The use of a Roving Creel Survey to monitor exploited coastal fish species in the Goukamma Marine Ptrotected Area, South Africa
- Authors: Van Zyl, Carika Sylvia
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Fishing surveys , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fish populations -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:10748 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1348 , Fishing surveys , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fish populations -- South Africa
- Description: A fishery-dependant monitoring method of the recreational shore-based fishery was undertaken in the Goukamma Marine Protected Area (MPA) on the south coast of South Africa for a period of 17 months. The method used was a roving creel survey (RCS), with dates, times and starting locations chosen by stratified random sampling. The MPA was divided into two sections, Buffalo Bay and Groenvlei, and all anglers encountered were interviewed. Catch and effort data were collected and catch per unit effort (CPUE) was calculated from this. The spatial distribution of anglers was also mapped. A generalized linear model (GLM) was fitted to the effort data to determine the effects of month and day type on the variability of effort in each section. Fitted values showed that effort was significantly higher on weekends than on week days, in both sections. A total average of 3662 anglers fishing 21 428 hours annually is estimated within the reserve with a mean trip length of 5.85 hours. Angler numbers were higher per unit coastline length in Buffalo Bay than Groenvlei, but fishing effort (angler hours) was higher in Groenvlei. Density distributions showed that anglers were clumped in easily accessible areas and that they favored rocky areas and mixed shores over sandy shores. Catch documented between October 2008 and December 2009 included a total of 361 fish, of 27 species from 12 families. Sparidae had the highest contribution (12 species). A Shannon-Weiner diversity index showed that diversity was higher in Buffalo Bay (0.81) than Groenvlei (0.57). Catch composition of retained fish (336 individuals) showed that the six numerically most important species were blacktail (Diplodus sargus capensis) (66 percent of catch), followed by galjoen (Dichistius capensis) at 11 percent, Cape stumpnose (Rhabdosargus holubi), belman (Umbrina robinsonii) and strepie at 3 percent, and elf (Pomatomus saltatrix) at 2 percent. Catch composition of an earlier study in Goukamma (Pradervand and Hiseman 2006) was compared with the present study, as well as data from the De Hoop MPA, which is closed to fishing. A multi-dimensional scaling plot of catch composition showed tight clustering of the De Hoop samples, and high variability among the Goukamma samples. A bray-curtis similarity index and dendrogram of similarity between study sites and study periods showed that there was an 83 percent similarity among De Hoop samples and a 75 percent similarity among Goukamma samples (ignoring the two outliers). The two sites are different with respect to species composition, but this is expected because they are different areas. Differences between time periods in Goukamma (i.e. the previous study versus the present study) were not significant. The most significant result from the catch composition analyses is the high variability among the Goukamma samples. This can be explained by the variable fishing methods used by anglers in Goukamma, compared with the standardized fishing methods used by researchers in De Hoop, and the fact that fish are more abundant and populations are more stable in De Hoop – giving higher sample sizes which reduce the variability in the statistics. Species-specific CPUE was calculated for the six numerically most important species. In both sections, CPUE was highest for blacktail, with an average of 0.133 fish per hour for Groenvlei, and 0.060 fish per hour for Buffalo Bay, over the 12 months. The second highest CPUE values per section were 0.030 for galjoen in Groenvlei and 0.039 for strepie in Buffalo Bay. Remaining CPUE values ranged from 0.014 (belman in Groenvlei) to the lowest value of 0.001 (strepie in Groenvlei). Total estimated CPUE for these six species in the MPA using the estimated effort and catch results amounted to 0.018 fish per hour. An annual estimated 3897 fish were landed in the reserve during 2009. Most fish (n=2481, 64 percent) were caught in the Groenvlei section. Numbers of blacktail were the highest of all species, within both sections (2353 fish). Strepie was the next most common (561 fish), but was caught almost entirely within the Buffalo Bay section (97 percent of individuals), followed by galjoen (548 fish) caught mostly within the Groenvlei section (92 percent of individuals). Size comparisons of the six species between the Goukamma and De Hoop MPAs showed that ranges in size are similar, but there are substantial differences in mean sizes between the two MPAs. Sample sizes of all species from the Goukamma MPA were too small to draw conclusions about stock status, except for blacktail. The Goukamma MPA is a popular fishing destination and angler effort is high. It can be considered a node of exploitation for surf zone fish, for which it provides no protection. Even though the MPA allows shore angling, sustainable fishing practices should be incorporated in management plans if the MPA is expected to protect and conserve its stocks. Of noteworthy concern is the occurrence of illegal night fishing (the public may not enter the reserve between sunrise and sunset) which leads to underestimates of catch and effort (night surveys were not conducted because of safety concerns). It is recommended that more communication should take place between the angling community and the reserve management. Sign boards giving information on species which are under pressure, and why they are under pressure, with a short explanation on their life cycles, is advised. The roving creel survey method was suitable for the study area and delivered statistically rigorous results. I thus recommend that it is continued in the future by management. I make some recommendations for reducing costs of future surveys, as well as for altering the survey design if funds are very limited.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Van Zyl, Carika Sylvia
