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Non-marital fertility in South Africa: trends, determinants and implications

  • Authors: Kara, Reesha
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Fertility, Human -- South Africa , Child rearing -- South Africa , Parenting -- South Africa , Motherhood -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/165620 , vital:41264
  • Description: Background: Non-martial fertility is traditionally associated with teenage pregnancy however international and South African literature has detailed increases in the number of adult women who are having children outside of a marriage. South African literature on non-marital fertility is sparse as it lacks a national overview of the trends and determinants of non-marital fertility among women aged 30 and older. The aim of this study was to present a national overview of non-marital fertility among women aged 30 and older. South African’s attitudes to and opinions of non-marital fertility were also investigated, and the lived realities of older mothers were explored. Methods: A mixed-methods research design was employed where the General Household Survey, National Income Dynamics Study and the South African Social Attitudes Survey were the main data sources. Using these data sets, descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using Stata. Using purposive and snowball sampling, four never-married older mothers (NMOMs) from KwaZulu-Natal (Durban) were identified as research participants. The in-depth life histories of these women were collected through face-to- face semi-structured interviews. Results: The results show an 18.43% increase in never-married mothers aged 15- 49 between 2002 and 2017 and interestingly, this increase is not necessarily driven by older mothers (30-49). NMOMs belonged to households with a lower average per capita total monthly household income (R1873.91) compared to all mothers aged 30-49 (R3428.76). NMOMs were also more likely to live in female-headed households (89.52%), to be household heads (64.22%) and to live in traditional areas (35.72%). Between 2002 and 2017, there was a 76.76% increase in mothers (aged 30-49) who were never married and a 7.74% decrease in those who were married, indicating a change in the marital profile of mothers. Despite this national increase in non-marital fertility, South African’s believe that premarital sexual activity is wrong, and that childbearing should take place within a marriage. Similar sentiments were echoed in the in-depth life histories as being the sole breadwinner and primary caregiver, the research participants experienced challenges as single mothers. Conclusion and recommendations: The study has found that there has been an increase in non-marital fertility in South Africa between 2002 and 2017 and that there is an economic element to non-marital fertility in the country. Additional research into non-marital fertility at a national level is recommended with a focus on all women aged 15-49.
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Not Yet Uhuru! Attuning to, re-imagining and regenerating transgressive decolonial pedagogical praxis across times Khapa(ring) the rising cultures of change drivers in contemporary South Africa

  • Authors: Kulundu-Bolus, Injairu
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Not Yet Uhuru (Arts Project) , Anti-imperialist movements -- South Africa , Education -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Social change -- South Africa , Education -- Philosophy -- South Africa , Arts and society -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/166081 , vital:41327 , 10.21504/10962/166081
  • Description: The “Not yet Uhuru!” project positions itself as emancipatory African research in motion. It is a regenerative project that responds to the concern that whilst dominant discourses can articulate what African states, societies and economies are not, we still know very little about what they actually are. This is a particularly important gap in how research on Africa is conceptualised, especially as it pertains to apprehending the futures that the majority of young people on the continent are instinctively leading themselves to (Mbembe, 2001, p.9). The project seeks to forgo youth development strategies that act as a form of containment by prescribing normative aspects of citizenship on young leaders in ways that stifle the transgressive impulses they have reason to value (Kelley in Tuck and Yang, 2014, p.89). The study traces rising cultures in transgressive decolonial pedagogical praxis across times, as a way of “khapa(ring)” or accompanying the contemporary questions that Change Drivers in South Africa hold at the edge of their praxis. The study co-conspired with 21 Change Drivers in South Africa who were interested in regenerating and re-imagining what transgressive decolonial praxis could be in these times based on their experiences and learnings. Residential art-based workshops that explored each co-conspirator’s offerings on the subject were distilled through the medium of film. These in turn were analysed using an “ethics of attunement” that produced songs as a reflexive pedagogical tool (Lispari, 2014, p.176). Sharing the resonate echoes of their praxis through song created another iterative reflection on their praxis two years after their initial offerings. As a way of weaving together the findings with a historical perspective, the resonant praxis of Change Drivers was put into conversation with three unconventional reviews that trace impulses around transgressive decolonial pedagogical praxis through fictional texts, political theory, poetry and intergenerational analysis, in order to surface resonant themes in praxis that echo across different times in history. This methodology sought to engage the question of the archive in pluriversal ways that appealed to different sensibilities, including the imaginative and hermeneutical, the traditionally analytical as well as the gifts of the lyrical and the erotic as different conceptual threads needed to resource the study. The reviews additionally spanned periods in the history of the continent that hold questions around precolonial and nascent colonial encounters, efforts to transgress within the liberatory movements and the intergenerational transmissions embedded in women and queer people’s struggles. The themes that coalesced across times were leveraged into capsules of rising cultures that form an experimental nexus for the practice of transgressive decolonial pedagogical praxis that is already underway. These rising cultures were conceptualised as meditations on what it means to live into a vision of home built on the explorations of a paradigm of peace, humanness, pluriversality and decolonial love for those like and unlike us that strive for freedom on this continent (Dlala, 2017, p.52; Ndlovu- Gatsheni, 2013, p.142; Gqola, 2017, pp.197, 199). The rising ultures were reconciled through the creation of a litany that chronicles different refrains in transgressive decolonial pedagogical praxis in contemporary times. The litany is a tool that charts particular experiences that are surfacing as symptomatic. It seeks to generously surface the contradictions that we are collectively starting to see past, whilst acknowledging the tensions that we need to straddle, integrate and navigate towards greater synthesis. The litany is an honest way of acknowledging the glimpses gained of who we are in this present moment, while we continually challenge ourselves to open up to questions about what it means to grapple towards decolonial futures. This stance has influenced my role as an educator to unconditionally embrace movements that already underway, and reflect these back to those that I am conspiring with in ways that promote an ethic of care, solidarity and critical engagement. The study celebrates what is possible when we do not theorise ourselves away from the questions embedded in our current praxis. This is an ethic that chooses to stay close to the phenomena arriving at present, whilst acknowledging the historical experiences that echo it as a collective pulse for meaningful experimentation and praxis. The study believes by being faithful to ways of amplifying, integrating and reflecting what has been emerging for us over time, we build our capacity to better respond with an ethic centred on transgressive decolonial pedagogical praxis. This is the kind of accompaniment and care that Change Drivers across the continent deserve as they make the way towards a future worthy of their longing (Rushdie, 1999).
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Now that we have the land: analysing the experiences of land reform beneficiaries in the Makana Municipal District of the Eastern Cape, South Africa

