Thermal physiology of juvenile red roman seabream, Chrysoblephus laticeps after long-term exposure to low pH conditions
- Authors: Allison, Caitlin
- Date: 2023-10-13
- Subjects: Climatic changes , Ocean acidification , Basal metabolism , Chrysoblephus laticeps , Thermal tolerance (Physiology) , Phenotypic plasticity , Fishes Climatic factors
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/424323 , vital:72143
- Description: Climate change has caused a combination of effects on the physiology of fishes. Of particular concern are the effects of thermal variability and ocean acidification. Organismal energy budgets change throughout ontogeny and research into the metabolic scope during early life stages is particularly useful in identifying potential bottlenecks. The first part of this thesis aimed to assess the absolute aerobic scope (AAS, described as the difference between the maximum and standard metabolic rates) of individual juveniles from a protected population of the endemic, commercially important seabream, Chrysoblephus laticeps, across a range of ecologically relevant temperatures (T = 11, 14, 18, 22˚C) under present-day conditions (pH = 8.03, pCO2 ≈ 420 μatm) using intermittent flow respirometry. The second component sought to investigate how long-term exposure (from fertilisation to juvenile, ~100 days exposure) to high-pCO2/hypercapnic conditions (pH = 7.63, pCO2 ≈ 1400 μatm), would affect the AAS of juvenile C. laticeps over a range of temperatures. Lower pH conditions were predicted to cause a decrease in the AAS of treatment animals due to additional energetic costs of acid-base regulation. The findings of the first data chapter demonstrated that juvenile C. laticeps reared under current CO2 conditions are tolerant to a wide range of thermal conditions, and individuals with a broad aerobic scope will be the best suited to coping with enhanced thermal variability. In contrast to the expected outcomes of the second data chapter, juvenile C. laticeps reared under high pCO2 conditions displayed greater AAS at high and low temperatures when compared with specimens from high pH conditions. Whilst a high degree of individual phenotypic variation was observed in the metabolic response of both groups, this was reduced at the lower and upper extreme temperatures for high pH and low pH animals respectively. Notably, the variation in treatment animal’s SMR was significantly diminished across all temperatures tested, compared to only a localised reduction in the SMR of high pH animals at cold temperatures. This may be indicative of compensatory pathways affecting energy restructuring and thermally-governed physiological trade-offs under hypercapnia. Given these results, juvenile C. laticeps appear to be more resilient to ocean acidification than anticipated, potentially owing to intrapopulation metabolic phenotypic diversity. This is likely attributed to the parental lineage originating in the Tsitsikamma MPA, which is thought to boast greater phenotypic diversity as a consequence of the refuge that these conservation areas offer from exploitation. Owing to the restriction imposed by the availability of surviving, captive-reared juveniles, the sample size used in this study was relatively low. However, owing to the repeated-measures nature of this research the sample size was sufficient to offer suitable statistical power for the polynomial mixed model used in the analysis. Future research should incorporate both physiological and behavioural responses to multiple environmental stressors to better understand covariation between these two traits, and to detect any behavioural trade-offs that might arise through compensation. In addition, these trials should be repeated using offspring from outside of the MPA to compare whether the same level of resilience and metabolic phenotypic diversity would be present in an exploited population. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2023
- Full Text:
- Authors: Allison, Caitlin
- Date: 2023-10-13
- Subjects: Climatic changes , Ocean acidification , Basal metabolism , Chrysoblephus laticeps , Thermal tolerance (Physiology) , Phenotypic plasticity , Fishes Climatic factors
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/424323 , vital:72143
- Description: Climate change has caused a combination of effects on the physiology of fishes. Of particular concern are the effects of thermal variability and ocean acidification. Organismal energy budgets change throughout ontogeny and research into the metabolic scope during early life stages is particularly useful in identifying potential bottlenecks. The first part of this thesis aimed to assess the absolute aerobic scope (AAS, described as the difference between the maximum and standard metabolic rates) of individual juveniles from a protected population of the endemic, commercially important seabream, Chrysoblephus laticeps, across a range of ecologically relevant temperatures (T = 11, 14, 18, 22˚C) under present-day conditions (pH = 8.03, pCO2 ≈ 420 μatm) using intermittent flow respirometry. The second component sought to investigate how long-term exposure (from fertilisation to juvenile, ~100 days exposure) to high-pCO2/hypercapnic conditions (pH = 7.63, pCO2 ≈ 1400 μatm), would affect the AAS of juvenile C. laticeps over a range of temperatures. Lower pH conditions were predicted to cause a decrease in the AAS of treatment animals due to additional energetic costs of acid-base regulation. The findings of the first data chapter demonstrated that juvenile C. laticeps reared under current CO2 conditions are tolerant to a wide range of thermal conditions, and individuals with a broad aerobic scope will be the best suited to coping with enhanced thermal variability. In contrast to the expected outcomes of the second data chapter, juvenile C. laticeps reared under high pCO2 conditions displayed greater AAS at high and low temperatures when compared with specimens from high pH conditions. Whilst a high degree of individual phenotypic variation was observed in the metabolic