In vitro anti-HIV activities of Sutherlandia frutescens and Lobostemon trigonum extracts
- Authors: Harnett, Siobhán Margaret
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Medicinal plants -- South Africa , Materia medica, Vegetable -- South Africa , HIV infections -- Alternative treatment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:11072 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/347 , Medicinal plants -- South Africa , Materia medica, Vegetable -- South Africa , HIV infections -- Alternative treatment -- South Africa
- Description: Currently, the approved anti-HIV drugs on the market only target the three HIV enzymes: reverse transcriptase, protease and more recently, integrase. Due to the limited nature of the current therapy, it is possible that a multi-drug resistant virus can emerge. The main concerns in developing countries however, are the expense and availability of the drugs and because of this, it is essential to investigate all alternatives. Traditional medicine offers many advantages as compared to allopathic treatment in so far as being relatively cheaper, accessible and it is broadly accepted in the population groups of the developing countries. Little is known though, of the exact efficacy and toxicity of these remedies so it is vital that these possible leads be investigated thoroughly. For the purpose of this study, two plants, Sutherlandia frutescens and Lobostemon trigonum were studied to ascertain their potential anti-HIV activity. Sutherlandia has received international attention as a possible cheap herbal remedy to improve the health of AIDS sufferers. Anecdotal evidence from health workers claim that HIV- infected patients on Sutherlandia treatment have shown improved CD4 counts, decreased viral loads and a general improvement in well-being. Extracts were prepared from dried leaves and flowers in methanol, ethanol, acetone, methylene dichloride or distilled water. Sulphated polysaccharides have been described extensively in literature with regards to their anti-HIV activity, so as a form of dereplication; an ethanol precipitation was performed on the aqueous extracts to remove sulphated polysaccharides. A toxicity study was performed on all crude extracts using uninfected peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) isolated from whole blood. To measure anti-HIV activity, HIV-infected PBMCs were cultured with each of the crude extracts and cell viability measured using the tetrazolium salt, XTT. HIV-infected CEM-NKR-CCR5 cells were also used and supernatant from the viral studies was tested for the HIV antigen p24. xii Results varied greatly between assays but with the inclusion of a point-scale system to evaluate the extracts it was clear that overall the organic extracts of the Sutherlandia flowers, especially the acetone extract (SFA), showed great anti-HIV potential. SFA in every case decreased p24 levels and in the toxicity study did not decrease cell proliferation. With the HIV-infected PBMCs SFA actually helped improve cell proliferation despite the infection. To determine the specific anti- HIV activity, all crude extracts were tested for inhibition of HIV-I reverse transcriptase, the glycohydrolase enzymes: a-glucosidase, ß-glucosidase, ßglucuronidase, HIV-I integrase and HIV-II protease. No significant inhibition was seen with these experiments except for the HIV-I RT assay. The aqueous extract of the Lobostemon leaves produced an inhibitor of HIV-RT with a very low IC50 value of 0.049mg/ml. Some inhibitory effect was lost with the removal of the sulphated polysaccharides and the addition of BSA to the assay, but still 64% inhibition of the HIVRT remained, which confirmed that the inhibitor could be something novel, and not of the polysaccharide or tannin compounds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Harnett, Siobhán Margaret
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Medicinal plants -- South Africa , Materia medica, Vegetable -- South Africa , HIV infections -- Alternative treatment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:11072 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/347 , Medicinal plants -- South Africa , Materia medica, Vegetable -- South Africa , HIV infections -- Alternative treatment -- South Africa
- Description: Currently, the approved anti-HIV drugs on the market only target the three HIV enzymes: reverse transcriptase, protease and more recently, integrase. Due to the limited nature of the current therapy, it is possible that a multi-drug resistant virus can emerge. The main concerns in developing countries however, are the expense and availability of the drugs and because of this, it is essential to investigate all alternatives. Traditional medicine offers many advantages as compared to allopathic treatment in so far as being relatively cheaper, accessible and it is broadly accepted in the population groups of the developing countries. Little is known though, of the exact efficacy and toxicity of these remedies so it is vital that these possible leads be investigated thoroughly. For the purpose of this study, two plants, Sutherlandia frutescens and Lobostemon trigonum were studied to ascertain their potential anti-HIV activity. Sutherlandia has received international attention as a possible cheap herbal remedy to improve the health of AIDS sufferers. Anecdotal evidence from health workers claim that HIV- infected patients on Sutherlandia treatment have shown improved CD4 counts, decreased viral loads and a general improvement in well-being. Extracts were prepared from dried leaves and flowers in methanol, ethanol, acetone, methylene dichloride or distilled water. Sulphated polysaccharides have been described extensively in literature with regards to their anti-HIV activity, so as a form of dereplication; an ethanol precipitation was performed on the aqueous extracts to remove sulphated polysaccharides. A toxicity study was performed on all crude extracts using uninfected peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) isolated from whole blood. To measure anti-HIV activity, HIV-infected PBMCs were cultured with each of the crude extracts and cell viability measured using the tetrazolium salt, XTT. HIV-infected CEM-NKR-CCR5 cells were also used and supernatant from the viral studies was tested for the HIV antigen p24. xii Results varied greatly between assays but with the inclusion of a point-scale system to evaluate the extracts it was clear that overall the organic extracts of the Sutherlandia flowers, especially the acetone extract (SFA), showed great anti-HIV potential. SFA in every case decreased p24 levels and in the toxicity study did not decrease cell proliferation. With the HIV-infected PBMCs SFA actually helped improve cell proliferation despite the infection. To determine the specific anti- HIV activity, all crude extracts were tested for inhibition of HIV-I reverse transcriptase, the glycohydrolase enzymes: a-glucosidase, ß-glucosidase, ßglucuronidase, HIV-I integrase and HIV-II protease. No significant inhibition was seen with these experiments except for the HIV-I RT assay. The aqueous extract of the Lobostemon leaves produced an inhibitor of HIV-RT with a very low IC50 value of 0.049mg/ml. Some inhibitory effect was lost with the removal of the sulphated polysaccharides and the addition of BSA to the assay, but still 64% inhibition of the HIVRT remained, which confirmed that the inhibitor could be something novel, and not of the polysaccharide or tannin compounds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Indigenous trauma volunteers: survivors with a mission
- Authors: Moultrie, Alison
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Volunteers -- Job stress , Volunteer workers in community development -- Job stress , Stress (Psychology) , Psychic trauma , Burn out (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3027 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002536 , Volunteers -- Job stress , Volunteer workers in community development -- Job stress , Stress (Psychology) , Psychic trauma , Burn out (Psychology)
- Description: There is a growing body of literature on the risk for secondary trauma amongst professional trauma workers. Nonetheless, there is scant published literature on the impact of trauma work on volunteers; particularly when such volunteers are indigenous to the highly traumatized communities which they serve. The study examined a group of parents (N=16) who volunteered in a school-based trauma support project in an impoverished, gang-ridden South African urban community in which they themselves reside. Aims were to 1) Explore the psychological impact of indigenous trauma volunteerism; 2) Explore volunteers’ perceptions of costs and benefits of volunteerism. Data collection was chiefly qualitative, using focus group and individual interviews. The Professional Quality of Life: Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Subscales (Stamm, 2002) were administered in order to determine risk for burnout, risk for compassion fatigue and potential for compassion satisfaction. The Stressful Life Experiences Screening Short Form (Stamm, 1997) was administered in order to gather descriptive information regarding personal trauma histories. Project documentation was reviewed. Analysis and interpretation of qualitative data involved a combination of both etic (theory-based) and emic (data and context-based) techniques. The volunteers’ experiences were co-constructed in interaction with three settings: 1) Experiences of training and supervision were affirming and empowering; 2) Experiences of the school context were mediated by the degree of access and integration into the school environment; 3) Experiences of the community context were mediated by the dynamics of identification, role fluidity and inter-setting negotiation. The primary cost of involvement was distress relating to limitations on capacity to help fellow community members with whom they strongly identified, and whom they felt intrapsychically, interpersonally and socially pressured to assist. These limitations included limited client resources, limited personal resources, limited occupational resources and limited systemic resources. Other sources of distress included context-related boundary management difficulties, institutional (school-related) stressors, difficulties in persuading children to disclose abuse and material costs of volunteering. Coping was facilitated by empowering training, supervision, peer support, and self-care practices. Benefits included acquisition of psychological, interpersonal and occupational skills, improved personal relationships, social support, validation, personal healing and role satisfaction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Moultrie, Alison