  • Authors: Msuthu, Simela Thuleka
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Land reform , Sustainable development , Land reform -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Land tenure -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Land settlement -- Government policy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Restitution -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/167551 , vital:41491
  • Description: The “land question” in South Africa goes back more than a century to the 1913 Natives Land Act which facilitated the dispossession of African people from fertile land to arid homelands and congested townships. This mass dispossession of Africans from their land was accompanied by an array of legislation aimed at restricting their upward mobility, thus laying the foundations of structural inequality in South Africa. The advent of democracy in 1994 brought about a number of legislative reforms aimed at addressing the injustices that were imposed by the colonial and apartheid governments on the African people. At the forefront of these legislative efforts was the restoration of land to the original inhabitants of the country. Research indicates that, since 1994, the South African government has issued out land to different individuals and communities around the country in an attempt to address structural unemployment and poverty that plague the country. Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Theoretical framework, this study sought to examine the experiences of land reform beneficiaries in the Makana Municipal district of the Eastern Cape, in order to determine the extent to which the transfer of land to landless people has met the governments’ agenda to alleviate poverty and unemployment in the rural regions of South Africa. The findings in this study show that, successful land reform in South Africa is hindered mostly by two factors. Firstly, the inability of land beneficiaries to access quality education, skills training, finances and formal agricultural value chains. Secondly, land beneficiaries are further placed at a disadvantage by the poor quality of public services in their local municipalities and inconsistent post-settlement support from the state. The conclusion made in this study, is that the government has to be cognizant of the aforementioned structural barriers, when designing and rolling out land reform projects throughout the country. Failure to address these glaring structural barriers, will result in the creation of a peasant class of people living on underutilized land.
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Nutrient removal and biofuel potential of MaB-floc biomass from an integrated algal pond system treating domestic sewage

  • Authors: Sibelo, Linda
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Biomass energy , Waste products as fuel , Algal biofuels , Sewage -- Purification -- Nutrient removal
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144955 , vital:38395
  • Description: Integrated algal pond systems (IAPS) are a passive water treatment technology derived from the Oswald designed advanced integrated wastewater pond systems (AIWPS®) and effect wastewater treatment based on biological activity of microorganisms within the system, solar energy and gravity. The technology consists of an advanced facultative pond (AFP), a series of interconnected high rate algal oxidation ponds (HRAOP) and algal settling ponds. The symbiotic relationship between microalgae and bacteria facilitated by paddlewheel mixing of HRAOP results in the formation of biomass aggregates known as MaB-flocs. MaB-floc formation enhances nutrient abstraction, gravitational sedimentation and separation from water hence forming two product streams; recyclable water and biomass, both with valorisation potential. This work aimed to determine the suitability of MaB-floc biomass generated in the HRAOP of an IAPS treating domestic sewage as feedstock for biofuel production based on the content of carbohydrate and lipid. Nutrient removal efficiency, biomass productivity and bulk lipid and carbohydrate concentration were monitored for two consecutive three-month periods in the winter and summer seasons of 2018/19. Maximum removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus were determined as 71% and 75% respectively, demonstrating the efficiency of IAPS as a wastewater treatment technology. MaB-floc biomass productivity in winter and summer was 9.4 g/m2/d and 16.5 g/m2/d respectively indicating the heavy influence of seasonal temperature, possibly day length, and solar irradiation on biomass productivity in the HRAOP. Summer productivity was lower than the maximum theoretical productivity of 25 g/m2/d possibly due to photoinhibition of photosynthesis as well as grazing pressures caused by the proliferation of rotifers mainly of the Brachionus genus. MaB-floc biomass consistently contained higher amounts of carbohydrate than lipid despite the changes in species dominance from Scenedesmus sp. and Desmodesmus sp. in winter to Pediastrum sp. in summer. Variations in MaB-floc biomass carbohydrate content were linked to changes in nitrogen concentration, mainly in the form of nitrates. Lower nitrogen concentration significantly increased the carbohydrate content of MaB-floc biomass from 17.5 ± 0.15% to 33.5 ± 0.3 % recorded in summer. In winter, biomass carbohydrate increased from 18.3 ± 1.2% to 35.8 ± 0.3%.To induce accumulation of carbohydrates through nitrogen starvation, isolated microalgal species native to the HRAOPs of the IAPS at Institute for Environmental Biotechnology Rhodes University(EBRU) were used. The outcome from the laboratory studies showed that carbon partitioning within isolated strains could be altered from carbohydrate to lipid which is more energy-rich. Hence, exploring the biodiesel production option using HRAOP MaB-floc biomass, which had a lipid content ranging between 12.1 ± 0.64 % and 13.9 ± 0.5 %, would require a preconditioning step in the form of nitrogen starvation to enhance its lipid content. Overall, the outcome of outdoor monitoring studies on biomass biochemical composition indicated that HRAOPs operating under natural environmental conditions preferentially generated a biomass rich in carbohydrate. Therefore, anaerobic digestion may be a more viable option for HRAOP MaB-floc biomass because of the high carbohydrate levels ranging between 24.9 ± 0.6 % and 25.6 ± 1.3 % of the dry MaB-floc biomass weight. Despite the low biomass C/N ratio (7.1 to 7.8), the MaB-floc biomass can be anaerobically co-digested with a higher C/N ratio (24) substrate such as in-pond digester sludge, to improve methane yields calculated to be between 0.31 m3 CH4/ kg MaB-floc biomass and 0.33 m3 CH4/ kg MaB-floc biomass. Anaerobic digestion of biomass also produces CO2 which can be recovered and added to HRAOPs to enhance MaB-floc biomass productivity while lowering greenhouse gas emissions from a wastewater treatment plant. The digestate from the anaerobic process, which is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus can be used as a biofertiliser. Thus, a potential MaB-floc biomass biorefinery consisting of biogas and bio-fertiliser pathways can be established using IAPS treating sewage as the platform technology. IAPS is a system designed to operate in a way that is passive and without substantial environmental impact but technological innovations and a reduction in the size of the system are required to make the technology more acceptable.
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Observations of diffuse radio emission in the Abell 773 galaxy cluster

