Investigating occupation as frame for planning and developing agricultural extension VET skills for climate resilience: cross-case analysis of Alice, South Africa, and Gulu, Uganda
- Authors: Muhangi, Sidney
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/436559 , vital:73282 , DOI 10.21504/10962/436559
- Description: In sub-Saharan Africa and most of the Global South, climate change is challenging work and livelihoods for smallholder farmers who depend on rainfed farming, demanding climate resilience. Smallholder agriculture in Africa remains a mainstay for most economies and livelihoods, including South Africa and Uganda. My firsthand experience in Uganda as a subsistence farmer revealed the vitality of extension services to farmers. Participating in VETAfrica 4.0, a VET skill planning project, sparked my interest in examining the adequacy of 'Occupation' as a skills planning tool for addressing contemporary climate change challenges faced by extension officers and farmers, with implications for skills development. This research sought to answer the question: What is the theoretical and practical history and current constitution of the agricultural extension officer occupation as a mediating unit of intervention for VET skills planning, and is it adequate for climate resilience? The study addressed five objectives. First, the study undertook a historical review of occupation as a mediating unit of intervention for skills planning. Secondly, the study examined current descriptions of the extension occupation as used for skills planning in Africa. Thirdly, in order to better understand the operationalisation of this skills planning instrument, the study examined aspects of skills development, specifically how VET preparation for extension work was taking place in response to the need for climate resilience through a curriculum review and the experiences and related work activities of extension services actors. The study also reviewed agricultural extension and VET policy, and labour market data for its responsiveness to climate resilience. In response to the findings of Objectives 1-4, a fifth objective was developed to offer expanded possibilities for a mediating unit of intervention for skills planning and development relevant to climate resilience in agricultural extension, as this appeared to be needed. To develop the study, I drew on the Social Ecosystems Model (SEM) for skills, which raises the issue of mediation in skills development. I also drew on Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) to help theorise the mediation in the SEM for skills, where different activity systems (policy, training and extension, farming) were present. This framework allowed me to probe how these activity systems were mediating climate-resilient skills development with/for extension services (or not). Empirical data was produced through secondary and primary data, generated in two case study contexts using a cross-case design. Documentary analysis involved analysing policy documents, study curricula and historical literature to develop an understanding of historical sociology of occupation as a skills planning mediating unit and insight into contemporary understanding of how occupational frameworks are structured and deployed. Analysis was undertaken in two stages; firstly, through in-depth cases of occupation as mediating unit of intervention for skills planning, and aspects of skills development as influenced by this as influenced by this mediating unit (Chapter 5 and 6). This offered a first layer of analysis and insights into temporality, verticalities, mediation and horizontalities in the SEM for skills in each case. Secondly, abduction was undertaken to build models of the SEM for skills as found in each of the two countries using the SEM and CHAT analytical tools (Chapter 7), showing the need for skills planning tools that are more closely related to and relevant to the contexts of skills development. Findings revealed insights into the SEM for skills related to ecological time, notably a mismatch between the cultural-historical time of occupational skills planning and development, and the temporal demands for climate resilience. Historical analysis the deep rootedness of occupations and occupational structures in colonial histories and traditions, going back as far as the medieval era, with current occupations still bearing features of ancient occupational guild practices and hence not adequately responsive to climate change, affecting the SEM for skills in both cases and producing contradictions. Analysis further revealed that contemporary agricultural extension in Africa is decentralised and pluralistic, with few extension-related policies employed underdeveloped. Labour market in both South Africa and Uganda are not adequately orientated to climate resilience and fail to include climate resilience expertise, despite a need for this amongst farmers and by policy, revealing contradictions between various policy activity systems, which are not adequately facilitating. Empirical findings from study sites revealed that VET preparation for extension work lacks responsiveness to climate resilience within the skills ecosystem. Consequently, extension officers lack expertise in climate resilience, which is an increasing demand expressed by farmers and other horizontal activity systems in the SEM for skills. Through a more complex understanding of the extension officer occupation and its development in skills ecosystem in Africa, the study proposes a broader mediating unit of intervention for skills planning than that of ‘occupation’ only. The mediating unit of intervention put forward for skills planning is a workstream mapping approach for climate resilient extension training in VET. This planning approach has implications for skills development viewed as work, learning and living involving more than one activity system in the skills development landscape, thus also broadening the approach to VET. The study concludes with recommendations to further test this approach. Finally, it makes recommendations that can inform: 1) curriculum innovation, 2) extension practice, 3) policy, and 4) research. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post School Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
- Authors: Muhangi, Sidney
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/436559 , vital:73282 , DOI 10.21504/10962/436559
- Description: In sub-Saharan Africa and most of the Global South, climate change is challenging work and livelihoods for smallholder farmers who depend on rainfed farming, demanding climate resilience. Smallholder agriculture in Africa remains a mainstay for most economies and livelihoods, including South Africa and Uganda. My firsthand experience in Uganda as a subsistence farmer revealed the vitality of extension services to farmers. Participating in VETAfrica 4.0, a VET skill planning project, sparked my interest in examining the adequacy of 'Occupation' as a skills planning tool for addressing contemporary climate change challenges faced by extension officers and farmers, with implications for skills development. This research sought to answer the question: What is the theoretical and practical history and current constitution of the agricultural extension officer occupation as a mediating unit of intervention for VET skills planning, and is it adequate for climate resilience? The study addressed five objectives. First, the study undertook a historical review of occupation as a mediating unit of intervention for skills planning. Secondly, the study examined current descriptions of the extension occupation as used for skills planning in Africa. Thirdly, in order to better understand the operationalisation of this skills planning instrument, the study examined aspects of skills development, specifically how VET preparation for extension work was taking place in response to the need for climate resilience through a curriculum review and the experiences and related work activities of extension services actors. The study also reviewed agricultural extension and VET policy, and labour market data for its responsiveness to climate resilience. In response to the findings of Objectives 1-4, a fifth objective was developed to offer expanded possibilities for a mediating unit of intervention for skills planning and development relevant to climate resilience in agricultural extension, as this appeared to be needed. To develop the study, I drew on the Social Ecosystems Model (SEM) for skills, which raises the issue of mediation in skills development. I also drew on Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) to help theorise the mediation in the SEM for skills, where different activity systems (policy, training and extension, farming) were present. This framework allowed me to probe how these activity systems were mediating climate-resilient skills development with/for extension services (or not). Empirical data was produced through secondary and primary data, generated in two case study contexts using a cross-case design. Documentary analysis involved analysing policy documents, study curricula and historical literature to develop an understanding of historical sociology of occupation as a skills planning mediating unit and insight into contemporary understanding of how occupational frameworks are structured and deployed. Analysis was undertaken in two stages; firstly, through in-depth cases of occupation as mediating unit of intervention for skills planning, and aspects of skills development as influenced by this as influenced by this mediating unit (Chapter 5 and 6). This offered a first layer of analysis and insights into temporality, verticalities, mediation and horizontalities in the SEM for skills in each case. Secondly, abduction was undertaken to build models of the SEM for skills as found in each of the two countries using the SEM and CHAT analytical tools (Chapter 7), showing the need for skills planning tools that are more closely related to and relevant to the contexts of skills development. Findings revealed insights into the SEM for skills related to ecological time, notably a mismatch between the cultural-historical time of occupational skills planning and development, and the temporal demands for climate resilience. Historical analysis the deep rootedness of occupations and occupational structures in colonial histories and traditions, going back as far as the medieval era, with current occupations still bearing features of ancient occupational guild practices and hence not adequately responsive to climate change, affecting the SEM for skills in both cases and producing contradictions. Analysis further revealed that contemporary agricultural extension in Africa is decentralised and pluralistic, with few extension-related policies employed underdeveloped. Labour market in both South Africa and Uganda are not adequately orientated to climate resilience and fail to include climate resilience expertise, despite a need for this amongst farmers and by policy, revealing contradictions between various policy activity systems, which are not adequately facilitating. Empirical findings from study sites revealed that VET preparation for extension work lacks responsiveness to climate resilience within the skills ecosystem. Consequently, extension officers lack expertise in climate resilience, which is an increasing demand expressed by farmers and other horizontal activity systems in the SEM for skills. Through a more complex understanding of the extension officer occupation and its development in skills ecosystem in Africa, the study proposes a broader mediating unit of intervention for skills planning than that of ‘occupation’ only. The mediating unit of intervention put forward for skills planning is a workstream mapping approach for climate resilient extension training in VET. This planning approach has implications for skills development viewed as work, learning and living involving more than one activity system in the skills development landscape, thus also broadening the approach to VET. The study concludes with recommendations to further test this approach. Finally, it makes recommendations that can inform: 1) curriculum innovation, 2) extension practice, 3) policy, and 4) research. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, Secondary and Post School Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
Keychains and preferential fuzzy sets with applications
- Authors: Mahlasela, Zuko
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435933 , vital:73213 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435935
- Description: In this thesis, we study the preferentiality behaviour of choices under uncertainties using keychains, where a keychain is defined as an (n+ 1)-tuple of non-increasing real numbers in the unit interval, I= [0, 1]. We look at the representations of uncertainties or sets defined by vague properties using the idea of keychains, pins and pinned flags. We then apply the ideas of preferential fuzzy sets to voting patterns, economics and decision making. For voting patterns, we simulate mock trials to investigate the behaviours of choices of different individuals, the outcomes of such voting and make specific conclusions about voting strategies. It can be argued that preferentiality in voting can enhance the democratic processes in national elections. This thesis contains various representations of keychains such as binary digits, weight order, lattice and simplex representations. Another useful aspect of keychains and preferential fuzzy sets is to study the outcomes of decision making linking it to the study of keychains and finite fuzzy sets. We envisage that this study will throw light on computational aspects of any countable situations. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Mathematics, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