response of both groups, this was reduced at the lower and upper extreme temperatures for high pH and low pH animals respectively. Notably, the variation in treatment animal’s SMR was significantly diminished across all temperatures tested, compared to only a localised reduction in the SMR of high pH animals at cold temperatures. This may be indicative of compensatory pathways affecting energy restructuring and thermally-governed physiological trade-offs under hypercapnia. Given these results, juvenile C. laticeps appear to be more resilient to ocean acidification than anticipated, potentially owing to intrapopulation metabolic phenotypic diversity. This is likely attributed to the parental lineage originating in the Tsitsikamma MPA, which is thought to boast greater phenotypic diversity as a consequence of the refuge that these conservation areas offer from exploitation. Owing to the restriction imposed by the availability of surviving, captive-reared juveniles, the sample size used in this study was relatively low. However, owing to the repeated-measures nature of this research the sample size was sufficient to offer suitable statistical power for the polynomial mixed model used in the analysis. Future research should incorporate both physiological and behavioural responses to multiple environmental stressors to better understand covariation between these two traits, and to detect any behavioural trade-offs that might arise through compensation. In addition, these trials should be repeated using offspring from outside of the MPA to compare whether the same level of resilience and metabolic phenotypic diversity would be present in an exploited population. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2023
- Full Text:
An eco-physiological investigation of fisheries-induced evolution: comparing the resilience of larvae from exploited and unexploited commercial reef fish populations to projected ocean acidification
- Authors: Muller, Cuen
- Date: 2022-04-08
- Subjects: Ocean acidification , Fishes Climatic factors , Fishes Physiology , Fishes Metabolism , Fishes Respiration , Fishes Larvae , Fishery management , Chrysoblephus laticeps (Red roman)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral thesis , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/232579 , vital:50004 , DOI 10.21504/10962/232579
- Description: It is now accepted that anthropogenic-induced climate change is resulting in unprecedented rates of change to marine environments. Marine organisms are being challenged by rapidly increasing temperatures, acidification, expansion of oxygen dead zones, and higher frequencies and magnitudes of extreme weather events. Exploited fish populations are also undergoing selective harvesting. Certain traits, such as large size, fast growth, and/or bold/active behaviours, are being actively targeted and removed from the population gene pool. This selective removal of individuals may compromise the capacity of fish populations to resist or recover from environmental disturbances and reduce their ability to adapt to a changing environment as many of these traits are heritable. As most marine fishes' embryonic and larval stages represent the period when individuals are most sensitive to environmental disturbances, they are a critical bottleneck to population persistence in the face of exploitation and climate change. This thesis aimed to quantify and compare the metabolic physiology, growth, and development of an exploited and endemic sparid, the roman seabream Chrysoblephus laticeps, during the early larval stages under 1) ocean acidification conditions expected by the year 2100 and 2) from populations experiencing dissimilar rates of exploitation. To quantify and compare the physiology of larvae, adult C. laticeps from an exploited population were captured and field-spawned. Fertilised eggs were placed into either control/present-day conditions (pH = 8.03, pCO2 ≈ 420 μatm) or high-pCO2/hypercapnic treatment conditions (pH = 7.63, pCO2 ≈ 1400 μatm). The metabolic physiology of individual larvae was determined using a novel rolling-regression technique on static respirometry data. Here, estimates of the minimum and maximum oxygen consumption rates (VO2) could be determined with high test-retest reliability. The very early developmental stages (yolk-sac stage) appeared resilient to high pCO2 conditions despite being exposed to treatment conditions throughout the embryonic stage. Preflexion larvae showed sensitivity to treatment conditions by exhibiting reduced metabolic and growth rates, consistent with metabolic depression, associated with environmental stress. However, by the onset of flexion, which coincides with gill development, acid-base regulation, and muscle differentiation, metabolic and growth rates of treatment larvae were significantly greater than that of controls. This suggests that acid-base regulation imposes a high cost to maintain internal pH homeostasis. Importantly, these elevated metabolic costs were likely mediated through increased feeding rates in experimental conditions where food was ad libitum. In natural conditions, where food availability may be varied, high pCO2 conditions could be associated with higher mortality rates. Based on evidence that protected/unexploited populations are more genetically diverse and are composed of individuals representing a greater range of metabolic phenotypes, offspring were collected from a protected population experiencing otherwise similar environmental conditions to the exploited population. Metabolic rates of control larvae were generally similar to those of the exploited population. However, minimum rates of VO2 were typically higher for larvae from the protected population at comparable life stages. Preflexion treatment larvae from the protected population did not appear to undergo a period of reduced metabolism or growth compared to their control counterparts. While metabolic rates at the onset of flexion were significantly higher for treatment larvae, this was not associated with growth