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Volunteers -- Job stress , Volunteer workers in community development -- Job stress , Stress (Psychology) , Psychic trauma , Burn out (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3027 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002536 , Volunteers -- Job stress , Volunteer workers in community development -- Job stress , Stress (Psychology) , Psychic trauma , Burn out (Psychology)
- Description: There is a growing body of literature on the risk for secondary trauma amongst professional trauma workers. Nonetheless, there is scant published literature on the impact of trauma work on volunteers; particularly when such volunteers are indigenous to the highly traumatized communities which they serve. The study examined a group of parents (N=16) who volunteered in a school-based trauma support project in an impoverished, gang-ridden South African urban community in which they themselves reside. Aims were to 1) Explore the psychological impact of indigenous trauma volunteerism; 2) Explore volunteers’ perceptions of costs and benefits of volunteerism. Data collection was chiefly qualitative, using focus group and individual interviews. The Professional Quality of Life: Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Subscales (Stamm, 2002) were administered in order to determine risk for burnout, risk for compassion fatigue and potential for compassion satisfaction. The Stressful Life Experiences Screening Short Form (Stamm, 1997) was administered in order to gather descriptive information regarding personal trauma histories. Project documentation was reviewed. Analysis and interpretation of qualitative data involved a combination of both etic (theory-based) and emic (data and context-based) techniques. The volunteers’ experiences were co-constructed in interaction with three settings: 1) Experiences of training and supervision were affirming and empowering; 2) Experiences of the school context were mediated by the degree of access and integration into the school environment; 3) Experiences of the community context were mediated by the dynamics of identification, role fluidity and inter-setting negotiation. The primary cost of involvement was distress relating to limitations on capacity to help fellow community members with whom they strongly identified, and whom they felt intrapsychically, interpersonally and socially pressured to assist. These limitations included limited client resources, limited personal resources, limited occupational resources and limited systemic resources. Other sources of distress included context-related boundary management difficulties, institutional (school-related) stressors, difficulties in persuading children to disclose abuse and material costs of volunteering. Coping was facilitated by empowering training, supervision, peer support, and self-care practices. Benefits included acquisition of psychological, interpersonal and occupational skills, improved personal relationships, social support, validation, personal healing and role satisfaction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Induced ovulation, spawning, egg incubation, and hatching of the cyprinid fish Labeo victorianus in captivity
- Rutaisire, Justus, Booth, Anthony J
- Authors: Rutaisire, Justus , Booth, Anthony J
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124789 , vital:35697 , https://doi.10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb00102.x
- Description: Ningu Lubeo victorianus is the only labeine fish within Lake Victoria and its catchment (Greenwood 1966; Reid 1985). This species, once widely distributed in the Lake Victoria basin and supporting a commercial fishery until the late 195Os, has declined due to overfishing (Cadwalladr 1965; Ogutu-Ohwayo 1990; Seehausen 1996). The L. victorianus fishery has not only collapsed but the species has also disappeared from some of its former habitats. Recent surveys in Uganda have only found two distant populations-one in the Sio River on the Uganda-Kenya border (0” I3’53”N, 34”00’30’E), and the second in the Kagera River on the Uganda-Tanzania border (0°56’28.1”S, 3 1’46’ 18”E) (Rutaisire 2003) (Fig. 1). Currently, there is growing interest to breed the fish for wild stock enhancement and culture as a food fish.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Rutaisire, Justus , Booth, Anthony J
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124789 , vital:35697 , https://doi.10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb00102.x
- Description: Ningu Lubeo victorianus is the only labeine fish within Lake Victoria and its catchment (Greenwood 1966; Reid 1985). This species, once widely distributed in the Lake Victoria basin and supporting a commercial fishery until the late 195Os, has declined due to overfishing (Cadwalladr 1965; Ogutu-Ohwayo 1990; Seehausen 1996). The L. victorianus fishery has not only collapsed but the species has also disappeared from some of its former habitats. Recent surveys in Uganda have only found two distant populations-one in the Sio River on the Uganda-Kenya border (0” I3’53”N, 34”00’30’E), and the second in the Kagera River on the Uganda-Tanzania border (0°56’28.1”S, 3 1’46’ 18”E) (Rutaisire 2003) (Fig. 1). Currently, there is growing interest to breed the fish for wild stock enhancement and culture as a food fish.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Integrated anaerobic/aerobic bioprocess environments and the biodegradation of complex hydrocarbon wastes
- Authors: Ehlers, George A C
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Hydrocarbons -- Biodegradation Sewage -- Purification -- Anaerobic treatment Water -- Purification -- Biological treatment Anaerobic bacteria Aerobic bacteria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4011 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004071
- Description: An investigation of the biodegradation of complex hydrocarbon wastes, with emphasis on chlorinated aromatic compounds, in an anaerobic/aerobic bioprocess environment was made. A reactor configuration was developed consisting of linked anaerobic and aerobic reactors which served as the model for a proposed bioremediation strategy targeting subterranean soil/sediment/aquifer chlorinated phenol-contaminated environments. Here oxygen is frequently limited and sulphate is readily available, as occurs especially in marine sediment and intertidal habitats. In the anaerobic system the successful transformation and mobilization of the model contaminant, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, was shown to rely on reductive dechlorination by a sulphate-reducing dependent dechlororespiring co-culture. This was followed in the aerobic system by degradation of the pollutant and its metabolites, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and phenol, by immobilized white-rot fungi.The strategy was initially investigated separately in laboratory bench- and intermediate scale reactors whereafter reactors were linked to simulate the integrated biodegradation strategy. The application of the fungal reactor to treat an actual waste stream by degrading complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in a waste oil recycling effluent was also investigated. The mineralization of phenol and 2,4,6-TCP by immobilized fungal cultures was studied in pinewood chip and foam glass bead-packed trickling reactors. The reactors were operated in sequencing batch format. Removal efficiency increased over time and elevated influent phenol and TCP (800 and 85 mg.L⁻¹) concentrations were degraded by > 98 % in 24 – 30 h batch cycles. Comparable performance between the packing materials was shown. Uptake by the packing was negligible and stripping of compounds induced by aeration had a minimal effect on biodegradation efficiency. Reactor performances are discussed in relation to sequencing batch operation and nutrient requirements necessary to sustain fungal activity in inert vs. organic material packed systems. It was shown that a co-culture consisting of sulphate-reducing and dechlororespiring bacteria established in fed-batch and soil flasks, as well as pine chip-packed fluidized bed reactors. Results showed reductive dechlorination of 2,4,6-TCP to be in strict dependence on the activity of the sulphate-reducing population, sulphate and lactate concentrations. Transformation to 2,4-DCP, 4-CP and phenol was enhanced in sulphate deficient conditions. Dechlororespiring activity was found to be dependent on the fermentative activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria, and the culture was also shown to mobilize and dechlorinate TCP in soils contaminated with the pollutant. Linking the systems achieved degradation of the compound by > 99 % through fungal mineralization of metabolites produced in the dechlororespiring stage of the system. pH correction to the anaerobic reactor was found to be necessary since acidic effluent from the fungal reactor inhibited sulphate reduction and dechlorination. The fungal reactor system was evaluated at intermediate-scale using a complex waste oil recycling effluent. Substantial COD reduction (> 96 % in 48 h batch cycles) and removal of specific effluent hydrocarbon components was shown in diluted, undiluted (COD > 37 g.L⁻¹) and 2,4,6-TCP-spiked effluents. Industrial application of the fungal reactor was evaluated in a 14 m³ pilot plant operated on-site at a waste oil processing plant.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Ehlers, George A C
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Hydrocarbons -- Biodegradation Sewage -- Purification -- Anaerobic treatment Water -- Purification -- Biological treatment Anaerobic bacteria Aerobic bacteria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4011 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004071
