Evaluation of cover crop species for biomass production, weed suppression and maize yields under irrigation in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Musunda, Bothwell Zvidzai
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Cover crops , Biomass energy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , No-tillage , Conservation of natural resources -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural systems -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Weeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Crop Science)
- Identifier: vital:11867 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/347 , Cover crops , Biomass energy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , No-tillage , Conservation of natural resources -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural systems -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Weeds
- Description: Achieving high biomass yields of cover crops has been a challenge to the success of Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices in the Eastern Cape (EC). A study was conducted to evaluate strategies for optimizing cover crop biomass production. Trials were carried out to screen summer and winter cover crops, as well as evaluate intercropping patterns and planting dates for biomass, weed suppression and subsequent maize yield under irrigation. Four summer legume cover crop species were evaluated under a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) design. The cover crops were fertilized with 13.34 kg ha-1 of N, 20 kg ha-1 P and 26.66 kg ha-1 K. In the 2008/09 summer season a maize crop was superimposed on the 2007/08 screening trial under no-till. The crop was fertilized with 60 kg ha-1 of N. An intercropping trial was conducted over two seasons as a way of investigating the best way of incorporating cover crops into farmers cropping systems. This was done bearing in mind the limitation of resources such as land. The trial evaluated 3 factors laid as a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arranged in a split-plot design. The main factor was cover crop planting date (planting at maize planting or 2 weeks after maize planting). The sub plot factor was intercropping pattern (strip intercropping and between row intercropping). A trial was also conducted to evaluate the effect of planting date (End of April and mid May) and four winter legume cover crop species on cover crop biomass, weed suppression and maize grain yield. The experiment was laid out as a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated 3 times. In the subsequent summer season a maize crop was superimposed on the winter trial to test the residual effects of the cover crop species. Another study was conducted to evaluate winter cereal cover crop species for biomass accumulation, weed suppression and subsequent maize grain yield. The cover crops as well as a weedy fallow control plot treatments were laid out as a Randomised Complete Block Design replicated 3 times. In the subsequent summer season a maize crop was superimposed on the site under no-till to evaluate the residual effect of the cover crops on maize. The results showed sunhemp, cowpea and lablab as the best cover crops with high biomass and weed suppression whilst mucuna was the least. Sunhemp consistently yielded higher cover biomass averaging 11200 kg ha-1 over the two seasons whilst mucuna had a consistently lowest average biomass yield of 4050 kg ha-1. These cover crops were above the critical 6 t ha-1 for effective weed suppression. There was a significant (p<0.01) relationship of cover crop dry weight and weed dry weight in both seasons. Subsequent maize grain yield was significantly higher in the sunhemp plots (64.2 %) than the weedy fallow plot. Mucuna, lablab and cowpea had maize grain yield increases of 16.6%, 33% and 43.2% respectively. Intercropping cover crops at maize planting yielded higher cover crop dry weights than a delay in intercropping cover crops. A delay in intercropping resulted in significantly higher average maize grain yield of 4700 kg ha-1 compared to intercropping at maize planting (3800 kg ha-1) and sole maize (4300 kg ha-1) over the two seasons. Strip intercropping also yielded higher (5000 kg ha- 1) average maize grain yield compared to row intercropping (3600 kg ha-1) and sole maize (4300 kg ha-1). There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship between cover crop dry weight in the 2007/08 season and maize grain yield in the 2008/09 season. Early planting grazing vetch gave the highest biomass yield of 8100 kg ha-1 whilst early planted red clover had the lowest biomass of 635 kg ha-1. Low weed dry weights were also obtained from the early planted grazing vetch as opposed to the other treatments. There was a significant (p<0.001) relationship of cover crop dry weight and weed dry weight. In the subsequent 2008/09 summer season early planted grazing vetch had the highest maize yield of 7500 kg ha-1 which was 56.3 % more than the weedy fallow plot had 4800 kg ha-1. The weedy fallow plot also had high weed infestation than the cover crop plots. There were significant (p<0.01) relationships between cover crop dry weight and maize grain yield, winter weed dry weight and maize grain yield and summer weed dry weight and maize grain yield. The results also showed triticale (13900 kg ha-1) as the best winter cover crop for biomass production. Italian ryegrass (6500 kg ha-1) produced the least amount of biomass. In The subsequent maize crop white oats gave highest maize grain yield (6369 kg ha-1) which was 33 % more than the weedy fallow plot (4784 kg ha- 1). There were also significant (p< 0.01) relationships of maize