differences. Growth over-compensation following periods of growth depression is often associated with deleterious effects, such as organ damage and body or developmental malformations. This suggests somewhat improved resilience to ocean acidification conditions. This thesis found evidence that larval C. laticeps are sensitive to ocean acidification conditions expected by 2100. When this stressor is combined with increasing thermal variability, changing current coastal regimes, and heterogeneous food availability, also expected to occur by 2100, ocean acidification may compromise the population persistence of this species. However, an energetics approach to stress-tolerance suggests that larvae from the protected population may inherently show greater resilience to climate change-related environmental stressors. Evidence that exploitation affects the resilience of fish larvae to climate change highlights the need for an evolutionary approach to fisheries management and the importance of spatial protection in maintaining larger and more resilient populations while providing the raw material essential for adaptation. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Authors: Muller, Cuen
- Date: 2022-04-08
- Subjects: Ocean acidification , Fishes Climatic factors , Fishes Physiology , Fishes Metabolism , Fishes Respiration , Fishes Larvae , Fishery management , Chrysoblephus laticeps (Red roman)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral thesis , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/232579 , vital:50004 , DOI 10.21504/10962/232579
- Description: It is now accepted that anthropogenic-induced climate change is resulting in unprecedented rates of change to marine environments. Marine organisms are being challenged by rapidly increasing temperatures, acidification, expansion of oxygen dead zones, and higher frequencies and magnitudes of extreme weather events. Exploited fish populations are also undergoing selective harvesting. Certain traits, such as large size, fast growth, and/or bold/active behaviours, are being actively targeted and removed from the population gene pool. This selective removal of individuals may compromise the capacity of fish populations to resist or recover from environmental disturbances and reduce their ability to adapt to a changing environment as many of these traits are heritable. As most marine fishes' embryonic and larval stages represent the period when individuals are most sensitive to environmental disturbances, they are a critical bottleneck to population persistence in the face of exploitation and climate change. This thesis aimed to quantify and compare the metabolic physiology, growth, and development of an exploited and endemic sparid, the roman seabream Chrysoblephus laticeps, during the early larval stages under 1) ocean acidification conditions expected by the year 2100 and 2) from populations experiencing dissimilar rates of exploitation. To quantify and compare the physiology of larvae, adult C. laticeps from an exploited population were captured and field-spawned. Fertilised eggs were placed into either control/present-day conditions (pH = 8.03, pCO2 ≈ 420 μatm) or high-pCO2/hypercapnic treatment conditions (pH = 7.63, pCO2 ≈ 1400 μatm). The metabolic physiology of individual larvae was determined using a novel rolling-regression technique on static respirometry data. Here, estimates of the minimum and maximum oxygen consumption rates (VO2) could be determined with high test-retest reliability. The very early developmental stages (yolk-sac stage) appeared resilient to high pCO2 conditions despite being exposed to treatment conditions throughout the embryonic stage. Preflexion larvae showed sensitivity to treatment conditions by exhibiting reduced metabolic and growth rates, consistent with metabolic depression, associated with environmental stress. However, by the onset of flexion, which coincides with gill development, acid-base regulation, and muscle differentiation, metabolic and growth rates of treatment larvae were significantly greater than that of controls. This suggests that acid-base regulation imposes a high cost to maintain internal pH homeostasis. Importantly, these elevated metabolic costs were likely mediated through increased feeding rates in experimental conditions where food was ad libitum. In natural conditions, where food availability may be varied, high pCO2 conditions could be associated with higher mortality rates. Based on evidence that protected/unexploited populations are more genetically diverse and are composed of individuals representing a greater range of metabolic phenotypes, offspring were collected from a protected population experiencing otherwise similar environmental conditions to the exploited population. Metabolic rates of control larvae were generally similar to those of the exploited population. However, minimum rates of VO2 were typically higher for larvae from the protected population at comparable life stages. Preflexion treatment larvae from the protected population did not appear to undergo a period of reduced metabolism or growth compared to their control counterparts. While metabolic rates at the onset of flexion were significantly higher for treatment larvae, this was not associated with growth differences. Growth over-compensation following periods of growth depression is often associated with deleterious effects, such as organ damage and body or developmental malformations. This suggests somewhat improved resilience to ocean acidification conditions. This thesis found evidence that larval C. laticeps are sensitive to ocean acidification conditions expected by 2100. When this stressor is combined with increasing thermal variability, changing current coastal regimes, and heterogeneous food availability, also expected to occur by 2100, ocean acidification may compromise the population persistence of this species. However, an energetics approach to stress-tolerance suggests that larvae from the protected population may inherently show greater resilience to climate change-related environmental stressors. Evidence that exploitation affects the resilience of fish larvae to climate change highlights the need for an evolutionary approach to fisheries management and the importance of spatial protection in maintaining larger and more resilient populations while providing the raw material essential for adaptation. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2022