- Description: An investigation of the biodegradation of complex hydrocarbon wastes, with emphasis on chlorinated aromatic compounds, in an anaerobic/aerobic bioprocess environment was made. A reactor configuration was developed consisting of linked anaerobic and aerobic reactors which served as the model for a proposed bioremediation strategy targeting subterranean soil/sediment/aquifer chlorinated phenol-contaminated environments. Here oxygen is frequently limited and sulphate is readily available, as occurs especially in marine sediment and intertidal habitats. In the anaerobic system the successful transformation and mobilization of the model contaminant, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, was shown to rely on reductive dechlorination by a sulphate-reducing dependent dechlororespiring co-culture. This was followed in the aerobic system by degradation of the pollutant and its metabolites, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and phenol, by immobilized white-rot fungi.The strategy was initially investigated separately in laboratory bench- and intermediate scale reactors whereafter reactors were linked to simulate the integrated biodegradation strategy. The application of the fungal reactor to treat an actual waste stream by degrading complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in a waste oil recycling effluent was also investigated. The mineralization of phenol and 2,4,6-TCP by immobilized fungal cultures was studied in pinewood chip and foam glass bead-packed trickling reactors. The reactors were operated in sequencing batch format. Removal efficiency increased over time and elevated influent phenol and TCP (800 and 85 mg.L⁻¹) concentrations were degraded by > 98 % in 24 – 30 h batch cycles. Comparable performance between the packing materials was shown. Uptake by the packing was negligible and stripping of compounds induced by aeration had a minimal effect on biodegradation efficiency. Reactor performances are discussed in relation to sequencing batch operation and nutrient requirements necessary to sustain fungal activity in inert vs. organic material packed systems. It was shown that a co-culture consisting of sulphate-reducing and dechlororespiring bacteria established in fed-batch and soil flasks, as well as pine chip-packed fluidized bed reactors. Results showed reductive dechlorination of 2,4,6-TCP to be in strict dependence on the activity of the sulphate-reducing population, sulphate and lactate concentrations. Transformation to 2,4-DCP, 4-CP and phenol was enhanced in sulphate deficient conditions. Dechlororespiring activity was found to be dependent on the fermentative activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria, and the culture was also shown to mobilize and dechlorinate TCP in soils contaminated with the pollutant. Linking the systems achieved degradation of the compound by > 99 % through fungal mineralization of metabolites produced in the dechlororespiring stage of the system. pH correction to the anaerobic reactor was found to be necessary since acidic effluent from the fungal reactor inhibited sulphate reduction and dechlorination. The fungal reactor system was evaluated at intermediate-scale using a complex waste oil recycling effluent. Substantial COD reduction (> 96 % in 48 h batch cycles) and removal of specific effluent hydrocarbon components was shown in diluted, undiluted (COD > 37 g.L⁻¹) and 2,4,6-TCP-spiked effluents. Industrial application of the fungal reactor was evaluated in a 14 m³ pilot plant operated on-site at a waste oil processing plant.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and customary sea tenure with marine and social science for conservation of bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) in the Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands
- Shankar, Aswani, Hamilton, Richard
- Authors: Shankar, Aswani , Hamilton, Richard
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/439945 , vital:73722 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S037689290400116X"
- Description: Indigenous ecological knowledge and customary sea tenure may be integrated with marine and social science to conserve the bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) in the Roviana Lagoon, Western Solomon Islands. Three aspects of indigenous ecological knowledge in Roviana were identified as most relevant for the management and conservation of bumphead parrotfish, and studied through a combination of marine science and anthropological methods. These were (1) local claims that fishing pressure has had a significant impact on bumphead parrotfish populations in the Roviana Lagoon; (2) the claim that only small bumphead parrotfish were ever seen or captured in the inner lagoon and that very small fish were restricted to specific shallow inner-lagoon nursery regions; and (3) assertions made by local divers that bumphead parrotfish predominantly aggregated at night around the new moon period and that catches were highest at that time. The research supported claims (1) and (2), but did not support proposition (3). Although the people of the Roviana Lagoon had similar conceptions about their entitlement rights to sea space, there were marked differences among regional villages in their opinions regarding governance and actual operational rules of management in the Lagoon. Contemporary differences in management strategies resulted from people's historical and spatial patterns of settlement across the landscape and adjoining seascapes, and the attendant impact of these patterns on property relations. This was crucial in distinguishing between those villages that held secure tenure over their contiguous sea estates from those that did not. Indigenous ecological knowledge served to (1) verify that the bumphead parrotfish was a species in urgent need of protection; (2) explain how different habitats structured the size distribution of bumphead parrotfish; (3) identify sensitive locations and habitats in need of protection; and (4) explain the effect of lunar periodicity on bumphead parrotfish behaviour and catch rates. Secure customary sea tenure identified locations best suited to bumphead parrotfish management programmes, with a greater likelihood for local participation and programme success. The information was used to establish two marine protected areas in the region for bumphead parrotfish conservation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Shankar, Aswani , Hamilton, Richard
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/439945 , vital:73722 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S037689290400116X"
- Description: Indigenous ecological knowledge and customary sea tenure may be integrated with marine and social science to conserve the bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) in the Roviana Lagoon, Western Solomon Islands. Three aspects of indigenous ecological knowledge in Roviana were identified as most relevant for the management and conservation of bumphead parrotfish, and studied through a combination of marine science and anthropological methods. These were (1) local claims that fishing pressure has had a significant impact on bumphead parrotfish populations in the Roviana Lagoon; (2) the claim that only small bumphead parrotfish were ever seen or captured in the inner lagoon and that very small fish were restricted to specific shallow inner-lagoon nursery regions; and (3) assertions made by local divers that bumphead parrotfish predominantly aggregated at night around the new moon period and that catches were highest at that time. The research supported claims (1) and (2), but did not support proposition (3). Although the people of the Roviana Lagoon had similar conceptions about their entitlement rights to sea space, there were marked differences among regional villages in their opinions regarding governance and actual operational rules of management in the Lagoon. Contemporary differences in management strategies resulted from people's historical and spatial patterns of settlement across the landscape and adjoining seascapes, and the attendant impact of these patterns on property relations. This was crucial in distinguishing between those villages that held secure tenure over their contiguous sea estates from those that did not. Indigenous ecological knowledge served to (1) verify that the bumphead parrotfish was a species in urgent need of protection; (2) explain how different habitats structured the size distribution of bumphead parrotfish; (3) identify sensitive locations and habitats in need of protection; and (4) explain the effect of lunar periodicity on bumphead parrotfish behaviour and catch rates. Secure customary sea tenure identified locations best suited to bumphead parrotfish management programmes, with a greater likelihood for local participation and programme success. The information was used to establish two marine protected areas in the region for bumphead parrotfish conservation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Interactivity in online journalism: a case study of the interactive nature of Nigeria's online Guardian
- Authors: Folayan, Oluseyi Olukemi
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Guardian (Nigeria) Online journalism Electronic publishing -- Nigeria Electronic newspapers -- Nigeria Electronic news gathering -- Nigeria Nigeria -- Newspapers
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3429 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002883
- Description: Interactivity is a distinguishing feature of the online environment but online newspapers have been slow in recognising interactivity as an essential condition of effective Web communication. Existing research show online newspapers generally offer few and token interactive options. This research explored interactivity in online journalism using Nigeria's online Guardian as a case study exploring the nature, levels and utilisation of interactivity and interactive features on the site. This study found that few interactive options are offered in Nigeria's online Guardian and those interactive options on offer just produced an illusion of interactivity; it was apparent that little effort was made to give interactive options on the site the significant attention they deserve. The study highlighted the difference between the availability and use of interactive features on an online newspaper site: the mere presence of such features does not necessarily speak to the levels or nature of interactivity on the site. The difficulty in obtaining findings for the qualitative aspect of this study spoke significantly to the findings in light of the fact that these were attempts using interactive options provided by the newspaper site. They stress what relevant literature highlights: the mere presence of interactive features is not in itself interactivity . Factors contributing to the low levels of interactivity in Nigeria's online Guardian include lack of technical expertise plus human and financial resources and the persistence of a mindset that hinders the development and integration of new information communication technologies and interactivity in online journalism. Theoretically, the possibilities are vast but the likelihood of translating theory into reality appears slim. For Nigeria's online Guardian to become interactive in a participatory way, it must undergo changes and choices about values, goals and standards. There must be a shift in attitudes and approaches towards news-content production and delivery as well as the problematic commercial aspects of electronic publishing routines and the effect of such choices on management and newsroom organisation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Folayan, Oluseyi Olukemi
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Guardian (Nigeria) Online journalism Electronic publishing -- Nigeria Electronic newspapers -- Nigeria Electronic news gathering -- Nigeria Nigeria -- Newspapers
