Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi persist in dying Euphorbia ingens trees
- Vivas, M, Crous, C J, Dames, Joanna F, van der Linde, J A, Coetzee, M P A, Roux, J
- Authors: Vivas, M , Crous, C J , Dames, Joanna F , van der Linde, J A , Coetzee, M P A , Roux, J
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/440465 , vital:73784 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.12.009
- Description: Forest declines have been reported with increasing regularity during the last decade and are expected to increase due to the ongoing environmental changes. During adverse environmental conditions, plant symbioses with mycorrhizas can help to reduce plant stress. Mycorrhizas are symbiotic associations between fungi and roots of living plants. Plants offer carbohydrates to the fungus and the fungus improves the acquisition of nutrients and water to the plant. Specifically, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are the most abundant mycorrhizas. In South Africa, there are increasing reports describing the decline of native Euphorbia ingens trees. This study analysed the presence and abundance of AM fungal colonisation in the roots of E. ingens trees, and the number of AM fungal spores in the surrounding soil, with the aim to improve the understanding of the rapid decline of these trees. AM fungal colonisation and spores in relation to the soil properties were also analysed. Soil and root samples were collected from different rates of declining E. ingens trees at three sites in South Africa. AM fungal colonisation of the roots was assessed and fungal spores in the surrounding soil were enumerated. Soil phosphorus, mineral nitrogen and pH were analysed from the soil samples. The results showed that AM fungi are associated with E. ingens trees. AM abundance was influenced by site specific properties and not by E. ingens health. Moreover, the level of soil NO3− and soil texture significantly influenced AM colonisation in roots and the number of spores enumerated. These preliminary findings provide background information for further research into the large-scale decline of E. ingens populations in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Vivas, M , Crous, C J , Dames, Joanna F , van der Linde, J A , Coetzee, M P A , Roux, J
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/440465 , vital:73784 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.12.009
- Description: Forest declines have been reported with increasing regularity during the last decade and are expected to increase due to the ongoing environmental changes. During adverse environmental conditions, plant symbioses with mycorrhizas can help to reduce plant stress. Mycorrhizas are symbiotic associations between fungi and roots of living plants. Plants offer carbohydrates to the fungus and the fungus improves the acquisition of nutrients and water to the plant. Specifically, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are the most abundant mycorrhizas. In South Africa, there are increasing reports describing the decline of native Euphorbia ingens trees. This study analysed the presence and abundance of AM fungal colonisation in the roots of E. ingens trees, and the number of AM fungal spores in the surrounding soil, with the aim to improve the understanding of the rapid decline of these trees. AM fungal colonisation and spores in relation to the soil properties were also analysed. Soil and root samples were collected from different rates of declining E. ingens trees at three sites in South Africa. AM fungal colonisation of the roots was assessed and fungal spores in the surrounding soil were enumerated. Soil phosphorus, mineral nitrogen and pH were analysed from the soil samples. The results showed that AM fungi are associated with E. ingens trees. AM abundance was influenced by site specific properties and not by E. ingens health. Moreover, the level of soil NO3− and soil texture significantly influenced AM colonisation in roots and the number of spores enumerated. These preliminary findings provide background information for further research into the large-scale decline of E. ingens populations in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Archie Mafeje and the question of philosophy as a liberatory discourse
- Authors: Dladla, Thabang
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Philosophy, African Eurocentrism Liberty
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12160 , vital:39192
- Description: This dissertation seeks to articulate a liberatory conception of philosophy which interprets reality on its own terms. It is an attempt to intervene in the practice of philosophy in South Africa, which has continued along colonial lines expressed through the marginality of African philosophy up to the present, to the general neglect of the unjust and divisive social reality that defines South Africa. It is our argument that such a continuity is indicative of outstanding liberation on the part of the indigenous people conquered in the unjust wars of colonisation. Our main task then is to struggle for this liberation at the epistemic level with Archie Mafeje, through an examination of his intellectual works and life as a revolutionary intellectual, as an inspiration and an instance of a liberatory practice of philosophy. We draw on the work of Archie Mafeje to elaborate and defend his account of African Philosophy, as a historically specific expression of the liberatory struggle of Africans against unjust Euro-centric colonial domination. This shall be achieved in three instances. In the first instance, Chapter 1, we trace the history of institutionalised philosophy in South Africa outlining Eurocentrism and mimesis as its defining features. In the second instance, Chapter 2, a history of contemporary African philosophy is outlined as emanative from the question concerning the existence of African philosophy, of which mainstream South African philosophy has largely been ignorant. In the final instance, Chapter 3 and 4, a liberatory practice of philosophy is presented, as a necessary response to this context, with Mafeje’s account of African philosophy defended as such an instance. The birth of the Azanian Philosophical Society is also presented as such an instance and as a challenge to the unchallenged hegemony of white philosophy in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Dladla, Thabang
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Philosophy, African Eurocentrism Liberty
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12160 , vital:39192
- Description: This dissertation seeks to articulate a liberatory conception of philosophy which interprets reality on its own terms. It is an attempt to intervene in the practice of philosophy in South Africa, which has continued along colonial lines expressed through the marginality of African philosophy up to the present, to the general neglect of the unjust and divisive social reality that defines South Africa. It is our argument that such a continuity is indicative of outstanding liberation on the part of the indigenous people conquered in the unjust wars of colonisation. Our main task then is to struggle for this liberation at the epistemic level with Archie Mafeje, through an examination of his intellectual works and life as a revolutionary intellectual, as an inspiration and an instance of a liberatory practice of philosophy. We draw on the work of Archie Mafeje to elaborate and defend his account of African Philosophy, as a historically specific expression of the liberatory struggle of Africans against unjust Euro-centric colonial domination. This shall be achieved in three instances. In the first instance, Chapter 1, we trace the history of institutionalised philosophy in South Africa outlining Eurocentrism and mimesis as its defining features. In the second instance, Chapter 2, a history of contemporary African philosophy is outlined as emanative from the question concerning the existence of African philosophy, of which mainstream South African philosophy has largely been ignorant. In the final instance, Chapter 3 and 4, a liberatory practice of philosophy is presented, as a necessary response to this context, with Mafeje’s account of African philosophy defended as such an instance. The birth of the Azanian Philosophical Society is also presented as such an instance and as a challenge to the unchallenged hegemony of white philosophy in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Art topples monuments: artistic practice and colonial/postcolonial relations in the public space of Luanda
- Authors: Siegert, Nadine
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/147014 , vital:38585
- Description: Even though there have been very few modern and contemporary artworks in the urban space of Luanda in the years after independence in 1975—and especially after the end of the civil war in 2002—there are two works by Angolan artists that are of particular interest: the sculpture Mitologias II (1984) by António Ole (b. 1951) and the photographic series Redefining the Power (2011) by Kiluanji Kia Henda (b. 1978). Both works address the possibility of using contemporary art as a symbolic form of the replacement of power, since both are built on pedestals that had previously supported monuments of Portuguese colonial power. They might, therefore, be read as a form of substitution for monuments that would commemorate and celebrate independence or the end of colonialism. This article also discusses whether these two artworks can also be regarded as counter-monuments and this contributes to the discourse on the visual and material culture of Lusophone Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Siegert, Nadine
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/147014 , vital:38585
- Description: Even though there have been very few modern and contemporary artworks in the urban space of Luanda in the years after independence in 1975—and especially after the end of the civil war in 2002—there are two works by Angolan artists that are of particular interest: the sculpture Mitologias II (1984) by António Ole (b. 1951) and the photographic series Redefining the Power (2011) by Kiluanji Kia Henda (b. 1978). Both works address the possibility of using contemporary art as a symbolic form of the replacement of power, since both are built on pedestals that had previously supported monuments of Portuguese colonial power. They might, therefore, be read as a form of substitution for monuments that would commemorate and celebrate independence or the end of colonialism. This article also discusses whether these two artworks can also be regarded as counter-monuments and this contributes to the discourse on the visual and material culture of Lusophone Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Artisanal mining and its contribution to sustainable rural livelihoods : a case of Esigodini area, Umzingwane rural district, Matabeleland South Province of Zimbabwe
- Authors: Nkala, Khayelihle
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Mineral industries Rural poor Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15551 , vital:40458
- Description: This study examined the contribution of artisanal mining to the livelihoods of rural communities. Artisanal mining has over the past decade been taken up by rural communities as an alternative of sustaining their livelihoods due to the collapse of agriculture due to the successive droughts, economic meltdown and the general failure of the fast track land reform program. Hence this study sought to fill this knowledge gap using Esigodini as a case. The study made use of focus group discussions, interviews and documents review to gather information on how artisanal mining activities have contributed to the livelihoods of rural communities. Although artisanal mining has its negative impacts to the environment it does contribute to the livelihoods of communities, as the findings of the study reveal that the Esigodini community has benefited from improved socio-economic activities as a result of the practice.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Nkala, Khayelihle
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Mineral industries Rural poor Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15551 , vital:40458
- Description: This study examined the contribution of artisanal mining to the livelihoods of rural communities. Artisanal mining has over the past decade been taken up by rural communities as an alternative of sustaining their livelihoods due to the collapse of agriculture due to the successive droughts, economic meltdown and the general failure of the fast track land reform program. Hence this study sought to fill this knowledge gap using Esigodini as a case. The study made use of focus group discussions, interviews and documents review to gather information on how artisanal mining activities have contributed to the livelihoods of rural communities. Although artisanal mining has its negative impacts to the environment it does contribute to the livelihoods of communities, as the findings of the study reveal that the Esigodini community has benefited from improved socio-economic activities as a result of the practice.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Aspects Allocentristes de l’Humanisme dans l’Univers Romanesque de Williams Sassine