- Authors: Mahlasela, Zuko
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435933 , vital:73213 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435935
- Description: In this thesis, we study the preferentiality behaviour of choices under uncertainties using keychains, where a keychain is defined as an (n+ 1)-tuple of non-increasing real numbers in the unit interval, I= [0, 1]. We look at the representations of uncertainties or sets defined by vague properties using the idea of keychains, pins and pinned flags. We then apply the ideas of preferential fuzzy sets to voting patterns, economics and decision making. For voting patterns, we simulate mock trials to investigate the behaviours of choices of different individuals, the outcomes of such voting and make specific conclusions about voting strategies. It can be argued that preferentiality in voting can enhance the democratic processes in national elections. This thesis contains various representations of keychains such as binary digits, weight order, lattice and simplex representations. Another useful aspect of keychains and preferential fuzzy sets is to study the outcomes of decision making linking it to the study of keychains and finite fuzzy sets. We envisage that this study will throw light on computational aspects of any countable situations. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Mathematics, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
Phthalocyanine-based bio-functional conjugates: photodynamic therapy and photoantimicrobial chemotherapeutic efficacy evaluation in-vitro
- Authors: Magadla, Aviwe
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435918 , vital:73212 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435918
- Description: This thesis reports on the syntheses and characterisation of symmetrical and asymmetrical phthalocyanines (Pcs) with different ring substituents derived to form either cationic styryl pyridine, cationic styryl pyridine triphenylphosphonium (TPP+)-based, benzothiazole, cationic pyridyl-dihydrothiazole and other closely related groups. The starting Pc complex of the synthesised Pc derivatives was typically obtained through the cyclotetramerisation of a substituted phthalonitrile. Then, depending on the desired final complex, the desired complexes were synthesised through the Knoevenagel condensation, alkylation reaction, and Schiff base reaction. Furthermore, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) were also used to encapsulate Pcs. Following aminopropyl triethoxysilane amino (APTES) functionalisation of the surface of the Pc@SiNPs-APTES, biomolecules such as gallic acid, folic acid, and ampicillin were covalently attached to the surface. Additionally, Pc@SiNPs-APTES is protonated with 1,3-propanesultone. The pair of synthesised asymmetric Pcs is attached to ciprofloxacin (CIP) via an amide bond. Different analytical methods were used to characterise the Pcs and their conjugates. The photophysics and photochemistry of the Pcs both by themselves and in their conjugate form when doped with SiNPs. The cationic Pcs were able to produce sufficient singlet oxygen on their own in most cases. This is explained by the Pcs greater solubility in water. Since singlet oxygen is produced from the triplet state, singlet oxygen quantum yield (Δ) values complement triplet quantum yield (T) values. Low Δ values could be attributed to ineffective energy transfer; screening effects may have prevented the excited triplet state of the Pcs from interacting with the ground state molecular oxygen, lowering the Δ values. In other instances, the Pcs' protection by the SiNPs could be credited with extending the triplet lifetime. The direct connection of Pcs with CIP increased the formation of T and Δ in ABSTRACT comparison to Pcs alone. Both in planktonic and biofilm form, the cationic Pcs and conjugates showed enhanced bacterial elimination. The Pcs and conjugates demonstrated significant activity in photodynamic therapy treatment (PDT) experiments at the tested doses. In both PDT and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) treatment, the cationic Pcs outperformed the neutral Pc in terms of biological activity. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
- Authors: Magadla, Aviwe
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435918 , vital:73212 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435918
- Description: This thesis reports on the syntheses and characterisation of symmetrical and asymmetrical phthalocyanines (Pcs) with different ring substituents derived to form either cationic styryl pyridine, cationic styryl pyridine triphenylphosphonium (TPP+)-based, benzothiazole, cationic pyridyl-dihydrothiazole and other closely related groups. The starting Pc complex of the synthesised Pc derivatives was typically obtained through the cyclotetramerisation of a substituted phthalonitrile. Then, depending on the desired final complex, the desired complexes were synthesised through the Knoevenagel condensation, alkylation reaction, and Schiff base reaction. Furthermore, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) were also used to encapsulate Pcs. Following aminopropyl triethoxysilane amino (APTES) functionalisation of the surface of the Pc@SiNPs-APTES, biomolecules such as gallic acid, folic acid, and ampicillin were covalently attached to the surface. Additionally, Pc@SiNPs-APTES is protonated with 1,3-propanesultone. The pair of synthesised asymmetric Pcs is attached to ciprofloxacin (CIP) via an amide bond. Different analytical methods were used to characterise the Pcs and their conjugates. The photophysics and photochemistry of the Pcs both by themselves and in their conjugate form when doped with SiNPs. The cationic Pcs were able to produce sufficient singlet oxygen on their own in most cases. This is explained by the Pcs greater solubility in water. Since singlet oxygen is produced from the triplet state, singlet oxygen quantum yield (Δ) values complement triplet quantum yield (T) values. Low Δ values could be attributed to ineffective energy transfer; screening effects may have prevented the excited triplet state of the Pcs from interacting with the ground state molecular oxygen, lowering the Δ values. In other instances, the Pcs' protection by the SiNPs could be credited with extending the triplet lifetime. The direct connection of Pcs with CIP increased the formation of T and Δ in ABSTRACT comparison to Pcs alone. Both in planktonic and biofilm form, the cationic Pcs and conjugates showed enhanced bacterial elimination. The Pcs and conjugates demonstrated significant activity in photodynamic therapy treatment (PDT) experiments at the tested doses. In both PDT and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) treatment, the cationic Pcs outperformed the neutral Pc in terms of biological activity. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
Plankton and macroinvertebrate dynamics in the Khakhea–Bray transboundary aquifer region
- Mungenge, Chipo Perseverance
- Authors: Mungenge, Chipo Perseverance
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435674 , vital:73178 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435674
- Description: Temporary wetlands are prevalent in semi–arid and arid climates across the globe and harbour unique faunal assemblages that significantly contribute to regional aquatic biodiversity. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the ecological dynamics of temporary wetland ecosystems, focusing on plankton dynamics, large branchiopod diversity, trophic dynamics, water quality and the impacts of freshwater salinisation in temporary pans in the Khakhea Bray Transboundary aquifer region in the North west Province, South Africa. This body of work represents field, laboratory and writing components which span the period May 2021 to December 2023. The results from this study revealed seasonal patterns in plankton diversity with a winter peak in phytoplankton diversity dominated by Zygnematophyceae species, while Chlorophyceae were dominant in summer. Zooplankton diversity was high in summer as compared to winter, with both Rotifera and Copepoda dominant in both seasons. Six large branchiopod species were found in the region, and three of these were new distribution records for the North west Province, including the first record of Phallocryptus spinosa in the salt pan that was sampled in summer. Large branchiopod diversity was mainly influenced by water temperature and phosphorous in summer, while sediment sodium influenced the diversity in winter. The stable isotope analyses used to determine trophic dynamics in these temporary pans revealed that the food web had four trophic levels, with the top predators being the notonectids Anisops sp. The dominant consumers were predatory insects such as Sigara sp., Anisops sp., Lestes sp., Rhantus sp. and Cybister sp. adults and larvae, as well as detritivorous Tomopterna sp. tadpoles. High trophic niche overlaps were found between the notonectids and the dytiscids. These temporary pans are susceptible to anthropogenic impacts, and disturbed pans were found to have elevated pH, ammonium, phosphates and dissolved oxygen compared to the undisturbed pans. A strong positive relationship was observed between chl–a and temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, phosphates and ammonium. Chlorophyll–a concentration increased as surface area and the distance from kraals, buildings and latrines decreased. Freshwater salinisation was found to cause notable shifts in abiotic factors and benthic phytoplankton communities, favouring the proliferation of saline–tolerant diatom species at the cost of more sensitive taxa. The study also revealed that in interaction with salinisation, time also exerted a notable influence on shaping the benthic phytoplankton community. Salinity levels of 2.5 ppt and above led to significant decreases in emergent taxa richness and abundance, with Spinicaudata and Ostracoda being the most sensitive taxa to high salinities. There was a limited effect on community hatching phenology dynamics from salinity. This suggests that the main impact of salinisation in these systems will be reductions in hatching success and, hence, reduced recruitment. The study highlights the vulnerability of temporary pan ecosystems to anthropogenic influences and the complexities of interactions of organisms and the environmental conditions in these systems. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
- Authors: Mungenge, Chipo Perseverance
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435674 , vital:73178 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435674
- Description: Temporary wetlands are prevalent in semi–arid and arid climates across the globe and harbour unique faunal assemblages that significantly contribute to regional aquatic biodiversity. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the ecological dynamics of temporary wetland ecosystems, focusing on plankton dynamics, large branchiopod diversity, trophic dynamics, water quality and the impacts of freshwater salinisation in temporary pans in the Khakhea Bray Transboundary aquifer region in the North west Province, South Africa. This body of work represents field, laboratory and writing components which span the period May 2021 to December 2023. The results from this study revealed seasonal patterns in plankton diversity with a winter peak in phytoplankton diversity dominated by Zygnematophyceae species, while Chlorophyceae were dominant in summer. Zooplankton diversity was high in summer as compared to winter, with both Rotifera and Copepoda dominant in both seasons. Six large branchiopod species were found in the region, and three of these were new distribution records for the North west Province, including the first record of Phallocryptus spinosa in the salt pan that was sampled in summer. Large branchiopod diversity was mainly influenced by water temperature and phosphorous in summer, while sediment sodium influenced the diversity in winter. The stable isotope analyses used to determine trophic dynamics in these temporary pans revealed that the food web had four trophic levels, with the top predators being the notonectids Anisops sp. The dominant consumers were predatory insects such as Sigara sp., Anisops sp., Lestes sp., Rhantus sp. and Cybister sp. adults and larvae, as well as detritivorous Tomopterna sp. tadpoles. High trophic niche overlaps were found between the notonectids and the dytiscids. These temporary pans are susceptible to anthropogenic impacts, and disturbed pans were found to have elevated pH, ammonium, phosphates and dissolved oxygen compared to the undisturbed pans. A strong positive relationship was observed between chl–a and temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, phosphates and ammonium. Chlorophyll–a concentration increased as surface area and the distance from kraals, buildings and latrines decreased. Freshwater salinisation was found to cause notable shifts in abiotic factors and benthic phytoplankton communities, favouring the proliferation of saline–tolerant diatom species at the cost of more sensitive taxa. The study also revealed that in interaction with salinisation, time also exerted a notable influence on shaping the benthic phytoplankton community. Salinity levels of 2.5 ppt and above led to significant decreases in emergent taxa richness and abundance, with Spinicaudata and Ostracoda being the most sensitive taxa to high salinities. There was a limited effect on community hatching phenology dynamics from salinity. This suggests that the main impact of salinisation in these systems will be reductions in hatching success and, hence, reduced recruitment. The study highlights the vulnerability of temporary pan ecosystems to anthropogenic influences and the complexities of interactions of organisms and the environmental conditions in these systems. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