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Fishing surveys , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fish populations -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:10748 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1348 , Fishing surveys , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fish populations -- South Africa
- Description: A fishery-dependant monitoring method of the recreational shore-based fishery was undertaken in the Goukamma Marine Protected Area (MPA) on the south coast of South Africa for a period of 17 months. The method used was a roving creel survey (RCS), with dates, times and starting locations chosen by stratified random sampling. The MPA was divided into two sections, Buffalo Bay and Groenvlei, and all anglers encountered were interviewed. Catch and effort data were collected and catch per unit effort (CPUE) was calculated from this. The spatial distribution of anglers was also mapped. A generalized linear model (GLM) was fitted to the effort data to determine the effects of month and day type on the variability of effort in each section. Fitted values showed that effort was significantly higher on weekends than on week days, in both sections. A total average of 3662 anglers fishing 21 428 hours annually is estimated within the reserve with a mean trip length of 5.85 hours. Angler numbers were higher per unit coastline length in Buffalo Bay than Groenvlei, but fishing effort (angler hours) was higher in Groenvlei. Density distributions showed that anglers were clumped in easily accessible areas and that they favored rocky areas and mixed shores over sandy shores. Catch documented between October 2008 and December 2009 included a total of 361 fish, of 27 species from 12 families. Sparidae had the highest contribution (12 species). A Shannon-Weiner diversity index showed that diversity was higher in Buffalo Bay (0.81) than Groenvlei (0.57). Catch composition of retained fish (336 individuals) showed that the six numerically most important species were blacktail (Diplodus sargus capensis) (66 percent of catch), followed by galjoen (Dichistius capensis) at 11 percent, Cape stumpnose (Rhabdosargus holubi), belman (Umbrina robinsonii) and strepie at 3 percent, and elf (Pomatomus saltatrix) at 2 percent. Catch composition of an earlier study in Goukamma (Pradervand and Hiseman 2006) was compared with the present study, as well as data from the De Hoop MPA, which is closed to fishing. A multi-dimensional scaling plot of catch composition showed tight clustering of the De Hoop samples, and high variability among the Goukamma samples. A bray-curtis similarity index and dendrogram of similarity between study sites and study periods showed that there was an 83 percent similarity among De Hoop samples and a 75 percent similarity among Goukamma samples (ignoring the two outliers). The two sites are different with respect to species composition, but this is expected because they are different areas. Differences between time periods in Goukamma (i.e. the previous study versus the present study) were not significant. The most significant result from the catch composition analyses is the high variability among the Goukamma samples. This can be explained by the variable fishing methods used by anglers in Goukamma, compared with the standardized fishing methods used by researchers in De Hoop, and the fact that fish are more abundant and populations are more stable in De Hoop – giving higher sample sizes which reduce the variability in the statistics. Species-specific CPUE was calculated for the six numerically most important species. In both sections, CPUE was highest for blacktail, with an average of 0.133 fish per hour for Groenvlei, and 0.060 fish per hour for Buffalo Bay, over the 12 months. The second highest CPUE values per section were 0.030 for galjoen in Groenvlei and 0.039 for strepie in Buffalo Bay. Remaining CPUE values ranged from 0.014 (belman in Groenvlei) to the lowest value of 0.001 (strepie in Groenvlei). Total estimated CPUE for these six species in the MPA using the estimated effort and catch results amounted to 0.018 fish per hour. An annual estimated 3897 fish were landed in the reserve during 2009. Most fish (n=2481, 64 percent) were caught in the Groenvlei section. Numbers of blacktail were the highest of all species, within both sections (2353 fish). Strepie was the next most common (561 fish), but was caught almost entirely within the Buffalo Bay section (97 percent of individuals), followed by galjoen (548 fish) caught mostly within the Groenvlei section (92 percent of individuals). Size comparisons of the six species between the Goukamma and De Hoop MPAs showed that ranges in size are similar, but there are substantial differences in mean sizes between the two MPAs. Sample sizes of all species from the Goukamma MPA were too small to draw conclusions about stock status, except for blacktail. The Goukamma MPA