- Authors: Dami, Emmanuel Naancin
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sassine, Williams, 1944-1997 -- Criticism and interpretation , Guinean fiction (French) -- 20th century -- History and criticism , Humanism in literature , Human beings in literature , Postcolonialism in literature , Existentialism in literature
- Language: French , English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61957 , vital:28089
- Description: The human being, his behaviour and more importantly, his very essence have, for time immemorial, proven to be enigmatic to many a man and to researchers in particular. Consequently, the need for a thorough and more profound understanding of man has made him the epicentre of epistemic investigations across many academic disciplines. This, unfortunately, does not seem to have shaded bright lights on the grey areas bordering on his nature to his behavior. This, in turn, opens up other windows requiring further probes. For instance, proponents of the Neo-classical economic school contend that the human being is homo oeconomicus. This implies that man is intrinsically egocentric and a rational being whose decisions are based on informed choices driven by his urge for maximal utility geared towards his personal satisfaction (O’Boyle 2009; Caruso 2012). This stance invalidates man’s ability to do ‘disinterested good’ in any form. African francophone literature is replete with different and diverse images of man, his behaviour and existential conditions: sufferings and struggles. It, therefore, constitutes, inter alia, a laboratory in which researchers undertake investigative endeavours. This thesis beams its floodlights on the allocentric aspects of humanism in the novels of Williams Sassine. Thus, using the phenomenological and ‘clavieniste’ lenses as overarching operational theories, the thesis investigates Sassine’s novels with the view to shading a ray of light on the ‘humanistic man’ especially the allocentric dimensions of his nature and comportment. Emphasis is laid on the motives and motivations underlying the individual and the in-group struggle of the sassinien heroes in the emancipation of their society from the shackles of colonial and postcolonial domination, exploitation and subjugation resulting in self-determination and the subsequent disenchantment. Furthermore, the thesis examines the nature and character of human charity, generosity and sacrifices among the characters in the novels. In conclusion, the thesis establishes, through an x-ray of the nature of actions and decisions of certain characters in the novels, the examination of the conscious and subconscious intentions underlying these same actions and decisions which, on a face value, are apparently altruistic, that the sassinien heroes’ efforts and sacrifices are geared towards the common and greater good. This invariably means that man is, indeed, capable of posing disinterested acts of charity and bringing succour, devoid of any ulterior motives for personal gain, to his fellow humans. The position of the Neo-classical economists is consequently over-assuming, sweeping and tad generalizing. The sassinien characters have demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that they are humanists. Their nature, the remote and immediate causes of their fights, the goals and objectives of their struggles and their spirit of abnegation have indeed proven that “human beings have the right and the responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. [They have stood] for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on the human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities” (AHA 2017 : 3).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Dami, Emmanuel Naancin
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sassine, Williams, 1944-1997 -- Criticism and interpretation , Guinean fiction (French) -- 20th century -- History and criticism , Humanism in literature , Human beings in literature , Postcolonialism in literature , Existentialism in literature
- Language: French , English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61957 , vital:28089
- Description: The human being, his behaviour and more importantly, his very essence have, for time immemorial, proven to be enigmatic to many a man and to researchers in particular. Consequently, the need for a thorough and more profound understanding of man has made him the epicentre of epistemic investigations across many academic disciplines. This, unfortunately, does not seem to have shaded bright lights on the grey areas bordering on his nature to his behavior. This, in turn, opens up other windows requiring further probes. For instance, proponents of the Neo-classical economic school contend that the human being is homo oeconomicus. This implies that man is intrinsically egocentric and a rational being whose decisions are based on informed choices driven by his urge for maximal utility geared towards his personal satisfaction (O’Boyle 2009; Caruso 2012). This stance invalidates man’s ability to do ‘disinterested good’ in any form. African francophone literature is replete with different and diverse images of man, his behaviour and existential conditions: sufferings and struggles. It, therefore, constitutes, inter alia, a laboratory in which researchers undertake investigative endeavours. This thesis beams its floodlights on the allocentric aspects of humanism in the novels of Williams Sassine. Thus, using the phenomenological and ‘clavieniste’ lenses as overarching operational theories, the thesis investigates Sassine’s novels with the view to shading a ray of light on the ‘humanistic man’ especially the allocentric dimensions of his nature and comportment. Emphasis is laid on the motives and motivations underlying the individual and the in-group struggle of the sassinien heroes in the emancipation of their society from the shackles of colonial and postcolonial domination, exploitation and subjugation resulting in self-determination and the subsequent disenchantment. Furthermore, the thesis examines the nature and character of human charity, generosity and sacrifices among the characters in the novels. In conclusion, the thesis establishes, through an x-ray of the nature of actions and decisions of certain characters in the novels, the examination of the conscious and subconscious intentions underlying these same actions and decisions which, on a face value, are apparently altruistic, that the sassinien heroes’ efforts and sacrifices are geared towards the common and greater good. This invariably means that man is, indeed, capable of posing disinterested acts of charity and bringing succour, devoid of any ulterior motives for personal gain, to his fellow humans. The position of the Neo-classical economists is consequently over-assuming, sweeping and tad generalizing. The sassinien characters have demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that they are humanists. Their nature, the remote and immediate causes of their fights, the goals and objectives of their struggles and their spirit of abnegation have indeed proven that “human beings have the right and the responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. [They have stood] for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on the human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities” (AHA 2017 : 3).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Aspects of the nutritional physiology of the perlemoen Haliotis midae (L.) and red abalone H. rufescens (Swainson)
- Authors: Kemp, Justin Oliver Gordon
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Haliotis midae , Haliotis midae fisheries , Red abalone , Haliotis midae -- Feeding and feeds , Red abalone -- Feeding and feeds , Haliotis midae -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Red abalone -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Haliotis midae -- Metabolism , Red abalone -- Metabolism , Haliotis midae -- Physiology , Red abalone -- Physiology , Stable isotopes , Algae as feed
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62314 , vital:28154
- Description: The source of abalone for human consumption has shown a dramatic shift away from wild-capture fisheries in the last 30 years, with over 90% of global production now coming from aquaculture. Farmers initially relied on the natural food of abalone (macroalgae) as a culture feed, though in regions where macroalgae availability was limiting, the need to develop formulated feeds was evident. Extensive research effort has led to the development of a number of formulated feed products currently employed in the industry. These feeds, however, differ markedly from the mixed macroalgal diets that abalone have evolved to utilise, particularly in terms of protein content and carbohydrate structure. The degree to which the nutritional physiology of abalone responds to these novel formulated diets, with and without macroalgal supplementation, was investigated in the current study. A multifaceted approach, combining growth trials, stable isotope nutrient tracers and metabolic experiments, was employed to gain insight into the post-absorption dynamics and utilisation of dietary nutrients under varying dietary regimes of fresh macroalgae and formulated feed. Growth trials conducted with both Haliotis rufescens and H. midae showed significantly higher growth and protein utilisation efficiency for abalone fed macroalgal diets compared to formulated feeds. Furthermore, when formulated feeds were supplemented with macroalgae to form combination diets, growth and the utilization of protein was improved compared to the formulated-feed-only diet. The poor utilisation of protein by H. midae fed the formulated feed could be traced, using a method combining stable isotope bio-markers with a Bayesian mixing model (SIAR), to the low incorporation of the fishmeal component of protein in the diet. The marked postprandial drop in the O:N ratio on abalone fed formulated feeds indicate that the protein was being diverted into catabolic metabolic pathways. The metabolic cost of digestion, termed specific dynamic action (SDA), was negated as a factor in the improved growth of abalone fed macroalgal diets, with the SDA coefficient 2.1 times that observed for formulated feed. Furthermore, the postprandial haemolymph glucose concentration (HGC) in H. midae was elevated when fed formulated feed compared to macroalgae. The high levels of circulating glucose are likely a result of the structure the carbohydrate source in formulated feeds and stimulate the deposition of glycogen through the allosteric control of glycogen synthase. Formulated feeds produced higher cooked meat yields in canning simulation trials, suggesting that muscle glycogen content may indirectly play a role in increasing canning yields through the displacement of collagen. The results of these empirical studies are synthesised under key themes, discussed within the context of their potential commercial relevance and future research directions are highlighted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Kemp, Justin Oliver Gordon
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Haliotis midae , Haliotis midae fisheries , Red abalone , Haliotis midae -- Feeding and feeds , Red abalone -- Feeding and feeds , Haliotis midae -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Red abalone -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Haliotis midae -- Metabolism , Red abalone -- Metabolism , Haliotis midae -- Physiology , Red abalone -- Physiology , Stable isotopes , Algae as feed
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62314 , vital:28154