- Full Text:
Coastal pH variability and the eco-physiological and behavioural response of a coastal fish species in light of future ocean acidification
- Authors: Edworthy, Carla
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Ocean acidification , Diplodus capensis (Blacktail) , Diplodus -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Diplodus -- Metabolism , Diplodus -- Food , Diplodus -- Larvae , Marine ecology -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Carbon dioxide -- Physiological effect , Respiration -- Measurement
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/176793 , vital:42759 , 10.21504/10962/176793
- Description: Ocean acidification (OA) is a global phenomenon referring to a decrease in ocean pH and a perturbation of the seawater carbonate system due to ever-increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In coastal environments, identifying the impacts of OA is complex due to the multiple contributors to pH variability by coastal processes, such as freshwater inflow, upwelling, hydrodynamic processes, and biological activity. The aim of this PhD study was to quantify the local processes occurring in a temperate coastal embayment, Algoa Bay in South Africa, that contribute to pH and carbonate chemistry variability over time (monthly and 24-hour) and space (~10 km) and examine how this variability impacts a local fish species, Diplodus capensis, also commonly known as ‘blacktail’. Algoa Bay, known for its complex oceanography, is an interesting location in which to quantify carbonate chemistry variability. To assess this variability, monitoring sites were selected to coincide with the Algoa Bay Sentinel Site long-term ecological research (LTER) and continuous monitoring (CMP) programmes. The average pH at offshore sites in the bay was 8.03 ± 0.07 and at inshore sites was 8.04 ± 0.15. High pH variability (~0.55–0.61 pH units) was recorded at both offshore (>10 m depth) and inshore sites (intertidal surf zones). Many sites in the bay, especially the atypical site at Cape Recife, exhibit higher than the average pH levels (>8.04), suggesting that pH variability may be biologically driven. This is further evidenced by high diurnal variability in pH (~0.55 pH units). Although the specific drivers of the high pH variability in Algoa Bay could not be identified, baseline carbonate chemistry conditions were identified, which is necessary information to design and interpret biological experiments. Long-term, continuous monitoring is required to improve understanding of the drivers of pH variability in understudied coastal regions, like Algoa Bay. A local fisheries species, D. capensis, was selected as a model species to assess the impacts of future OA scenarios in Algoa Bay. It was hypothesized that this temperate, coastally distributed species would be adapted to naturally variable pH conditions and thus show some tolerance to low pH, considering that they are exposed to minimum pH levels of 7.77 and fluctuations of up to 0.55 pH units. Laboratory perturbation experiments were used to expose early postflexion stage of D. capensis to a range of pH treatments that were selected based on the measured local variability (~8.0–7.7 pH), as well as future projected OA scenarios (7.6–7.2 pH). Physiological responses were estimated using intermittent flow respirometry by quantifying routine and active metabolic rates as well as relative aerobic scope at each pH treatment. The behavioural responses of the larvae were also assessed at each pH treatment, as activity levels, by measuring swimming distance and speed in video-recording experiments, as well as feeding rates. D. capensis had sufficient physiological capacity to maintain metabolic performance at pH levels as low as 7.27, as evidenced by no changes in any of the measured metabolic rates (routine metabolic rate, active metabolic rate, and relative aerobic scope) after exposure to the range of pH treatments (8.02–7.27). Feeding rates of D. capensis were similarly unaffected by pH treatment. However, it appears that subtle increases in activity level (measured by swimming distance and swimming speed experiments) occur with a decrease in pH. These changes in activity level were a consequence of a change in behaviour rather than metabolic constraints. This study concludes, however, that based on the parameters measured, there is no evidence for survival or fitness related consequences of near future OA on D. capensis. OA research is still in its infancy in South Africa, and the potential impacts of OA to local marine resources has not yet been considered in local policy and resource management strategies. Integrating field monitoring and laboratory perturbation experiments is emerging as best practice in OA research. This is the first known study on the temperate south coast of South Africa to quantify local pH variability and to use this information to evaluate the biological response of a local species using relevant local OA scenarios as treatment levels for current and near future conditions. Research on local conditions in situ and the potential impacts of future OA scenarios on socio-economically valuable species, following the model developed in this study, is necessary to provide national policy makers with relevant scientific data to inform climate change management policies for local resources.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Edworthy, Carla
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Ocean acidification , Diplodus capensis (Blacktail) , Diplodus -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Diplodus -- Metabolism , Diplodus -- Food , Diplodus -- Larvae , Marine ecology -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Carbon dioxide -- Physiological effect , Respiration -- Measurement