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3429 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002883
- Description: Interactivity is a distinguishing feature of the online environment but online newspapers have been slow in recognising interactivity as an essential condition of effective Web communication. Existing research show online newspapers generally offer few and token interactive options. This research explored interactivity in online journalism using Nigeria's online Guardian as a case study exploring the nature, levels and utilisation of interactivity and interactive features on the site. This study found that few interactive options are offered in Nigeria's online Guardian and those interactive options on offer just produced an illusion of interactivity; it was apparent that little effort was made to give interactive options on the site the significant attention they deserve. The study highlighted the difference between the availability and use of interactive features on an online newspaper site: the mere presence of such features does not necessarily speak to the levels or nature of interactivity on the site. The difficulty in obtaining findings for the qualitative aspect of this study spoke significantly to the findings in light of the fact that these were attempts using interactive options provided by the newspaper site. They stress what relevant literature highlights: the mere presence of interactive features is not in itself interactivity . Factors contributing to the low levels of interactivity in Nigeria's online Guardian include lack of technical expertise plus human and financial resources and the persistence of a mindset that hinders the development and integration of new information communication technologies and interactivity in online journalism. Theoretically, the possibilities are vast but the likelihood of translating theory into reality appears slim. For Nigeria's online Guardian to become interactive in a participatory way, it must undergo changes and choices about values, goals and standards. There must be a shift in attitudes and approaches towards news-content production and delivery as well as the problematic commercial aspects of electronic publishing routines and the effect of such choices on management and newsroom organisation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Interesting times, 1954-2004: a short history of the Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University
- Authors: Whisson, Michael G., 1937-
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Research institutes -- South Africa -- History -- 20th century , Social sciences -- Research , Economics -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Book , text
- Identifier: vital:553 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020595 , ISBN 0868104051
- Description: On entering the Rhodes University Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER) at 6 Prince Alfred Street, visitors are confronted by a glass cabinet in which is displayed the four volumes of the Keiskammahoek Rural Survey (1947-1952); six of the volumes which emanated from the Border Regional Survey (1956-1964) of which three are the Xhosa in Town trilogy, and a modest paperback From Reserve To Region (1997), which records the changes which took place in Keiskammahoek between the birth of apartheid in 1948 and its demise in 1994. Together these may be seen as the charter documents of the ISER - rooted in empirical research in the Eastern Cape, multidisciplinary, substantial works of scholarship and, in the case of The Xhosa in Town trilogy, at least, of international repute.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Whisson, Michael G., 1937-
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Research institutes -- South Africa -- History -- 20th century , Social sciences -- Research , Economics -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Book , text
- Identifier: vital:553 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020595 , ISBN 0868104051
- Description: On entering the Rhodes University Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER) at 6 Prince Alfred Street, visitors are confronted by a glass cabinet in which is displayed the four volumes of the Keiskammahoek Rural Survey (1947-1952); six of the volumes which emanated from the Border Regional Survey (1956-1964) of which three are the Xhosa in Town trilogy, and a modest paperback From Reserve To Region (1997), which records the changes which took place in Keiskammahoek between the birth of apartheid in 1948 and its demise in 1994. Together these may be seen as the charter documents of the ISER - rooted in empirical research in the Eastern Cape, multidisciplinary, substantial works of scholarship and, in the case of The Xhosa in Town trilogy, at least, of international repute.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Investigating teaching strategies used by teachers to foster environmental learning in the Namibian Life Science curriculum
- Authors: Hoabes, Rosina
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Life sciences -- Study and teaching -- Namibia Education -- Namibia Teaching -- Namibia Effective teaching -- Namibia Curriculum planning -- Namibia Educational change -- Namibia Environmental education -- Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1590 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003472
- Description: This study was carried out to investigate the strategies used by teachers to foster environmental learning in the Namibian Life Science curriculum in four schools in Swakopmund, Erongo Education Region. This study is a qualitative case study. I used semi-structured interviews, observation and document analysis as instruments to collect data. Two schools were selected to participate in the case study. Research participants included four teachers (two teachers from each school) of which two teachers are teaching at each school. The study was contextualised through a review of policy changes in Namibian education, which focus on learner-centred education. The study identified six strategies used by teachers to foster environmental learning in the Life Sciences curriculum. These are planning; working with information; practical, excursions and clubs; involving the learners; using visual aids and teaching materials; and choosing topics with a local focus. Through a consideration of the different strategies used by teachers, in relation to the learner-centred nature of the educational reform project in Namibia the study provides insight into the way in which teachers view learner-centred education. The study also illuminates how strategies used by teachers reflect learner-centred education principles and it outlines a number of tensions emerging in the fostering of environmental learning in learner-centred ways. The study identifies further support required by teachers, and makes recommendations which will further enhance the strategies used by teachers to foster the environmental learning focus in Life Sciences, and also enhance learner-centred teaching in Life Science.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Hoabes, Rosina
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Life sciences -- Study and teaching -- Namibia Education -- Namibia Teaching -- Namibia Effective teaching -- Namibia Curriculum planning -- Namibia Educational change -- Namibia Environmental education -- Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1590 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003472
- Description: This study was carried out to investigate the strategies used by teachers to foster environmental learning in the Namibian Life Science curriculum in four schools in Swakopmund, Erongo Education Region. This study is a qualitative case study. I used semi-structured interviews, observation and document analysis as instruments to collect data. Two schools were selected to participate in the case study. Research participants included four teachers (two teachers from each school) of which two teachers are teaching at each school. The study was contextualised through a review of policy changes in Namibian education, which focus on learner-centred education. The study identified six strategies used by teachers to foster environmental learning in the Life Sciences curriculum. These are planning; working with information; practical, excursions and clubs; involving the learners; using visual aids and teaching materials; and choosing topics with a local focus. Through a consideration of the different strategies used by teachers, in relation to the learner-centred nature of the educational reform project in Namibia the study provides insight into the way in which teachers view learner-centred education. The study also illuminates how strategies used by teachers reflect learner-centred education principles and it outlines a number of tensions emerging in the fostering of environmental learning in learner-centred ways. The study identifies further support required by teachers, and makes recommendations which will further enhance the strategies used by teachers to foster the environmental learning focus in Life Sciences, and also enhance learner-centred teaching in Life Science.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Investigation of the larval parasitoids of the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia Leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on citrus in South Africa
- Authors: Sishuba, Nomahlubi
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Cryptophlebia leucotreta , Tortricidae , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Control , Pests -- Biological control , Parasitoids , Citrus -- Diseases and pests
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5918 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016267