- Description: The source of abalone for human consumption has shown a dramatic shift away from wild-capture fisheries in the last 30 years, with over 90% of global production now coming from aquaculture. Farmers initially relied on the natural food of abalone (macroalgae) as a culture feed, though in regions where macroalgae availability was limiting, the need to develop formulated feeds was evident. Extensive research effort has led to the development of a number of formulated feed products currently employed in the industry. These feeds, however, differ markedly from the mixed macroalgal diets that abalone have evolved to utilise, particularly in terms of protein content and carbohydrate structure. The degree to which the nutritional physiology of abalone responds to these novel formulated diets, with and without macroalgal supplementation, was investigated in the current study. A multifaceted approach, combining growth trials, stable isotope nutrient tracers and metabolic experiments, was employed to gain insight into the post-absorption dynamics and utilisation of dietary nutrients under varying dietary regimes of fresh macroalgae and formulated feed. Growth trials conducted with both Haliotis rufescens and H. midae showed significantly higher growth and protein utilisation efficiency for abalone fed macroalgal diets compared to formulated feeds. Furthermore, when formulated feeds were supplemented with macroalgae to form combination diets, growth and the utilization of protein was improved compared to the formulated-feed-only diet. The poor utilisation of protein by H. midae fed the formulated feed could be traced, using a method combining stable isotope bio-markers with a Bayesian mixing model (SIAR), to the low incorporation of the fishmeal component of protein in the diet. The marked postprandial drop in the O:N ratio on abalone fed formulated feeds indicate that the protein was being diverted into catabolic metabolic pathways. The metabolic cost of digestion, termed specific dynamic action (SDA), was negated as a factor in the improved growth of abalone fed macroalgal diets, with the SDA coefficient 2.1 times that observed for formulated feed. Furthermore, the postprandial haemolymph glucose concentration (HGC) in H. midae was elevated when fed formulated feed compared to macroalgae. The high levels of circulating glucose are likely a result of the structure the carbohydrate source in formulated feeds and stimulate the deposition of glycogen through the allosteric control of glycogen synthase. Formulated feeds produced higher cooked meat yields in canning simulation trials, suggesting that muscle glycogen content may indirectly play a role in increasing canning yields through the displacement of collagen. The results of these empirical studies are synthesised under key themes, discussed within the context of their potential commercial relevance and future research directions are highlighted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Aspects of the population ecology, habitat use and behaviour of the endangered Knysna seahorse (Hippocampus capensis Boulenger, 1900) in a residential marina estate, Knysna, South Africa: implications for conservation
- Authors: Claassens, Louw
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Endangered species -- South Africa -- Knysna , Sea horses -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Knysna , Sea horses -- Habitat -- South Africa -- Knysna , Sea horses -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Knysna
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54789 , vital:26616
- Description: The Knysna seahorse Hippocampus capensis is South Africa’s only endemic seahorse species, and is found in only three adjacent estuaries along the southern coast. The conservation of this endangered species is important on a national and international level. This study presents the first research on this species within the Knysna estuary since 2001 and specifically focuses on aspects of its ecology within a residential marina estate (Thesen Islands Marina). The physico-chemical and habitat features of the marina were described and the population ecology, habitat use, and behaviour of the Knysna seahorse were investigated. Physico-chemical conditions within the western section of the marina, characterised by high water current velocities, were similar to that of the adjacent estuary. The eastern section of the marina was characterised by lower water current velocities and higher turbidity. Four major habitat types were identified within the marina canals: (I) artificial Reno mattress (wire baskets filled with rocks); (II) Codium tenue beds; (III) mixed vegetation on sediment; and (IV) barren canal floor. Seahorse densities within the marina were significantly higher compared to densities found historically within the estuary. Highest seahorse densities were specifically found within the artificial Reno mattress structures and within the western section of the marina. Seahorse density varied spatially and temporally and the type of habitat was an important predictor for seahorse occurrence. An experimental investigation found that H. capensis chooses artificial Reno mattress habitat over Zostera capensis when given a choice. GoPro cameras were used successfully to investigate daytime seahorse behaviour within the Reno mattress habitat. Seahorses were more active during the morning, spent most of their time (> 80 %) feeding, and morning courting behaviour for this species were confirmed. However, during the summer holiday period (mid-December to mid-January) few seahorses were observed on camera, which suggests that the increase in motor boat activity and the related increase in noise had a negative effect on H. capensis feeding and courting behaviour. The marina development, and in particular the Reno mattresses, created a new habitat for this endangered species within the Knysna estuary. In addition to the protection and restoration of natural habitats in which H. capensis is found, the conservation potential of artificial structures such as Reno mattresses should be realised.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Claassens, Louw
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Endangered species -- South Africa -- Knysna , Sea horses -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Knysna , Sea horses -- Habitat -- South Africa -- Knysna , Sea horses -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Knysna
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54789 , vital:26616
- Description: The Knysna seahorse Hippocampus capensis is South Africa’s only endemic seahorse species, and is found in only three adjacent estuaries along the southern coast. The conservation of this endangered species is important on a national and international level. This study presents the first research on this species within the Knysna estuary since 2001 and specifically focuses on aspects of its ecology within a residential marina estate (Thesen Islands Marina). The physico-chemical and habitat features of the marina were described and the population ecology, habitat use, and behaviour of the Knysna seahorse were investigated. Physico-chemical conditions within the western section of the marina, characterised by high water current velocities, were similar to that of the adjacent estuary. The eastern section of the marina was characterised by lower water current velocities and higher turbidity. Four major habitat types were identified within the marina canals: (I) artificial Reno mattress (wire baskets filled with rocks); (II) Codium tenue beds; (III) mixed vegetation on sediment; and (IV) barren canal floor. Seahorse densities within the marina were significantly higher compared to densities found historically within the estuary. Highest seahorse densities were specifically found within the artificial Reno mattress structures and within the western section of the marina. Seahorse density varied spatially and temporally and the type of habitat was an important predictor for seahorse occurrence. An experimental investigation found that H. capensis chooses artificial Reno mattress habitat over Zostera capensis when given a choice. GoPro cameras were used successfully to investigate daytime seahorse behaviour within the Reno mattress habitat. Seahorses were more active during the morning, spent most of their time (> 80 %) feeding, and morning courting behaviour for this species were confirmed. However, during the summer holiday period (mid-December to mid-January) few seahorses were observed on camera, which suggests that the increase in motor boat activity and the related increase in noise had a negative effect on H. capensis feeding and courting behaviour. The marina development, and in particular the Reno mattresses, created a new habitat for this endangered species within the Knysna estuary. In addition to the protection and restoration of natural habitats in which H. capensis is found, the conservation potential of artificial structures such as Reno mattresses should be realised.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessing factors influencing professional nurses' attrition in South Africa : a case study of private hospitals in Johannesburg
- Authors: Mbobo, Angelina Pretty
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Intensive care nursing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health Leadership
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11181 , vital:37200
- Description: South Africa faces an immense shortage of healthcare professionals, especially trained and experienced critical care nurses. This thesis assesses factors influencing professional nurses ‘attrition in two selected private hospitals. This results in an HR risk; loss of skills, task shifting and the use of less skilled nurses, and not limited to the high workloads in intensive care units together with the job dissatisfaction consequently. To confirm this, a case study making use of a qualitative approach, follows the definition of a social constructivism framework. The study assessed 40 trained and experienced critical care nurses in focus groups of 5, with which a stratified purposive sampling technique was used and the focus group interviews were 90 minutes Seven structured interviews were undertaken, (using a narrative summary) with hospital operational managers working directly with the critical care nurses. Audio-recorded data were analysed by thematic content analysis using Creswell’s steps content analysis method. Multiple reasons, as given by nurses, to discontinue their services in private hospitals emerged. These were: Heavy workloads, shortage of trained staff, medico-legal risks; lack of supervision, support and teamwork, physical and emotional exhaustion, fatigue, stress and burnout, differential salary scales, non-competitive retirement packages role ambiguity, inadequate equipment, unresolved conflict with colleagues or management, personal financial crisis, lack of recognition and Lack of career development or promotion. These factors make use of themes, which include issues related to line management, administration, subjective and uncertainty of roles. Operational managers confirmed such reasons for the discontinuation of services offered by critical care nurses in private hospitals. Management views to the attrition of critical care nurses were that: (a) The staffing crisis was a serious matter of concern, (b) the use of less skilled staff resulted in negative effects on patient care and (c) the low number of critical care nursing staff negatively affected organisational goals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mbobo, Angelina Pretty
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Intensive care nursing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health Leadership
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11181 , vital:37200
- Description: South Africa faces an immense shortage of healthcare professionals, especially trained and experienced critical care nurses. This thesis assesses factors influencing professional nurses ‘attrition in two selected private hospitals. This results in an HR risk; loss of skills, task shifting and the use of less skilled nurses, and not limited to the high workloads in intensive care units together with the job dissatisfaction consequently. To confirm this, a case study making use of a qualitative approach, follows the definition of a social constructivism framework. The study assessed 40 trained and experienced critical care nurses in focus groups of 5, with which a stratified purposive sampling technique was used and the focus group interviews were 90 minutes Seven structured interviews were undertaken, (using a narrative summary) with hospital operational managers working directly with the critical care nurses. Audio-recorded data were analysed by thematic content analysis using Creswell’s steps content analysis method. Multiple reasons, as given by nurses, to discontinue their services in private hospitals emerged. These were: Heavy workloads, shortage of trained staff, medico-legal risks; lack of supervision, support and teamwork, physical and emotional exhaustion, fatigue, stress and burnout, differential salary scales, non-competitive retirement packages role ambiguity, inadequate equipment, unresolved conflict with colleagues or management, personal financial crisis, lack of recognition and Lack of career development or promotion. These factors make use of themes, which include issues related to line management, administration, subjective and uncertainty of roles. Operational managers confirmed such reasons for the discontinuation of services offered by critical care nurses in private hospitals. Management views to the attrition of critical care nurses were that: (a) The staffing crisis was a serious matter of concern, (b) the use of less skilled staff resulted in negative effects on patient care and (c) the low number of critical care nursing staff negatively affected organisational goals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessing grade 9 learners' attitude towards their academic performance in mathematics in Pinetown education district, KwaZulu-Natal
