- Title
- The investigation, development and characterisation of novel zirconium-based tanning agents
- Creator
- Guthrie-Strachan, Jeffry James
- ThesisAdvisor
- Watkins, G M
- Subject
- Zirconium Tanning Leather
- Date
- 2006
- Type
- Thesis
- Type
- Doctoral
- Type
- PhD
- Identifier
- vital:4319
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004977
- Description
- Various oxygen- and nitrogen-donor ligands were investigated as potential zirconium masking agents in zirconium tanning. α-Hydroxycarboxylic acid ligands were identified as effective zirconium(IV) chelators in acidic aqueous solution. Glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, 4-hydroxymandelic acid, 4-chloromandelic acid and 4-bromomandelic acid complexes were synthesised, isolated and characterised using a range of analytical techniques. Linear Free Energy Relationships were examined to optimise the stability of the zirconium complexes. Hammett [sigma] plots and Yukawa-Tsuno modified σ plots of the mandelate ligand and zirconium complex series indicated that inductive effects dominate within the benzene ring, however, mesomeric effects are significant outside the ring. Zirconium 4-hydroxymandelate complex solutions were identified as the most effective tanning agents and achieved shrinkage temperatures of 80 and 97ºC for hide powder and goatskin, respectively. The zirconium and 4-hydroxymandelic acid interact synergistically to yield leather equivalent to combination tanned leather in one step. Tanning was performed similarly to vegetable tanning processes with a pickle pH of approximately 5 and fixation was achieved upon acidification. Pilot-scale tanning of goatskin produced white tanned leathers and crust leathers which were physically and aesthetically comparable to matched chromium tanned material.
- Format
- 202 leaves, pdf
- Publisher
- Rhodes University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry
- Language
- English
- Rights
- Guthrie-Strachan, Jeffry James
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