grain yield and winter weed dry weight, maize grain yield and summer growing weeds. The various studies demonstrated that there is opportunity for high biomass production under small scale farmers irrigated conditions using cover crops both in winter and summer. Best bet cover crops were sunhemp, cowpea and lablab for summer and triticale, white oats, barley, Italian ryegrass and grazing vetch for winter. Cover crops can also be incorporated into farmers cropping systems as sole crops or intercrops within the maize based cropping systems. Strip intercropping can be used by farmers as a way of introducing cover crops. Critical to achievement of high biomass is the time of planting cover crops with high biomass when planting is done early. A 2 week delay in strip intercropping cover crop into maize can be used as a way of incorporating cover crops into farmers cropping systems with minimal maize yield reduction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Musunda, Bothwell Zvidzai
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Cover crops , Biomass energy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , No-tillage , Conservation of natural resources -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural systems -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Weeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Crop Science)
- Identifier: vital:11867 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/347 , Cover crops , Biomass energy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , No-tillage , Conservation of natural resources -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural systems -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Weeds
- Description: Achieving high biomass yields of cover crops has been a challenge to the success of Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices in the Eastern Cape (EC). A study was conducted to evaluate strategies for optimizing cover crop biomass production. Trials were carried out to screen summer and winter cover crops, as well as evaluate intercropping patterns and planting dates for biomass, weed suppression and subsequent maize yield under irrigation. Four summer legume cover crop species were evaluated under a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) design. The cover crops were fertilized with 13.34 kg ha-1 of N, 20 kg ha-1 P and 26.66 kg ha-1 K. In the 2008/09 summer season a maize crop was superimposed on the 2007/08 screening trial under no-till. The crop was fertilized with 60 kg ha-1 of N. An intercropping trial was conducted over two seasons as a way of investigating the best way of incorporating cover crops into farmers cropping systems. This was done bearing in mind the limitation of resources such as land. The trial evaluated 3 factors laid as a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arranged in a split-plot design. The main factor was cover crop planting date (planting at maize planting or 2 weeks after maize planting). The sub plot factor was intercropping pattern (strip intercropping and between row intercropping). A trial was also conducted to evaluate the effect of planting date (End of April and mid May) and four winter legume cover crop species on cover crop biomass, weed suppression and maize grain yield. The experiment was laid out as a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated 3 times. In the subsequent summer season a maize crop was superimposed on the winter trial to test the residual effects of the cover crop species. Another study was conducted to evaluate winter cereal cover crop species for biomass accumulation, weed suppression and subsequent maize grain yield. The cover crops as well as a weedy fallow control plot treatments were laid out as a Randomised Complete Block Design replicated 3 times. In the subsequent summer season a maize crop was superimposed on the site under no-till to evaluate the residual effect of the cover crops on maize. The results showed sunhemp, cowpea and lablab as the best cover crops with high biomass and weed suppression whilst mucuna was the least. Sunhemp consistently yielded higher cover biomass averaging 11200 kg ha-1 over the two seasons whilst mucuna had a consistently lowest average biomass yield of 4050 kg ha-1. These cover crops were above the critical 6 t ha-1 for effective weed suppression. There was a significant (p<0.01) relationship of cover crop dry weight and weed dry weight in both seasons. Subsequent maize grain yield was significantly higher in the sunhemp plots (64.2 %) than the weedy fallow plot. Mucuna, lablab and cowpea had maize grain yield increases of 16.6%, 33% and 43.2% respectively. Intercropping cover crops at maize planting yielded higher cover crop dry weights than a delay in intercropping cover crops. A delay in intercropping resulted in significantly higher average maize grain yield of 4700 kg ha-1 compared to intercropping at maize planting (3800 kg ha-1) and sole maize (4300 kg ha-1) over the two seasons. Strip intercropping also yielded higher (5000 kg ha- 1) average maize grain yield compared to row intercropping (3600 kg ha-1) and sole maize (4300 kg ha-1). There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship between cover crop dry weight in the 2007/08 season and maize grain yield in the 2008/09 season. Early planting grazing vetch gave the highest biomass yield of 8100 kg ha-1 whilst early planted red clover had the lowest biomass of 635 kg ha-1. Low weed dry weights were also obtained from the early planted grazing vetch as opposed to the other treatments. There was a significant (p<0.001) relationship of cover crop dry weight and weed dry weight. In the subsequent 2008/09 