- Authors: Olorunfemi, Sunday Olayinka
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8518 , vital:32859
- Description: The world education system is faced with many challenges. Learners’ performance in mathematics in particular is one of the main areas of concern. Over decades, Mathematics has become an indispensable tool in the march towards technological breakthrough. The use of Mathematics reveals how people deal with their various private, social, and civil lives. The indispensable implications of Mathematics in the society made it to become a compulsory subject in the primary and secondary education in most countries of the world. Nevertheless, despite its wide application of Mathematics in the society, there are still many learners particularly in secondary schools who struggle to achieve the best knowledge of Mathematics. As applicable to most countries of the world, the performance of learner in South Africa is not encouraging. For example, the performance of Grade 9 learners, Pinetown Education District in particular, is not improving. Attitude is one major factor identified among learners that gravely affects learner’s performance in Mathematics. The study adopted qualitative approach which is rooted in interpretive paradigm to frame and focus the study. Interpretive paradigm is consistent with the assumption that experience of the world is subjective and best understood in terms of individuals’ subjective meanings rather than the researcher’s objective definitions. The sample included 15 participants (which include three Mathematics educators and twelve Grade nine learners) selected purposefully across three secondary schools, with attitudes and performance as inclusion criteria. Data were obtained through classroom observations and semi-structured interviews conducted with the selected Mathematics educators and learners of the selected schools to obtain their views on the impact of the attitudes of Grade nine learners on their performances in the subject. The study found that the learners perceived difficulty in Mathematics because of the information that was passed to them through their parents or guardians, seniors and peers who have negative attitudes towards Mathematics; their previous performances at early grades; the nature of Mathematics itself; and that learners were not well prepared from primary schools. It was also indicated that many learners have negative attitude towards Mathematics whose behaviours in the classroom affected others who would have loved to enjoy Mathematics. The study also revealed that all stakeholders (the educators, school managements, policy makers and parents) have part to play in motivating the learners to engage more in Mathematics. Also the study found that qualified educators who will develop good and friendly classroom environment, employing a highly interactive teaching method and as well giving adequate homework and assignments to the learners are needed to teach Mathematics in secondary schools. The study revealed that learning resources are not made available to the learners. There study therefore potentially provides that, educators can help mould the learners with negative preset mind about Mathematics through their classroom behaviours. The study further provides that learning materials such as textbooks and other geometry tools be made available for the learners use at home. The study also, provides that consideration be given to Mathematics class in the morning hours. The study concluded by giving general recommendations for improving learners’ participation and attitudes towards learning Mathematics.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Olorunfemi, Sunday Olayinka
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8518 , vital:32859
- Description: The world education system is faced with many challenges. Learners’ performance in mathematics in particular is one of the main areas of concern. Over decades, Mathematics has become an indispensable tool in the march towards technological breakthrough. The use of Mathematics reveals how people deal with their various private, social, and civil lives. The indispensable implications of Mathematics in the society made it to become a compulsory subject in the primary and secondary education in most countries of the world. Nevertheless, despite its wide application of Mathematics in the society, there are still many learners particularly in secondary schools who struggle to achieve the best knowledge of Mathematics. As applicable to most countries of the world, the performance of learner in South Africa is not encouraging. For example, the performance of Grade 9 learners, Pinetown Education District in particular, is not improving. Attitude is one major factor identified among learners that gravely affects learner’s performance in Mathematics. The study adopted qualitative approach which is rooted in interpretive paradigm to frame and focus the study. Interpretive paradigm is consistent with the assumption that experience of the world is subjective and best understood in terms of individuals’ subjective meanings rather than the researcher’s objective definitions. The sample included 15 participants (which include three Mathematics educators and twelve Grade nine learners) selected purposefully across three secondary schools, with attitudes and performance as inclusion criteria. Data were obtained through classroom observations and semi-structured interviews conducted with the selected Mathematics educators and learners of the selected schools to obtain their views on the impact of the attitudes of Grade nine learners on their performances in the subject. The study found that the learners perceived difficulty in Mathematics because of the information that was passed to them through their parents or guardians, seniors and peers who have negative attitudes towards Mathematics; their previous performances at early grades; the nature of Mathematics itself; and that learners were not well prepared from primary schools. It was also indicated that many learners have negative attitude towards Mathematics whose behaviours in the classroom affected others who would have loved to enjoy Mathematics. The study also revealed that all stakeholders (the educators, school managements, policy makers and parents) have part to play in motivating the learners to engage more in Mathematics. Also the study found that qualified educators who will develop good and friendly classroom environment, employing a highly interactive teaching method and as well giving adequate homework and assignments to the learners are needed to teach Mathematics in secondary schools. The study revealed that learning resources are not made available to the learners. There study therefore potentially provides that, educators can help mould the learners with negative preset mind about Mathematics through their classroom behaviours. The study further provides that learning materials such as textbooks and other geometry tools be made available for the learners use at home. The study also, provides that consideration be given to Mathematics class in the morning hours. The study concluded by giving general recommendations for improving learners’ participation and attitudes towards learning Mathematics.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessing growth response patterns of microalgae to varying environmental conditions using sediments from ephemeral wetlands
- Authors: Mazwane, Sixolile
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Microalgae -- South Africa , Wetland conservation -- South Africa Landscape ecology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22398 , vital:29966
- Description: Ephemeral wetlands serve as habitats for different fauna and flora. Microalgae make up a bulk of primary production in newly inundated wetlands and have a big influence on the aquatic community structure. As ephemeral wetlands have cyclical drying and wetting phases, algal species found in these habitats have evolved adaptations (i.e. dormancy and cysts) to survive during dry periods and become productive upon inundation. Algae have been used as ecological indicators in many aquatic ecosystems including wetlands, particularly associated with water quality and with varying inundation states. Whilst temperature and water level have been shown to affect microalgal biomass independently, this study aims to assess the effects of these two factors simultaneously on microalgal biomass, species diversity and community changes. The aim of the study was to investigate microalgal dynamics using two ephemeral wetlands in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. The growth response patterns of microalgal communities to varying temperatures and inundation levels through experiments using dry temporary wetland sediments was also assessed. Dry sediments were collected from two depression wetlands with different sediment characteristics (1592 and Elephant Wallow (EW)). The study consisted of replicated treatments with three different surface area: volume ratios (SA:V) (Low surface area: volume (LSAV), Medium (MSAV) and High (HSAV)), inundated with distilled water. The microcosms were placed inside a Conviron environmental growth chamber and illuminated at between 106 to 138 μmol.m-2s-1, with a 12:12 light-dark cycle at constant temperatures of 12 °C (mean winter) and 22 °C (mean summer). Physicochemical data were recorded, and biological samples were collected every 4 days over a 28-day inundation period. In the field, Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH showed a gradual increase over the inundation period. The systems were well oxygenated (6-10 mg L-1). Overall, phytoplankton biomass in the field was ~10 μg L-1 whereas benthic biomass (MPB) was significantly higher 10 – 300 mg L-1. Within the experiments, the phytoplankton biomass showed a pattern while MPB biomass increased gradually for both experiments. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences between the 1592 and EW phytoplankton biomass. However, the MPB biomass showed significant (p<0.05) differences between the two sediments (EW high, 1592 low) and the experiments, respectively. In the winter experiment, the 1592 sediment had high phytoplankton biomass compared to EW, the reverse was observed for the MPB biomass. In summer experiment, similar results were observed in terms of phytoplankton biomass. For the MPBs, 1592 had greater biomass for all treatments compared to EW. The phytoplankton community for both field samples and experiments was dominated by chlorophytes (>50 %), followed by cyanophytes and euglenophytes (with cryptophytes in summer experiment) for both field and experiments. The MPB community was dominated by bacillariophytes (55 %) and chlorophytes (25 %) in the 1592 sediments and this was also the case with EW sediments bacillariophytes (70 %), although cyanophytes (15 %) made up the remainder of the MPB community. The 1592 sediments supported higher diatom abundances under the HSAV compared to the same treatment from the EW wetland suggesting that possibly grain size or texture might be responsible. In contrast, sediments from EW under LSAV conditions showed higher diatom cell numbers possibly indicating that increased water depth has the propensity to support greater diatom assemblages compared with the same water level for sediments from 1592. The results indicate that microalgae community is influenced by sediment type more than it is by water level. From this study it was also established that microalgae were able to reemerge from their dormancy state upon inundation and that tank experiments were successful in simulating natural ephemeral wetland conditions. The findings from this study will add to the available baseline data on microalgal dynamics in the ephemeral wetlands in South Africa, especially in semi-arid areas. This information can be valuable in enhancing our understanding regarding the role of microalgae in ephemeral wetlands in order to conserve them.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mazwane, Sixolile
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Microalgae -- South Africa , Wetland conservation -- South Africa Landscape ecology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22398 , vital:29966