Review of the systematics and regional diversity of the diploid barbs (Enteromius Cope, 1867) of southern Africa
- Scheepers, Martinus Johannes
- Authors: Scheepers, Martinus Johannes
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435966 , vital:73216
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release in 2025. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
- Authors: Scheepers, Martinus Johannes
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435966 , vital:73216
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release in 2025. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
The emergence of Education for Sustainable Development teacher competences amongst pre-service teachers in a Geography Teacher Education Programme in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Chimbodza, Iris Jane Mary
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/436521 , vital:73279
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release in 2026. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, Primary and Early Childhood Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
- Authors: Chimbodza, Iris Jane Mary
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/436521 , vital:73279
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release in 2026. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, Primary and Early Childhood Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
The enemy release hypothesis and beyond: Lagarosiphon major invasion dynamics and management options for New Zealand using native natural enemies from South Africa
- Authors: Baso, Nompumelelo Catherine
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435627 , vital:73174 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435627
- Description: Numerous scientific investigations have demonstrated the destructive impact that exotic species can have on ecosystem services beyond a specific threshold. There are many explanations for why introduced plants are likely to be more successful outside their native range. One such explanation is offered by the Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH), which states that plants automatically become superior competitors outside of their natural range due to release from top-down stressors (herbivory, parasites, and diseases) that is evident in the absence of their natural enemies. The underlying assumption of the ERH is that natural enemies are important regulators of plant species populations, and that the pressures from these natural enemies are felt more readily by native species compared to alien plants. Consequently, in the absence of such pressures, the ERH assumes that exotic plants can allocate more resources towards growth and reproduction, while effectively maintaining accumulated biomass. Classical biological control has previously been cited as evidence for the enemy release hypothesis. Therefore, the overarching aim and theme of this thesis was to investigate the role of ERH on the invasiveness of Lagarosiphon major (Ridl.) Moss ex Wager (Hydrocharitaceae) in New Zealand. Firstly, a literature search and a meta-analysis was used to synthesize existing studies in order to test for general applicability of this hypothesis to aquatic plant invasions. Furthermore, an empirical investigation was conducted in order to directly quantify enemy release in L. major populations invaded areas of New Zealand. To achieve this, various plant parameters of this plant, overall macrophyte and invertebrate diversity were measured and compared between sites in the native range in South Africa and the invaded areas in New Zealand. Although the meta-analysis showed variable evidence for this hypothesis depending on various modulating factors such as study type, plant growth form and measured parameters, for L. major, there was strong evidence of enemy release. The biogeographical comparisons showed that L. major exhibited increased fitness in most of the invaded sites, marked by elevated biomass accumulation, significantly higher shoot production, and the displacement of native plant species. The observed fitness advantages were directly correlated to a decrease in herbivory diversity and pressure upon the plant's introduction to New Zealand. Unlike the native populations, which contend with the presence of at least four co-occurring herbivores, including specialist herbivores, the invaded range had a substantially lower herbivore diversity, with only Hygraula nitens Butler (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) syn. Nymphula nitens, significantly damaging L. major. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding invasion ecology and theories such as ERH in order to advance aquatic plant management and also present valuable insights for developing effective strategies to mitigate the impact of invasive alien species on aquatic ecosystems. Specifically, results from the empirical investigation provide evidence in support of the ERH and highlight the suitability of implementing biological control strategies to manage the L. major invasion in New Zealand. Previous studies have shown the suitability of two specialist herbivores, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae), and Polypedilum tuburcinatum Andersen (Diptera: Chironomidae), as potential biological control agents. This control strategy presents a sustainable and ecologically responsible approach, promoting coexistence between exotic plants and native species rather than displacement through competitive exclusion. With the apparent dominance of L. major at various New Zealand localities, the subsequent objective of this thesis was to investigate the competitive interactions between L. major and another invasive Hydrocharitaceae, Egeria densa Planchon, as driven by herbivory. Combinations of two host specific Ephydrid flies, H. lagarosiphon and H. egeriae, were used at eight different factorial combination of planting densities. The analysis of plant parameters and the application of inverse linear models revealed that L. major often exhibits relatively higher fitness, especially in low monoculture treatments when the two insects were isolated. However, multiple inverse linear models revealed that actual competitive outcomes are dependent on factors such as initial plant density and herbivory regime, with competitive interactions generally being mild. Nevertheless, the presence of H. lagarosiphon resulted in facilitation of E. densa growth. Thus, even at lower densities, these insects still had an impact on the observed interactions, further emphasizing suitability as damaging biological control agents. Lastly, focusing on the abiotic component of L. major invasion, Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were employed to map potential suitable habitat for this species, as well as predict the consequences of climate change on this. Correlative and mechanistic modelling was also used to simulate suitable habitat for potential biological control agents, thus addressing the potential for mismatches between host plant distribution and insect suitable range. The Maximum Entropy Species Distribution Modelling (MaxEnt) algorithm revealed that more than 90% of all freshwater ecosystems in New Zealand are susceptible to L. major invasion, with suitability projected to expand further under future climate scenarios. Moreover, correlative modelling using this method suggests limited suitable habitat for both herbivores. However, degree-day modelling, which also takes into account the physiological requirements, showed that H. lagarosiphon has the potential to produce viable populations in several parts of New Zealand. Overall, this thesis explored the intricate web of biotic and abiotic factors influencing the success of L. major outside its native range. The results emphasize the potential impacts of climate change on the invasion potential and management strategies for L. major. The findings also advocate for the implementation of sustainable and ecologically sound management solutions, such as biological control, to manage this species. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Botany, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
- Authors: Baso, Nompumelelo Catherine
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435627 , vital:73174 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435627
- Description: Numerous scientific investigations have demonstrated the destructive impact that exotic species can have on ecosystem services beyond a specific threshold. There are many explanations for why introduced plants are likely to be more successful outside their native range. One such explanation is offered by the Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH), which states that plants automatically become superior competitors outside of their natural range due to release from top-down stressors (herbivory, parasites, and diseases) that is evident in the absence of their natural enemies. The underlying assumption of the ERH is that natural enemies are important regulators of plant species populations, and that the pressures from these natural enemies are felt more readily by native species compared to alien plants. Consequently, in the absence of such pressures, the ERH assumes that exotic plants can allocate more resources towards growth and reproduction, while effectively maintaining accumulated biomass. Classical biological control has previously been cited as evidence for the enemy release hypothesis. Therefore, the overarching aim and theme of this thesis was to investigate the role of ERH on the invasiveness of Lagarosiphon major (Ridl.) Moss ex Wager (Hydrocharitaceae) in New Zealand. Firstly, a literature search and a meta-analysis was used to synthesize existing studies in order to test for general applicability of this hypothesis to aquatic plant invasions. Furthermore, an empirical investigation was conducted in order to directly quantify enemy release in L. major populations invaded areas of New Zealand. To achieve this, various plant parameters of this plant, overall macrophyte and invertebrate diversity were measured and compared between sites in the native range in South Africa and the invaded areas in New Zealand. Although the meta-analysis showed variable evidence for this hypothesis depending on various modulating factors such as study type, plant growth form and measured parameters, for L. major, there was strong evidence of enemy release. The biogeographical comparisons showed that L. major exhibited increased fitness in most of the invaded sites, marked by elevated biomass accumulation, significantly higher shoot production, and the displacement of native plant species. The observed fitness advantages were directly correlated to a decrease in herbivory diversity and pressure upon the plant's introduction to New Zealand. Unlike the native populations, which contend with the presence of at least four co-occurring herbivores, including specialist herbivores, the invaded range had a substantially lower herbivore diversity, with only Hygraula nitens Butler (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) syn. Nymphula nitens, significantly damaging L. major. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding invasion ecology and theories such as ERH in order to advance aquatic plant management and also present valuable insights for developing effective strategies to mitigate the impact of invasive alien species on aquatic ecosystems. Specifically, results from the empirical investigation provide evidence in support of the ERH and highlight the suitability of implementing biological control strategies to manage the L. major invasion in New Zealand. Previous studies have shown the suitability of two specialist herbivores, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae), and Polypedilum tuburcinatum Andersen (Diptera: Chironomidae), as potential biological control agents. This control strategy presents a sustainable and ecologically responsible approach, promoting coexistence between exotic plants and native species rather than displacement through competitive exclusion. With the apparent dominance of L. major at various New Zealand localities, the subsequent objective of this thesis was to investigate the competitive interactions between L. major and another invasive Hydrocharitaceae, Egeria densa Planchon, as driven by herbivory. Combinations of two host specific Ephydrid flies, H. lagarosiphon and H. egeriae, were used at eight different factorial combination of planting densities. The analysis of plant parameters and the application of inverse linear models revealed that L. major often exhibits relatively higher fitness, especially in low monoculture treatments when the two insects were isolated. However, multiple inverse linear models revealed that actual competitive outcomes are dependent on factors such as initial plant density and herbivory regime, with competitive interactions generally being mild. Nevertheless, the presence of H. lagarosiphon resulted in facilitation of E. densa growth. Thus, even at lower densities, these insects still had an impact on the observed interactions, further emphasizing suitability as damaging biological control agents. Lastly, focusing on the abiotic component of L. major invasion, Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were employed to map potential suitable habitat for this species, as well as predict the consequences of climate change on this. Correlative and mechanistic modelling was also used to simulate suitable habitat for potential biological control agents, thus addressing the potential for mismatches between host plant distribution and insect suitable range. The Maximum Entropy Species Distribution Modelling (MaxEnt) algorithm revealed that more than 90% of all freshwater ecosystems in New Zealand are susceptible to L. major invasion, with suitability projected to expand further under future climate scenarios. Moreover, correlative modelling using this method suggests limited suitable habitat for both herbivores. However, degree-day modelling, which also takes into account the physiological requirements, showed that H. lagarosiphon has the potential to produce viable populations in several parts of New Zealand. Overall, this thesis explored the intricate web of biotic and abiotic factors influencing the success of L. major outside its native range. The results emphasize the potential impacts of climate change on the invasion potential and management strategies for L. major. The findings also advocate for the implementation of sustainable and ecologically sound management solutions, such as biological control, to manage this species. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Botany, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
The impact of Malawi’s National Strategy on Inclusive Education: a case study analysis of two schools
- Authors: Kaunda, Bridget
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/436499 , vital:73277
- Description: Using a qualitative case study approach, this study analysed the impact of Malawi’s National Strategy on Inclusive Education (NSIE) on inclusive education (IE) in two inclusive schools. IE is a global education reform for accommodating learners with Special Educational Needs (SEN) in mainstream schools. Malawi developed the NSIE in 2017 to guide IE implementation while working on the actual policy. This study aimed to analyse how NSIE has impacted IE during its first five years of implementation. This was done by examining how the NIES goals were designed, enacted, and implemented, the perceptions of system users, who include teachers, learners, and parents towards IE, and the enabling and constraining factors on its implementation. Drawing on the theoretical perspectives of the democratic theory of education and systems theory, this study argues that NSIE has ameliorated IE implementation by putting in place a structural implementation system. However, the implementation is marred by several constraining factors both at the management and implementation (schools) levels. Secondly, there is a disjuncture between NSIE as intended and as implemented in the sampled schools. Thirdly, the IE system lacks effective communication and responsive decision-making, especially in the monitoring process and school involvement. Fourthly, the study shows that IE implementation depends on a functional and well-stocked resource centre (RC) and the availability of enough qualified staff. It was also observed that poor teacher motivation resulting from lack of incentives such as promotions and training were major obstacles to the successful implementation of IE at the school level. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, Primary and Early Childhood Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
- Authors: Kaunda, Bridget
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/436499 , vital:73277
- Description: Using a qualitative case study approach, this study analysed the impact of Malawi’s National Strategy on Inclusive Education (NSIE) on inclusive education (IE) in two inclusive schools. IE is a global education reform for accommodating learners with Special Educational Needs (SEN) in mainstream schools. Malawi developed the NSIE in 2017 to guide IE implementation while working on the actual policy. This study aimed to analyse how NSIE has impacted IE during its first five years of implementation. This was done by examining how the NIES goals were designed, enacted, and implemented, the perceptions of system users, who include teachers, learners, and parents towards IE, and the enabling and constraining factors on its implementation. Drawing on the theoretical perspectives of the democratic theory of education and systems theory, this study argues that NSIE has ameliorated IE implementation by putting in place a structural implementation system. However, the implementation is marred by several constraining factors both at the management and implementation (schools) levels. Secondly, there is a disjuncture between NSIE as intended and as implemented in the sampled schools. Thirdly, the IE system lacks effective communication and responsive decision-making, especially in the monitoring process and school involvement. Fourthly, the study shows that IE implementation depends on a functional and well-stocked resource centre (RC) and the availability of enough qualified staff. It was also observed that poor teacher motivation resulting from lack of incentives such as promotions and training were major obstacles to the successful implementation of IE at the school level. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, Primary and Early Childhood Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
The impacts of bottom-up and top-down drivers in shaping the herbivore community in Pafuri, Kruger National Park, South Africa
- Authors: Walker, Gareth Alexander
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435703 , vital:73180 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435703
- Description: Globally, terrestrial mammal populations are facing critical population declines and range contractions owing to habitat fragmentation and destruction, wildlife overexploitation, and climate change driven by expansion of the human population. Mammalian herbivores are integral for maintaining ecosystem structure and functionality. They do this this through herbivory, by acting as prey and cycling soil nutrients. The impacts of herbivores on ecosystems, however, vary with their spatial occupancy which is influenced by interacting bottom-up and top-down factors. Modelling the drivers of herbivore communities is no trivial task given the myriad of potential bottom-up and top-down factors, and the interactions between the two, as well as the species-specific variations in intrinsic functional traits (e.g., foraging strategy, body size, metabolic rate, etc.) influencing herbivore responses (e.g., social structure, space-use, activity patterns, etc.) to these drivers. Consequently, few studies have attempted to model both bottom-up and top-down drivers in structuring herbivore communities, particularly in an African context where predator-prey guilds include multiple species, exposed to high levels of human activity. Therefore, the overarching aim of my research was to quantify the relative effects of both bottom-up and top-down factors driving the herbivore community in the northern Pafuri region of Kruger National Park, South Africa. I utilized a combination of field (i.e., camera trap and vegetation surveys) and analytical (i.e., stable carbon isotopes from faeces and plants) techniques in conjunction with geospatial data to evaluate the impacts of bottom-up (i.e., forage quantity, quality, and water availability) and top-down (i.e., predation and anthropogenic risks) factors on herbivore spatial occupancy and activity patterns. Herbivore responses to bottom-up and top-down factors were species-specific, even among members of the same feeding guild. Specifically, I found that herbivores (varying in body size and foraging strategy) displayed temporal, spatial and in some instances, dietary shifts that reflect species-specific, ecological trade-offs between resource acquisition, and predator and human avoidance. For example, kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) displayed temporal and spatial avoidance of predators and humans, and exhibited previously undocumented levels of seasonal dietary shifts which suggests that the species traded forage acquisition for reduced predation and anthropogenic risks. Further, high levels of human activity appeared to eclipse the risks associated with natural predators resulting in human induced landscapes of fear. For example, warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) and zebra (Equus quagga) occupied habitats with higher predation risks, but displayed spatial avoidance of nature reserve boundaries which were synonymous with high levels of bushmeat poaching. Most studies focussing on the impacts of bottom-up and top-down drivers neglect to consider the roles that humans play in structuring ecological communities. The results of my thesis, however, emphasize the importance of including anthropogenic drivers when investigating the roles that various bottom-up and top-down factors play in shaping ecological communities. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
- Authors: Walker, Gareth Alexander
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435703 , vital:73180 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435703
- Description: Globally, terrestrial mammal populations are facing critical population declines and range contractions owing to habitat fragmentation and destruction, wildlife overexploitation, and climate change driven by expansion of the human population. Mammalian herbivores are integral for maintaining ecosystem structure and functionality. They do this this through herbivory, by acting as prey and cycling soil nutrients. The impacts of herbivores on ecosystems, however, vary with their spatial occupancy which is influenced by interacting bottom-up and top-down factors. Modelling the drivers of herbivore communities is no trivial task given the myriad of potential bottom-up and top-down factors, and the interactions between the two, as well as the species-specific variations in intrinsic functional traits (e.g., foraging strategy, body size, metabolic rate, etc.) influencing herbivore responses (e.g., social structure, space-use, activity patterns, etc.) to these drivers. Consequently, few studies have attempted to model both bottom-up and top-down drivers in structuring herbivore communities, particularly in an African context where predator-prey guilds include multiple species, exposed to high levels of human activity. Therefore, the overarching aim of my research was to quantify the relative effects of both bottom-up and top-down factors driving the herbivore community in the northern Pafuri region of Kruger National Park, South Africa. I utilized a combination of field (i.e., camera trap and vegetation surveys) and analytical (i.e., stable carbon isotopes from faeces and plants) techniques in conjunction with geospatial data to evaluate the impacts of bottom-up (i.e., forage quantity, quality, and water availability) and top-down (i.e., predation and anthropogenic risks) factors on herbivore spatial occupancy and activity patterns. Herbivore responses to bottom-up and top-down factors were species-specific, even among members of the same feeding guild. Specifically, I found that herbivores (varying in body size and foraging strategy) displayed temporal, spatial and in some instances, dietary shifts that reflect species-specific, ecological trade-offs between resource acquisition, and predator and human avoidance. For example, kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) displayed temporal and spatial avoidance of predators and humans, and exhibited previously undocumented levels of seasonal dietary shifts which suggests that the species traded forage acquisition for reduced predation and anthropogenic risks. Further, high levels of human activity appeared to eclipse the risks associated with natural predators resulting in human induced landscapes of fear. For example, warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) and zebra (Equus quagga) occupied habitats with higher predation risks, but displayed spatial avoidance of nature reserve boundaries which were synonymous with high levels of bushmeat poaching. Most studies focussing on the impacts of bottom-up and top-down drivers neglect to consider the roles that humans play in structuring ecological communities. The results of my thesis, however, emphasize the importance of including anthropogenic drivers when investigating the roles that various bottom-up and top-down factors play in shaping ecological communities. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