  • Authors: Sichone, Gift L
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Galaxies -- Clusters -- Observations , Radio astronomy -- Observations , Astrophysics -- South Africa , Westerbork Radio Telescope , A773 galaxy cluster , Astronomy -- Observations , Radio sources (Astronomy
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144945 , vital:38394
  • Description: In this thesis, we present 18 and 21 cm observations of the A773 galaxy cluster observed with the Westerbork radio telescope. The final 18 and 21 cm images achieve a noise level of 0.018 mJy beam‾ 1 and 0.025 mJy beam-1 respectively. After subtracting the compact sources, the low resolution images show evidence of a radio halo at 18 cm, whereas its presence is more uncertain in the low resolution 21 cm images due the presence of residual sidelobes from bright sources. In the joint analysis of both frequencies, the radio halo has a 5.37 arcmin2 area with a 6.76 mJy flux density. Further observations and analysis are, however, required to fully characterize its properties.
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Observations of diffuse radio emission in the Perseus Galaxy Cluster

  • Authors: Mungwariri, Clemence
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Galaxies -- Clusters , Radio sources (Astronomy) , Radio interferometers , Perseus Galaxy Cluster , Diffuse radio emission
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/143325 , vital:38233
  • Description: In this thesis we analysed Westerbork observations of the Perseus Galaxy Cluster at 1380 MHz. Observations consist of two different pointings, covering a total of ∼ 0.5 square degrees, one including the known mini halo and the source 3C 84, the other centred on the source 3C 83.1 B. We obtained images with 83 μJy beam⁻¹ and 240 μJy beam⁻¹ noise rms for the two pointings respectively. We achieved a 60000 : 1 dynamic range in the image containing the bright 3C 84 source. We imaged the mini halo surrounding 3C 84 at high sensitivity, measuring its diameter to be ∼140 kpc and its power 4 x 10²⁴ W Hz⁻¹. Its morphology agrees quite well with that observed at 240 MHz (e.g. Gendron-Marsolais et al., 2017). We measured the flux density of 3C 84 to be 20.5 ± 0.4 Jy at the 2007 epoch, consistent with a factor of ∼2 increase since the 1960s.
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On locating the experiences of second year science students from rural areas in Higher Education in the field of science: lived rural experiences

  • Authors: Madondo, Nkosinathi Emmanuel
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Science students -- South Africa , Rural college students -- South Africa , Science -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- South Africa , Curriculum change -- South Africa , Learning -- Evaluation , Social justice and education -- South Africa , Action research in education -- South Africa , Participant observation -- South Africa , Critical realism , Ethnoscience -- South Africa , Focus groups -- South Africa , Bernstein, Basil
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/145758 , vital:38464
  • Description: This study was designed to investigate the experiences of Second Year Science students who come from rural backgrounds within a Higher Education context. The purpose of the study was to understand the enabling and/or constraining factors that influence the teaching and learning of Second Year Science students who come from rural contexts. Given this purpose, the participants that were considered relevant to answer the question: What are the enabling and constraining factors that influence teaching and learning of second year Science students who come from rural backgrounds at a South African University? were students from rural areas enrolled in the Faculty of Science at the research site, academic teachers and senior leaders’, and roles in providing enabling and/or constraining teaching and learning environment. The phenomenon under investigation was thus, the extent to which the teaching and learning environment, in the field of science, enable or constrain access to the Discourse of science for students who come from rural areas. To generate data, the study used focus group discussions, Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) tools as part of Participatory Action Research (PAR), digital documentaries, as well as academic teachers’ rich descriptions of the rationale for the design and delivery techniques of their modules by means of focus group interviews, as well as curriculum review documents. The purpose of Action Research (AR) in this study was to enable change by way of advancing a self-consciousness, envisaged to yield some action based on the enablements or constraints identified by the participants involved. Archer’s (1995, 1996) analytical dualism was used as the analytical framework to identify the interplay of structural, cultural and agential mechanisms shaping the emergence of, and practices associated with students’ experiences of the science curriculum and academic teachers’ observations of these experiences. Bernstein’s pedagogic device was also used to explain the options that academic teachers have to shape the curriculum, a curriculum that would reflect the experiences of the heterogeneity of the student cohort when designing their course guides, for example. The analysis thus used Archer’s (1995, 1996) Morphogenesis/Morphostasis framework through which change or non-change can be observed over time. The work of Bhaskar (1975, 1979) was important in this regard because it allows us to separate what we see, experience and understand (in the transitive world) from what is independent of our thoughts and experiences (the intransitive world) when conducting scientific enquiry, so that we are able to deduce the ‘real’ factors that enable and constrain the events and experiences being studied. Since there are multiple mechanisms operative that can act to include or exclude students in Science classrooms, particularly those who come from lower class, including those who come from rural areas, this study focuses on curriculum as one mechanism that can be at play in the problem of exclusion. In this study, I argue, the University and its structures like curriculum are not neutral but are historical, cultural, political and social, which is why persistent apartheid legacy and coloniality were seen as playing a role in how the curriculum is designed and thus enacted. This is the reason, a decolonial gaze was adopted in order to engage with social justice issues and in the process tease out the social relations of knowledge practices. A decolonial gaze provided a way to re-describe the structuring of the curriculum and the contradictions it sets up for black students, particularly those who come from lower class backgrounds, including those from rural areas. Findings reveal that the way in which the science curriculum (and/or teaching and learning) is structured, and thus enacted, tends to favour certain worldviews to the exclusion of others. Also, findings show that when students are presented with knowledge that seems completely separate from them, their identities, their heritage, their backgrounds and value systems, accessing that knowledge can seem inordinately difficult. Consequently, students from rural contexts are often alienated, because the “world” they bring and know is often not considered part of the starting point, neither is it seen as relevant when teaching the science curriculum. There is therefore a clear need to bring something ‘from home’ into our teaching as a means of reassuring students that all is not foreign and that what they already know is valuable.
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Passphrase and keystroke dynamics authentication: security and usability