- Description: Ephemeral wetlands serve as habitats for different fauna and flora. Microalgae make up a bulk of primary production in newly inundated wetlands and have a big influence on the aquatic community structure. As ephemeral wetlands have cyclical drying and wetting phases, algal species found in these habitats have evolved adaptations (i.e. dormancy and cysts) to survive during dry periods and become productive upon inundation. Algae have been used as ecological indicators in many aquatic ecosystems including wetlands, particularly associated with water quality and with varying inundation states. Whilst temperature and water level have been shown to affect microalgal biomass independently, this study aims to assess the effects of these two factors simultaneously on microalgal biomass, species diversity and community changes. The aim of the study was to investigate microalgal dynamics using two ephemeral wetlands in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. The growth response patterns of microalgal communities to varying temperatures and inundation levels through experiments using dry temporary wetland sediments was also assessed. Dry sediments were collected from two depression wetlands with different sediment characteristics (1592 and Elephant Wallow (EW)). The study consisted of replicated treatments with three different surface area: volume ratios (SA:V) (Low surface area: volume (LSAV), Medium (MSAV) and High (HSAV)), inundated with distilled water. The microcosms were placed inside a Conviron environmental growth chamber and illuminated at between 106 to 138 μmol.m-2s-1, with a 12:12 light-dark cycle at constant temperatures of 12 °C (mean winter) and 22 °C (mean summer). Physicochemical data were recorded, and biological samples were collected every 4 days over a 28-day inundation period. In the field, Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH showed a gradual increase over the inundation period. The systems were well oxygenated (6-10 mg L-1). Overall, phytoplankton biomass in the field was ~10 μg L-1 whereas benthic biomass (MPB) was significantly higher 10 – 300 mg L-1. Within the experiments, the phytoplankton biomass showed a pattern while MPB biomass increased gradually for both experiments. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences between the 1592 and EW phytoplankton biomass. However, the MPB biomass showed significant (p<0.05) differences between the two sediments (EW high, 1592 low) and the experiments, respectively. In the winter experiment, the 1592 sediment had high phytoplankton biomass compared to EW, the reverse was observed for the MPB biomass. In summer experiment, similar results were observed in terms of phytoplankton biomass. For the MPBs, 1592 had greater biomass for all treatments compared to EW. The phytoplankton community for both field samples and experiments was dominated by chlorophytes (>50 %), followed by cyanophytes and euglenophytes (with cryptophytes in summer experiment) for both field and experiments. The MPB community was dominated by bacillariophytes (55 %) and chlorophytes (25 %) in the 1592 sediments and this was also the case with EW sediments bacillariophytes (70 %), although cyanophytes (15 %) made up the remainder of the MPB community. The 1592 sediments supported higher diatom abundances under the HSAV compared to the same treatment from the EW wetland suggesting that possibly grain size or texture might be responsible. In contrast, sediments from EW under LSAV conditions showed higher diatom cell numbers possibly indicating that increased water depth has the propensity to support greater diatom assemblages compared with the same water level for sediments from 1592. The results indicate that microalgae community is influenced by sediment type more than it is by water level. From this study it was also established that microalgae were able to reemerge from their dormancy state upon inundation and that tank experiments were successful in simulating natural ephemeral wetland conditions. The findings from this study will add to the available baseline data on microalgal dynamics in the ephemeral wetlands in South Africa, especially in semi-arid areas. This information can be valuable in enhancing our understanding regarding the role of microalgae in ephemeral wetlands in order to conserve them.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessing process safety action in selected South African oil companies
- Mashiloane, Mosebetsi Stanley
- Authors: Mashiloane, Mosebetsi Stanley
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Industrial safety -- South Africa -- Management , Manufacturing processes -- South Africa -- Safety measures Petroleum industry and trade -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22596 , vital:30017
- Description: The study was triggered by the number of process safety incidents that are taking place in South African oil companies. The impact of these process safety incidents has resulted in multiple fatalities, revenue loss, fires and explosions in the past. The problem is so immense that the process safety actions, coming from the process safety studies to prevent and mitigate these incidents have been ignored, not attended to, not implemented or not understood by the oil industries for the past 15-20 years. Hence the process safety incidents are still happening and the oil industry has not learnt from previous incidents.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mashiloane, Mosebetsi Stanley
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Industrial safety -- South Africa -- Management , Manufacturing processes -- South Africa -- Safety measures Petroleum industry and trade -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22596 , vital:30017
- Description: The study was triggered by the number of process safety incidents that are taking place in South African oil companies. The impact of these process safety incidents has resulted in multiple fatalities, revenue loss, fires and explosions in the past. The problem is so immense that the process safety actions, coming from the process safety studies to prevent and mitigate these incidents have been ignored, not attended to, not implemented or not understood by the oil industries for the past 15-20 years. Hence the process safety incidents are still happening and the oil industry has not learnt from previous incidents.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessing teaching strategies of grade four English second language teachers in Amathole District, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Adegoriolu, Emmanuel Tobi
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Education--South Africa English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers Second language acquisition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Applied Linguistics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15474 , vital:40411
- Description: The intention of this study was to assess the teaching strategies of Grade 4 English second language teachers in the Amathole district of the Eastern Cape. The objectives of the study were firstly, to identify the teaching strategies currently employed by Grade 4 teachers in the teaching of English as a second language in selected schools in Amathole district of the Eastern Cape in South Africa. Secondly, the study sought to establish how the existing teaching strategies impacted on the performance of the learners of English as a second language in the selected schools in Amathloe district of the Eastern Cape, and to establish the teachers‟ perceptions on the most effective teaching strategies in the selected schools. The study used translanguaging and communicative language teaching as the theoretical lens and guide in data collection and analysis. The study employed the use of mixed methods of both quantitative and qualitative research design. Data was collected through the use of eight comprehensive classroom observations and eight teacher questionnaires in four different primary schools. The conclusion of the study as established in the outcome of data showed that there was no recommended teaching strategy by the Department of Education for English second language teachers teaching Grade 4. The study observed that the language teachers made use of various teaching strategies in the instruction of Grade 4 learners. In addition, it was concluded that the placement of the English language subject on the timetable affected the performance of young learners during the summer period. Moreover, the absence of teacher-learner cordial relationship compromised learning outcomes and performance of Grade 4 learners in the skills of English second language. The study recommends that teachers of English as a second language be trained on communicative language teaching in order to achieve positive outcomes in the classroom.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Adegoriolu, Emmanuel Tobi
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Education--South Africa English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers Second language acquisition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Applied Linguistics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15474 , vital:40411
- Description: The intention of this study was to assess the teaching strategies of Grade 4 English second language teachers in the Amathole district of the Eastern Cape. The objectives of the study were firstly, to identify the teaching strategies currently employed by Grade 4 teachers in the teaching of English as a second language in selected schools in Amathole district of the Eastern Cape in South Africa. Secondly, the study sought to establish how the existing teaching strategies impacted on the performance of the learners of English as a second language in the selected schools in Amathloe district of the Eastern Cape, and to establish the teachers‟ perceptions on the most effective teaching strategies in the selected schools. The study used translanguaging and communicative language teaching as the theoretical lens and guide in data collection and analysis. The study employed the use of mixed methods of both quantitative and qualitative research design. Data was collected through the use of eight comprehensive classroom observations and eight teacher questionnaires in four different primary schools. The conclusion of the study as established in the outcome of data showed that there was no recommended teaching strategy by the Department of Education for English second language teachers teaching Grade 4. The study observed that the language teachers made use of various teaching strategies in the instruction of Grade 4 learners. In addition, it was concluded that the placement of the English language subject on the timetable affected the performance of young learners during the summer period. Moreover, the absence of teacher-learner cordial relationship compromised learning outcomes and performance of Grade 4 learners in the skills of English second language. The study recommends that teachers of English as a second language be trained on communicative language teaching in order to achieve positive outcomes in the classroom.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessing the Contribution of SMMEs to Job creation in the Eastern Cape South Africa
- Authors: Mbambo, William Bongile
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Business enterprises -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Job creation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD ( Public Administration)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13675 , vital:39690
- Description: Job creation through support to Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) is one of the South African government’s priorities in the Eastern Cape Vision 2030 Provincial Development Plan, to overcome the chronic unemployment situation faced by millions of South Africans. The Eastern Cape Province is amongst one of the areas challenged by high levels of unemployment in South Africa. In order to assess whether SMMEs had the capacity to create employment opportunities in the Eastern Cape Province. This study investigate on how SMMEs plans to provide employment opportunities, also examine whether SMMEs has created any employment opportunities thus far in the Eastern Cape Province. The study used David Birch (1979 and 1981) Kerr, Wittenberg and Arrow (2013), theories to assess whether SMMEs had the capacity to create employment opportunities in the Province. The study adopted a mixed methods approach in order to assess SMMEs as a tool for employment creation in its various dimensions. The results of the study reveal that Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises do not necessarily generate substantial employment. Therefore, the study recommends that the government should provide more financial support for SMMEs, organize entrepreneurship workshops, seminars and training workshops, which could improve their business operating skills as well as provide easy access to loans.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mbambo, William Bongile
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Business enterprises -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Job creation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD ( Public Administration)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13675 , vital:39690
