Thermal physiology of juvenile red roman seabream, Chrysoblephus laticeps after long-term exposure to low pH conditions
- Authors: Allison, Caitlin
- Date: 2023-10-13
- Subjects: Climatic changes , Ocean acidification , Basal metabolism , Chrysoblephus laticeps , Thermal tolerance (Physiology) , Phenotypic plasticity , Fishes Climatic factors
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/424323 , vital:72143
- Description: Climate change has caused a combination of effects on the physiology of fishes. Of particular concern are the effects of thermal variability and ocean acidification. Organismal energy budgets change throughout ontogeny and research into the metabolic scope during early life stages is particularly useful in identifying potential bottlenecks. The first part of this thesis aimed to assess the absolute aerobic scope (AAS, described as the difference between the maximum and standard metabolic rates) of individual juveniles from a protected population of the endemic, commercially important seabream, Chrysoblephus laticeps, across a range of ecologically relevant temperatures (T = 11, 14, 18, 22˚C) under present-day conditions (pH = 8.03, pCO2 ≈ 420 μatm) using intermittent flow respirometry. The second component sought to investigate how long-term exposure (from fertilisation to juvenile, ~100 days exposure) to high-pCO2/hypercapnic conditions (pH = 7.63, pCO2 ≈ 1400 μatm), would affect the AAS of juvenile C. laticeps over a range of temperatures. Lower pH conditions were predicted to cause a decrease in the AAS of treatment animals due to additional energetic costs of acid-base regulation. The findings of the first data chapter demonstrated that juvenile C. laticeps reared under current CO2 conditions are tolerant to a wide range of thermal conditions, and individuals with a broad aerobic scope will be the best suited to coping with enhanced thermal variability. In contrast to the expected outcomes of the second data chapter, juvenile C. laticeps reared under high pCO2 conditions displayed greater AAS at high and low temperatures when compared with specimens from high pH conditions. Whilst a high degree of individual phenotypic variation was observed in the metabolic response of both groups, this was reduced at the lower and upper extreme temperatures for high pH and low pH animals respectively. Notably, the variation in treatment animal’s SMR was significantly diminished across all temperatures tested, compared to only a localised reduction in the SMR of high pH animals at cold temperatures. This may be indicative of compensatory pathways affecting energy restructuring and thermally-governed physiological trade-offs under hypercapnia. Given these results, juvenile C. laticeps appear to be more resilient to ocean acidification than anticipated, potentially owing to intrapopulation metabolic phenotypic diversity. This is likely attributed to the parental lineage originating in the Tsitsikamma MPA, which is thought to boast greater phenotypic diversity as a consequence of the refuge that these conservation areas offer from exploitation. Owing to the restriction imposed by the availability of surviving, captive-reared juveniles, the sample size used in this study was relatively low. However, owing to the repeated-measures nature of this research the sample size was sufficient to offer suitable statistical power for the polynomial mixed model used in the analysis. Future research should incorporate both physiological and behavioural responses to multiple environmental stressors to better understand covariation between these two traits, and to detect any behavioural trade-offs that might arise through compensation. In addition, these trials should be repeated using offspring from outside of the MPA to compare whether the same level of resilience and metabolic phenotypic diversity would be present in an exploited population. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2023
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023-10-13
- Authors: Allison, Caitlin
- Date: 2023-10-13
- Subjects: Climatic changes , Ocean acidification , Basal metabolism , Chrysoblephus laticeps , Thermal tolerance (Physiology) , Phenotypic plasticity , Fishes Climatic factors
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/424323 , vital:72143
- Description: Climate change has caused a combination of effects on the physiology of fishes. Of particular concern are the effects of thermal variability and ocean acidification. Organismal energy budgets change throughout ontogeny and research into the metabolic scope during early life stages is particularly useful in identifying potential bottlenecks. The first part of this thesis aimed to assess the absolute aerobic scope (AAS, described as the difference between the maximum and standard metabolic rates) of individual juveniles from a protected population of the endemic, commercially important seabream, Chrysoblephus laticeps, across a range of ecologically relevant temperatures (T = 11, 14, 18, 22˚C) under present-day conditions (pH = 8.03, pCO2 ≈ 420 μatm) using intermittent flow respirometry. The second component sought to investigate how long-term exposure (from fertilisation to juvenile, ~100 days exposure) to high-pCO2/hypercapnic conditions (pH = 7.63, pCO2 ≈ 1400 μatm), would affect the AAS of juvenile C. laticeps over a range of temperatures. Lower pH conditions were predicted to cause a decrease in the AAS of treatment animals due to additional energetic costs of acid-base regulation. The findings of the first data chapter demonstrated that juvenile C. laticeps reared under current CO2 conditions are tolerant to a wide range of thermal conditions, and individuals with a broad aerobic scope will be the best suited to coping with enhanced thermal variability. In contrast to the expected outcomes of the second data chapter, juvenile C. laticeps reared under high pCO2 conditions displayed greater AAS at high and low temperatures when compared with specimens from high pH conditions. Whilst a high degree of individual phenotypic variation was observed in the metabolic response of both groups, this was reduced at the lower and upper extreme temperatures for high pH and low pH animals respectively. Notably, the variation in treatment animal’s SMR was significantly diminished across all temperatures tested, compared to only a localised reduction in the SMR of high pH animals at cold temperatures. This may be indicative of compensatory