  • Authors: Bhana, Bhaveer
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Computer security -- Management , Computers -- Access control -- Codewords , Computers -- Access control -- Keystroke timing authentication , Entropy (Information theory)
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146663 , vital:38546
  • Description: It was found that employees spend a total 2.25 days within a 60 day period on password related activities. Another study found that over 85 days an average user will create 25 accounts with an average of 6.5 unique passwords. These numbers are expected to increase over time as more systems become available. In addition, the use of 6.5 unique passwords highlight that passwords are being reused which creates security concerns as multiple systems will be accessible by an unauthorised party if one of these passwords is leaked. Current user authentication solutions either increase security or usability. When security increases, usability decreases, or vice versa. To add to this, stringent security protocols encourage unsecure behaviours by the user such as writing the password down on a piece of paper to remember it. It was found that passphrases require less cognitive effort than passwords and because passphrases are stronger than passwords, they don’t need to be changed as frequently as passwords. This study aimed to assess a two-tier user authentication solution that increases security and usability. The proposed solution uses passphrases in conjunction with keystroke dynamics to address this research problem. The design science research approach was used to guide this study. The study’s theoretical foundation includes three theories. The Shannon entropy formula was used to calculate the strength of passwords, passphrases and keystroke dynamics. The chunking theory assisted in assessing password and passphrase memorisation issues and the keystroke-level model was used to assess password and passphrase typing issues. Two primary data collection methods were used to evaluate the findings and to ensure that gaps in the research were filled. A login assessment experiment collected data on user authentication and user-system interaction for passwords and passphrases. Plus, an expert review was conducted to verify findings and assess the research artefact in the form of a model. The model can be used to assist with the implementation of a two-tier user authentication solution which involves passphrases and keystroke dynamics. There are a number of components that need to be considered to realise the benefits of this solution and ensure successful implementation.
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Perceptions of the sugar-sweetened beverage tax in South Africa: a comparative study

  • Authors: Jankeeparsad, Thanesha Reddy
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Soft drinks -- Taxation -- South Africa , Carbonated drinks -- Taxation -- South Africa , Soft drinks -- Health aspects , College students -- South Africa -- Attitudes
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MCom
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142324 , vital:38070
  • Description: This exploratory, comparative study aimed to investigate perceptions of the participants in the study in South Africa regarding the tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The study further aimed to compare these perceptions with perceptions identified in selected foreign jurisdictions that have levied the tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. A voluntary, paper-based, anonymous survey questionnaire that included both closed- and open-ended questions was selected as the primary method of data collection. This questionnaire was administered to post-graduate Bachelor of Commerce Accounting and Postgraduate Diploma in Accounting students, aged twenty-one years and older, studying at three residential universities in South Africa, during the 2018 academic year. An extensive analysis of literature available on sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, both locally and internationally, was conducted. The two main constructs (construct 1: perception of the sugar-sweetened beverage tax and the price of sugar-sweetened beverages and construct 2: the social impact of the sugarsweetened beverage tax) were then analysed using descriptive statistics. This study found that there is a significant association between gender and perception that the sugary beverage levy will be beneficial to health, with female perceptions of the benefit of the sugary beverage levy being greater than that of males. Respondents appear to have a positive perception of the sugary beverages levy, understand the sugary beverage levy, as well as the health benefits that will be derived from the levy. Respondents supported the tax on sugar-sweetened beverages if the revenue generated was used to improve the health care system and if the price of healthy foods decreased. Female respondents were found to drink fewer sugarsweetened beverages than male respondents, but females reported higher sugar-sweetened beverage consumption during stressful periods. The current study can possibly provide policy makers with more information regarding acceptance of the sugar-sweetened beverage tax and shape guidelines for future amendments of the tax imposed.
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Performance of an integrated algal pond for treatment of domestic sewage: a process audit