is a popular fishing destination and angler effort is high. It can be considered a node of exploitation for surf zone fish, for which it provides no protection. Even though the MPA allows shore angling, sustainable fishing practices should be incorporated in management plans if the MPA is expected to protect and conserve its stocks. Of noteworthy concern is the occurrence of illegal night fishing (the public may not enter the reserve between sunrise and sunset) which leads to underestimates of catch and effort (night surveys were not conducted because of safety concerns). It is recommended that more communication should take place between the angling community and the reserve management. Sign boards giving information on species which are under pressure, and why they are under pressure, with a short explanation on their life cycles, is advised. The roving creel survey method was suitable for the study area and delivered statistically rigorous results. I thus recommend that it is continued in the future by management. I make some recommendations for reducing costs of future surveys, as well as for altering the survey design if funds are very limited.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The use of Afrikaans-English-Xhosa code switching and code mixing as a teaching strategy in the teaching of Afrikaans additional language in the secondary schools of the Transkei Region of the Eastern Cape Province (RSA)
- Authors: Songxaba, S L
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Code switching and code mixing -- Teaching -- Afrikaans-English-Xhosa , Education (Secondary) -- Afrikaans language
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:18414 , http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1006565
- Description: This study seeks to report on the investigation into the need to use code switching as one of the language teaching strategies in the teaching and learning of Afrikaans as Additional Language in the FET band, in predominantly Xhosa-speaking environments in the Eastern Cape. The study was conducted in twelve secondary schools of the Transkei where Afrikaans is taught as an additional language. The sample of the study comprised the educators, the learners and the school managers of the twelve researched schools. The research was a case study of the selected schools. The participants were studied in their own environment and the data was collected by means of both the interviews and structured questionnaires. South Africa is a multilingual and multicultural country. This state of affairs calls for a serious re-evaluation of the existing teaching methodologies. Children acquire language skills in and outside the classroom in two different ways in multilingual societies. While children acquire proficiency in languages outside the classroom in a natural way, in the classroom they are constrained by rigid purist rules that compel them to learn languages in artificial ways. This manner of language acquisition in the predominantly Xhosa-speaking environments of the Eastern Cape, often goes hand in hand with code switching from source language to target language and vice versa. These children can be described as compound informal bilinguals (polyglots) as far as the indigenous languages are concerned since they acquire the indigenous languages from early childhood in natural settings. In the context of formal acquisition of European languages and Afrikaans in schools, they can be categorised as coordinate bilinguals. The linguistic disparities between classroom and natural acquisition practices were revealed in this investigation. In the classroom, code switching has two contradictory sides. On one hand code switching provides the teacher with ease of expression, confidence and satisfaction that the learners understand the lesson. Notwithstanding the dynamic attributes of code switching in the classroom, the learners are faced with the dilemma of having to avoid code switching as much as possible in the examinations since there is no room for code switching in the examinations. This investigation showed that despite the fact that non-mother tongue teaching is supposed to take place through the medium of the target language, both the teachers and the learners admitted that they code switch during Afrikaans classes and they perceive code switching as the best way to facilitate understanding. The findings of this study revealed that code switching was a natural and inevitable strategy in teaching an additional language. However, it also surfaced that some teachers resorted to using code switching because of their own lack of proficiency in the target language. Informed by the above findings, the study recommended that code switching be considered as one of the strategies to be used in the teaching and learning of Afrikaans as additional language. It was also recommended that learners be credited if they used code switching in the examinations since all respondents admitted that code switching was every-day practice in the classroom. This, however is to be done with extreme caution and with the sole purpose of assisting the learners achieve full mastery of the target language at the end of their learning career. Since this kind of exercise needs highly-skilled personnel, it was recommended that practising teachers be retrained and resource materials be expanded to all schools that offer Afrikaans as additional language. Although the arguments presented in this investigation do not reject the reality of the impeding effect code switching might have on the learning of an additional language, the study maintains that for purposes of mutual understanding, code switching is an enabling factor that impacts positively on the teaching-learning situation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Songxaba, S L