summer season early planted grazing vetch had the highest maize yield of 7500 kg ha-1 which was 56.3 % more than the weedy fallow plot had 4800 kg ha-1. The weedy fallow plot also had high weed infestation than the cover crop plots. There were significant (p<0.01) relationships between cover crop dry weight and maize grain yield, winter weed dry weight and maize grain yield and summer weed dry weight and maize grain yield. The results also showed triticale (13900 kg ha-1) as the best winter cover crop for biomass production. Italian ryegrass (6500 kg ha-1) produced the least amount of biomass. In The subsequent maize crop white oats gave highest maize grain yield (6369 kg ha-1) which was 33 % more than the weedy fallow plot (4784 kg ha- 1). There were also significant (p< 0.01) relationships of maize grain yield and winter weed dry weight, maize grain yield and summer growing weeds. The various studies demonstrated that there is opportunity for high biomass production under small scale farmers irrigated conditions using cover crops both in winter and summer. Best bet cover crops were sunhemp, cowpea and lablab for summer and triticale, white oats, barley, Italian ryegrass and grazing vetch for winter. Cover crops can also be incorporated into farmers cropping systems as sole crops or intercrops within the maize based cropping systems. Strip intercropping can be used by farmers as a way of introducing cover crops. Critical to achievement of high biomass is the time of planting cover crops with high biomass when planting is done early. A 2 week delay in strip intercropping cover crop into maize can be used as a way of incorporating cover crops into farmers cropping systems with minimal maize yield reduction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
An investigation of statistical methodologies for evaluating natural herbicides for the control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)
- Authors: Asquith, Ilse Bernadette
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Chemometrics , Weeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DTech (Chemistry)
- Identifier: vital:10376 , Chemometrics , Weeds
- Description: The present study was undertaken with the view to evaluate methodologies based on traditional Scheffé experimental designs that study mixtures as a tool for discovery research particularly when seeking new and or improved uses of existing mixtures. For the purpose of this study, the topic of controlling the problematic weed known as Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L. var. esculentus) or “Geel Uintjie”, was selected on a rather ad hoc basis. Yellow Nutsedge is a troublesome perennial weed found in most agricultural countries in the world. Herbicidal control is often difficult because of the weeds’ ability to propagate via tubers, which can remain dormant for a number of years and are also resistant to most synthetic herbicide controls. As a first step the study involved the selection of a group of chemical compounds that would be used in suppressing the germination of Yellow Nutsedge tubers. Treatment with various combinations of these chemical compounds as determined by statistical experimental designs was carried out. A review of the literature, particularly literature concerned with the study of the phenomenon of allelopathy, suggested that various phenolic-D-glucopyranosides could show promise in the suppressing the germination of Yellow Nutsedge tubers. This led to the selection of this group of compounds as the target group of “active” substances for the study. Since the group of phenolic-D-glucopyranosides is quite large, and in order to keep the study to a reasonable size, only four phenolic-D-glucopyranosides were selected namely: 4-nitrophenyl-D-glucopyranoside, 4-chlorophenyl--Dglucopyranoside, arbutin and salicin. This selection was based firstly based on a particular phenolic-D-glucopyranoside being a suspected allelochemical, and secondly the ease of technical synthesis using a catalytic process. In addition to the four selected phenolic-D-glucopyranosides, their aglycones (4,nitrophenol, 4,chlorophenol, hydroquinone and salicyl alcohol) were also included as potential “active” substances in order to discern any potential activity between the phenolic-D-glucopyranosides and the aglycones. iii The selected “active substances” were combined in various combinations according to various mixture designs in such a manner that the sum of the proportions of the various actives in any one mixture was always equal to 1. The mixtures of actives were then used in various germination experiments and three experimental responses were measured namely the germination, average dry mass and length of longest shoot. From the results of these germination studies the canonical form of the polynomial equation describing the variation in each of the three germination responses was calculated and evaluated statistically. These equations were then used to estimate the presence of, and the magnitude of synergism between the various active substances. The results from these screening experiments and their detailed statistical analysis indicated that the response surface model for the germination response contains three synergistic blends (4-nitrophenyl--D-glucopyranoside + arbutin; 4-nitrophenyl--Dglucopyranoside + hydroquinone; and 4-chlorophenyl--D-glucopyranoside + salicin) and one antagonistic blend (4-nitrophenyl--D-glucopyranoside + 4- chlorophenol--D-glucopyranoside). The response surface model for the average dry mass response contains two synergistic blends (4-nitrophenyl--Dglucopyranoside + hydroquinone; and 4-chlorophenol--D-glucopyranoside + salicin) and the same