- Description: The study examined the larval parasitoids of Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) on citrus in South Africa and aimed to improve the existing rearing techniques of C. leucotreta with a view to mass rearing of biological control agents. The biological characteristics of Agathis bishopi Nixon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were studied, with an emphasis on parasitism rates in the field, host stage preference, developmental rate, life span and offspring sex ratios. Two larval parasitoids, A. bishopi and Apophua leucotretae (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and an egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), were recorded on C. leucotreta on citrus. A. bishopi was the more abundant of the larval parasitoids and exhibited density dependent parasitism. The highest parasitism rates were observed in December with up to 38% in Sundays River Valley and 34% in Gamtoos River Valley, at a time when the highest false codling moth infestations were observed. Agathis bishopi was recorded only in the Eastern Cape Province. The sex ratio of A. bishopi was biased towards females throughout the study (77% in Gamtoos River Valley and 72% in Sundays River Valley). Agathis bishopi is a solitary, koinobiont, larval-pupal endoparasitoid. The species showed a preference for 1st and 2"d instar hosts. Females regulate the sex of their progeny according to the size and larval stage of the host, ovipositing unfertilised eggs in younger, smaller larvae (1st instars) and fertilised eggs in older, larger larvae (2nd instars). The developmental rate of A. bishopi is in synchrony with that of the moth and adults emerge when adult moths that have escaped parasitism emerge. Agathis bishopi and T. cryptophlebiae compliment each other because they have different niches and strategies of attack. Integrating A. bishopi and T. cryptophlebiae into the management of citrus orchards has potential to suppress false codling moth. Larger rearing containers seemed ideal for large-scale rearing of false codling moth. A higher percentage of adults was obtained from larvae reared in larger containers than in smaller ones. The width of the sponges used as stoppers prevented escape of the larvae. Media prepared in larger containers are easier and simpler to prepare than in smaller ones, thus eliminating many precautions otherwise necessary to prevent contamination. Moth production was greatly reduced by the high concentration of Sporekill used for egg decontamination.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Sishuba, Nomahlubi
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Cryptophlebia leucotreta , Tortricidae , Cryptophlebia leucotreta -- Control , Pests -- Biological control , Parasitoids , Citrus -- Diseases and pests
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5918 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016267
- Description: The study examined the larval parasitoids of Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) on citrus in South Africa and aimed to improve the existing rearing techniques of C. leucotreta with a view to mass rearing of biological control agents. The biological characteristics of Agathis bishopi Nixon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were studied, with an emphasis on parasitism rates in the field, host stage preference, developmental rate, life span and offspring sex ratios. Two larval parasitoids, A. bishopi and Apophua leucotretae (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and an egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), were recorded on C. leucotreta on citrus. A. bishopi was the more abundant of the larval parasitoids and exhibited density dependent parasitism. The highest parasitism rates were observed in December with up to 38% in Sundays River Valley and 34% in Gamtoos River Valley, at a time when the highest false codling moth infestations were observed. Agathis bishopi was recorded only in the Eastern Cape Province. The sex ratio of A. bishopi was biased towards females throughout the study (77% in Gamtoos River Valley and 72% in Sundays River Valley). Agathis bishopi is a solitary, koinobiont, larval-pupal endoparasitoid. The species showed a preference for 1st and 2"d instar hosts. Females regulate the sex of their progeny according to the size and larval stage of the host, ovipositing unfertilised eggs in younger, smaller larvae (1st instars) and fertilised eggs in older, larger larvae (2nd instars). The developmental rate of A. bishopi is in synchrony with that of the moth and adults emerge when adult moths that have escaped parasitism emerge. Agathis bishopi and T. cryptophlebiae compliment each other because they have different niches and strategies of attack. Integrating A. bishopi and T. cryptophlebiae into the management of citrus orchards has potential to suppress false codling moth. Larger rearing containers seemed ideal for large-scale rearing of false codling moth. A higher percentage of adults was obtained from larvae reared in larger containers than in smaller ones. The width of the sponges used as stoppers prevented escape of the larvae. Media prepared in larger containers are easier and simpler to prepare than in smaller ones, thus eliminating many precautions otherwise necessary to prevent contamination. Moth production was greatly reduced by the high concentration of Sporekill used for egg decontamination.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Investigations into the nutritional requirements of juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces sciaendae), under ambient culture conditions
- Authors: Daniel, Simon James
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Argyrosomus -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5197 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002602 , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements
- Description: The effect of dietary protein, protein and energy ratios, fish meal replacement by Soya bean meal and feeding frequency was investigated on the growth, feed efficiency and body composition, of juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus. The effect of dietary protein levels was investigated by comparing isocaloric diets containing 35, 40, 45 and 55% protein. Dietary protein inclusion level significantly affected specific growth rates, feed efficiency and body composition (in terms of fat deposition) and results show that a minimum of 45% and maximum of 52.3% dietary protein is optimal. The protein and energy requirements were investigated by comparing three protein levels (35,40 and 45%) with three lipid levels (6, 9 and 12%) in a 3x3 factorial design. A diet 45% protein and 9% lipid, with a P: E ratio of29 mglkJ and DE of 15.5 kJ/g resulted in an optimal specific growth rate (1.6± 0.2), feed efficiency (FCR= 1.7±0.44; PER= 1.36) and body composition for A. japonicus. To investigate the effect of partial fish meal replacement by Soya bean meal (SBM) in the diet, 20-50% of the protein from fish meal was substituted by protein from SBM, and were compared with a control diet containing only fish meal. No significant differences in the specific growth rates, feed efficiencies and the body composition were recorded for the fish fed the control diet and for fish fed the 20 and 30% SBM treatments. Results show that up to 30% of the protein from fish meal can be replaced with protein from SBM in the diet of this species. The effect of feeding frequency and gut evacuation time was investigated by comparing four feeding frequencies. Fish were fed to satiation either once, twice, three or four times a day. Feed intake was significantly affected by feeding frequency and fish fed 2, 3 and 4 meals a day ate significantly more food (p< 0.05) than the fish fed one meal a day. No significant differences (p> 0.05) in the specific growth rates, feed efficiencies and body composition were recorded for fish fed 2, 3 and 4 times a day. Feed intake was used to calculate an optimal daily ration and feeding two meals a day resulted in an optimal daily ration of 4% BW/day. A gut evacuation time of 7.25 hours indicates that fish fed twice a day probably had sufficient time to digest their food and evacuate their guts, resulting in the same daily feed intake as fish given 3 and 4 meals a day. Results conclude that under the present experimental conditions, a minimum daily ration of 4% BW/day, fed twice a day (in the morning and evening) is required for optimal growth (SGR= 1.33± 0.1), feed efficiency (FCR= 1.96± 0.4; PER= 1.44± 0.2) and body composition in juvenile dusky kob.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Daniel, Simon James
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Argyrosomus -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5197 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002602 , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Sciaenidae -- Nutrition -- Requirements , Fishes -- Food , Fishes -- Growth , Fish culture , Fishes -- Nutrition -- Requirements
- Description: The effect of dietary protein, protein and energy ratios, fish meal replacement by Soya bean meal and feeding frequency was investigated on the growth, feed efficiency and body composition, of juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus. The effect of dietary protein levels was investigated by comparing isocaloric diets containing 35, 40, 45 and 55% protein. Dietary protein inclusion level significantly affected specific growth rates, feed efficiency and body composition (in terms of fat deposition) and results show that a minimum of 45% and maximum of 52.3% dietary protein is optimal. The protein and energy requirements were investigated by comparing three protein levels (35,40 and 45%) with three lipid levels (6, 9 and 12%) in a 3x3 factorial design. A diet 45% protein and 9% lipid, with a P: E ratio of29 mglkJ and DE of 15.5 kJ/g resulted in an optimal specific growth rate (1.6± 0.2), feed efficiency (FCR= 1.7±0.44; PER= 1.36) and body composition for A. japonicus. To investigate the effect of partial fish meal replacement by Soya bean meal (SBM) in the diet, 20-50% of the protein from fish meal was substituted by protein from SBM, and were compared with a control diet containing only fish meal. No significant differences in the specific growth rates, feed efficiencies and the body composition were recorded for the fish fed the control diet and for fish fed the 20 and 30% SBM treatments. Results show that up to 30% of the protein from fish meal can be replaced with protein from SBM in the diet of this species. The effect of feeding frequency and gut evacuation time was investigated by comparing four feeding frequencies. Fish were fed to satiation either once, twice, three or four times a day. Feed intake was significantly affected by feeding frequency and fish fed 2, 3 and 4 meals a day ate significantly more food (p< 0.05) than the fish fed one meal a day. No significant differences (p> 0.05) in the specific growth rates, feed efficiencies and body composition were recorded for fish fed 2, 3 and 4 times a day. Feed intake was used to calculate an optimal daily ration and feeding two meals a day resulted in an optimal daily ration of 4% BW/day. A gut evacuation time of 7.25 hours indicates that fish fed twice a day probably had sufficient time to digest their food and evacuate their guts, resulting in the same daily feed intake as fish given 3 and 4 meals a day. Results conclude that under the present experimental conditions, a minimum daily ration of 4% BW/day, fed twice a day (in the morning and evening) is required for optimal growth (SGR= 1.33± 0.1), feed efficiency (FCR= 1.96± 0.4; PER= 1.44± 0.2) and body composition in juvenile dusky kob.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Iris colour in passerine birds: why be bright-eyed?