  • Authors: Dube, Anele
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Water -- Purification , Sewage -- Purification -- Anaerobic treatment , Algae -- Biotechnology , Waste disposal -- South Africa , Integrated algae pond systems (IAPS)
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/167043 , vital:41432
  • Description: Integrated algae pond systems (IAPS) are energy efficient, robust, passive systems that use the principles of fermentation, photosynthesis and microbial metabolism to remediate wastewater, producing a good quality effluent with reuse potential. In addition to the treatment of wastewater, IAPS have the ability to generate two additional product streams viz. biogas and biomass. The latter adds to the attractiveness of the system. However, the implementation of this technology, like many passive systems, has remained limited at a commercial scale, and the inclination is still towards grey technologies. The aim of this research was to investigate the capabilities and potential of a demonstration-scale IAPS and use results obtained to establish a process audit framework. The aspects considered for the audit included performance efficiency, effluent water quality, biomass composition, quantity and productivity within the ponds, and cost analysis of operation and maintenance over a 9-year period. Plant performance was closely monitored during the course of the study and this led to a review of previously adopted plant management strategies. Troubleshooting exercises were also carried out when plant performance declined. Results showed that IAPS efficiently reduced standard water parameters with the exception of pH, dissolved oxygen, and nitrate whose values increased from raw influent to final effluent. The following water quality parameters were established for the final effluent: total suspended solids 55 ± 7.1 mg. L-1 (n = 28); chemical oxygen demand 94.1 ± 10.6 mg. L-1 (n = 28) (after removal of algae); pH 9.9 ± 0.01 (n = 26); ammonium nitrogen 1.7 ± 0.3 mg. L-1 (n = 25); nitrate 3.3 ± 0.6 mg. L-1 (n = 25); ortho-phosphate 1.6 ± 0.2 mg. L-1 (n = 25); electrical conductivity 98.7 ± 2.0 mS m-1 (n = 26) and faecal coliforms (per 100 mL) 1482.6 ± 636.0 (n = 24). The final effluent measured consistently high chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids, however close analysis showed that total suspended solids could be controlled by increasing the frequency of removal of settled biomass within the settling ponds. Biomass produced contained microalgae, bacteria, metazoa, and protozoa. The biomass productivity achieved was as high as 130.6 kg ha-1 d-1; however, about 33% was lost to the final effluent due to inadequate settling. Results obtained during the course of this study and outcomes of earlier work on IAPS are taken as the baseline to determine parameters needed for the development of the process audit framework. Techniques utilised to derive the blue print process audit protocol for IAPS included a turtle diagram, a flow diagram and a checklist. Attention to plant management proved vital in determining overall performance. Cost, including operating and maintenance, of treating water using the demonstration scale system on a per person equivalent per year basis was determined as ZAR 123.87 (where, ZAR to USD = 0.07).
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Performance, functionalism and form in Ịzọn oral poety

  • Authors: Armstrong, Imomotimi
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Ijo (African people , Ijo language , Folk poetry, Ijo , Folk poetry -- Nigeria
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/140641 , vital:37906
  • Description: Since the publication of Ruth Finnegan’s influential Oral Literature in Africa, way back in 1970, scholars have been paying earnest attention to oral traditions on the African continent. That seminal book pointed out to Africanist scholars the need to urgently collect and document the oral literatures of their various ethnic groups before they die out. However, it is the verbal arts of the major ethnic groups on the continent that very often benefit from this collection and documentation, as it were. Therefore, this study sought to examine the oral poetry of the Ịzọn, a minority ethnic nationality, located in the oil-rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The study employed unstructured interviews and participant observations to collect the data for the research. The transcribed and translated data was examined through three eclectic theories to the study of folklore: Russian formalism, performance and functionalism. The study found out that Ịzọn oral poetry is a combination of songs and one person’s praise chants. Moreover, it revealed that praise chanting is a recent practice amongst the Ịzọn that was introduced into Ịzọnland by Chief Adolphus Munamuna from the Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria. Furthermore, the study established that oral poetry plays important roles amongst the people. Besides, it ascertained that the performance of some sub-categories of the poetry is highly dramatic and theatrical. It also discovered that stylistic techniques such as formula, parallelism, proverb, ideophone, praise title, metaphor, repetition, alliteration, assonance, vowel lengthening, amongst others, give the poetry the quality of “literariness.” In addition, the study found out that the poetry, like oral poetry in other ethnic groups, demonstrates the three qualities of change, adaptability and survival. The study has contributed to existing scholarship on African oral traditions in the sense of collecting, documenting and generating awareness on Ịzọn oral poetry, most importantly pointing out the existence of praise chanting amongst a people who had no such culture and the conditions that gave rise to that practice.
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Petits récits: creative perspectives of Chinese encounters in Zambia

  • Authors: Mwaba, Stary
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Personal narratives , Lyotard, Jean-François, 1924-1998 , Art and society -- Zambia , Social practice (Art) -- Zambia , Art and globalization -- Zambia , China -- Relations -- Zambia , Storytelling in art , Colonization in art
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MFA
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146355 , vital:38518
  • Description: This mini-thesis, which supports my MFA exhibition Black Mountain, articulates on-the- ground creative perspectives of the Zambia-China discourse, through the representation of little narratives - les petits récits - connected to personal experiences. Through my creative production as an artist, I respond to perceptions of the Chinese presence in Africa. I utilize historical and contemporary personal narratives to complicate existing perceptions of Chinese presence in my home context of Zambia. “Petit récits”, or “little narratives”, in Francois Lyotard’s term, refers to personal stories of individuals that subvert dominant master-narratives and their legitimization in social-cultural structure. In the case of China’s presence in Zambia, I refer to the dichotomized narratives in the media as metanarratives which pay little attention to the people on the ground and propose the approach of “little narratives” to foreground the lived experiences of Zambians who have individual encounters with Chinese in various social spaces. By employing the narratives of my family members through installations, paintings, and drawings, I intervene in a broader China-Africa discourse that is often driven by economics and politics, and I attach importance to the little narratives. In my thesis I divide my material into three chapters; each chapter grows out of an encounter with the presence of China (and Chinese people) in Zambia in relation to the very personal narratives of family members - Zoë my daughter, my grandma, and Ngolo my cousin. The first chapter focuses on my work Chinese Cabbage as my entry point to this topic, which is based on a school experiment I did with my daughter Zoë. In this chapter I also discuss the current discourses around China’s presence. Chapter two revisits the Zambian-Chinese historical encounters in memory of my grandma’s insaka stories about the construction of TAZARA Railway, and thus my works discussed in this chapter attach importance to the individual engagements from a historical perspective. Chapter three discusses in particular the controversial issues around Black Mountain and the works inspired by my cousin Ngolo’s stories of mining in Black Mountain and dealing with the Chinese traders.
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Petrographic and geochemical characterisation of the hangingwall and the footwall rocks (the Dipeta and R.A.T. stratigraphic units) to the Kinsevere and Nambulwa copper ore deposits of the Lufilian Arc, southern Democratic Republic of Congo