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Code switching and code mixing -- Teaching -- Afrikaans-English-Xhosa , Education (Secondary) -- Afrikaans language
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:18414 , http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1006565
- Description: This study seeks to report on the investigation into the need to use code switching as one of the language teaching strategies in the teaching and learning of Afrikaans as Additional Language in the FET band, in predominantly Xhosa-speaking environments in the Eastern Cape. The study was conducted in twelve secondary schools of the Transkei where Afrikaans is taught as an additional language. The sample of the study comprised the educators, the learners and the school managers of the twelve researched schools. The research was a case study of the selected schools. The participants were studied in their own environment and the data was collected by means of both the interviews and structured questionnaires. South Africa is a multilingual and multicultural country. This state of affairs calls for a serious re-evaluation of the existing teaching methodologies. Children acquire language skills in and outside the classroom in two different ways in multilingual societies. While children acquire proficiency in languages outside the classroom in a natural way, in the classroom they are constrained by rigid purist rules that compel them to learn languages in artificial ways. This manner of language acquisition in the predominantly Xhosa-speaking environments of the Eastern Cape, often goes hand in hand with code switching from source language to target language and vice versa. These children can be described as compound informal bilinguals (polyglots) as far as the indigenous languages are concerned since they acquire the indigenous languages from early childhood in natural settings. In the context of formal acquisition of European languages and Afrikaans in schools, they can be categorised as coordinate bilinguals. The linguistic disparities between classroom and natural acquisition practices were revealed in this investigation. In the classroom, code switching has two contradictory sides. On one hand code switching provides the teacher with ease of expression, confidence and satisfaction that the learners understand the lesson. Notwithstanding the dynamic attributes of code switching in the classroom, the learners are faced with the dilemma of having to avoid code switching as much as possible in the examinations since there is no room for code switching in the examinations. This investigation showed that despite the fact that non-mother tongue teaching is supposed to take place through the medium of the target language, both the teachers and the learners admitted that they code switch during Afrikaans classes and they perceive code switching as the best way to facilitate understanding. The findings of this study revealed that code switching was a natural and inevitable strategy in teaching an additional language. However, it also surfaced that some teachers resorted to using code switching because of their own lack of proficiency in the target language. Informed by the above findings, the study recommended that code switching be considered as one of the strategies to be used in the teaching and learning of Afrikaans as additional language. It was also recommended that learners be credited if they used code switching in the examinations since all respondents admitted that code switching was every-day practice in the classroom. This, however is to be done with extreme caution and with the sole purpose of assisting the learners achieve full mastery of the target language at the end of their learning career. Since this kind of exercise needs highly-skilled personnel, it was recommended that practising teachers be retrained and resource materials be expanded to all schools that offer Afrikaans as additional language. Although the arguments presented in this investigation do not reject the reality of the impeding effect code switching might have on the learning of an additional language, the study maintains that for purposes of mutual understanding, code switching is an enabling factor that impacts positively on the teaching-learning situation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The use of e-mail among students and lecturers at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University: a guide reasearch report
- Ntsiko, Blondie Bonisa Blossom
- Authors: Ntsiko, Blondie Bonisa Blossom
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Telecommunication in education , Educational technology , Electronic mail systems in education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9119 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015970