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/176793 , vital:42759 , 10.21504/10962/176793
- Description: Ocean acidification (OA) is a global phenomenon referring to a decrease in ocean pH and a perturbation of the seawater carbonate system due to ever-increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In coastal environments, identifying the impacts of OA is complex due to the multiple contributors to pH variability by coastal processes, such as freshwater inflow, upwelling, hydrodynamic processes, and biological activity. The aim of this PhD study was to quantify the local processes occurring in a temperate coastal embayment, Algoa Bay in South Africa, that contribute to pH and carbonate chemistry variability over time (monthly and 24-hour) and space (~10 km) and examine how this variability impacts a local fish species, Diplodus capensis, also commonly known as ‘blacktail’. Algoa Bay, known for its complex oceanography, is an interesting location in which to quantify carbonate chemistry variability. To assess this variability, monitoring sites were selected to coincide with the Algoa Bay Sentinel Site long-term ecological research (LTER) and continuous monitoring (CMP) programmes. The average pH at offshore sites in the bay was 8.03 ± 0.07 and at inshore sites was 8.04 ± 0.15. High pH variability (~0.55–0.61 pH units) was recorded at both offshore (>10 m depth) and inshore sites (intertidal surf zones). Many sites in the bay, especially the atypical site at Cape Recife, exhibit higher than the average pH levels (>8.04), suggesting that pH variability may be biologically driven. This is further evidenced by high diurnal variability in pH (~0.55 pH units). Although the specific drivers of the high pH variability in Algoa Bay could not be identified, baseline carbonate chemistry conditions were identified, which is necessary information to design and interpret biological experiments. Long-term, continuous monitoring is required to improve understanding of the drivers of pH variability in understudied coastal regions, like Algoa Bay. A local fisheries species, D. capensis, was selected as a model species to assess the impacts of future OA scenarios in Algoa Bay. It was hypothesized that this temperate, coastally distributed species would be adapted to naturally variable pH conditions and thus show some tolerance to low pH, considering that they are exposed to minimum pH levels of 7.77 and fluctuations of up to 0.55 pH units. Laboratory perturbation experiments were used to expose early postflexion stage of D. capensis to a range of pH treatments that were selected based on the measured local variability (~8.0–7.7 pH), as well as future projected OA scenarios (7.6–7.2 pH). Physiological responses were estimated using intermittent flow respirometry by quantifying routine and active metabolic rates as well as relative aerobic scope at each pH treatment. The behavioural responses of the larvae were also assessed at each pH treatment, as activity levels, by measuring swimming distance and speed in video-recording experiments, as well as feeding rates. D. capensis had sufficient physiological capacity to maintain metabolic performance at pH levels as low as 7.27, as evidenced by no changes in any of the measured metabolic rates (routine metabolic rate, active metabolic rate, and relative aerobic scope) after exposure to the range of pH treatments (8.02–7.27). Feeding rates of D. capensis were similarly unaffected by pH treatment. However, it appears that subtle increases in activity level (measured by swimming distance and swimming speed experiments) occur with a decrease in pH. These changes in activity level were a consequence of a change in behaviour rather than metabolic constraints. This study concludes, however, that based on the parameters measured, there is no evidence for survival or fitness related consequences of near future OA on D. capensis. OA research is still in its infancy in South Africa, and the potential impacts of OA to local marine resources has not yet been considered in local policy and resource management strategies. Integrating field monitoring and laboratory perturbation experiments is emerging as best practice in OA research. This is the first known study on the temperate south coast of South Africa to quantify local pH variability and to use this information to evaluate the biological response of a local species using relevant local OA scenarios as treatment levels for current and near future conditions. Research on local conditions in situ and the potential impacts of future OA scenarios on socio-economically valuable species, following the model developed in this study, is necessary to provide national policy makers with relevant scientific data to inform climate change management policies for local resources.
- Full Text:
Towards defining the tipping point of tolerance to CO2-induced ocean acidification for the growth, development and metabolism of larval dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae)
- Authors: Mpopetsi, Pule Peter
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Effect of water acidification on , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Nutrition , Ocean acidification
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71602 , vital:29924