  • Authors: Nkulu, Robert Kankomba
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Petrogenesis -- Congo (Democratic Republic) , Analytical geochemistry -- Congo (Democratic Republic) , Copper ores -- Congo (Democratic Republic) , Ore deposits -- Congo (Democratic Republic) , Katangan Sequence , Geological mapping -- Congo (Democratic Republic) , Central African Copperbelt (Congo and Zambia) , Lufilian Arc , Neoproterozoic Katangan R.A.T. (Roches Argilo Talqueuse) Subgroup , Dipeta Subgroup
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142772 , vital:38115
  • Description: The Kinsevere and Nambulwa copper deposits in the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.) are set in the eastern side of the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup, forming the Lufilian Arc, resulting from a cratonic collision between the Congo and the Kalahari Cratons (ca.620-570_Ma). The Katanga Supergroup was deposited in an extensional rift setting with a sedimentary thickness succession ranging between 7 to 10 km, sub-divided into: − the Roan, the Nguba and the Kundelungu Groups. The stratigraphic column of the Roan Group consists of the R.A.T. (Roche Argilo Talqueuse), the Mines, the Dipeta and the Mwashya Subgroups. Three major deformation phases have been described characterised by complex multiphase tectonics related to a curved superposition of folded, thrust and sheared blocks. The rocks of the R.A.T., Mines and Dipeta Subgroups are recognised as blocks that occur within a stratiform to discordant and diapiritic megabreccia. The blocks were rafted upward with salt tectonics, resulting in the juxtaposition with the hangingwall and the footwall terranes. Therefore, in that context it has been found that the Dipeta may appear overlying the R.A.T. Subgroup through the unconformity decollement surface of heterogeneous breccia. The petrographic observations made of the R.A.T. and Dipeta samples indicates in both units the presence of detrital quartz and feldspar that have been altered and replaced by sericite and muscovite minerals. Gypsum is intimately associated with magnesite, showing an evaporitic environment domain, while magnesite is common as alteration phase both in the R.A.T. and Dipeta Subgroups. Pyrophyllite has been observed in the Dipeta, resulting from reaction of silica with the Kaolinite at low temperature. Accessory detrital minerals include zircon, as well as xenotime intergrown with altered Fe-Ti-oxide hematite, forming complex textures with disseminated Ti-oxides both in R.A.T. and Dipeta units. Major and trace element geochemistry indicates that the Dipeta is more dolomitic and magnesite while the R.A.T. is clay-rich. The Ti2O value of Dipeta and R.A.T samples is relatively low, ranging between 0.36 and 0.69 wt.% respectively, which suggest highly evolved felsic material in the protolith. This is consistent with interpretation based on the Al2O3/TiO2 ratio, which ranges between 18 and 23 for the R.A.T. and Dipeta respectively, indicating an intermediate to felsic granitoids as the protolith of R.A.T. and Dipeta siltstones. The Ti/Zr ratio of R.A.T. and Dipeta samples of less than 10, while, the higher La/Sc ratio of between 2.6 and 5.5 (for the R.A.T. and Dipeta respectively) indicate that both the R.A.T. and Dipeta are active continental and passive margin tectonic setting. Based on the geochemical variation with depth across the R.A.T. and Dipeta and their contact zone, a geochemical fingerprinting suggests that the ratio TiO2/Al2O3 appears to be useful and could be considered as a stratigraphic geochemical maker able to discriminate the R.A.T. and the Dipeta Subgroups during the geological mapping.
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Petrography, metamorphism, deformation and P-T conditions in the western arm of the Lufilian Arc - Zambezi, north-western Zambia

  • Authors: Chilekwa, Mwango
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Petrogenesis -- Zambia -- Zambezi District , Metamorphism (Geology) -- Zambia -- Zambezi District , Petrology -- Zambia -- Zambezi District , Formations (Geology) -- Zambia -- Zambezi District , Rock deformation -- Zambia -- Zambezi District , Lufilian Arc , Neoproterozoic Katangan R.A.T. (Roches Argilo Talqueuse) Subgroup
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/161971 , vital:40699
  • Description: The Zambezi area in north-western Zambia is underlain by Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup and older, Archean to Mesoproterozoic Basement Supergroup rocks. The area lies within the Domes Region, which is a structural domain of the Lufilian Arc. The stratigraphic succession within Zambezi area is dominated by the Grand Conglomerate Formation (GC) and Mwashia Group which are the most extensive units, and the less abundant Lower and Upper Roan Groups of the Katanga Supergroup. They wrap around the domal Basement Supergroup units. The mineral assemblage of the Mwashia and the GC schists commonly contains garnet, anthophyllite and biotite. GC rocks show remnants of primary structures such as clasts and sedimentary features. Anthophyllite, garnet and biotite are the dominant Mg-Fe rich metamorphic minerals. However, these are iron rich for each mineral phase and has been attributed to iron rich protoliths. The earliest recognised deformation episode (D1) formed NE-SW S1 foliations within GC which is consistent with the regional structural trend in the western Lufilian Arc. S1 was later affected by D2 that generated downward facing F2 folds and S2 foliations. The other associated feature to D2 is garnet that grew as the result of pro-grade metamorphism. The D3 deformation fabric is not developed and did not affect much of the structural geometry of the Zambezi area. The peak assemblages of the Basement Supergroup and the Katanga Supergroup formed at mid-amphibolite facies conditions of 590 °C and 630 °C at an average pressure of 4.0 kbar. The Basement Supergroup has undergone retrograde metamorphism to greenschist facies condition indicated by presence of chlorite and also determined by biotite-anorthite isopleth in THERIAK DOMINO. At the eastern part of Zambezi area, the Katanga Supergroup rocks were retrogressed in the upper greenschist facies at about ~470°C and ~4.0 kbar due to isobaric cooling.
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Photo-physicochemical characterization and in vitro Photodynamic Therapy Activity of Phthalocyanine-Graphene Quantum Dots Conjugates