pathways affecting energy restructuring and thermally-governed physiological trade-offs under hypercapnia. Given these results, juvenile C. laticeps appear to be more resilient to ocean acidification than anticipated, potentially owing to intrapopulation metabolic phenotypic diversity. This is likely attributed to the parental lineage originating in the Tsitsikamma MPA, which is thought to boast greater phenotypic diversity as a consequence of the refuge that these conservation areas offer from exploitation. Owing to the restriction imposed by the availability of surviving, captive-reared juveniles, the sample size used in this study was relatively low. However, owing to the repeated-measures nature of this research the sample size was sufficient to offer suitable statistical power for the polynomial mixed model used in the analysis. Future research should incorporate both physiological and behavioural responses to multiple environmental stressors to better understand covariation between these two traits, and to detect any behavioural trade-offs that might arise through compensation. In addition, these trials should be repeated using offspring from outside of the MPA to compare whether the same level of resilience and metabolic phenotypic diversity would be present in an exploited population. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2023
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023-10-13
The link between behavioural plasticity and aerobic scope phenotypes in predicting the survival of Chrysoblephus laticeps under climate variability
- Authors: Bailey, Lauren Ashleigh
- Date: 2023-03-29
- Subjects: Chrysoblephus laticeps , Phenotypic plasticity , Fishes Climatic factors , Fishes Physiology , Fishes Behavior , Respirometry , Anthropocene , Thermal tolerance (Physiology)
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/422606 , vital:71961 , DOI 10.21504/10962/422606
- Description: Thermal variability in the marine environment is likely to have a considerable effect on fishes as it impacts physiological performance and vital (i.e metabolism, foraging and swimming style) and non-vital (i.e. reproductive fitness) energetic processes. When fish are subjected to thermal stress, they may primarily respond by changing their behaviour. Species that have broad phenotypic behavioural plasticity (i.e. defined as the ability to adjust behavioural activity in presiding environmental conditions in order to remain within their optimal thermal range) may have a competitive advantage. Fish behavioural plasticity may take many forms. Some species may seek out thermal refugia by changing their phenology or distribution, while others alter the timing of their seasonal and spawning migrations in response to a changing environment. Although fishes can use behavioural changes to cope with climate change impacts, there does appear to be variability in the behavioural responses within species. However, if alterations in behaviour are insufficient to ensure that the individual remains within their optimal thermal range, physiological acclimation (i.e. defined as the process in which an organism adjusts to prevailing conditions by broadening their thermal performance curve so that their performance is maximized in the new thermal environment) may be required. Therefore, there is a critical link between the behaviour and thermal physiology of fishes, particularly in a world where they are facing increasing thermal stress. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2023
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023-03-29
- Authors: Bailey, Lauren Ashleigh
- Date: 2023-03-29
- Subjects: Chrysoblephus laticeps , Phenotypic plasticity , Fishes Climatic factors , Fishes Physiology , Fishes Behavior , Respirometry , Anthropocene , Thermal tolerance (Physiology)
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/422606 , vital:71961 , DOI 10.21504/10962/422606
- Description: Thermal variability in the marine environment is likely to have a considerable effect on fishes as it impacts physiological performance and vital (i.e metabolism, foraging and swimming style) and non-vital (i.e. reproductive fitness) energetic processes. When fish are subjected to thermal stress, they may primarily respond by changing their behaviour. Species that have broad phenotypic behavioural plasticity (i.e. defined as the ability to adjust behavioural activity in presiding environmental conditions in order to remain within their optimal thermal range) may have a competitive advantage. Fish behavioural plasticity may take many forms. Some species may seek out thermal refugia by changing their phenology or distribution, while others alter the timing of their seasonal and spawning migrations in response to a changing environment. Although fishes can use behavioural changes to cope with climate change impacts, there does appear to be variability in the behavioural responses within species. However, if alterations in behaviour are insufficient to ensure that the individual remains within their optimal thermal range, physiological acclimation (i.e. defined as the process in which an organism adjusts to prevailing conditions by broadening their thermal performance curve so that their performance is maximized in the new thermal environment) may be required. Therefore, there is a critical link between the behaviour and thermal physiology of fishes, particularly in a world where they are facing increasing thermal stress. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2023
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023-03-29
Oxygen limitation and thermal tolerance: a comparison of pulmonate and patellogastropod limpets
- Authors: Kankondi, Sebbi
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Thermal tolerance (Physiology) , Limpets -- Physiology , Limpets -- Effect of temperature on , Oxygen consumption (Physiology)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7570 , vital:21274
