Human-river relationships in the Kat River catchment and the implications for integrated water resource management (IWRM) : an exploraratory study
- Authors: Birkholz, Sharon Alice
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Aquatic ecology -- South Africa -- Kat River , Rivers -- South Africa -- Kat River -- Sociological aspects , Rivers -- South Africa -- Kat River , Water supply -- South Africa -- Kat River -- Management , Human ecology -- South Africa -- Kat River , Stream ecology -- South Africa -- Kat River
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4838 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005514
- Description: Through out this study ‘relational scenarios’ were seen as the possible outcomes of the expression of human-river relationships in a catchment. Working within Inglis’s (2008, pg. 10) comment that ‘the Human World Relationship is expressed through a person’s views and behaviour towards the natural world, which can be either constructive or destructive’, two relational scenarios were selected to represent these two predicted outcomes of human-environment (or in the case of this thesis human-river) relationships: IWRM, seen as constructive and mutually beneficial to both the social and ecological system, and the Tragedy of the Commons, seen as destructive and parasitic in nature. In respect to this assertion, a conceptual framework or model was developed and used to guide the inductive process of this research. Through a social survey (administered via semi-structured interviews) of stakeholders (water-users) in the Kat River Catchment, Eastern Cape, South Africa, social attitudes towards the Kat River were explored. These attitudes were considered as variables that relate to the expression of ‘Human World Relationships’ namely ‘values and behaviour’ (Inglis, 2008, pg. 10). The findings of this thesis confirm that attitudes are influential components of human-river relationships in the Kat River Catchment. It was observed from the findings that the attitudes individuals have towards the Kat River have the potential to influence the ways people interact with the River and its associated resources, and are in turn influenced by the condition of the River and connections people have or make with the River within their daily lives. Such relationships in turn affect the management of the River and its water resources and influence how individuals approach water-related issues and undertake the associated activities. Given this understanding it was then proposed that attitudes could provide information that enables the prediction of likely ‘relational scenarios’ (IWRM or the Tragedy of the Commons) in a catchment. The findings appear to support this proposal, and three main attitude groups (utilitarian, associative and dissociative) were identified and used to further the discussion into how this knowledge could be used in predicting possible relational scenarios based on human-river relationships. Further exploration of the identified attitude groups suggested that these variables are significantly influenced by environmental ethics and place attachment (present in the community) and a series of guiding frameworks were developed to facilitate the exploration of the attitude groups relative to these concepts. The frameworks were generated from the hypothesis that knowledge of attitude groups in a catchment, in connection with the relative degrees to which moral values and worldviews are expressed, could provide insight into the readiness of a catchment system for the implementation of IWRM and/or the facilitative steps needed to shift the influence of unfavourable attitude groups (i.e. dissociative attitudes). Such steps would most likely involve extensive educational, awareness and capacity building programs. Finally, given the above theoretical frameworks, inductively developed from the findings of the social survey and related literature, the conceptual model was reevaluated and extended to include the thesis findings and hypotheses. It is suggested that in a catchment where there is a balance between the expression of utilitarian and associative attitude groups, then there is a high probability of finding present evidence of mutually beneficial human-river relationships already in play, as well as ‘fertile soil’ for the promotion of IWRM and philosophies and skills that generate such relationships. Alternatively in an area with a strong expression of dissociative attitudes, it is more likely to find evidence of destructive, more parasitic-like relationships being expressed, and a lack of commitment and interest in being involved in changing the status quo. It is likely that where both associative and dissociative attitudes are present there will be an overlap of elements of both scenarios – a situation that is probable in most catchments – depending on the strength of expression of either attitude group the balance will shift (be shifting) between the two relational scenarios.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Birkholz, Sharon Alice
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Aquatic ecology -- South Africa -- Kat River , Rivers -- South Africa -- Kat River -- Sociological aspects , Rivers -- South Africa -- Kat River , Water supply -- South Africa -- Kat River -- Management , Human ecology -- South Africa -- Kat River , Stream ecology -- South Africa -- Kat River
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4838 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005514
- Description: Through out this study ‘relational scenarios’ were seen as the possible outcomes of the expression of human-river relationships in a catchment. Working within Inglis’s (2008, pg. 10) comment that ‘the Human World Relationship is expressed through a person’s views and behaviour towards the natural world, which can be either constructive or destructive’, two relational scenarios were selected to represent these two predicted outcomes of human-environment (or in the case of this thesis human-river) relationships: IWRM, seen as constructive and mutually beneficial to both the social and ecological system, and the Tragedy of the Commons, seen as destructive and parasitic in nature. In respect to this assertion, a conceptual framework or model was developed and used to guide the inductive process of this research. Through a social survey (administered via semi-structured interviews) of stakeholders (water-users) in the Kat River Catchment, Eastern Cape, South Africa, social attitudes towards the Kat River were explored. These attitudes were considered as variables that relate to the expression of ‘Human World Relationships’ namely ‘values and behaviour’ (Inglis, 2008, pg. 10). The findings of this thesis confirm that attitudes are influential components of human-river relationships in the Kat River Catchment. It was observed from the findings that the attitudes individuals have towards the Kat River have the potential to influence the ways people interact with the River and its associated resources, and are in turn influenced by the condition of the River and connections people have or make with the River within their daily lives. Such relationships in turn affect the management of the River and its water resources and influence how individuals approach water-related issues and undertake the associated activities. Given this understanding it was then proposed that attitudes could provide information that enables the prediction of likely ‘relational scenarios’ (IWRM or the Tragedy of the Commons) in a catchment. The findings appear to support this proposal, and three main attitude groups (utilitarian, associative and dissociative) were identified and used to further the discussion into how this knowledge could be used in predicting possible relational scenarios based on human-river relationships. Further exploration of the identified attitude groups suggested that these variables are significantly influenced by environmental ethics and place attachment (present in the community) and a series of guiding frameworks