- Description: Increased CO2 production and the consequent ocean acidification (OA) have been identified as one of the greatest threats to both calcifying and non-calcifying marine organisms. Traditionally, marine fishes, as non-calcifying organisms, were considered to have a higher tolerance to near-future OA conditions owing to their well-developed ion regulatory mechanisms. However, recent studies provide evidence to suggest that they may not be as resilient to near-future OA conditions as previously thought. In addition, earlier life stages of marine fishes are thought to be less tolerant than juveniles and adults of the same species as they lack well-developed ion regulatory mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. This study follows up on previous studies examining the effects of near-future OA on larval Argyrosomus japonicus, an estuarine-dependent marine fish species, in order to identify the tipping point of tolerance for the larvae of this species. These previous studies showed that elevated pCO2, predicted for the year 2100, had negative effects on growth, development and metabolism and ultimately, survival of larval A. japonicus from post-flexion stage. Larval A. japonicus in the present study were reared from egg up to 22 DAH (days after hatching) under three treatments. The three treatments, (pCO2 353 μatm; pH 8.03), (pCO2 451 μatm; pH 7.93) and (pCO2 602 μatm; pH 7.83) corresponded to levels predicted to occur in year 2050, 2068 and 2090 respectively under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathways (IPCC RCP) 8.5 model. Size-at-hatch, growth, development and metabolic responses (standard and active metabolic rates and metabolic scope) were assessed and compared between the three treatments throughout the rearing period. Five earlier larval life stages (hatchling – flexion/post-flexion) were identified by the end of the experiment. There were no significant differences in size-at-hatch (P > 0.05), development or the active metabolic (P > 0.05) or metabolic scope (P > 0.05) of fish in the three treatments throughout the study. However, the standard metabolic rate was significantly higher in the year 2068 treatment but only at the flexion/post-flexion stage which could be attributed to differences in developmental rates (including the development of the gills) between the 2068 and the other two treatments. Overall, the metabolic scope was narrowest in the 2090 treatment, but varied according to life stage. Although not significantly different, metabolic scope in the 2090 treatment was noticeably lower at the flexion stage compared to the other two treatments, and the development appeared slower, suggesting that this could be the stage most prone to OA. The study concluded that, in isolation, OA levels predicted to occur between 2050 and 2090 will not negatively affect size-at-hatch, growth, development, and metabolic responses of larval A. japonicus up to 22 DAH (flexion/post-flexion stage). Taken together with the previous studies of the same species, the tipping point of tolerance (where negative impacts will begin) in larvae of the species appears to be between the years 2090 and 2100.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mpopetsi, Pule Peter
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Effect of water acidification on , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Nutrition , Ocean acidification
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71602 , vital:29924
- Description: Increased CO2 production and the consequent ocean acidification (OA) have been identified as one of the greatest threats to both calcifying and non-calcifying marine organisms. Traditionally, marine fishes, as non-calcifying organisms, were considered to have a higher tolerance to near-future OA conditions owing to their well-developed ion regulatory mechanisms. However, recent studies provide evidence to suggest that they may not be as resilient to near-future OA conditions as previously thought. In addition, earlier life stages of marine fishes are thought to be less tolerant than juveniles and adults of the same species as they lack well-developed ion regulatory mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. This study follows up on previous studies examining the effects of near-future OA on larval Argyrosomus japonicus, an estuarine-dependent marine fish species, in order to identify the tipping point of tolerance for the larvae of this species. These previous studies showed that elevated pCO2, predicted for the year 2100, had negative effects on growth, development and metabolism and ultimately, survival of larval A. japonicus from post-flexion stage. Larval A. japonicus in the present study were reared from egg up to 22 DAH (days after hatching) under three treatments. The three treatments, (pCO2 353 μatm; pH 8.03), (pCO2 451 μatm; pH 7.93) and (pCO2 602 μatm; pH 7.83) corresponded to levels predicted to occur in year 2050, 2068 and 2090 respectively under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathways (IPCC RCP) 8.5 model. Size-at-hatch, growth, development and metabolic responses (standard and active metabolic rates and metabolic scope) were assessed and compared between the three treatments throughout the rearing period. Five earlier larval life stages (hatchling – flexion/post-flexion) were identified by the end of the experiment. There were no significant differences in size-at-hatch (P > 0.05), development or the active metabolic (P > 0.05) or metabolic scope (P > 0.05) of fish in the three treatments throughout the study. However, the standard metabolic rate was significantly higher in the year 2068 treatment but only at the flexion/post-flexion stage which could be attributed to differences in developmental rates (including the development of the gills) between the 2068 and the other two treatments. Overall, the metabolic scope was narrowest in the 2090 treatment, but varied according to life stage. Although not significantly different, metabolic scope in the 2090 treatment was noticeably lower at the flexion stage compared to the other two treatments, and the development appeared slower, suggesting that this could be the stage most prone to OA. The study concluded that, in isolation, OA levels predicted to occur between 2050 and 2090 will not negatively affect size-at-hatch, growth, development, and metabolic responses of larval A. japonicus up to 22 DAH (flexion/post-flexion stage). Taken together with the previous studies of the same species, the tipping point of tolerance (where negative impacts will begin) in larvae of the species appears to be between the years 2090 and 2100.