The influence of the physical environment on invertebrate larval transport, settlement and recruitment with insights on early-stage physiological performance
- Authors: Duna, Oliver Olwethu
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435663 , vital:73177 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435663
- Description: Most marine benthic organisms have a biphasic life cycle whereby the larvae are pelagic, and their distribution, transport and settlement are largely controlled by environmental factors. Among these factors, hydrodynamics have key direct effects. Nearshore water hydrodynamics are strongly influenced by wind. This study investigated whether wind indirectly affects the distribution, settlement and recruitment of invertebrate marine larvae. Additionally, larvae are exposed to a more constant, benign environment than they will experience after settlement, and therefore the possible effects of larval thermal history on the physiological plasticity of settled organisms was also estimated for possible long-term insights into population dynamics. Four sites, two on the western and two on the eastern side of Algoa Bay in Gqeberha (formerly known as Port Elizabeth), South Africa, were chosen for larval collection. Sites at opposite ends of the bay were selected as they were towards either side of the dominant wind directions in this region. At each site, two sampling stations were identified at 300 and 900 metres offshore, with station replicates 300 metres apart. Sampling of marine invertebrate larvae was conducted after two days of westerly or easterly winds at either of the two western or eastern sites. The number of hours of unidirectional wind determined the prevalent wind on the two days prior to sampling. Samples were collected with a plankton pump at three depths; surface, mid-depth and bottom. Simultaneously with plankton sampling, water properties (fluorescence, temperature, zonal and meridional flow, salinity and oxygen) were measured. Settlement/recruitment samples of mussels and barnacles were collected at six sites, two at either edge of the bay and two within the center of the bay. Plastic scouring pads and PVC plastic plates covered with safety-walk, placed at least 30 cm from each other, were used to collect settlers/recruits of mussels and barnacles, respectively. The pads and plates were replaced on a monthly basis for 14 months to quantify monthly settlement/recruitment. At four of the six sites used for quantifying settlement/recruitment, settlers and recruits were collected to measure the physiological responses of these two ontogenetic stages (settlers and recruits) to acute temperature variations which they might experience in the intertidal zone. Three temperature loggers were used to record real time temperature variation at each site over the period (one month) in which the artificial collectors were in position. Factorial ANOVA was used to investigate the effects of wind, depth, site, and distance from the shore on the abundance of larvae in the water column, as well as the effects of month and site on settlement/recruitment. Additionally, multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the effects of physical parameters, including upwelling and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, on the abundance of both larvae, settlers and recruits. Distance-based linear models and redundancy analyses were also carried out on the abundances of invertebrate larvae. Correlation analyses were performed to investigate the effect of the number of hours of directional wind on settlement. Lastly, correlation analyses between wind and currents were carried out. The results revealed a link between winds and currents, with wind speed directly proportional to surface current speed, which, as expected, decreased with depth. Current direction was, however, not perfectly aligned with wind direction. Larval distribution, settlement and recruitment were largely associated with the nearshore dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and upwelling. Thus, overall larval, settler and recruit abundances were indirectly affected by wind. Physiologically, there was no significant difference in oxygen consumption between the juvenile ontogenetic stages (settlers and recruits) of mussels. Recruits exposed to average and maximum temperatures, however, consumed more oxygen than those exposed to low temperatures. Wind and wind-mediated currents as well as temperature have been shown to shape the distribution and shore supply of larvae, and this study contributes to the broad knowledge of population dynamics and replenishment, and the tight relation of abiotic factors affecting biological processes on the shore. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
- Authors: Duna, Oliver Olwethu
- Date: 2024-04-05
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435663 , vital:73177 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435663
- Description: Most marine benthic organisms have a biphasic life cycle whereby the larvae are pelagic, and their distribution, transport and settlement are largely controlled by environmental factors. Among these factors, hydrodynamics have key direct effects. Nearshore water hydrodynamics are strongly influenced by wind. This study investigated whether wind indirectly affects the distribution, settlement and recruitment of invertebrate marine larvae. Additionally, larvae are exposed to a more constant, benign environment than they will experience after settlement, and therefore the possible effects of larval thermal history on the physiological plasticity of settled organisms was also estimated for possible long-term insights into population dynamics. Four sites, two on the western and two on the eastern side of Algoa Bay in Gqeberha (formerly known as Port Elizabeth), South Africa, were chosen for larval collection. Sites at opposite ends of the bay were selected as they were towards either side of the dominant wind directions in this region. At each site, two sampling stations were identified at 300 and 900 metres offshore, with station replicates 300 metres apart. Sampling of marine invertebrate larvae was conducted after two days of westerly or easterly winds at either of the two western or eastern sites. The number of hours of unidirectional wind determined the prevalent wind on the two days prior to sampling. Samples were collected with a plankton pump at three depths; surface, mid-depth and bottom. Simultaneously with plankton sampling, water properties (fluorescence, temperature, zonal and meridional flow, salinity and oxygen) were measured. Settlement/recruitment samples of mussels and barnacles were collected at six sites, two at either edge of the bay and two within the center of the bay. Plastic scouring pads and PVC plastic plates covered with safety-walk, placed at least 30 cm from each other, were used to collect settlers/recruits of mussels and barnacles, respectively. The pads and plates were replaced on a monthly basis for 14 months to quantify monthly settlement/recruitment. At four of the six sites used for quantifying settlement/recruitment, settlers and recruits were collected to measure the physiological responses of these two ontogenetic stages (settlers and recruits) to acute temperature variations which they might experience in the intertidal zone. Three temperature loggers were used to record real time temperature variation at each site over the period (one month) in which the artificial collectors were in position. Factorial ANOVA was used to investigate the effects of wind, depth, site, and distance from the shore on the abundance of larvae in the water column, as well as the effects of month and site on settlement/recruitment. Additionally, multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the effects of physical parameters, including upwelling and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, on the abundance of both larvae, settlers and recruits. Distance-based linear models and redundancy analyses were also carried out on the abundances of invertebrate larvae. Correlation analyses were performed to investigate the effect of the number of hours of directional wind on settlement. Lastly, correlation analyses between wind and currents were carried out. The results revealed a link between winds and currents, with wind speed directly proportional to surface current speed, which, as expected, decreased with depth. Current direction was, however, not perfectly aligned with wind direction. Larval distribution, settlement and recruitment were largely associated with the nearshore dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and upwelling. Thus, overall larval, settler and recruit abundances were indirectly affected by wind. Physiologically, there was no significant difference in oxygen consumption between the juvenile ontogenetic stages (settlers and recruits) of mussels. Recruits exposed to average and maximum temperatures, however, consumed more oxygen than those exposed to low temperatures. Wind and wind-mediated currents as well as temperature have been shown to shape the distribution and shore supply of larvae, and this study contributes to the broad knowledge of population dynamics and replenishment, and the tight relation of abiotic factors affecting biological processes on the shore. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-05
A battle of values: analysing the changing attitudes towards African refugees in Europe
- Authors: Mannion, Megan Kate
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435525 , vital:73165
- Description: Cosmopolitanism is a moral perspective that stresses the importance that every human being is an equal and ultimate unit of moral concern. These principles make cosmopolitanism more concerned for and accommodative towards outsiders to a political community. Against the abstraction and universalism of cosmopolitanism, communitarianism emphasizes the role communities play in shaping our individual identities and sees it as justified that the interests and well-being of community members receive priority over those of outsiders. Both these value systems are present in Europe. The question is about which direction the trend has moved in recent decades. This dissertation examines the changing values that inform attitudes toward African refugees in Europe to get at this issue. Have attitudes towards African refugees shifted in a cosmopolitan or a communitarian direction in recent decades? This dissertation examines newspaper articles from The Guardian between 1990 and 2022 to track changes in value. The analysis of these articles uncovered that communitarian values were the most prevalent and stayed the most prevalent from 1990 to 2022. These findings indicate that communitarian values are higher than cosmopolitan values regarding African refugees within the general European context. These findings add to the growing body of knowledge regarding attitude shifts, and they provide a timeline for value changes that can help predict future values and be used in future comparative studies. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Political and International Studies, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
- Authors: Mannion, Megan Kate
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435525 , vital:73165
- Description: Cosmopolitanism is a moral perspective that stresses the importance that every human being is an equal and ultimate unit of moral concern. These principles make cosmopolitanism more concerned for and accommodative towards outsiders to a political community. Against the abstraction and universalism of cosmopolitanism, communitarianism emphasizes the role communities play in shaping our individual identities and sees it as justified that the interests and well-being of community members receive priority over those of outsiders. Both these value systems are present in Europe. The question is about which direction the trend has moved in recent decades. This dissertation examines the changing values that inform attitudes toward African refugees in Europe to get at this issue. Have attitudes towards African refugees shifted in a cosmopolitan or a communitarian direction in recent decades? This dissertation examines newspaper articles from The Guardian between 1990 and 2022 to track changes in value. The analysis of these articles uncovered that communitarian values were the most prevalent and stayed the most prevalent from 1990 to 2022. These findings indicate that communitarian values are higher than cosmopolitan values regarding African refugees within the general European context. These findings add to the growing body of knowledge regarding attitude shifts, and they provide a timeline for value changes that can help predict future values and be used in future comparative studies. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Political and International Studies, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
A MIGHTEE Investigation of radio quiet AGN
- Authors: Namane, Neo
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435367 , vital:73151