were developed to facilitate the exploration of the attitude groups relative to these concepts. The frameworks were generated from the hypothesis that knowledge of attitude groups in a catchment, in connection with the relative degrees to which moral values and worldviews are expressed, could provide insight into the readiness of a catchment system for the implementation of IWRM and/or the facilitative steps needed to shift the influence of unfavourable attitude groups (i.e. dissociative attitudes). Such steps would most likely involve extensive educational, awareness and capacity building programs. Finally, given the above theoretical frameworks, inductively developed from the findings of the social survey and related literature, the conceptual model was reevaluated and extended to include the thesis findings and hypotheses. It is suggested that in a catchment where there is a balance between the expression of utilitarian and associative attitude groups, then there is a high probability of finding present evidence of mutually beneficial human-river relationships already in play, as well as ‘fertile soil’ for the promotion of IWRM and philosophies and skills that generate such relationships. Alternatively in an area with a strong expression of dissociative attitudes, it is more likely to find evidence of destructive, more parasitic-like relationships being expressed, and a lack of commitment and interest in being involved in changing the status quo. It is likely that where both associative and dissociative attitudes are present there will be an overlap of elements of both scenarios – a situation that is probable in most catchments – depending on the strength of expression of either attitude group the balance will shift (be shifting) between the two relational scenarios.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the Karoo
- Authors: Hobson, Colin Desmond
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Botany, Economic Plant introduction -- South Africa -- Karoo Plants, Cultivated
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4794 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001894
- Description: This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Hobson, Colin Desmond
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Botany, Economic Plant introduction -- South Africa -- Karoo Plants, Cultivated
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4794 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001894
- Description: This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the Karoo
- Authors: Hobson, Colin Desmond
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Botany, Economic Plant introduction -- South Africa -- Karoo Plants, Cultivated
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4175 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002023
- Description: This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Hobson, Colin Desmond
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Botany, Economic Plant introduction -- South Africa -- Karoo Plants, Cultivated
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4175 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002023
- Description: This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Phenylpropanolamine : analytical and pharmacokinetic studies using high-performance liquid chromatography
- Authors: Scherzinger, Sabine Hilda
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Phenylpropanolamine , Pharmacokinetics , High performance liquid chromatography
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3811 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004528
- Description: Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), a synthetic sympathomimetic amine structurally related to ephedrine has been widely used over t he past 40 years as a nasal decongestant and appetite suppressant. It has been the focus of much controversy concerning the efficacy of the drug in its use as an anorectic agent, and due to the side effects caused by the higher doses of PPA required for appetite suppression. Although extensively used, there is little information concerning the determination of PPA in biological fluids and on the pharmacokinetics of this drug. An adaptation of a published high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for PPA in serum and urine using U.V. detection at 210 nm is presented. PPA was separated in the reversed phase mode. The method has a limit of sensitivity of 5.0 ng/mL and 10.0 ng/mL in serum and urine respectively. Serum concentration data following a single 25 mg dose of phenylpropanolamine in human volunteers demonstrate the application of the analytical method for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies. After the administration of 25 mg, 50 mg or 100 mg PPA.HCl solutions to 5 human volunteers, a dose proportionality study demonstrated that PPA appears to exhibit linear kinetics. Linear one body compartment kinetics were assumed and the wagner-Nelson method used to transform in vivo serum data to absorption plots. The serum data were fitted to a model using nonlinear regression techniques to characterize the pharmacokinetic processes of PPA. The absorption of phenylpropanolamine appears to be discontinuous and the drug seems to favour a two body compartment model. The pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from a steady state study using multiple dosing of PPA.HCl solutions compared with those found from previous studies after the administration of sustained-release formulations. A plasma protein binding study using equilibrium dialysis demonstrated that PPA is not highly protein bound in the blood.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1988
- Authors: Scherzinger, Sabine Hilda
- Date: 1988
- Subjects: Phenylpropanolamine , Pharmacokinetics , High performance liquid chromatography
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3811 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004528
- Description: Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), a synthetic sympathomimetic amine structurally related to ephedrine has been widely used over t he past 40 years as a nasal decongestant and appetite suppressant. It has been the focus of much controversy concerning the efficacy of the drug in its use as an anorectic agent, and due to the side effects caused by the higher doses of PPA required for appetite suppression. Although extensively used, there is little information concerning the determination of PPA in biological fluids and on the pharmacokinetics of this drug. An adaptation of a published high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for PPA in serum and urine using U.V. detection at 210 nm is presented. PPA was separated in the reversed phase mode. The method has a limit of sensitivity of 5.0 ng/mL and 10.0 ng/mL in serum and urine respectively. Serum concentration data following a single 25 mg dose of phenylpropanolamine in human volunteers demonstrate the application of the analytical method for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies. After the administration of 25 mg, 50 mg or 100 mg PPA.HCl solutions to 5 human volunteers, a dose proportionality study demonstrated that PPA appears to exhibit linear kinetics. Linear one body compartment kinetics were assumed and the wagner-Nelson method used to transform in vivo serum data to absorption plots. The serum data were fitted to a model using nonlinear regression techniques to characterize the pharmacokinetic processes of PPA. The absorption of phenylpropanolamine appears to be discontinuous and the drug seems to favour a two body compartment model. The pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from a steady state study using multiple dosing of PPA.HCl solutions compared with those found from previous studies after the administration of sustained-release formulations. A plasma protein binding study using equilibrium dialysis demonstrated that PPA is not highly protein bound in the blood.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1988