- Description: Job creation through support to Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) is one of the South African government’s priorities in the Eastern Cape Vision 2030 Provincial Development Plan, to overcome the chronic unemployment situation faced by millions of South Africans. The Eastern Cape Province is amongst one of the areas challenged by high levels of unemployment in South Africa. In order to assess whether SMMEs had the capacity to create employment opportunities in the Eastern Cape Province. This study investigate on how SMMEs plans to provide employment opportunities, also examine whether SMMEs has created any employment opportunities thus far in the Eastern Cape Province. The study used David Birch (1979 and 1981) Kerr, Wittenberg and Arrow (2013), theories to assess whether SMMEs had the capacity to create employment opportunities in the Province. The study adopted a mixed methods approach in order to assess SMMEs as a tool for employment creation in its various dimensions. The results of the study reveal that Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises do not necessarily generate substantial employment. Therefore, the study recommends that the government should provide more financial support for SMMEs, organize entrepreneurship workshops, seminars and training workshops, which could improve their business operating skills as well as provide easy access to loans.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessing the impact of the Employment Equity Act on the employee satisfaction in the manufacturing sector
- Authors: Gina, Mondli
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Job satisfaction -- South Africa , Employee motivation -- South Africa Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa South Africa -- Employment Equity Act, 1998 , Manufacturing industries -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30150 , vital:30845
- Description: It has been observed that the workplace environment affects the performance and job satisfaction of employees. Employees are more than the most important asset for an organisation, they play an essential role in current operational performance and future competitive advantage. Employees spend a major part of their life in the organisation within which they work. Managing the diversity of human capital in an organisations is key towards organisational sustainability in the manufacturing sector. The main objective of this study was to determine the degree of employees’ job satisfaction towards the implementation of Employment Equity Act in the manufacturing sector. One of the most important and broad-based challenges currently facing organisations in various sectors is adapting to people who are different. The term used for describing this challenge is workforce diversity. Workforce diversity means that organisations are becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people in terms gender, age, race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. The main aim of the Employment Equity Act is the creation of a diverse workforce within South African organisations. If the organisation wants to remain competitive in the environment that its operating, it requires an effective management of diversity. The South African manufacturing sector is facing a major challenge regarding the attainment of workforce diversity in terms of implementing Employment Equity Act legislation, hence this study was an exploratory field study with the aim of understanding what impact the implementation of Employment Equity has on the employee job satisfaction in manufacturing sector. The study further investigated whether variables such as, workplace diversity, organisation culture, change management, leadership style and employee engagement do affect employee job satisfaction. A detailed questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of employees who are working in the manufacturing organisations. The data collected from this study was analysed by the statistician consultant provided by the Nelson Mandela University. In this iv study, the collected data was analysed using the latest Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) which reflects the data as graphical representations. The results of the study revealed that over 60% of organisations in the manufacturing sector, and represented in the study are creating a ‘great place to work’ and their employees are satisfied with their jobs. Although, overall results of the study illustrate that employees in the manufacturing sector are satisfied with their organisations and which results in job satisfaction, an interesting finding was discovered in the study and which might have implications for manufacturing organisations in the way change management processes are carried out. The study findings revealed that the level of involvement as perceived by respondents was limited to adequate information and not necessarily total participation in the decision process. The study recommends that change management processes should include the participation of all employees in the organisation. Conclusions and recommendations were drawn from the literature and the findings of the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Gina, Mondli
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Job satisfaction -- South Africa , Employee motivation -- South Africa Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa South Africa -- Employment Equity Act, 1998 , Manufacturing industries -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30150 , vital:30845
- Description: It has been observed that the workplace environment affects the performance and job satisfaction of employees. Employees are more than the most important asset for an organisation, they play an essential role in current operational performance and future competitive advantage. Employees spend a major part of their life in the organisation within which they work. Managing the diversity of human capital in an organisations is key towards organisational sustainability in the manufacturing sector. The main objective of this study was to determine the degree of employees’ job satisfaction towards the implementation of Employment Equity Act in the manufacturing sector. One of the most important and broad-based challenges currently facing organisations in various sectors is adapting to people who are different. The term used for describing this challenge is workforce diversity. Workforce diversity means that organisations are becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people in terms gender, age, race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. The main aim of the Employment Equity Act is the creation of a diverse workforce within South African organisations. If the organisation wants to remain competitive in the environment that its operating, it requires an effective management of diversity. The South African manufacturing sector is facing a major challenge regarding the attainment of workforce diversity in terms of implementing Employment Equity Act legislation, hence this study was an exploratory field study with the aim of understanding what impact the implementation of Employment Equity has on the employee job satisfaction in manufacturing sector. The study further investigated whether variables such as, workplace diversity, organisation culture, change management, leadership style and employee engagement do affect employee job satisfaction. A detailed questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of employees who are working in the manufacturing organisations. The data collected from this study was analysed by the statistician consultant provided by the Nelson Mandela University. In this iv study, the collected data was analysed using the latest Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) which reflects the data as graphical representations. The results of the study revealed that over 60% of organisations in the manufacturing sector, and represented in the study are creating a ‘great place to work’ and their employees are satisfied with their jobs. Although, overall results of the study illustrate that employees in the manufacturing sector are satisfied with their organisations and which results in job satisfaction, an interesting finding was discovered in the study and which might have implications for manufacturing organisations in the way change management processes are carried out. The study findings revealed that the level of involvement as perceived by respondents was limited to adequate information and not necessarily total participation in the decision process. The study recommends that change management processes should include the participation of all employees in the organisation. Conclusions and recommendations were drawn from the literature and the findings of the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessing the implementation and effects of the Fetsa Tlala Food Initiative Programme in achieving its vision of eradicating household level food insecurity in Lukhanji Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Njara, L I
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Poverty -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Food security -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Households -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10476 , vital:35484
- Description: Declining agrarian activities in significant parts of the country, even in the subsistence sector, has meant that access to food is increasingly a function of household cash income, hence low-income households experience inadequate access to food. Over 12 million people in South Africa are vulnerable to food insecurity. Since 2013, substantial efforts and large sums of money have been devoted to poverty reduction through government’s Fetsa Tlala Food Production Initiative. Fetsa Tlala was conceptualised as an integrated government framework that seeks to promote food and nutrition security and to address the structural causes of food insecurity, which continue to perpetuate inequality and social exclusion. The main objective of this study is to assess the implementation and effects of Fetsa Tlala. The specific objectives include: to measure the direct and indirect benefits of Fetsa Tlala; to assess the cost-effectiveness of the programme; to evaluate the model of the programme using a social systems approach; and to assess the implementation approach of Fetsa Tlala. A cross-sectional study was carried on a sample of 70 households and four Fetsa Tlala projects in the Eastern Cape. Households were selected using the simple random sampling procedure. Structured and semi-structured interviews using questionnaires were conducted. The research objectives were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Among the quantitative approaches used was a micro simulation exercise, which was performed to help understand the cost-effectiveness of the programme. The results show that the business model of the programme is not built with sustainability in mind and the systems approach was ignored when designing the programme. Furthermore, the cost of the programme outweighs its benefits. This study recommends that the programme should take into account human development and build a needs-based approach going forward. Further recommendations are that the government should target relevant partners, and prioritise agricultural insurance, infrastructure and agro-processing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Njara, L I
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Poverty -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Food security -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Households -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10476 , vital:35484
- Description: Declining agrarian activities in significant parts of the country, even in the subsistence sector, has meant that access to food is increasingly a function of household cash income, hence low-income households experience inadequate access to food. Over 12 million people in South Africa are vulnerable to food insecurity. Since 2013, substantial efforts and large sums of money have been devoted to poverty reduction through government’s Fetsa Tlala Food Production Initiative. Fetsa Tlala was conceptualised as an integrated government framework that seeks to promote food and nutrition security and to address the structural causes of food insecurity, which continue to perpetuate inequality and social exclusion. The main objective of this study is to assess the implementation and effects of Fetsa Tlala. The specific objectives include: to measure the direct and indirect benefits of Fetsa Tlala; to assess the cost-effectiveness of the programme; to evaluate the model of the programme using a social systems approach; and to assess the implementation approach of Fetsa Tlala. A cross-sectional study was carried on a sample of 70 households and four Fetsa Tlala projects in the Eastern Cape. Households were selected using the simple random sampling procedure. Structured and semi-structured interviews using questionnaires were conducted. The research objectives were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Among the quantitative approaches used was a micro simulation exercise, which was performed to help understand the cost-effectiveness of the programme. The results show that the business model of the programme is not built with sustainability in mind and the systems approach was ignored when designing the programme. Furthermore, the cost of the programme outweighs its benefits. This study recommends that the programme should take into account human development and build a needs-based approach going forward. Further recommendations are that the government should target relevant partners, and prioritise agricultural insurance, infrastructure and agro-processing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessing the income derived from agricultural hawking in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Seteni, Vuyo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Street vendors -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Street vendors -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10167 , vital:35364