- Description: This study is aimed at being an overview and investigation of the behaviour and morphology of radio quiet (RQ) active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the radio and optical/near-infrared (NIR) bands. It is hoped that a concise description of the relation that exists between accretion activity and star formation (SF) will be achieved through utilization of multiwavelength astronomy analysis. This analysis includes the processing of data acquired from the MeerKAT International GHz Tiered Extragalactic Exploration survey (MIGHTEE), the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), the Hyper Suprime Camera (HSC) mounted on the Subaru telescope and the VISTA telescope. In this thesis, several targets were observed using SALT spectroscopy, but a redshift of only one of them was obtained. Lastly, it was established that for the sample of RQ AGN studied, the AGN contribute a large fraction of the radio emission observed. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Physics and Electronics, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
- Authors: Namane, Neo
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435367 , vital:73151
- Description: This study is aimed at being an overview and investigation of the behaviour and morphology of radio quiet (RQ) active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the radio and optical/near-infrared (NIR) bands. It is hoped that a concise description of the relation that exists between accretion activity and star formation (SF) will be achieved through utilization of multiwavelength astronomy analysis. This analysis includes the processing of data acquired from the MeerKAT International GHz Tiered Extragalactic Exploration survey (MIGHTEE), the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), the Hyper Suprime Camera (HSC) mounted on the Subaru telescope and the VISTA telescope. In this thesis, several targets were observed using SALT spectroscopy, but a redshift of only one of them was obtained. Lastly, it was established that for the sample of RQ AGN studied, the AGN contribute a large fraction of the radio emission observed. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Physics and Electronics, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
A systematic literature review of the current approaches to dream work: global and local trends
- Authors: Feris, Eric-John Ricardo
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435440 , vital:73157
- Description: Dreaming is an inherent and universal aspect of human existence that offers a profound window into the realms of consciousness and cognition. It has captivated the human imagination for centuries, prompting various methods and theories to decipher its significance. Global research underscores the enduring importance of dreams in psychotherapy, expressed through diverse methodologies, techniques, and theoretical models. Curiously, within the South African context, a cultural landscape rich in traditional healing, there exists a noticeable lack of research concerning the utilisation of dreams in therapy. This systematic literature dove into 30 articles which remained after applying the systematic literature review strict inclusion and exclusion criteria of the literature searches. From these articles, the review delved into the multifaceted world of dream work, investigated prevailing approaches and themes both on a global scale and within the South African context, and addressed three key research questions: (1) What themes can be identified from a review of current approaches to dream work globally? (2) What themes can be identified from a review of current approaches to dream work locally? (3) What are the practical implications for working with dreams according to global and local themes? A thematic analysis of the literature identified three overarching themes: (1) Psychological approaches to dream work, (2) Psychiatric and medical approaches to dream work, and (3) Socio-cultural approaches to dreams. These findings highlight the necessity of recognising cultural nuances and, underscores the importance of developing a flexible, culturally sensitive framework for dream work, and advocates for the adaptation of global dream work methodologies into culturally specific approaches, fostering psychotherapeutic benefits tailored to the South African context. The research serves as a stepping stone to further investigation into the techniques and approaches of dream work in South Africa, ultimately contributing to the broader field of dream analysis. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
- Authors: Feris, Eric-John Ricardo
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435440 , vital:73157
- Description: Dreaming is an inherent and universal aspect of human existence that offers a profound window into the realms of consciousness and cognition. It has captivated the human imagination for centuries, prompting various methods and theories to decipher its significance. Global research underscores the enduring importance of dreams in psychotherapy, expressed through diverse methodologies, techniques, and theoretical models. Curiously, within the South African context, a cultural landscape rich in traditional healing, there exists a noticeable lack of research concerning the utilisation of dreams in therapy. This systematic literature dove into 30 articles which remained after applying the systematic literature review strict inclusion and exclusion criteria of the literature searches. From these articles, the review delved into the multifaceted world of dream work, investigated prevailing approaches and themes both on a global scale and within the South African context, and addressed three key research questions: (1) What themes can be identified from a review of current approaches to dream work globally? (2) What themes can be identified from a review of current approaches to dream work locally? (3) What are the practical implications for working with dreams according to global and local themes? A thematic analysis of the literature identified three overarching themes: (1) Psychological approaches to dream work, (2) Psychiatric and medical approaches to dream work, and (3) Socio-cultural approaches to dreams. These findings highlight the necessity of recognising cultural nuances and, underscores the importance of developing a flexible, culturally sensitive framework for dream work, and advocates for the adaptation of global dream work methodologies into culturally specific approaches, fostering psychotherapeutic benefits tailored to the South African context. The research serves as a stepping stone to further investigation into the techniques and approaches of dream work in South Africa, ultimately contributing to the broader field of dream analysis. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
Acacia dealbata invasion and clearing in Upper Tsitsana communal areas of South Africa: human perceptions and ecological impacts
- Authors: Coka, Nwabisa
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/434876 , vital:73113
- Description: The number of invasive alien plants in South Africa and globally continue to increase mostly due to increased human movement and climate change. It is estimated that approximately 10 000 hectares of South Africa’s terrestrial land is invaded by invasive alien species. Recent studies have reported that invasion by invasive alien plants cost South Africa billions of Rands every year through loss of water and ecosystem services. Although much has been done to understanding invasion trends, patterns, and processes in South Africa, little is knowns regarding human benefits linked to alien plant invasion as well as human perceptions regarding management interventions, particularly clearing by the national Working for Water programme. This thesis took a socio-ecological approach to assess (i) local people perceptions and knowledge of Acacia dealbata invasion and clearing, and (ii) extent of grazing grass diversity and composition recovery following A. dealbata clearing. To answer the above-mentioned objectives, both qualitative (face-to-face interviews) and quantitative (vegetation surveys) methods were used in grasslands located in upper Tsitsana catchment, South Africa. Results from the 165 interviews conducted in six villages show that most villagers are aware of A. dealbata in the area, but do not know that it is an invasive alien plant. Respondents accrue several benefits from the plant that include firewood (98% across all villages), construction pools (34% across all villages), and shade (3% across all villages). Respondents identified several costs associated with A. dealbata invasion, such as roots damage to houses (37% across all villages), hindering growth of crops (15% across all villages), and takes up yard space (29% across all villages). Most of the villages ranked the effects of A. dealbata on grazing as highly severe. Villages indicated that the Working for Water clearing programme presents them with socio-economic benefits such as employment and money. Some villagers noted that the clearing of A. dealbata in the area restores grazing grass (62% across all villages) and water (32% across all villages). Based on these interview survey results, the study concludes that A. dealbata has both costs and benefits that support local people’s livelihoods; therefore, its management should consider views for local users. Grass surveys conducted in 1 m2 quadrats that were replicated 15 times across four paired A. dealbata cleared and grassland sites showed that the removal of A. dealbata facilitates the recovery of native grasses. Of the 14 different grazable grass species that were identified across all quadrats only one (Bulbostylis sp.) is not palatable to livestock. Although grass cover was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the grasslands than the cleared patches, grass richness was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the cleared patches an indication that recovery of different grasses is taking place. Based on these vegetation survey results; the study concludes that recovery of grazing grasses after A. dealbata clearing four years ago is following a positive trajectory as the cleared sites are looking like the grassland sites. Overall, the study recommends that management of A. dealbata in Tsitsana landscape requires a socio-ecological approach to understand user benefits whilst at the same time developing measure to control the plant. The study has provided evidence that A. dealbata clearing facilitates passive restoration of grazing grass and local villages are aware of these restoration benefits. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Environmental Science, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
- Authors: Coka, Nwabisa
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/434876 , vital:73113
- Description: The number of invasive alien plants in South Africa and globally continue to increase mostly due to increased human movement and climate change. It is estimated that approximately 10 000 hectares of South Africa’s terrestrial land is invaded by invasive alien species. Recent studies have reported that invasion by invasive alien plants cost South Africa billions of Rands every year through loss of water and ecosystem services. Although much has been done to understanding invasion trends, patterns, and processes in South Africa, little is knowns regarding human benefits linked to alien plant invasion as well as human perceptions regarding management interventions, particularly clearing by the national Working for Water programme. This thesis took a socio-ecological approach to assess (i) local people perceptions and knowledge of Acacia dealbata invasion and clearing, and (ii) extent of grazing grass diversity and composition recovery following A. dealbata clearing. To answer the above-mentioned objectives, both qualitative (face-to-face interviews) and quantitative (vegetation surveys) methods were used in grasslands located in upper Tsitsana catchment, South Africa. Results from the 165 interviews conducted in six villages show that most villagers are aware of A. dealbata in the area, but do not know that it is an invasive alien plant. Respondents accrue several benefits from the plant that include firewood (98% across all villages), construction pools (34% across all villages), and shade (3% across all villages). Respondents identified several costs associated with A. dealbata invasion, such as roots damage to houses (37% across all villages), hindering growth of crops (15% across all villages), and takes up yard space (29% across all villages). Most of the villages ranked the effects of A. dealbata on grazing as highly severe. Villages indicated that the Working for Water clearing programme presents them with socio-economic benefits such as employment and money. Some villagers noted that the clearing of A. dealbata in the area restores grazing grass (62% across all villages) and water (32% across all villages). Based on these interview survey results, the study concludes that A. dealbata has both costs and benefits that support local people’s livelihoods; therefore, its management should consider views for local users. Grass surveys conducted in 1 m2 quadrats that were replicated 15 times across four paired A. dealbata cleared and grassland sites showed that the removal of A. dealbata facilitates the recovery of native grasses. Of the 14 different grazable grass species that were identified across all quadrats only one (Bulbostylis sp.) is not palatable to livestock. Although grass cover was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the grasslands than the cleared patches, grass richness was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the cleared patches an indication that recovery of different grasses is taking place. Based on these vegetation survey results; the study concludes that recovery of grazing grasses after A. dealbata clearing four years ago is following a positive trajectory as the cleared sites are looking like the grassland sites. Overall, the study recommends that management of A. dealbata in Tsitsana landscape requires a socio-ecological approach to understand user benefits whilst at the same time developing measure to control the plant. The study has provided evidence that A. dealbata clearing facilitates passive restoration of grazing grass and local villages are aware of these restoration benefits. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Environmental Science, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