- Description: This research seeks to determine the impact of the use of e-mail between lecturers and students at the NMMU. New students at universities, and especially first year undergraduates, can sometimes have difficulties in addressing their concerns, questions and ideas about their courses and are faced with the difficulty of adapting to a new lifestyle and the university environment. Interactivity and feedback are key contributors to providing an effective learning environment for such students. Lecturers provide the main source for university students to discover what is expected of them to identify the key learning goals related to a course, from a lecturer (Braxton, Milem & Sullivan, 2000:569). The increase in student numbers in Higher Education over the last decade has been dramatic, placing greater pressures on academic staff in terms of contacting students. As computer technology becomes both more prevalent and more intrusive, its use and misuse are increasingly falling under the critical scrutiny of academic researchers. If traditional educational methods are supported, such support must be flexible enough to accommodate technology, but as a means, not an end. The research of e-mail impact between students and lecturers is still very new and is open for additional study (Braxton, et al. 2000:590).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Ntsiko, Blondie Bonisa Blossom
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Telecommunication in education , Educational technology , Electronic mail systems in education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9119 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015970
- Description: This research seeks to determine the impact of the use of e-mail between lecturers and students at the NMMU. New students at universities, and especially first year undergraduates, can sometimes have difficulties in addressing their concerns, questions and ideas about their courses and are faced with the difficulty of adapting to a new lifestyle and the university environment. Interactivity and feedback are key contributors to providing an effective learning environment for such students. Lecturers provide the main source for university students to discover what is expected of them to identify the key learning goals related to a course, from a lecturer (Braxton, Milem & Sullivan, 2000:569). The increase in student numbers in Higher Education over the last decade has been dramatic, placing greater pressures on academic staff in terms of contacting students. As computer technology becomes both more prevalent and more intrusive, its use and misuse are increasingly falling under the critical scrutiny of academic researchers. If traditional educational methods are supported, such support must be flexible enough to accommodate technology, but as a means, not an end. The research of e-mail impact between students and lecturers is still very new and is open for additional study (Braxton, et al. 2000:590).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The use of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in promoting sustainable development
- Ngesi, Hlekani Ntombizakithi
- Authors: Ngesi, Hlekani Ntombizakithi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Environmental impact analysis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Sustainable development -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa , Environmental management -- Planning , Environmental impact analysis -- Law and legislation -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9045 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1614 , Environmental impact analysis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Sustainable development -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa , Environmental management -- Planning , Environmental impact analysis -- Law and legislation -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: The overall aim of the case study was to investigate the effectiveness of EIAs in NMB and to determine whether EIA legislation and implementation can lead to the promotion of sustainable development practices. The research made use of the qualitative research methodology and followed the inductive approach by critically evaluating the EIA process in the NMBM using the case study approach. This was supported by a survey which was administered to willing participants chosen at random whose extensive experience is relevant to this research topic. Interviews involved direct personal contact with participants who were asked to respond to questions relating to the research study. The research sample consisted of eight participants. The local authority was represented by two participants, the Environmental Assessment Practitioners were represented by five participants and the Non-Governmental Organization was represented by 1 participant. The first objective of the study was to evaluate the role of government during the EIA process. The results showed that EAPs in NMB municipality are relatively satisfied with how the municipality is handling the EIA process with regards to commenting on both internal and external applications. There was however a view that most municipalities lack sufficient capacity to be able to comment on EIA applications as required by legislation and that human resource issues were one of the contributing factors where skills are concerned. The second objective of the study was to examine and evaluate the role of civil society and NGOs during the EIA process. The results showed that NGOs are quite vocal and very much involved in driving the sustainable development agenda and that in South Africa NGOs are usually the ones that are responsible for getting the message across in the form of environmental education and awareness through the translation of environmental knowledge into practical on the ground conservation. 