- Full Text:
Effects of CO2-induced ocean acidification on the early development, growth, survival and skeletogenesis of the estuarine-dependant sciaenid Argyrosomus japonicus
- Authors: Erasmus, Bernard
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus -- Growth , Argyrosomus -- Mortality , Argyrosomus -- Ecology , Argyrosomus -- Physiology , Ocean acidification , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Carbon dioxide -- Physiological effect
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60585 , vital:27799
- Description: Although it is increasingly accepted that ocean acidification poses a considerable threat to marine organisms, little is known about the likely response of fishes to this phenomenon. While initial research concluded that adult fishes may be tolerant to changes predicted in the next 300 years, the response of early life stages to end-of-century CO2 levels (~ 1100 µatm according to the IPCC RCP 8.5) remains unclear. To date, literature on the early growth and survival of fishes has yielded conflicting results, suggesting that vulnerability may be species dependant. The paucity of ocean acidification research on fishes is particularly evident when one considers larval skeletogenesis, with no robust studies on its impacts on bone and cartilage development. This study addresses the early life embryogenesis, hatching success, growth, skeletogenesis and survival of an estuarine-dependant species. Dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) were reared in a control (pCO2 = 327.50 ± 80.07 qatm at pH 8.15), intermediate (pCO2 477.40 ± 59.46 qatm at pH 8.03) and high pCO2 treatment (pCO2 910.20 ± 136.45 qatm at pH 7.78) from egg to 29 days post-hatch (dph). Sixty individuals from each treatment were sacrificed at the egg stage and at 2, 6, 13, 18, 21 and 26 dph, measured and stained using an acid-free double- staining solution to prevent the deterioration of calcified matrices in fragile larval skeletons. The proportion of bone and cartilage was quantified at each stage using a novel pixel-counting method. Growth and skeletal development were identical between treatments until the onset of metamorphosis (21 dph). However, from the metamorphosis stage, the growth and skeletal development rate was significantly faster in the intermediate treatment and significantly slower in the high treatment when compared to the control treatment. By 26 dph, A. japonicus reared in high pCO2 were, on average, 47.2% smaller than the control treatment, and the relative proportion of bone in the body was 45.3% lower in the high pCO2 treatment when compared with the control. In addition, none of the fish in the high pCO2 treatment survived after 26 dph. It appears that the combination of the increased energy requirements during metamorphosis and the increased energy cost associated with acid-base regulation may account for reduced growth, skeletogenesis and poor survival in high pCO2. Regardless of the driver, the results of this study suggest that the pCO2 levels predicted for the end of the century may have negative effects on the growth, skeletal development, and survival during metamorphosis.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Erasmus, Bernard
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus -- Growth , Argyrosomus -- Mortality , Argyrosomus -- Ecology , Argyrosomus -- Physiology , Ocean acidification , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Carbon dioxide -- Physiological effect
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60585 , vital:27799
- Description: Although it is increasingly accepted that ocean acidification poses a considerable threat to marine organisms, little is known about the likely response of fishes to this phenomenon. While initial research concluded that adult fishes may be tolerant to changes predicted in the next 300 years, the response of early life stages to end-of-century CO2 levels (~ 1100 µatm according to the IPCC RCP 8.5) remains unclear. To date, literature on the early growth and survival of fishes has yielded conflicting results, suggesting that vulnerability may be species dependant. The paucity of ocean acidification research on fishes is particularly evident when one considers larval skeletogenesis, with no robust studies on its impacts on bone and cartilage development. This study addresses the early life embryogenesis, hatching success, growth, skeletogenesis and survival of an estuarine-dependant species. Dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) were reared in a control (pCO2 = 327.50 ± 80.07 qatm at pH 8.15), intermediate (pCO2 477.40 ± 59.46 qatm at pH 8.03) and high pCO2 treatment (pCO2 910.20 ± 136.45 qatm at pH 7.78) from egg to 29 days post-hatch (dph). Sixty individuals from each treatment were sacrificed at the egg stage and at 2, 6, 13, 18, 21 and 26 dph, measured and stained using an acid-free double- staining solution to prevent the deterioration of calcified matrices in fragile larval skeletons. The proportion of bone and cartilage was quantified at each stage using a novel pixel-counting method. Growth and skeletal development were identical between treatments until the onset of metamorphosis (21 dph). However, from the metamorphosis stage, the growth and skeletal development rate was significantly faster in the intermediate treatment and significantly slower in the high treatment when compared to the control treatment. By 26 dph, A. japonicus reared in high pCO2 were, on average, 47.2% smaller than the control treatment, and the relative proportion of bone in the body was 45.3% lower in the high pCO2 treatment when compared with the control. In addition, none of the fish in the high pCO2 treatment survived after 26 dph. It appears that the combination of the increased energy requirements during metamorphosis and the increased energy cost associated with acid-base regulation may account for reduced growth, skeletogenesis and poor survival in high pCO2. Regardless of the driver, the results of this study suggest that the pCO2 levels predicted for the end of the century may have negative effects on the growth, skeletal development, and survival during metamorphosis.