- Description: The hawking business has grown profusely in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, to such an extent that street hawkers are found on every street corner of the Metro. The literature suggests that street hawking holds great potential for employment creation for the unskilled population who cannot find employment opportunities in the formal sector. In light of the proliferation of street hawking in BCMM, the study aimed at assessing the performance of agricultural hawkers in the municipality by means of looking at hawkers’ strategies, determining their sales and net income, and ascertaining their level of ‘job satisfaction’. The sample was selected from the population of hawkers in three major towns of BCMM, namely Mdantsane, East London and King William’s Town. A sum of 200 respondents were selected in the study through interval based probability sampling. The study made use of a cross tabulation of the hawkers’ income according to the three main towns. The results revealed that that agricultural hawking contributes to poverty alleviation in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, as the majority of hawkers earn enough to live above the poverty line. A correlation matrix was used to ascertain the strength and direction of association between hawkers’ monthly income and selected independent variables. The study also used an ordered probit model to determine which specific variables affect hawkers’ monthly income generated from fruit and vegetable sales. The results from the model suggest that business training is significantly and positively related to increasing monthly income, as are age, years of experience, and membership of a hawkers’ association. The study recommends that Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality build new markets and improve the infrastructure of existing markets, and also provide proper sanitation and clean water to avoid unhygienic situations in street hawkers’ markets.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Seteni, Vuyo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Street vendors -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Street vendors -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10167 , vital:35364
- Description: The hawking business has grown profusely in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, to such an extent that street hawkers are found on every street corner of the Metro. The literature suggests that street hawking holds great potential for employment creation for the unskilled population who cannot find employment opportunities in the formal sector. In light of the proliferation of street hawking in BCMM, the study aimed at assessing the performance of agricultural hawkers in the municipality by means of looking at hawkers’ strategies, determining their sales and net income, and ascertaining their level of ‘job satisfaction’. The sample was selected from the population of hawkers in three major towns of BCMM, namely Mdantsane, East London and King William’s Town. A sum of 200 respondents were selected in the study through interval based probability sampling. The study made use of a cross tabulation of the hawkers’ income according to the three main towns. The results revealed that that agricultural hawking contributes to poverty alleviation in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, as the majority of hawkers earn enough to live above the poverty line. A correlation matrix was used to ascertain the strength and direction of association between hawkers’ monthly income and selected independent variables. The study also used an ordered probit model to determine which specific variables affect hawkers’ monthly income generated from fruit and vegetable sales. The results from the model suggest that business training is significantly and positively related to increasing monthly income, as are age, years of experience, and membership of a hawkers’ association. The study recommends that Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality build new markets and improve the infrastructure of existing markets, and also provide proper sanitation and clean water to avoid unhygienic situations in street hawkers’ markets.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessing the perceptions of academic staff towards an academic staff development programme in a selected university in the Eastern Cape province
- Authors: Mankayi, Mandisa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: College teachers -- In-service training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Education, Higher -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Universities and colleges -- Employees -- Training of. -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8530 , vital:32869
- Description: Institutions of higher education offer diverse staff development programmes to all staff members as a means of improving their educational quality and standards. The current study investigated using interviews, if whether the academic staff perceived staff development as a means of skills development; what factors motivated academic staff to attend the skills development programmes offered by their organisation; and which staff development programmes are perceived to be contributing much to academic skills development in a selected university in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Utilising a purposive sampling technique, the number of academic staff interviewed was 15 from five faculties. A structured interview guide was used to solicit responses from the selected participants. Questions in the interview schedule ranged from issues pertaining to their registration on the skills development programme and how their personal skills have improved due to the programme. Upon completing the interview with an audio recorder, it was then transcribed and a thematic analysis method was used. It was found that participants were not satisfied with the academic skills development programmes offered by the university. While most respondents seemed to be aware of the skills programme, many were adamant to provide conclusive evidence on the impact of the programmes. The major disjoint among the participants rested on the performance tools used by the university to promote staff, which was mainly based on research output. This view meant that teaching and learning were not recognized as a tool that can be used to improve staff skills development, and as such, the perception was that there was bias in the education system in terms of rewarding employees who participate in certain programmes. The majority of the participants stated that they do apply what they learn to their teaching approaches, although they felt they were not rewarded by the education system as a whole. The major implication coming from this study is that the duality of the education system in South Africa makes it harder to achieve an equilibrium were both academic staffs practicing teaching and learning, and researchers are seen as equals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mankayi, Mandisa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: College teachers -- In-service training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Education, Higher -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Universities and colleges -- Employees -- Training of. -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8530 , vital:32869
- Description: Institutions of higher education offer diverse staff development programmes to all staff members as a means of improving their educational quality and standards. The current study investigated using interviews, if whether the academic staff perceived staff development as a means of skills development; what factors motivated academic staff to attend the skills development programmes offered by their organisation; and which staff development programmes are perceived to be contributing much to academic skills development in a selected university in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Utilising a purposive sampling technique, the number of academic staff interviewed was 15 from five faculties. A structured interview guide was used to solicit responses from the selected participants. Questions in the interview schedule ranged from issues pertaining to their registration on the skills development programme and how their personal skills have improved due to the programme. Upon completing the interview with an audio recorder, it was then transcribed and a thematic analysis method was used. It was found that participants were not satisfied with the academic skills development programmes offered by the university. While most respondents seemed to be aware of the skills programme, many were adamant to provide conclusive evidence on the impact of the programmes. The major disjoint among the participants rested on the performance tools used by the university to promote staff, which was mainly based on research output. This view meant that teaching and learning were not recognized as a tool that can be used to improve staff skills development, and as such, the perception was that there was bias in the education system in terms of rewarding employees who participate in certain programmes. The majority of the participants stated that they do apply what they learn to their teaching approaches, although they felt they were not rewarded by the education system as a whole. The major implication coming from this study is that the duality of the education system in South Africa makes it harder to achieve an equilibrium were both academic staffs practicing teaching and learning, and researchers are seen as equals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessment of indigenous forest degradation and deforestation along the wild coast, near Port St John’s, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Katende, Lukyamuzi Lucky Fulgentius
- Authors: Katende, Lukyamuzi Lucky Fulgentius
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Deforestation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Forest degradation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Forest management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30649 , vital:31006
- Description: Indigenous forests along the Wild Coast of the Eastern Cape Province have experienced both degradation and deforestation over the past decades. In early 2000, steps were taken to rehabilitate some of the degraded areas. Nevertheless, there is no monitoring mechanism in place, so little is known about the extent of degradation and impact of the rehabilitation efforts. The present study assesses the extent to which deforestation and degradation of the indigenous forests have occurred, and evaluates rehabilitation efforts in the study area around Port Saint John’s. Forest degradation was defined as the decrease in forest cover density while deforestation was defined as an increase in the trend of light forests and/ or a decrease in dense forests. The details for this study were obtained from multi – temporal remotely sensed data for a period between 1982 and 2013 (31 years). Multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery for 1982, 1986, 1989, 2002, 2009 and 2013 was acquired and analysed. On the basis of prior knowledge of the area, the supervised classification approach was used. The Maximum likelihood supervised classification technique was used to extract information from satellite data. The classified images were filtered using a majority filtering procedure to reduce noise. Google Earth (Astrium) ancillary images were used to refine the classification based on expert rules. The derived changes in the degraded and rehabilitated areas were further validated through field visits. The overall image classification accuracy generated from Landsat image data ranged from 80% to 90%. It was noted that the area of dense forest almost doubled between 1986 and 1989, coinciding with a 59% decrease in the light forest. Subsequently, dense forests increased by 14,820 ha while light forests decreased by 16,690 ha between 1989 and 2002. The subsequent reduction in light forest coverage is explained by the establishment of the Participatory Forest Management (PFMA) approach by Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) which reversed the degradation trend. However, specific degradation hotspots were identified, particularly where new settlements have been established. The emergence of the non-vegetated area increased gradually from 7% in 1986 to 23.4% in 2013. Notably, dense forest was observed to have experienced higher rates of forest degradation and deforestation than the light forest. The highest number patches were 4 recorded between 2002 and 1998, followed by between 2010 and 2013 and lastly 1986. Based on spatial connectedness of patches, the year 1986 had the highest landscape connectedness of forest vegetation (CONAT = 35.3) followed by 2002 and 1996 while the year 2010 and 2013 had the lowest landscape contiguity. Over the study period, the distribution of patches clearly shows that forest degradation and deforestation rates were lower in the years 1986, 1998 and tremendously increased in the later period of between 2010 and 2013. However, as a result of rehabilitation efforts, dense forest was seen to steadily gain more land than light forest. Finer details of degradation trends could not be easily picked from the images used in the study, given their spatial resolution limitations. That notwithstanding, the trends identified are good for overview decisions. The study has also established that de-agraianisation, forest restoration and rehabilitation greatly contributed to increased forest cover. Therefore, with more use of GIS by forest managers, and imagery of the high resolution being readily available, forests will in future be easily monitored using remote sensing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Katende, Lukyamuzi Lucky Fulgentius