4 The third objective of the study was to analyze the responsibilities of Environmental Assessment Practitioners (EAPs) in the EIA process. The EAPs had a very good knowledge of the EIA process and what was required of them in terms of the process. The fourth objective was to evaluate compliance to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) by the applicant once Environmental Authorisation (EA) has been granted by the responsible authority. The results showed that all the participants were in agreement in terms of the need for EMPs but their lack of enforcement was highlighted as a very serious problem which is in need of urgent attention sooner rather than later. It was also highlighted that EMPs were generally not adhered to due to their lack of legal status and that many developers viewed EMPs as guideline documents rather than something that has legally enforceable provisions. The study concluded that EIAs are not effective in meeting the requirements of NEMA and promoting sustainable development agenda. The IEM planning process which has largely been focused on EIAs as a tool to support decision-making by specialists and hence promote sustainable development has its weaknesses and has not been successful in driving the sustainable development agenda in Nelson Mandela Bay
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Ngesi, Hlekani Ntombizakithi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Environmental impact analysis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Sustainable development -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa , Environmental management -- Planning , Environmental impact analysis -- Law and legislation -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9045 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1614 , Environmental impact analysis -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Sustainable development -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa , Environmental management -- Planning , Environmental impact analysis -- Law and legislation -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: The overall aim of the case study was to investigate the effectiveness of EIAs in NMB and to determine whether EIA legislation and implementation can lead to the promotion of sustainable development practices. The research made use of the qualitative research methodology and followed the inductive approach by critically evaluating the EIA process in the NMBM using the case study approach. This was supported by a survey which was administered to willing participants chosen at random whose extensive experience is relevant to this research topic. Interviews involved direct personal contact with participants who were asked to respond to questions relating to the research study. The research sample consisted of eight participants. The local authority was represented by two participants, the Environmental Assessment Practitioners were represented by five participants and the Non-Governmental Organization was represented by 1 participant. The first objective of the study was to evaluate the role of government during the EIA process. The results showed that EAPs in NMB municipality are relatively satisfied with how the municipality is handling the EIA process with regards to commenting on both internal and external applications. There was however a view that most municipalities lack sufficient capacity to be able to comment on EIA applications as required by legislation and that human resource issues were one of the contributing factors where skills are concerned. The second objective of the study was to examine and evaluate the role of civil society and NGOs during the EIA process. The results showed that NGOs are quite vocal and very much involved in driving the sustainable development agenda and that in South Africa NGOs are usually the ones that are responsible for getting the message across in the form of environmental education and awareness through the translation of environmental knowledge into practical on the ground conservation. 4 The third objective of the study was to analyze the responsibilities of Environmental Assessment Practitioners (EAPs) in the EIA process. The EAPs had a very good knowledge of the EIA process and what was required of them in terms of the process. The fourth objective was to evaluate compliance to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) by the applicant once Environmental Authorisation (EA) has been granted by the responsible authority. The results showed that all the participants were in agreement in terms of the need for EMPs but their lack of enforcement was highlighted as a very serious problem which is in need of urgent attention sooner rather than later. It was also highlighted that EMPs were generally not adhered to due to their lack of legal status and that many developers viewed EMPs as guideline documents rather than something that has legally enforceable provisions. The study concluded that EIAs are not effective in meeting the requirements of NEMA and promoting sustainable development agenda. The IEM planning process which has largely been focused on EIAs as a tool to support decision-making by specialists and hence promote sustainable development has its weaknesses and has not been successful in driving the sustainable development agenda in Nelson Mandela Bay
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The use of experimental design in the development of an HPLC–ECD method for the analysis of captopril
- Khamanga, Sandile M, Walker, Roderick B
- Authors: Khamanga, Sandile M , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/184056 , vital:44163 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.025"