- Full Text:
The metabolic physiology of early stage Argyrosomus japonicus with insight into the potential effects of pCO2 induced ocean acidification
- Authors: Edworthy, Carla
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus -- Growth , Argyrosomus -- Mortality , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Ecology , Ocean acidification , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Carbon dioxide -- Physiological effect
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/51417 , vital:26094
- Description: Ocean acidification is a phenomenon associated with global change and anthropogenic CO2 emissions that is changing the chemistry of seawater. These changes result in elevated pCO2 and reduced pH in seawater and this is impacting marine organisms in various ways. Marine fishes are considered generally tolerant to conditions of ocean acidification; however, these assumptions are based on juvenile and adult fish tolerance and the larval stages have not been frequently assessed. Furthermore, it has been suggested that temperate species, particularly those with an estuarine association, may be tolerant to variable CO2 and pH. This study used an eco-physiological approach to understand how the early life stages of Argyrosomus japonicus, an estuarine dependent marine fisheries species found in warm-temperate regions, may be impacted by ocean acidification. The metabolic response of early stage larvae (hatching to early juvenile stage) was assessed under conditions of elevated pCO2 and reduced pH in a controlled laboratory setting. Small volume static respirometry was used to determine the oxygen consumption rate of larvae raised in three pCO2 treatments including a low (pCO2 = 327.50 ± 80.07 µatm at pH 8.15), moderate (pCO2 477.40 ± 59.46 µatm at pH 8.03) and high treatment (PCO2 910.20 ± 136.45 µatm at pH 7.78). These treatment levels were relevant to the present (low) and projected conditions of ocean acidification for the years 2050 (moderate) and 2100 (high). Prior to experimentation with ocean acidification treatments, baseline metabolic rates and diurnal variation in oxygen consumption rates in early stage A. japonicus was determined. Distinct ontogenetic structuring of metabolic rates was observed in early stage A. japonicus, with no cyclical fluctuations in metabolic rate occurring during the 24 hour photoperiodic cycle. Pre-flexion larvae showed no metabolic response to ocean acidification treatments; however post-flexion stage larvae showed metabolic depression of standard metabolic rate in the moderate (32.5%) and high (9.5%) pCO2 treatments (P = 0.02). Larvae raised in the high pCO2 treatment also showed high levels of mortality with no individuals surviving past the post-flexion stage. Larvae raised in the moderate pCO2 treatment were unaffected. This study concluded that ocean acidification conditions expected for the end of the century will have significant impacts on the metabolism of early stage A. japonicus, which may result in reduced growth, retardation of skeletal development and ultimately survival as a result of increased mortality. Furthermore, the timing of reduced metabolic scope will significantly impact the recruitment ability of A. japonicus larvae into estuarine habitats. This could ultimately impact the sustainability of A. japonicus populations. Most importantly, this study highlighted the need to consider the combined effect of ontogeny and life-history strategy when assessing the vulnerability of species to ocean acidification.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Edworthy, Carla
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus -- Growth , Argyrosomus -- Mortality , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Ecology , Ocean acidification , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Carbon dioxide -- Physiological effect
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/51417 , vital:26094
- Description: Ocean acidification is a phenomenon associated with global change and anthropogenic CO2 emissions that is changing the chemistry of seawater. These changes result in elevated pCO2 and reduced pH in seawater and this is impacting marine organisms in various ways. Marine fishes are considered generally tolerant to conditions of ocean acidification; however, these assumptions are based on juvenile and adult fish tolerance and the larval stages have not been frequently assessed. Furthermore, it has been suggested that temperate species, particularly those with an estuarine association, may be tolerant to variable CO2 and pH. This study used an eco-physiological approach to understand how the early life stages of Argyrosomus japonicus, an estuarine dependent marine fisheries species found in warm-temperate regions, may be impacted by ocean acidification. The metabolic response of early stage larvae (hatching to early juvenile stage) was assessed under conditions of elevated pCO2 and reduced pH in a controlled laboratory setting. Small volume static respirometry was used to determine the oxygen consumption rate of larvae raised in three pCO2 treatments including a low (pCO2 = 327.50 ± 80.07 µatm at pH 8.15), moderate (pCO2 477.40 ± 59.46 µatm at pH 8.03) and high treatment (PCO2 910.20 ± 136.45 µatm at pH 7.78). These treatment levels were relevant to the present (low) and projected conditions of ocean acidification for the years 2050 (moderate) and 2100 (high). Prior to experimentation with ocean acidification treatments, baseline metabolic rates and diurnal variation in oxygen consumption rates in early stage A. japonicus was determined. Distinct ontogenetic structuring of metabolic rates was observed in early stage A. japonicus, with no cyclical fluctuations in metabolic rate occurring during the 24 hour photoperiodic cycle. Pre-flexion larvae showed no metabolic response to ocean acidification treatments; however post-flexion stage larvae showed metabolic depression of standard metabolic rate in the moderate (32.5%) and high (9.5%) pCO2 treatments (P = 0.02). Larvae raised in the high pCO2 treatment also showed high levels of mortality with no individuals surviving past the post-flexion stage. Larvae raised in the moderate pCO2 treatment were unaffected. This study concluded that ocean acidification conditions expected for the end of the century will have significant impacts on the metabolism of early stage A. japonicus, which may result in reduced growth, retardation of skeletal development and ultimately survival as a result of increased mortality. Furthermore, the timing of reduced metabolic scope will significantly impact the recruitment ability of A. japonicus larvae into estuarine habitats. This could ultimately impact the sustainability of A. japonicus populations. Most importantly, this study highlighted the need to consider the combined effect of ontogeny and life-history strategy when assessing the vulnerability of species to ocean acidification.
- Full Text:
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