Application of the modified pitman and swat models for groundwater recharge estimation in the upstream area of the Uitenhage artesian basin, South Africa
- Authors: Wasswa, Peter
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435400 , vital:73154
- Description: The world's most plentiful source of freshwater is thought to be groundwater. During extended dry times, it serves as an essential storage component and guards against environmental catastrophes. Despite its critical functions in the aforementioned scenarios, it is often insufficiently understood and inadequately managed. As a result, it calls for the adoption of integrated methods to comprehend the dynamics of groundwater recharge. Thus, the current study evaluated the applicability and suitability of the Modified Pitman and SWAT models for groundwater recharge estimation in the upstream area of UAB for the period that spanned from 1993 to 2021. It was achieved by using a qualitative conceptual-perceptual model to inform the two hydrological models, Modified Pitman, and SWAT. The developed qualitative conceptual-perceptual model depicted the dominancy of irregularly folded and fractured TMG rock outcrops coupled with fault systems in the upstream area. In the downward section, TMG is overlaid by the aquiclude from the Uitenhage Group which is responsible for the artesian conditions. Groundwater potential zones were classified as Poor, Fair, Good, and Excellent, with 65.4% and 8.7% of the upstream area attributed to Good and Excellent zones respectively. Both Modified Pitman and SWAT predicted decreasing rates of groundwater recharge in the upstream area over time, though Mann-Kendal trend tests done at 5% signifance level depicted significant decreasing rates in SWAT predicted recharge compared to Modified Pitman predicted recharge. The two models did also predict recharge and other water balance components with differing peaks, lows and timings. Modified Pitman predicted mean annual recharge of 63.3-92.8 mm where as SWAT predicted mean annual recharge of 14.4-182.8 mm. In reference to earlier findings within TMG areas, estimated percentages of groundwater recharge were close to those simulated by both Pitman and SWAT models. Modified Pitman and SWAT models appear to both be reasonable tools to estimate recharge in TMG setting, producing relatively similar results to one another and to other regional estimates. Since the current study estimated low recharge rates (Modified Pitman; ~9.3-13.6% MAP), (SWAT; ~2.1-26.7% MAP) which are close to those predicted in other TMG areas, the study recommends exercising caution when developing a water supply strategy in the current study area. The recharge rates within the pertinent recharging areas should be considered when designing and sitting abstraction points such as boreholes and a sustainable abstraction rate in any one borehole for improved sustainable management of groundwater resources. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Institute for Water Research, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
- Authors: Wasswa, Peter
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435400 , vital:73154
- Description: The world's most plentiful source of freshwater is thought to be groundwater. During extended dry times, it serves as an essential storage component and guards against environmental catastrophes. Despite its critical functions in the aforementioned scenarios, it is often insufficiently understood and inadequately managed. As a result, it calls for the adoption of integrated methods to comprehend the dynamics of groundwater recharge. Thus, the current study evaluated the applicability and suitability of the Modified Pitman and SWAT models for groundwater recharge estimation in the upstream area of UAB for the period that spanned from 1993 to 2021. It was achieved by using a qualitative conceptual-perceptual model to inform the two hydrological models, Modified Pitman, and SWAT. The developed qualitative conceptual-perceptual model depicted the dominancy of irregularly folded and fractured TMG rock outcrops coupled with fault systems in the upstream area. In the downward section, TMG is overlaid by the aquiclude from the Uitenhage Group which is responsible for the artesian conditions. Groundwater potential zones were classified as Poor, Fair, Good, and Excellent, with 65.4% and 8.7% of the upstream area attributed to Good and Excellent zones respectively. Both Modified Pitman and SWAT predicted decreasing rates of groundwater recharge in the upstream area over time, though Mann-Kendal trend tests done at 5% signifance level depicted significant decreasing rates in SWAT predicted recharge compared to Modified Pitman predicted recharge. The two models did also predict recharge and other water balance components with differing peaks, lows and timings. Modified Pitman predicted mean annual recharge of 63.3-92.8 mm where as SWAT predicted mean annual recharge of 14.4-182.8 mm. In reference to earlier findings within TMG areas, estimated percentages of groundwater recharge were close to those simulated by both Pitman and SWAT models. Modified Pitman and SWAT models appear to both be reasonable tools to estimate recharge in TMG setting, producing relatively similar results to one another and to other regional estimates. Since the current study estimated low recharge rates (Modified Pitman; ~9.3-13.6% MAP), (SWAT; ~2.1-26.7% MAP) which are close to those predicted in other TMG areas, the study recommends exercising caution when developing a water supply strategy in the current study area. The recharge rates within the pertinent recharging areas should be considered when designing and sitting abstraction points such as boreholes and a sustainable abstraction rate in any one borehole for improved sustainable management of groundwater resources. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Institute for Water Research, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
Aptamer-based biosensor for prostate specific antigen detection using cobalt phthalocyanine-exfoliated graphite composites
- Authors: Benise, Emihle
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/434850 , vital:73110
- Description: The work focuses on the development of biosensors and their use for the detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA). Four cobalt phthalocyanines (CoPcs) complexes: (1) cobalt tetra pyridyloxy phthalocyanine, (2) cobalt tetra acetamidophenoxy phthalocyanine, (3) cobalt tris(acetamidophenoxy) mono benzoic acid phthalocyanine, and (4) cobalt tris(acetamidophenoxy) mono propionic acid phthalocyanine, an exfoliated graphite (EG), and aptamer are used to make probes for PSA detection. Each complex is π-π stacked onto the EG to form EG-CoPc(π-π) hybrid which was used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). EG and CoPc were also used to modify the GCE sequential (seq) with CoPc on top to give GCE-EG-CoPc(seq). For the detection PSA, PSA specific aptamer was either sequential added or covalently linked to complexes 3 and 4 on the modified electrodes and was only sequentially added onto complexes 1 and 2 modified electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were the techniques used for the detection of PSA. The electrodes were found to be selective in bovine serum albumin, glucose and cysteine and stable when 50 DPV scans were run. Electrodes gave good % recovery when human serum was spiked with different PSA concentrations. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
- Authors: Benise, Emihle
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/434850 , vital:73110
- Description: The work focuses on the development of biosensors and their use for the detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA). Four cobalt phthalocyanines (CoPcs) complexes: (1) cobalt tetra pyridyloxy phthalocyanine, (2) cobalt tetra acetamidophenoxy phthalocyanine, (3) cobalt tris(acetamidophenoxy) mono benzoic acid phthalocyanine, and (4) cobalt tris(acetamidophenoxy) mono propionic acid phthalocyanine, an exfoliated graphite (EG), and aptamer are used to make probes for PSA detection. Each complex is π-π stacked onto the EG to form EG-CoPc(π-π) hybrid which was used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). EG and CoPc were also used to modify the GCE sequential (seq) with CoPc on top to give GCE-EG-CoPc(seq). For the detection PSA, PSA specific aptamer was either sequential added or covalently linked to complexes 3 and 4 on the modified electrodes and was only sequentially added onto complexes 1 and 2 modified electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were the techniques used for the detection of PSA. The electrodes were found to be selective in bovine serum albumin, glucose and cysteine and stable when 50 DPV scans were run. Electrodes gave good % recovery when human serum was spiked with different PSA concentrations. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
Attitudes and achievement in statistics: a meta-analytic and functional near-infrared spectroscopy approach
- Authors: Wagenaar, Emma Kate
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435490 , vital:73162
- Description: Statistics anxiety describes the extensive worry and apprehension that students may experience when faced with statistics content as part of their university curriculums. Student’s perfunctory disposition towards statistics has been indicated to negatively affect performance outcomes in statistics courses. Two meta-analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between statistics anxiety and achievement in statistics. The first meta-analysis was inclusive of 22 studies investigating the relationship attitudes towards statistics and achievement, whilst the second meta-analysis focused on the relationship, primary amongst Psychology students. Student’s attitudes towards statistics were measured using the Survey of Attitudes Towards Statistics (SATS), whilst achievement in statistics courses was quantified using different outcome measures. Finding from the meta-analysis were supplemented by cortical mapping of the neural correlates of statistical reasoning using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results from the meta-analysis indicated a small significant relationship between university students’ Affect, r = 0.28, Value, r = 0.22 and Difficulty, r = 0.18, and subsequent achievement in statistics courses. A medium significant relationship between Cognitive Competence, r = 0.31, and achievement was also noted. Findings from the second meta-analysis, indicated a medium, significant relationship between Affect, r = 0.32, and Cognitive Competence, r = 0.35, and achievement. Moreover, a small significant relationship was found between Value, r = 0.24, and Difficulty, r = 0.23, in relation to achievement in statistics courses. Case study analysis of the neural correlates of statistics reasoning revealed varied signal quality findings of cortical mapping of the neural correlates of statistics in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Moreover, seed-based correlation analysis indicated cortical activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex paired with diverse prefrontal regions. Recommendations from the study include improvements to the fNIRS research design and the inclusion of larger samples to investigate the cortical mapping of the DLPFC in relation to statistics reasoning and statistics anxiety. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
- Authors: Wagenaar, Emma Kate
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435490 , vital:73162