- Description: An accurate, sensitive and specific high performance liquid chromatography–electrochemical detection (HPLC–ECD) method that was developed and validated for captopril (CPT) is presented. Separation was achieved using a Phenomenex® Luna 5 μm (C18) column and a mobile phase comprised of phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 3.0): acetonitrile in a ratio of 70:30 (v/v). Detection was accomplished using a full scan multi channel ESA Coulometric detector in the “oxidative-screen” mode with the upstream electrode (E1) set at +600 mV and the downstream (analytical) electrode (E2) set at +950 mV, while the potential of the guard cell was maintained at +1050 mV. The detector gain was set at 300. Experimental design using central composite design (CCD) was used to facilitate method development. Mobile phase pH, molarity and concentration of acetonitrile (ACN) were considered the critical factors to be studied to establish the retention time of CPT and cyclizine (CYC) that was used as the internal standard. Twenty experiments including centre points were undertaken and a quadratic model was derived for the retention time for CPT using the experimental data. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of quantitation and detection, as per the ICH guidelines. The system was found to produce sharp and well-resolved peaks for CPT and CYC with retention times of 3.08 and 7.56 min, respectively. Linear regression analysis for the calibration curve showed a good linear relationship with a regression coefficient of 0.978 in the concentration range of 2–70 μg/mL. The linear regression equation was y = 0.0131x + 0.0275. The limits of detection (LOQ) and quantitation (LOD) were found to be 2.27 and 0.6 μg/mL, respectively. The method was used to analyze CPT in tablets. The wide range for linearity, accuracy, sensitivity, short retention time and composition of the mobile phase indicated that this method is better for the quantification of CPT than the pharmacopoeial methods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Khamanga, Sandile M , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/184056 , vital:44163 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.025"
- Description: An accurate, sensitive and specific high performance liquid chromatography–electrochemical detection (HPLC–ECD) method that was developed and validated for captopril (CPT) is presented. Separation was achieved using a Phenomenex® Luna 5 μm (C18) column and a mobile phase comprised of phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 3.0): acetonitrile in a ratio of 70:30 (v/v). Detection was accomplished using a full scan multi channel ESA Coulometric detector in the “oxidative-screen” mode with the upstream electrode (E1) set at +600 mV and the downstream (analytical) electrode (E2) set at +950 mV, while the potential of the guard cell was maintained at +1050 mV. The detector gain was set at 300. Experimental design using central composite design (CCD) was used to facilitate method development. Mobile phase pH, molarity and concentration of acetonitrile (ACN) were considered the critical factors to be studied to establish the retention time of CPT and cyclizine (CYC) that was used as the internal standard. Twenty experiments including centre points were undertaken and a quadratic model was derived for the retention time for CPT using the experimental data. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of quantitation and detection, as per the ICH guidelines. The system was found to produce sharp and well-resolved peaks for CPT and CYC with retention times of 3.08 and 7.56 min, respectively. Linear regression analysis for the calibration curve showed a good linear relationship with a regression coefficient of 0.978 in the concentration range of 2–70 μg/mL. The linear regression equation was y = 0.0131x + 0.0275. The limits of detection (LOQ) and quantitation (LOD) were found to be 2.27 and 0.6 μg/mL, respectively. The method was used to analyze CPT in tablets. The wide range for linearity, accuracy, sensitivity, short retention time and composition of the mobile phase indicated that this method is better for the quantification of CPT than the pharmacopoeial methods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The use of fish species in a marine conservation plan for KwaZulu-Natal
- Authors: Haupt, Philip
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Fishery conservation -- South Africa -- KwaZulu Natal , Marine resources conservation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10681 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1528 , Fishery conservation -- South Africa -- KwaZulu Natal , Marine resources conservation
- Description: This study formed part of a larger provincial marine systematic conservation plan for KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, called SeaPLAN. Owing to budget and time constraints, not all ± 1640 fish species that occur in the region were considered. A method to prioritise species was therefore developed to identify those species which were most at most risk of being excluded by a conservation plan based primarily on habitat representation (i.e. SeaPLAN). The method was based on three underlying principles: (i) species with limited conservation options; (ii) threatened species; and (iii) inherently vulnerable species. From these three principles, seven criteria were defined (e.g. endemic or rare species). Sixtyseven species met the qualifying conditions for these criteria and were consequently included in this study (FishPLAN). In order to map the distributions of these 67 fish species, the spatial and temporal accuracy of existing marine fish data for KZN was investigated. Only 17 percent of the data evaluated met the spatial resolution requirements of 1 km2, while temporal resolution was high: >99 percent of the data were collected at daily resolution. A resulting recommendation