- Craig, Adrian J F K, Hulley, Patrick E
- Authors: Craig, Adrian J F K , Hulley, Patrick E
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6902 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011756
- Description: An initial survey of iris coloration in passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes) showed that a brightly pigmented iris is much more common in southern African and Australian birds than in those from Europe, temperate North America, and Venezuela. However, the only statistical correlation reflected the distribution of particular bird families in these regions. Ten family-level groups considered to represent monophyletic taxa were then selected for a more detailed analysis, comparing iris coloration with distribution, status, taxonomy, plumage patterns, and some biological and behavioural characters for 1143 species. No pattern associating iris colour with particular traits was common to all families, but within families there were statistically significant associations with both plumage and biology. Our expectation that social behaviour would be an important predictor of iris colour was not supported, but critical information is still lacking for many species. Future studies of avian behavioural ecology should examine critically the role of iris coloration in individual species. , Rhodes Centenary issue
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Craig, Adrian J F K , Hulley, Patrick E
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6902 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011756
- Description: An initial survey of iris coloration in passerine birds (Aves: Passeriformes) showed that a brightly pigmented iris is much more common in southern African and Australian birds than in those from Europe, temperate North America, and Venezuela. However, the only statistical correlation reflected the distribution of particular bird families in these regions. Ten family-level groups considered to represent monophyletic taxa were then selected for a more detailed analysis, comparing iris coloration with distribution, status, taxonomy, plumage patterns, and some biological and behavioural characters for 1143 species. No pattern associating iris colour with particular traits was common to all families, but within families there were statistically significant associations with both plumage and biology. Our expectation that social behaviour would be an important predictor of iris colour was not supported, but critical information is still lacking for many species. Future studies of avian behavioural ecology should examine critically the role of iris coloration in individual species. , Rhodes Centenary issue
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Iris colour in passerine birds: why be bright-eyed?
- Craig, Adrian J F K, Hulley, Patrick E
- Authors: Craig, Adrian J F K , Hulley, Patrick E
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/449872 , vital:74860 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC96183
- Description: An initial survey of iris coloration in passerine birds (Aves : Passeriformes) showed that a brightly pigmented iris is much more common in southern African and Australian birds than in those from Europe, temperate North America, and Venezuela. However, the only statistical correlation reflected the distribution of particular bird families in these regions. Ten family-level groups considered to represent monophyletic taxa were then selected for a more detailed analysis, comparing iris coloration with distribution, status, taxonomy, plumage patterns, and some biological and behavioural characters for 1143 species. No pattern associating iris colour with particular traits was common to all families, but within families there were statistically significant associations with both plumage and biology. Our expectation that social behaviour would be an important predictor of iris colour was not supported, but critical information is still lacking for many species. Future studies of avian behavioural ecology should examine critically the role of iris coloration in individual species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Craig, Adrian J F K , Hulley, Patrick E
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/449872 , vital:74860 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC96183
- Description: An initial survey of iris coloration in passerine birds (Aves : Passeriformes) showed that a brightly pigmented iris is much more common in southern African and Australian birds than in those from Europe, temperate North America, and Venezuela. However, the only statistical correlation reflected the distribution of particular bird families in these regions. Ten family-level groups considered to represent monophyletic taxa were then selected for a more detailed analysis, comparing iris coloration with distribution, status, taxonomy, plumage patterns, and some biological and behavioural characters for 1143 species. No pattern associating iris colour with particular traits was common to all families, but within families there were statistically significant associations with both plumage and biology. Our expectation that social behaviour would be an important predictor of iris colour was not supported, but critical information is still lacking for many species. Future studies of avian behavioural ecology should examine critically the role of iris coloration in individual species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Irony and transcendence on the Renaissance stage
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: vital:7067 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007455 , https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CURSOR-EB.3.4728
- Description: preprint , This is the concluding essay in a collection entitled 'This Earthly Stage'. The chapter argues that the peculiar task of the stage metaphor - the notion of the theatre as a metaphor for life,which involves complex interactions between rarefied intellectual constructions of life and mundane reality - is to interrogate the tension between an inscrutable cosmic order and the limited viewpoints of ordinary humanity.The piece moves from general considerations of irony and dramatic irony, via an analysis of Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy, to comments on Petrarch, Pico and Vives, culminating in a consideration of irony and transcendence in Shakespeare's last plays.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: vital:7067 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007455 , https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CURSOR-EB.3.4728
- Description: preprint , This is the concluding essay in a collection entitled 'This Earthly Stage'. The chapter argues that the peculiar task of the stage metaphor - the notion of the theatre as a metaphor for life,which involves complex interactions between rarefied intellectual constructions of life and mundane reality - is to interrogate the tension between an inscrutable cosmic order and the limited viewpoints of ordinary humanity.The piece moves from general considerations of irony and dramatic irony, via an analysis of Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy, to comments on Petrarch, Pico and Vives, culminating in a consideration of irony and transcendence in Shakespeare's last plays.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Is it feasable to increase the medium density fibreboard manufacturing capability in South Africa?