antagonistic blend as for germination response. For both germination and average dry mass responses, the most synergistic blend was found to be the combination of 4-chlorophenyl--D-glucopyranoside and salicin. Two additional tests were conducted and both confirmed the results obtained from the screening designs. These tests involved the identification of the two components responsible for the synergistic activity that resulted in the suppression of the germination of the tubers and growth of the seedlings. The experimental response measuring the longest shoot proved to be erroneous and was excluded from the statistical analysis. In summary, this study has clearly shown that statistically designed experiments based on mixture designs can be used as a powerful tool in identifying and quantifying synergistic (or antagonistic) effects of chemicals on the germination ability of plant seeds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Asquith, Ilse Bernadette
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Chemometrics , Weeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DTech (Chemistry)
- Identifier: vital:10376 , Chemometrics , Weeds
- Description: The present study was undertaken with the view to evaluate methodologies based on traditional Scheffé experimental designs that study mixtures as a tool for discovery research particularly when seeking new and or improved uses of existing mixtures. For the purpose of this study, the topic of controlling the problematic weed known as Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L. var. esculentus) or “Geel Uintjie”, was selected on a rather ad hoc basis. Yellow Nutsedge is a troublesome perennial weed found in most agricultural countries in the world. Herbicidal control is often difficult because of the weeds’ ability to propagate via tubers, which can remain dormant for a number of years and are also resistant to most synthetic herbicide controls. As a first step the study involved the selection of a group of chemical compounds that would be used in suppressing the germination of Yellow Nutsedge tubers. Treatment with various combinations of these chemical compounds as determined by statistical experimental designs was carried out. A review of the literature, particularly literature concerned with the study of the phenomenon of allelopathy, suggested that various phenolic-D-glucopyranosides could show promise in the suppressing the germination of Yellow Nutsedge tubers. This led to the selection of this group of compounds as the target group of “active” substances for the study. Since the group of phenolic-D-glucopyranosides is quite large, and in order to keep the study to a reasonable size, only four phenolic-D-glucopyranosides were selected namely: 4-nitrophenyl-D-glucopyranoside, 4-chlorophenyl--Dglucopyranoside, arbutin and salicin. This selection was based firstly based on a particular phenolic-D-glucopyranoside being a suspected allelochemical, and secondly the ease of technical synthesis using a catalytic process. In addition to the four selected phenolic-D-glucopyranosides, their aglycones (4,nitrophenol, 4,chlorophenol, hydroquinone and salicyl alcohol) were also included as potential “active” substances in order to discern any potential activity between the phenolic-D-glucopyranosides and the aglycones. iii The selected “active substances” were combined in various combinations according to various mixture designs in such a manner that the sum of the proportions of the various actives in any one mixture was always equal to 1. The mixtures of actives were then used in various germination experiments and three experimental responses were measured namely the germination, average dry mass and length of longest shoot. From the results of these germination studies the canonical form of the polynomial equation describing the variation in each of the three germination responses was calculated and evaluated statistically. These equations were then used to estimate the presence of, and the magnitude of synergism between the various active substances. The results from these screening experiments and their detailed statistical analysis indicated that the response surface model for the germination response contains three synergistic blends (4-nitrophenyl--D-glucopyranoside + arbutin; 4-nitrophenyl--Dglucopyranoside + hydroquinone; and 4-chlorophenyl--D-glucopyranoside + salicin) and one antagonistic blend (4-nitrophenyl--D-glucopyranoside + 4- chlorophenol--D-glucopyranoside). The response surface model for the average dry mass response contains two synergistic blends (4-nitrophenyl--Dglucopyranoside + hydroquinone; and 4-chlorophenol--D-glucopyranoside + salicin) and the same antagonistic blend as for germination response. For both germination and average dry mass responses, the most synergistic blend was found to be the combination of 4-chlorophenyl--D-glucopyranoside and salicin. Two additional tests were conducted and both confirmed the results obtained from the screening designs. These tests involved the identification of the two components responsible for the synergistic activity that resulted in the suppression of the germination of the tubers and growth of the seedlings. The experimental response measuring the longest shoot proved to be erroneous and was excluded from the statistical analysis. In summary, this study has clearly shown that statistically designed experiments based on mixture designs can be used as a powerful tool in identifying and quantifying synergistic (or antagonistic) effects of chemicals on the germination ability of plant seeds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
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