor condition class). Transformed lands were impacted by drivers of change such as alien invasives, agricultural activities, erosion and sediment transport. The area under alien invasives increased by 50% between 1942 and 2003, with an annual net rate of change of +0.82 (good condition class) and +1.63% (poor condition class).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
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