  • Authors: Nene, Lindokuhle Cindy
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Photochemotherapy , Cancer -- Chemotherapy , Quantum dots , Graphene , Nanomedicine
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/140463 , vital:37891
  • Description: This thesis reports on the preparation of several differently substituted Zn(II) phthalocyanine (Pc) complexes and their respective graphene quantum dots (GQDs) conjugates. In addition, Pc complexes substituted with biologically active molecules used in cancer therapeutics, namely: benzothiazole and morpholine, were also prepared and conjugated to GQDs. The photo-physicochemical properties were determined for both the complexes and their respective conjugates including the fluorescence/ triplet quantum yields and lifetimes as well as the singlet oxygen generating abilities. Upon conjugation to GQDs, the fluorescence of the Pc complexes decreased (insignificant decrease in some cases), with an increase in the triplet quantum yields. However, the singlet quantum yields of the Pcs in the conjugates did not show an increase with the increase in the triplet quantum yields. This is suspected to be due to the screening effect. The cytotoxicity of the complexes in vitro decreased upon conjugation, as a result of reduced actual number of Pc units provided in the conjugate for therapy. An increase in the efficacy upon quaternization was observed, and a relatively better performance was also observed for the cationic complex in combination with the biotin- functionalized GQDs, 7-GQDs-Biotin. Moreover, the cellular uptake of 7-GQDs-Biotin over 24 h was relatively high compared to complexes alone and other Pcs-GQDs conjugates.
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Photocatalysis of 4-chloro and 4-nonylphenols using novel symmetric phthalocyanines and asymmetric porphyrin supported on polyacrylonitrite nanofibres

  • Authors: Jones, Benjamin Martin
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Nanoparticles , Phthalocyanines , Electrospinning , Porphyrins , Nanofibers , Photocatalysis , Photocatalysis -- Environmental aspects
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/164770 , vital:41163
  • Description: This work explores the synthesis and characterisation of novel symmetrical phthalocyanines and novel asymmetric porphyrins that have been embedded or linked respectively,and electrospun into fibres for application in the photocatalysis of environmental pollutants. The phthalocyanines contain pyrrole moieties without hetero atom linkers to maintain a rigid structure. The porphyrin contains a carboxy moiety utilized to construct an amide bond between the complex and the polymer prior to the spinning process. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (HNMR)Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), MALDI-TOF and UV-vis spectroscopy. The general trends of fluorescence, triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields are described as well as their appropriate lifetimes. The photocatalytic activity of phthalocyanine embedded fibres were compared against those that had been dyed. Unfortunately, during the degradation process, the dyed fibres leeched compound and the studies could not be continued. It was seen that the porphyrin fibres linked to the polymer showed the most efficient photocatalytic activity against 4-cholorphenol and 4-nonylphenol due to irradiation at lower wavelengths consequently having higher frequencies and transferring more energy.
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Poor whites and the post-apartheid labour market: a study of perceptions and experiences of work among residents in a homeless shelter in Johannesburg

  • Authors: Wollnik, Nadjeschda
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Poor whites -- South Africa , Poor whites -- South Africa -- Atitudes , Shelters for the homeless -- South Africa , Unemployed -- South Africa -- Attitudes , Unemployed -- South Africa , South Africa -- Social conditions -- 1994- , South Africa -- Economic conditions -- 1991-
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSocSci
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148540 , vital:38748
  • Description: Despite historical precedents, poverty among white people in South Africa remains an anomaly and a paradox. Likewise, the perceptions of work and employment among poor (under- and unemployed) whites in contemporary South Africa have received scant attention in the scholarly literature. Using the conceptual frameworks of critical whiteness studies and segmented labour market theory – as a way of combining subjective and objective considerations – this research seeks to describe and explain the perceptions and experiences of the labour market among poor whites living in a homeless shelter in Johannesburg. Eight respondents were chosen for extended, in-depth interviews in an effort to develop a fine-grained understanding of the pre-existing circumstances that affected their access to information and thus shaped their choices in the labour market, as well as to ascertain what they believed to be the barriers that they face in the labour market. The findings varied, with most of the interviewees seeing ‘being white’ as the reason for their poverty and unemployment, while others exhibited some awareness of the role of their lack of skills and qualifications in their capacity to compete in higher segments of the labour market. The findings were also varied in the sense that not all interviewees experienced poverty in the same manner, with some having been part of the middle class prior to becoming poor, while others having been poor their entire lives. It was also found that class or socio-economic status seemed to have a greater impact than race on the labour market prospects of the interviewees. It is argued that the perceptions of these poor whites, which are informed by their lack of information about the workings of the labour market, rather than their lack of qualifications or their race, most affected their prospects in the labour market. The mechanisms they rely on when seeking employment reveal a poor knowledge of the local labour market and the ways in which they think their skillsets match up to the types of jobs they desire. The lack of understanding of the South African labour market and the policies that are in place to redress the legacies of apartheid are among the factors influencing the lack of success these poor whites are experiencing in their search for work.
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Post release evaluation of the distribution and efficacy of Eccritotarsus catarinensis and Eccritotarsus eichhorniae on Pontederia crassipes in South Africa