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Deforestation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Forest degradation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Forest management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30649 , vital:31006
- Description: Indigenous forests along the Wild Coast of the Eastern Cape Province have experienced both degradation and deforestation over the past decades. In early 2000, steps were taken to rehabilitate some of the degraded areas. Nevertheless, there is no monitoring mechanism in place, so little is known about the extent of degradation and impact of the rehabilitation efforts. The present study assesses the extent to which deforestation and degradation of the indigenous forests have occurred, and evaluates rehabilitation efforts in the study area around Port Saint John’s. Forest degradation was defined as the decrease in forest cover density while deforestation was defined as an increase in the trend of light forests and/ or a decrease in dense forests. The details for this study were obtained from multi – temporal remotely sensed data for a period between 1982 and 2013 (31 years). Multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery for 1982, 1986, 1989, 2002, 2009 and 2013 was acquired and analysed. On the basis of prior knowledge of the area, the supervised classification approach was used. The Maximum likelihood supervised classification technique was used to extract information from satellite data. The classified images were filtered using a majority filtering procedure to reduce noise. Google Earth (Astrium) ancillary images were used to refine the classification based on expert rules. The derived changes in the degraded and rehabilitated areas were further validated through field visits. The overall image classification accuracy generated from Landsat image data ranged from 80% to 90%. It was noted that the area of dense forest almost doubled between 1986 and 1989, coinciding with a 59% decrease in the light forest. Subsequently, dense forests increased by 14,820 ha while light forests decreased by 16,690 ha between 1989 and 2002. The subsequent reduction in light forest coverage is explained by the establishment of the Participatory Forest Management (PFMA) approach by Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) which reversed the degradation trend. However, specific degradation hotspots were identified, particularly where new settlements have been established. The emergence of the non-vegetated area increased gradually from 7% in 1986 to 23.4% in 2013. Notably, dense forest was observed to have experienced higher rates of forest degradation and deforestation than the light forest. The highest number patches were 4 recorded between 2002 and 1998, followed by between 2010 and 2013 and lastly 1986. Based on spatial connectedness of patches, the year 1986 had the highest landscape connectedness of forest vegetation (CONAT = 35.3) followed by 2002 and 1996 while the year 2010 and 2013 had the lowest landscape contiguity. Over the study period, the distribution of patches clearly shows that forest degradation and deforestation rates were lower in the years 1986, 1998 and tremendously increased in the later period of between 2010 and 2013. However, as a result of rehabilitation efforts, dense forest was seen to steadily gain more land than light forest. Finer details of degradation trends could not be easily picked from the images used in the study, given their spatial resolution limitations. That notwithstanding, the trends identified are good for overview decisions. The study has also established that de-agraianisation, forest restoration and rehabilitation greatly contributed to increased forest cover. Therefore, with more use of GIS by forest managers, and imagery of the high resolution being readily available, forests will in future be easily monitored using remote sensing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessment of pharmaceutical equivalence of topical cream products containing hydrocortisone acetate using in vitro release testing (IVRT)
- Mudyahoto, Nyengeterai Amanda
- Authors: Mudyahoto, Nyengeterai Amanda
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63384 , vital:28404
- Description: Expected release date-April 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mudyahoto, Nyengeterai Amanda
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63384 , vital:28404
- Description: Expected release date-April 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Assessment of pheromone specificity in Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) populations with focus on pest monitoring and the regional rollout of the sterile insect technique in citrus
- Authors: Joubert, Francois D
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Cryptophlebia leucotreta , Pheromone traps , Citrus -- Diseases and pests -- South Africa , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Contol , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Biological control
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60665 , vital:27812
- Description: False codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is considered the most important indigenous pest of citrus in southern Africa. It is recognized by several markets as a phytosanitary organism and the efficient control of this pest is now more important than ever. The pheromone communication between the male and female moths has been exploited in order to control FCM through the sterile insect technique (SIT). The sterilized males used for all SIT programmes across South Africa come from a colony that originates from wild material collected from the Citrusdal area of the Western Cape Province. The aim of this study was to determine if any differences in attractiveness of females to males exist between different geographical populations of FCM and if so what impact this would have on the male’s ability to locate females from other populations via the volatile sex pheromone released by the female. Laboratory trials with Y-tube olfactometers and flight tunnels tested the attraction of male moths to virgin females, but did not yield any consistent results. Field experiments were conducted with sterile male Citrusdal moths released and recaptured in yellow delta traps in two separate trials. For one trial, the traps were baited with live virgin females from five different geographical populations including Addo, Nelspruit, Marble Hall, Citrusdal and the Old colony, which is a mixture of several populations. For the other trial traps were baited with various synthetic pheromone blends including three regional blends which included South Africa, Ivory Coast and Malawi and three commercial blends including Pherolure, Isomate and Checkmate. For the virgin female trial the Citrusdal males showed a significant preference for females from their own population. There was also a significant difference in the recaptures from the different synthetic pheromones. The South African blend was the most attractive of all the regional and commercial blends. A cross-mating trial was also conducted under laboratory conditions in petri dishes with five different FCM populations including Citrusdal, Addo, Marble Hall, Nelspruit and Old (mixed origin). Females produced more eggs when mated with males from the same population for the Addo, Marble Hall, Nelspruit and Old (mixed origin) populations. The only case in which this was statistically significant was for the Marble Hall population. All the crosses produced viable eggs and the origin of the male or female did not influence egg hatch. The results from this study may lead to improvements in both the control and monitoring of FCM populations. The control methods include mating disruption, attract-and-kill and SIT. Tailoring these methods for a specific growing area with a pheromone blend originating from the area or releasing sterile moths from a colony that originates from the area may optimize the available monitoring and control options.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Joubert, Francois D
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Cryptophlebia leucotreta , Pheromone traps , Citrus -- Diseases and pests -- South Africa , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Contol , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Biological control
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60665 , vital:27812
- Description: False codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is considered the most important indigenous pest of citrus in southern Africa. It is recognized by several markets as a phytosanitary organism and the efficient control of this pest is now more important than ever. The pheromone communication between the male and female moths has been exploited in order to control FCM through the sterile insect technique (SIT). The sterilized males used for all SIT programmes across South Africa come from a colony that originates from wild material collected from the Citrusdal area of the Western Cape Province. The aim of this study was to determine if any differences in attractiveness of females to males exist between different geographical populations of FCM and if so what impact this would have on the male’s ability to locate females from other populations via the volatile sex pheromone released by the female. Laboratory trials with Y-tube olfactometers and flight tunnels tested the attraction of male moths to virgin females, but did not yield any consistent results. Field experiments were conducted with sterile male Citrusdal moths released and recaptured in yellow delta traps in two separate trials. For one trial, the traps were baited with live virgin females from five different geographical populations including Addo, Nelspruit, Marble Hall, Citrusdal and the Old colony, which is a mixture of several populations. For the other trial traps were baited with various synthetic pheromone blends including three regional blends which included South Africa, Ivory Coast and Malawi and three commercial blends including Pherolure, Isomate and Checkmate. For the virgin female trial the Citrusdal males showed a significant preference for females from their own population. There was also a significant difference in the recaptures from the different synthetic pheromones. The South African blend was the most attractive of all the regional and commercial blends. A cross-mating trial was also conducted under laboratory conditions in petri dishes with five different FCM populations including Citrusdal, Addo, Marble Hall, Nelspruit and Old (mixed origin). Females produced more eggs when mated with males from the same population for the Addo, Marble Hall, Nelspruit and Old (mixed origin) populations. The only case in which this was statistically significant was for the Marble Hall population. All the crosses produced viable eggs and the origin of the male or female did not influence egg hatch. The results from this study may lead to improvements in both the control and monitoring of FCM populations. The control methods include mating disruption, attract-and-kill and SIT. Tailoring these methods for a specific growing area with a pheromone blend originating from the area or releasing sterile moths from a colony that originates from the area may optimize the available monitoring and control options.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018