- Authors: Van Rooyen, Petrus Mynhardt
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Fiberboard industry -- South Africa , Fiberboard , Particle board
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:10938 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/255 , Fiberboard industry -- South Africa , Fiberboard , Particle board
- Description: Medium density fibre (MDF) board is used in various applications in the building-, furniture- and casket industry. The market is shared by solid wood and other flat panels, such as particle board and plywood. The market in South Africa forms part of the global market. Therefore it is possible to import MDF. The demand for MDF is driven by the building industry, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the exchange rate. The CPI is an indication of the consumer’s willingness to purchase furniture or to invest in property with subsequent growth in the building industry. The 2002 market in SA is 500 000m3 for particle board and 110 000m3 for MDF. The imported boards during this same period were particle board 10 000m3 and 22 194m3 for MDF. The extrapolated expected imports for 2003 would be 12 362m3 and 35 045m3 for particle board and MDF respectively. According to the empirical study the market increase for particle board and MDF, for 2003, will be 18%. That means that the particle board market will increase to 590 000m3 and the MDF market to 130 000m3. The 2002 production capacity was 648 000m3 (particle board) and 155 000m3 for MDF. The Sonae factory in White River can produce either particle board or MDF and this influences the production capacities. According to various International databases the requirements for SA in 2020 will be 984 000m3 for particle board and 569 000m3 for MDF. Quick calculation show a shortfall of 414 000m3 for MDF in 2020 when compared to 2002 production capacity. First mover advantage will give the mover the major market share in SA. The demand will be there. All the above calculations have been done without taking the 2010 World Football event in SA into consideration. The question is – all the current players are almost on par to make it happen. The company with the burning desire to make it work will find the finance and will have the controlling market share.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Van Rooyen, Petrus Mynhardt
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Fiberboard industry -- South Africa , Fiberboard , Particle board
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:10938 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/255 , Fiberboard industry -- South Africa , Fiberboard , Particle board
- Description: Medium density fibre (MDF) board is used in various applications in the building-, furniture- and casket industry. The market is shared by solid wood and other flat panels, such as particle board and plywood. The market in South Africa forms part of the global market. Therefore it is possible to import MDF. The demand for MDF is driven by the building industry, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the exchange rate. The CPI is an indication of the consumer’s willingness to purchase furniture or to invest in property with subsequent growth in the building industry. The 2002 market in SA is 500 000m3 for particle board and 110 000m3 for MDF. The imported boards during this same period were particle board 10 000m3 and 22 194m3 for MDF. The extrapolated expected imports for 2003 would be 12 362m3 and 35 045m3 for particle board and MDF respectively. According to the empirical study the market increase for particle board and MDF, for 2003, will be 18%. That means that the particle board market will increase to 590 000m3 and the MDF market to 130 000m3. The 2002 production capacity was 648 000m3 (particle board) and 155 000m3 for MDF. The Sonae factory in White River can produce either particle board or MDF and this influences the production capacities. According to various International databases the requirements for SA in 2020 will be 984 000m3 for particle board and 569 000m3 for MDF. Quick calculation show a shortfall of 414 000m3 for MDF in 2020 when compared to 2002 production capacity. First mover advantage will give the mover the major market share in SA. The demand will be there. All the above calculations have been done without taking the 2010 World Football event in SA into consideration. The question is – all the current players are almost on par to make it happen. The company with the burning desire to make it work will find the finance and will have the controlling market share.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Isolation of genes encoding heat shock protein 70 (hsp70s) from the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae
- Modisakeng, Keoagile W, Dorrington, Rosemary A, Blatch, Gregory L
- Authors: Modisakeng, Keoagile W , Dorrington, Rosemary A , Blatch, Gregory L
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6459 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005788
- Description: Under stress conditions, proteins unfold or misfold, leading to the formation of aggregates. Molecular chaperones can be defined as proteins that facilitate the correct folding of other proteins, so that they attain a stable tertiary structure. In addition, they promote the refolding and degradation of denatured proteins after cellular stress. Heat shock proteins form one of the main classes of molecular chaperones. We are interested in determining if the genome of the coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) encodes a heat shock protein-based cytoprotection mechanism. We have isolated 50 kb and larger coelacanth genomic DNA from frozen skin tissue of L. chalumnae. From the alignments of several fish Hsp70 proteins, conserved regions at the N- and C-termini were identified. Codon usage tables were constructed from published coelacanth genes and degenerate primers were designed to isolate the full-length hsp70 gene and regions encoding the ATPase and the peptide binding domains. Since it is known that the tilapia and Fugu inducible hsp70 genes are intronless, we proceeded on the assumption that a coelacanth inducible hsp70 would also be intronless. A large fragment (1840 bp) encoding most of a coelacanth Hsp70 protein, and two partial fragments encoding a coelacanth Hsp70ATPase domain (1048 bp) and peptide binding domain (873 bp), were isolated by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Protein sequences translated from all the nucleotide sequences were closely identical to typical Hsp70s. This is the first study to provide evidence for a cytoprotection mechanism in the coelacanth involving an inducible Hsp70.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Modisakeng, Keoagile W , Dorrington, Rosemary A , Blatch, Gregory L
- Date: 2004
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6459 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005788
- Description: Under stress conditions, proteins unfold or misfold, leading to the formation of aggregates. Molecular chaperones can be defined as proteins that facilitate the correct folding of other proteins, so that they attain a stable tertiary structure. In addition, they promote the refolding and degradation of denatured proteins after cellular stress. Heat shock proteins form one of the main classes of molecular chaperones. We are interested in determining if the genome of the coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) encodes a heat shock protein-based cytoprotection mechanism. We have isolated 50 kb and larger coelacanth genomic DNA from frozen skin tissue of L. chalumnae. From the alignments of several fish Hsp70 proteins, conserved regions at the N- and C-termini were identified. Codon usage tables were constructed from published coelacanth genes and degenerate primers were designed to isolate the full-length hsp70 gene and regions encoding the ATPase and the peptide binding domains. Since it is known that the tilapia and Fugu inducible hsp70 genes are intronless, we proceeded on the assumption that a coelacanth inducible hsp70 would also be intronless. A large fragment (1840 bp) encoding most of a coelacanth Hsp70 protein, and two partial fragments encoding a coelacanth Hsp70ATPase domain (1048 bp) and peptide binding domain (873 bp), were isolated by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Protein sequences translated from all the nucleotide sequences were closely identical to typical Hsp70s. This is the first study to provide evidence for a cytoprotection mechanism in the coelacanth involving an inducible Hsp70.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Ithemba lam
- Dubeni, S., Xakayi, S., Rodolo, L. S., Mgidi, A., Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: Dubeni, S. , Xakayi, S. , Rodolo, L. S. , Mgidi, A. , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Alice sa
- Language: IsiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/343203 , vital:62979 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC344a-07
- Description: UFH music students accompanied by different types of marimba
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Dubeni, S. , Xakayi, S. , Rodolo, L. S. , Mgidi, A. , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Alice sa
- Language: IsiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/343203 , vital:62979 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC344a-07
- Description: UFH music students accompanied by different types of marimba
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2004
Ithemba lam
- Dubeni, S., Xakayi, S., Rodolo, L. S., Mgidi, A., Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: Dubeni, S. , Xakayi, S. , Rodolo, L. S. , Mgidi, A. , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Alice sa
- Language: IsiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/343194 , vital:62981 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC344a-07
- Description: UFH music students accompanied by different types of marimba
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Dubeni, S. , Xakayi, S. , Rodolo, L. S. , Mgidi, A. , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Alice sa
- Language: IsiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/343194 , vital:62981 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC344a-07
- Description: UFH music students accompanied by different types of marimba
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2004
Jah children the experience of Rastafari children in South Africa as members of a minority group with particular reference to communities in the former Cape Province
- Authors: Bain, Pauline
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Western Cape , Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Reggae music -- South Africa -- History and criticism , Rastafarian ethics -- South Africa , Rastafari movement -- Doctrines , Children of minorities -- South Africa -- Education , Socialization -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2087 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002650 , Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Western Cape , Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Reggae music -- South Africa -- History and criticism , Rastafarian ethics -- South Africa , Rastafari movement -- Doctrines , Children of minorities -- South Africa -- Education , Socialization -- South Africa
- Description: This thesis is an ethnography of Rastafari childhood in the former Cape Province, South Africa, through the eyes of both parents and children. If children are a ‘muted group’, then what are the identity formation implications for “double-muted” groups, the children of ethnic minorities whose voices are not heard? Rasta parents’ experience of the struggle, ie. the opposition to apartheid, has shaped the Rastafari chant of ‘equal rights’ and ‘justice’ into a distinctly South African form of protest and resistance. Their childhood experiences have resulted in a desire to provide a better life for their children, using Rastafari as a vehicle. This is expressed in a continuation of the struggle that was started during apartheid, in the Rasta ideology children grow up learning. The Rasta child has become a contested body in this struggle. The South African Government, through policy, has a mandate to protect the child, and legislature exists to do so in accordance with international law. However, as child-raising differs phenomenally from culture to culture, these goals on the part of the State start infringing upon the rights and freedoms of minorities to raise their children according to their own cultural goals. This study examines the tension between Rastafari and government with regards to child raising, specifically looking at the following main points of contestation: public health, public schools and policy/legislation; in order to examine how Rasta children negotiate their identity in the face of these conflicting messages and struggles. Their identity can be influenced by three main groups, the Rasta family they grow up in; school; and multi-media. What these children choose to accept or reject in their worldview is moderated by their own agency. This study shows that this tension results in a new generation of Rastafari children, who are strongly grounded in an identity as Rastafari and take pride in this identity. It also illustrates how Rastafari are impacting on and changing government policy through resistance. Their successes in challenging the state on the grounds of multiculturalism and religious freedom, has helped in the attainment of a sense of dignity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Bain, Pauline