- Description: Statistics anxiety describes the extensive worry and apprehension that students may experience when faced with statistics content as part of their university curriculums. Student’s perfunctory disposition towards statistics has been indicated to negatively affect performance outcomes in statistics courses. Two meta-analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between statistics anxiety and achievement in statistics. The first meta-analysis was inclusive of 22 studies investigating the relationship attitudes towards statistics and achievement, whilst the second meta-analysis focused on the relationship, primary amongst Psychology students. Student’s attitudes towards statistics were measured using the Survey of Attitudes Towards Statistics (SATS), whilst achievement in statistics courses was quantified using different outcome measures. Finding from the meta-analysis were supplemented by cortical mapping of the neural correlates of statistical reasoning using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results from the meta-analysis indicated a small significant relationship between university students’ Affect, r = 0.28, Value, r = 0.22 and Difficulty, r = 0.18, and subsequent achievement in statistics courses. A medium significant relationship between Cognitive Competence, r = 0.31, and achievement was also noted. Findings from the second meta-analysis, indicated a medium, significant relationship between Affect, r = 0.32, and Cognitive Competence, r = 0.35, and achievement. Moreover, a small significant relationship was found between Value, r = 0.24, and Difficulty, r = 0.23, in relation to achievement in statistics courses. Case study analysis of the neural correlates of statistics reasoning revealed varied signal quality findings of cortical mapping of the neural correlates of statistics in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Moreover, seed-based correlation analysis indicated cortical activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex paired with diverse prefrontal regions. Recommendations from the study include improvements to the fNIRS research design and the inclusion of larger samples to investigate the cortical mapping of the DLPFC in relation to statistics reasoning and statistics anxiety. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
Case in modern standard Arabic
- Ghammaz, Hamzah Saleh Theyab
- Authors: Ghammaz, Hamzah Saleh Theyab
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435593 , vital:73171 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435593
- Description: This thesis provides a novel account of case checking in Modern Standard Arabic (henceforth MSA). It argues against the concept that nominative case in topic and comment structures is default. Default or inherent case is not related to case filter, nor is it assigned by any syntactic method. Some linguists claim that the default case in Arabic language is employed only when no case assigner is available. I argue, in light of the minimalist program (henceforth MP), that default (inherent) case is always a problem for syntactic theory and that the nominative case which the topic and comment sentences bear is valued by a functional head. The topic and comment constructions contain a predicational head (Pred)- a functional head, that is equivalent to vP which occurs in verbal constructions. The head of PredP is accountable for nominative case value on the topic and comment structures. This thesis also provides a novel paradigm regarding the clitics that appear at the end of verbs in MSA. This paradigm proves that these clitics are not agreement, tense, nor mood markers but rather Verbal Case markers and it provides a minimalist program account to explain case checking on verbs in MSA. Regarding sentence initial DP, and contra to the proposal that in SVO sentence initial DP is a subject, I have scrutinised the nature of this DP and provided enough evidence that it is a topic. Additionally, I have investigated the relationship between agreement asymmetry and the position of the subject in MSA from the minimalist feature inheritance account viewpoint. Mainly, I reviewed null pro hypothesis which proved to be redundant to account for the derivation of VSO or SVO word orders. I have also proved what were considered agreement markers are not agreement markers but resumptive pronouns. Finally, I proved that there is not agreement asymmetry in MSA. Agreement pattern in MSA results from the agree operation and it is achieved under Probe-Goal alignment; regardless of whether the Goal is raised up to Spec-TP or remains in situ (Spec-VP), the agreement is not supposed to change. This conclusion is in harmony with the principles of MP Agree Theory. , Thesis (PhD) -- Humanities, Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
- Authors: Ghammaz, Hamzah Saleh Theyab
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435593 , vital:73171 , DOI 10.21504/10962/435593
- Description: This thesis provides a novel account of case checking in Modern Standard Arabic (henceforth MSA). It argues against the concept that nominative case in topic and comment structures is default. Default or inherent case is not related to case filter, nor is it assigned by any syntactic method. Some linguists claim that the default case in Arabic language is employed only when no case assigner is available. I argue, in light of the minimalist program (henceforth MP), that default (inherent) case is always a problem for syntactic theory and that the nominative case which the topic and comment sentences bear is valued by a functional head. The topic and comment constructions contain a predicational head (Pred)- a functional head, that is equivalent to vP which occurs in verbal constructions. The head of PredP is accountable for nominative case value on the topic and comment structures. This thesis also provides a novel paradigm regarding the clitics that appear at the end of verbs in MSA. This paradigm proves that these clitics are not agreement, tense, nor mood markers but rather Verbal Case markers and it provides a minimalist program account to explain case checking on verbs in MSA. Regarding sentence initial DP, and contra to the proposal that in SVO sentence initial DP is a subject, I have scrutinised the nature of this DP and provided enough evidence that it is a topic. Additionally, I have investigated the relationship between agreement asymmetry and the position of the subject in MSA from the minimalist feature inheritance account viewpoint. Mainly, I reviewed null pro hypothesis which proved to be redundant to account for the derivation of VSO or SVO word orders. I have also proved what were considered agreement markers are not agreement markers but resumptive pronouns. Finally, I proved that there is not agreement asymmetry in MSA. Agreement pattern in MSA results from the agree operation and it is achieved under Probe-Goal alignment; regardless of whether the Goal is raised up to Spec-TP or remains in situ (Spec-VP), the agreement is not supposed to change. This conclusion is in harmony with the principles of MP Agree Theory. , Thesis (PhD) -- Humanities, Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
Computational design for genome reduction of Lactococcus lactis towards microbial chassis development
- Authors: Hamese, Saltiel
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435321 , vital:73147
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release date 2026. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biotechnology Innovation Centre, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
- Authors: Hamese, Saltiel
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/435321 , vital:73147
- Description: Access restricted. Expected release date 2026. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biotechnology Innovation Centre, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
Developing a community of practice to promote the use of biological control in the integrated management of Prosopis in South Africa
- Authors: Van Staden, Gretha
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/434998 , vital:73122
- Description: Prosopis spp. are non-native species present in the arid parts of southern Africa. These trees originated in the Americas and were first introduced as a source of fodder, shade, and wood, but have become invasive, negatively impacting local biodiversity, and disrupting the delivery of ecosystem services. Some species of Prosopis hybridise freely, complicating identification and subsequent control. The control of Prosopis in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa is still contentious, because of the perceived benefits to some landowners. The effectiveness of biological control agents to control the spread of Prosopis has been quantified, more damaging agents have been considered in recent years because of the continued increase in Prosopis density. Research into the establishment of a Community of Practice (CoP) to address the differences in perceptions regarding the control of Prosopis in the Northern Cape Province is considered an appropriate starting point to conceptualise the challenges to the successful integrated management of Prosopis. As farmers are the main stakeholders involved with Prosopis control, understanding the role of farmers and the functioning of farming enterprises in the Northern Cape is imperative for the development of both a CoP as well as the appropriate management of Prosopis. To foster engagement with as many stakeholders as possible, workshops dealing with biological control as part on an integrated approach to the control of Prosopis were held in towns in the Northern Cape Province: Groblershoop, Brandvlei, Kenhardt, Upington, Prieska and Williston. Some of the main concerns of the landusers include the host specificity of the released biocontrol agents, as well as increased transparency and communication. This is especially in regards to the research on present and future biological control agents that will possibly improve the perceptions of stakeholders. The mechanical harvesting and use of biomass as a control method was supported, especially where farmers were removing Prosopis from their properties, leaving large amounts of biomass in the veld. Continued research into Prosopis in the Northern Cape needs to consider the possibility of secondary invasions, especially in areas where native bush encroachment is already a concern. The impact of clearing in terms of natural grazing and animal improvement needs to be quantified, to conceptualise the importance of maintaining better veld quality versus using Prosopis for fodder. Biological control targeting not only the reproductive output of the trees, but also the standing biomass has support from the majority of the land users in the Northern Cape Province following these workshops and this study shows the importance of a socio-ecological approach to the control of landscape scale invasion. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04
- Authors: Van Staden, Gretha
- Date: 2024-04-04
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/434998 , vital:73122
- Description: Prosopis spp. are non-native species present in the arid parts of southern Africa. These trees originated in the Americas and were first introduced as a source of fodder, shade, and wood, but have become invasive, negatively impacting local biodiversity, and disrupting the delivery of ecosystem services. Some species of Prosopis hybridise freely, complicating identification and subsequent control. The control of Prosopis in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa is still contentious, because of the perceived benefits to some landowners. The effectiveness of biological control agents to control the spread of Prosopis has been quantified, more damaging agents have been considered in recent years because of the continued increase in Prosopis density. Research into the establishment of a Community of Practice (CoP) to address the differences in perceptions regarding the control of Prosopis in the Northern Cape Province is considered an appropriate starting point to conceptualise the challenges to the successful integrated management of Prosopis. As farmers are the main stakeholders involved with Prosopis control, understanding the role of farmers and the functioning of farming enterprises in the Northern Cape is imperative for the development of both a CoP as well as the appropriate management of Prosopis. To foster engagement with as many stakeholders as possible, workshops dealing with biological control as part on an integrated approach to the control of Prosopis were held in towns in the Northern Cape Province: Groblershoop, Brandvlei, Kenhardt, Upington, Prieska and Williston. Some of the main concerns of the landusers include the host specificity of the released biocontrol agents, as well as increased transparency and communication. This is especially in regards to the research on present and future biological control agents that will possibly improve the perceptions of stakeholders. The mechanical harvesting and use of biomass as a control method was supported, especially where farmers were removing Prosopis from their properties, leaving large amounts of biomass in the veld. Continued research into Prosopis in the Northern Cape needs to consider the possibility of secondary invasions, especially in areas where native bush encroachment is already a concern. The impact of clearing in terms of natural grazing and animal improvement needs to be quantified, to conceptualise the importance of maintaining better veld quality versus using Prosopis for fodder. Biological control targeting not only the reproductive output of the trees, but also the standing biomass has support from the majority of the land users in the Northern Cape Province following these workshops and this study shows the importance of a socio-ecological approach to the control of landscape scale invasion. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Zoology and Entomology, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04-04