  • Authors: Maseko, Zolile
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Water hyacinth -- Biological control -- South Africa , Weeds -- Biological control -- South Africa , Miridae -- South Africa , Insects as biological pest control agents -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/143046 , vital:38196
  • Description: Biological control involves the release of new species into the environment and therefore, needs to be carefully monitored through post-release assessments which have been largely neglected in the science. Post-release evaluations of biological control programmes reveal whether the control agent has established and if it impacts weed demography, while cost-benefit analyses require a different set of data that show the magnitude on return on investment. The biological control effort on Pontederia crassipes in South Africa uses, amongst others, two species of mirid, Eccritotarsus catarinensis and E. eichhorniae. Initially, they were released as a single species, but were recently divided using molecular techniques. Eccritotarsus catarinensis was released in 1999, and E. eichhorniae in 2007. After many releases over two decades, there was need to assess where each species was established in the country. Molecular techniques proved to be valuable in identifying the two species as they are morphologically indistinguishable in the field. Therefore, molecular techniques should be routinely used for screening biocontrol agents, whether new or as re-introductions. Annual surveys of the mirid release sites around South Africa were undertaken between 2016 and 2019. At each site both insect and plant parameters were measured. Only E. catarinensis is established in the field in South Africa despite the multiple releases of E. eichhorniae at over 70 sites across the country, and E. catarinensis has established at only 22 of the 45 release sites accessed during this study. This thesis tested climate, interaction with other agents already on P. crassipes, and direct competition between the two mirid species as reasons for the lack of establishment of E. eichhorniae. The results of the country-wide surveys showed that climate and water trophic status were the major determinants in the establishment of E. catarinensis. Most of the establishment was recorded in the warmer regions of the country, however, a few populations of the mirid also established in cooler areas, thus demonstrating a degree of thermal plasticity, and possible microclimates as the mirids persisted at sites shaded by riparian vegetation. Stochastic events such as active herbicide campaigns, winter frosts, droughts and floods were responsible for the absence of the mirid at some sites. At some of the eutrophic sites, despite the abundance of E. catarinensis, plants still proliferated as the water trophic status facilitated plant growth, thus, plants were able to compensate for the damage inflicted by the mirid. A more intensive, monthly, post-release evaluation was conducted on the Kubusi River, Eastern Cape Province between 2016 and 2019. This is regarded as one of the cooler water hyacinth sites. Populations of biological control agents at this site fluctuated seasonally. At this site, cold winters caused frosting of the leaves of P. crassipes with the exception of plants growing under overhanging vegetation that provided a refuge for the mirid. But, cool temperatures in the winter months (May to August) severely reduced the populations of E. catarinensis that required a long recovery phase in spring. The consequence of this was that the plants grew unchecked from the onset of the growing season forming dense mats. Of the four agents at the Kubusi River site, Eccritotarsus catarinensis recovered slowest after winter, with lag phases ranging from two months to several months of the three-year period. The release of a suite of agents has implications on the agents themselves, where interactions between the agents can be important. Interactions between pairs and even multiple agents can have implications for biocontrol, where agents are either complimentary or interfere with each other. In this case, because E. catarinensis recovered the slowest of the four agents at the site, plants were of a poor quality by mid-summer resulting in low mirid populations. Competition in weed biological control could be expected to be strongest between pairs of agents that share the same niche, and this could be the reason why E. eichhorniae failed to establish at sites where E. catarinensis had already been established for several years. When the two mirids were combined in manipulated trials in a polytunnel, populations were lower compared to when the two mirids occurred separately. Under warm conditions, it is likely that E. eichhorniae would be the superior agent compared to E. catarinensis. The evaluations discussed in this thesis highlighted gaps in agent release methodology in multispecies settings, as well as the need for strategic augmentation pre- and post-winter. It is important to release agents that will complement each other rather than compete, therefore, when releasing agents in a multispecies setting, niche differentiation needs to be considered. Here it is concluded that the best practice for dealing with the mirids is that they should be released individually, and at sites that have no other biological control agents in order to ultimately assess their efficacy. Landscape level, long-term monitoring of biological control programmes shows the impact of the control programme at a broader scale and, are far more informative than short-term studies and at fewer sites. Long-term post-release evaluations should be mandatory in biological control programmes. Furthermore, these assessments will help develop new strategies or improve on existing ones, thus achieve greater success in control.
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Post-apartheid nostalgia and the future of the black visual archive

  • Authors: Nsele, Zamansele Nsikakazi Busisiwe
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Nostalgia in art , Memory in art , Africa -- In art , Africans in art , Fanon, Frantz, 1925-1961. Peau noire, masques blancs. English , South Africa -- In art , Black people in art
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/167177 , vital:41444
  • Description: The implications of nostalgia often strike a discordant note in post-apartheid discourse and this has opened up critical possibilities for research scholarship. For instance, Jacob Dlamini’s memoir Native Nostalgia entered the discursive fray in 2009, and it was subsequently followed by Derek Hook’s psychoanalytical approach in (Post) apartheid Conditions: Psychoanalysis and Social Formation in 2014. Notably, there is not yet a sustained and intensive research focus that has been conducted on post-apartheid forms of nostalgia within the discipline of art history and visual culture. I present this dissertation as a response to this gap. This thesis identifies mainly two competing nostalgias in post-apartheid South Africa. Through the analysis of selected artwork and media imagery, this dissertation critiques the connections of these nostalgias to the representation of the black figure in post-apartheid visual culture and the implications thereof. I argue that nostalgias for an apartheid-colonial-imperialist past operate through erasure and in the sanitisation of memory and as a result they render suffering indiscernible or in a sadomasochistic way consumes suffering as enjoyable. This thesis simultaneously critiques art work and visual representation that responds to South Africa’s nostalgia for the future: a restorative nostalgia that has emerged in the form of “rainbow nationalism”. This is a form of nostalgia that is underpinned by a dogged commitment to triumphalism and as a result erases the ongoing scenes of abjection. I use nostalgia and Afropessimism as analytical frameworks to argue that both real and visual representational forces work in tandem to restrain the future and this, I suggest is fulfilled by the transference of the black body from one state of unfreedom to next, resonating with a cyclical pattern. Frantz Fanon’s (1967) Black Skin White Mask forms the conceptual bedrock of my study, particularly his visual layout of “negrophobogenesis” and colonial temporality, which he describes as a “hellish cycle” or as an “infernal cycle” wherein the past overwhelms the present and ideas of the future.
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