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Western Cape , Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Reggae music -- South Africa -- History and criticism , Rastafarian ethics -- South Africa , Rastafari movement -- Doctrines , Children of minorities -- South Africa -- Education , Socialization -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2087 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002650 , Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Western Cape , Rastafari movement -- South Africa -- Northern Cape , Reggae music -- South Africa -- History and criticism , Rastafarian ethics -- South Africa , Rastafari movement -- Doctrines , Children of minorities -- South Africa -- Education , Socialization -- South Africa
- Description: This thesis is an ethnography of Rastafari childhood in the former Cape Province, South Africa, through the eyes of both parents and children. If children are a ‘muted group’, then what are the identity formation implications for “double-muted” groups, the children of ethnic minorities whose voices are not heard? Rasta parents’ experience of the struggle, ie. the opposition to apartheid, has shaped the Rastafari chant of ‘equal rights’ and ‘justice’ into a distinctly South African form of protest and resistance. Their childhood experiences have resulted in a desire to provide a better life for their children, using Rastafari as a vehicle. This is expressed in a continuation of the struggle that was started during apartheid, in the Rasta ideology children grow up learning. The Rasta child has become a contested body in this struggle. The South African Government, through policy, has a mandate to protect the child, and legislature exists to do so in accordance with international law. However, as child-raising differs phenomenally from culture to culture, these goals on the part of the State start infringing upon the rights and freedoms of minorities to raise their children according to their own cultural goals. This study examines the tension between Rastafari and government with regards to child raising, specifically looking at the following main points of contestation: public health, public schools and policy/legislation; in order to examine how Rasta children negotiate their identity in the face of these conflicting messages and struggles. Their identity can be influenced by three main groups, the Rasta family they grow up in; school; and multi-media. What these children choose to accept or reject in their worldview is moderated by their own agency. This study shows that this tension results in a new generation of Rastafari children, who are strongly grounded in an identity as Rastafari and take pride in this identity. It also illustrates how Rastafari are impacting on and changing government policy through resistance. Their successes in challenging the state on the grounds of multiculturalism and religious freedom, has helped in the attainment of a sense of dignity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Journeys of the learning soul: Plato to Descartes
- Authors: Hugo, Wayne
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Education -- Philosophy Education -- History Education, Ancient Education, Greek
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1884 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005917
- Description: This thesis aims to build up a picture of what it has meant for us within the western canon to educate a human being through the depths and heights of existence. It uses narrative accounts of educational journeys from ancient, medieval and early modern sources to develop an integral picture of the spectrum of education along with the techniques and fore-structures needed to guide a student through the various stages and encounters. Key metaphors, journeys and relationships - Diotirna's ladder of beauty, Plato's cave, Philo's Abraham and Sarah, Origen's bride and Bridegroom, Plotinus' journey of the alone to the Alone, Augustine's Confessions, the tragic love of Abelard and Heloise, Dante's encounters in the infernal, purgatorial and paradisical realms of human experience, Shakespeare's great playing within the same realm, and Descartes' doubting genius provide a rich ensemble, each resonating with the next, opening out intellectual, affective, volitional, and imaginative paths through the full terrain of human existence. This multidimensional approach points towards a flexible and insightful pedagogics that works with the enormous variety and capacity of human learning rather than heavy-handedly insisting on one path, or, even worse, not recognizing and dealing with specific areas of human living that occur in the upper and lower reaches of our educational endeavours. Phenomenological, Hermeneutic and Integral methods suggested by Heidegger and Wilber amongst others were used to inform the process of research. The results of this thesis are not contained in its reconunendations but in the effects of its reading. It is itself a tool that embodies and encourages the principles of an educational tradition that has existed within the history of western learning, not seeking a return to ancient or medieval ways but to provide a backlight that assists current initiatives working with the full range of human potential.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Hugo, Wayne
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Education -- Philosophy Education -- History Education, Ancient Education, Greek
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1884 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005917
- Description: This thesis aims to build up a picture of what it has meant for us within the western canon to educate a human being through the depths and heights of existence. It uses narrative accounts of educational journeys from ancient, medieval and early modern sources to develop an integral picture of the spectrum of education along with the techniques and fore-structures needed to guide a student through the various stages and encounters. Key metaphors, journeys and relationships - Diotirna's ladder of beauty, Plato's cave, Philo's Abraham and Sarah, Origen's bride and Bridegroom, Plotinus' journey of the alone to the Alone, Augustine's Confessions, the tragic love of Abelard and Heloise, Dante's encounters in the infernal, purgatorial and paradisical realms of human experience, Shakespeare's great playing within the same realm, and Descartes' doubting genius provide a rich ensemble, each resonating with the next, opening out intellectual, affective, volitional, and imaginative paths through the full terrain of human existence. This multidimensional approach points towards a flexible and insightful pedagogics that works with the enormous variety and capacity of human learning rather than heavy-handedly insisting on one path, or, even worse, not recognizing and dealing with specific areas of human living that occur in the upper and lower reaches of our educational endeavours. Phenomenological, Hermeneutic and Integral methods suggested by Heidegger and Wilber amongst others were used to inform the process of research. The results of this thesis are not contained in its reconunendations but in the effects of its reading. It is itself a tool that embodies and encourages the principles of an educational tradition that has existed within the history of western learning, not seeking a return to ancient or medieval ways but to provide a backlight that assists current initiatives working with the full range of human potential.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Justifiability as grounds for the review of labour arbitration proceedings
- Authors: Young, Kirsty Leigh
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: South Africa. Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration Mediation and conciliation, Industrial -- South Africa Arbitration, Industrial -- South Africa Arbitration, Industrial -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:3666 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003070
- Description: This thesis focuses on the review of labour arbitration awards given under the auspices of the following bodies: the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration ("CCMA"), bargaining councils, statutory councils, accredited private agencies and private arbitration tribunals. The general grounds of review applicable to the arbitration awards of each body are set out. Against this background, the case of Carephone (Pty) Ltd v Marcus NO & Others (1998) 19 ILJ 1425 (LAC) is analysed and the principles pertaining to the justifiability test are clarified. The judicial rationale for the application of the test to CCMA arbitration proceedings and criticisms of the test are then examined. Currently the justifiability test applies in the review of CCMA proceedings only, so the judicial reasoning for the rejection of justifiability as a ground for private arbitration review is examined. Three approaches are suggested for the application of the justifiability test in private arbitration review. First it is proposed that the Arbitration Act could be interpreted to include the justifiability test under the statutory review grounds. Failing the acceptance of this approach, the second submission is that arbitration agreements could be interpreted to include an implied term that the arbitrator is under a duty to give justifiable awards. A third suggestion is that the law should be developed by attaching an ex lege term to all arbitration agreements requiring arbitrators to give justifiable awards. In the final chapter, the requirement of justifiability in awards given under the auspices of collective bargaining agents and accredited private agencies highlights the incongruity in applying the justifiability test in CCMA arbitration review and in rejecting this test in private arbitration review.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Young, Kirsty Leigh
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: South Africa. Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration Mediation and conciliation, Industrial -- South Africa Arbitration, Industrial -- South Africa Arbitration, Industrial -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:3666 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003070
- Description: This thesis focuses on the review of labour arbitration awards given under the auspices of the following bodies: the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration ("CCMA"), bargaining councils, statutory councils, accredited private agencies and private arbitration tribunals. The general grounds of review applicable to the arbitration awards of each body are set out. Against this background, the case of Carephone (Pty) Ltd v Marcus NO & Others (1998) 19 ILJ 1425 (LAC) is analysed and the principles pertaining to the justifiability test are clarified. The judicial rationale for the application of the test to CCMA arbitration proceedings and criticisms of the test are then examined. Currently the justifiability test applies in the review of CCMA proceedings only, so the judicial reasoning for the rejection of justifiability as a ground for private arbitration review is examined. Three approaches are suggested for the application of the justifiability test in private arbitration review. First it is proposed that the Arbitration Act could be interpreted to include the justifiability test under the statutory review grounds. Failing the acceptance of this approach, the second submission is that arbitration agreements could be interpreted to include an implied term that the arbitrator is under a duty to give justifiable awards. A third suggestion is that the law should be developed by attaching an ex lege term to all arbitration agreements requiring arbitrators to give justifiable awards. In the final chapter, the requirement of justifiability in awards given under the auspices of collective bargaining agents and accredited private agencies highlights the incongruity in applying the justifiability test in CCMA arbitration review and in rejecting this test in private arbitration review.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004