- Description: Since the scientific community anticipates a general change in the global climate, it has become increasingly important to develop predictive models which encompass mechanisms to generate reliable forecasts of the effects this change on ecological communities and processes. To this end, the oxygen- and capacity- limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) theory has been developed as a link between various physiological processes, the thermal aspect of climate change and the associated shifts at different levels of biological organization. This study set out to assess the general applicability of the OCLTT theory in eurythermal pulmonate and patellogastropod limpets, whose distributions overlap on the high shore rocks of the warm temperate, south-east coast of South Africa.This was done by determining their microhabitat use, median lethal temperatures and cardiac, Arrhenius breakpoint temperatures as measures of their upper thermal tolerance limits, in both air and water. The main hypotheses of the study were that the pulmonate limpets would be more common than the patellogastropods in warmer microhabitats during low tide and would have higher thermal limits than the patellogastropods in air and vice versa in water. This was based on the assumption that the two limpet groups have different capabilities of oxygen consumption in air and water, due to differences in their respiratory organs and that this would be reflected in their thermal tolerances based on predictions made by the OCLTT. This assumption was important because oxygen consumption was not measured in this study. Previous research (e.g. Garrity, 1984), showed that a thermal stress gradient exists among rocky intertidal microhabitats. From most to least thermally stressful the gradient is horizontal surfaces> slopes> vertical surfaces> tide pools> crevices. The current study found that, while the pulmonate limpets, Siphonaria capensis and S. serrata, preferred rock pools, sloped, vertical and horizontal rock surfaces, the patellogastropod limpets, Cellana capensis and Scutellastra granularis, preferred rock pools and vertical rock surfaces. Furthermore, the pulmonate limpets were only common on horizontal rock surfaces where specific ameliorating conditions would have mitigated thermal stress there. In addition, C. capensis had similar thermal tolerance limits to the pulmonate limpets in air and the pulmonate limpets had similar and/or higher thermal tolerance limits compared to S. granularis in water. This indicates that the pulmonate limpets did not necessarily prefer warmer microhabitats than the patellogastropod limpets and that there were no differences in the collective upper thermal tolerance limits between the two limpet groups in either medium.Consequently, there was no indication from this study that an assumed superior capacity for oxygen supply translates into greater thermal tolerance and that the hypotheses based on the OCLTT were not supported. Although this was an indirect test of the OCLTT theory, I conclude that this study does not support the notion of its general applicability and that mechanisms other than those outlined by the OCLTT theory may help explain the patterns of thermal limitation observed in the current study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Kankondi, Sebbi
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Thermal tolerance (Physiology) , Limpets -- Physiology , Limpets -- Effect of temperature on , Oxygen consumption (Physiology)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7570 , vital:21274
- Description: Since the scientific community anticipates a general change in the global climate, it has become increasingly important to develop predictive models which encompass mechanisms to generate reliable forecasts of the effects this change on ecological communities and processes. To this end, the oxygen- and capacity- limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) theory has been developed as a link between various physiological processes, the thermal aspect of climate change and the associated shifts at different levels of biological organization. This study set out to assess the general applicability of the OCLTT theory in eurythermal pulmonate and patellogastropod limpets, whose distributions overlap on the high shore rocks of the warm temperate, south-east coast of South Africa.This was done by determining their microhabitat use, median lethal temperatures and cardiac, Arrhenius breakpoint temperatures as measures of their upper thermal tolerance limits, in both air and water. The main hypotheses of the study were that the pulmonate limpets would be more common than the patellogastropods in warmer microhabitats during low tide and would have higher thermal limits than the patellogastropods in air and vice versa in water. This was based on the assumption that the two limpet groups have different capabilities of oxygen consumption in air and water, due to differences in their respiratory organs and that this would be reflected in their thermal tolerances based on predictions made by the OCLTT. This assumption was important because oxygen consumption was not measured in this study. Previous research (e.g. Garrity, 1984), showed that a thermal stress gradient exists among rocky intertidal microhabitats. From most to least thermally stressful the gradient is horizontal surfaces> slopes> vertical surfaces> tide pools> crevices. The current study found that, while the pulmonate limpets, Siphonaria capensis and S. serrata, preferred rock pools, sloped, vertical and horizontal rock surfaces, the patellogastropod limpets, Cellana capensis and Scutellastra granularis, preferred rock pools and vertical rock surfaces. Furthermore, the pulmonate limpets were only common on horizontal rock surfaces where specific ameliorating conditions would have mitigated thermal stress there. In addition, C. capensis had similar thermal tolerance limits to the pulmonate limpets in air and the pulmonate limpets had similar and/or higher thermal tolerance limits compared to S. granularis in water. This indicates that the pulmonate limpets did not necessarily prefer warmer microhabitats than the patellogastropod limpets and that there were no differences in the collective upper thermal tolerance limits between the two limpet groups in either medium.Consequently, there was no indication from this study that an assumed superior capacity for oxygen supply translates into greater thermal tolerance and that the hypotheses based on the OCLTT were not supported. Although this was an indirect test of the OCLTT theory, I conclude that this study does not support the notion of its general applicability and that mechanisms other than those outlined by the OCLTT theory may help explain the patterns of thermal limitation observed in the current study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
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