is that future data collection employ handheld data recording devices (with GPS capability), in order to increase the spatial accuracy of data, minimise human error and improve the efficiency of data flow. Species life cycle envelopes (SLICES) were developed to capture spatial differences in areas occupied during three life-cycle phases (reproductive, juvenile and feeding). Two distribution modelling techniques were used: Maxent, which uses quantitative data, and CHARMS (cartographic habitat association range models), which uses qualitative range data. A combination of statistical and biological criteria was used to determine the most informative and appropriate model for each species. Species distribution models (SDMs) were constructed for three temporal partitions of the data: annual, summer and winter. Patterns of species richness developed from the seasonal models showed seasonal differences in patterns that conformed to known seasonal distributions of fish assemblages: richness was higher in southern KZN during winter, while it was higher in northern KZN during summer. The resulting SDMs were used to develop a conservation plan for fish: conservation targets were set using the minimum recommended baseline of 20 percent of a species’ range, to which biological retention targets (additional proportion of the range) were added, in an attempt to ensure species persistence. The conservation targets were then adjusted using catch per unit effort (CPUE) data to match seasonal abundance of a given species. Within the existing network of marine protected areas (MPAs), none of the species’ targets are met by MPA sanctuary zones (zone As) alone, and all species require greater areas of protection. Three areas, namely offshore of the Tugela River mouth, the reefs offshore of Durban, and Aliwal Shoal, were consistently identified as being important in addition to existing MPAs for conservation of the fish species investigated. The greater efficiency of a seasonal MPA network to protect seasonally varying distributions of biodiversity, suggests that this may be a useful tool to consider in conservation management. The outcome of a conservation plan from this study (FishPLAN) was finally compared with the broader, more inclusive conservation plan, SeaPLAN. This comparison demonstrated how conservation plans based on a single group of species run the risk of identifying areas that are appropriate only for the relevant species, and might fail to conserve biodiversity as a whole.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Haupt, Philip
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Fishery conservation -- South Africa -- KwaZulu Natal , Marine resources conservation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10681 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1528 , Fishery conservation -- South Africa -- KwaZulu Natal , Marine resources conservation
- Description: This study formed part of a larger provincial marine systematic conservation plan for KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, called SeaPLAN. Owing to budget and time constraints, not all ± 1640 fish species that occur in the region were considered. A method to prioritise species was therefore developed to identify those species which were most at most risk of being excluded by a conservation plan based primarily on habitat representation (i.e. SeaPLAN). The method was based on three underlying principles: (i) species with limited conservation options; (ii) threatened species; and (iii) inherently vulnerable species. From these three principles, seven criteria were defined (e.g. endemic or rare species). Sixtyseven species met the qualifying conditions for these criteria and were consequently included in this study (FishPLAN). In order to map the distributions of these 67 fish species, the spatial and temporal accuracy of existing marine fish data for KZN was investigated. Only 17 percent of the data evaluated met the spatial resolution requirements of 1 km2, while temporal resolution was high: >99 percent of the data were collected at daily resolution. A resulting recommendation is that future data collection employ handheld data recording devices (with GPS capability), in order to increase the spatial accuracy of data, minimise human error and improve the efficiency of data flow. Species life cycle envelopes (SLICES) were developed to capture spatial differences in areas occupied during three life-cycle phases (reproductive, juvenile and feeding). Two distribution modelling techniques were used: Maxent, which uses quantitative data, and CHARMS (cartographic habitat association range models), which uses qualitative range data. A combination of statistical and biological criteria was used to determine the most informative and appropriate model for each species. Species distribution models (SDMs) were constructed for three temporal partitions of the data: annual, summer and winter. Patterns of species richness developed from the seasonal models showed seasonal differences in patterns that conformed to known seasonal distributions of fish assemblages: richness was higher in southern KZN during winter, while it was higher in northern KZN during summer. The resulting SDMs were used to develop a conservation plan for fish: conservation targets were set using the minimum recommended baseline of 20 percent of a species’ range, to which biological retention targets (additional proportion of the range) were added, in an attempt to ensure species persistence. The conservation targets were then adjusted using catch per unit effort (CPUE) data to match seasonal abundance of a given species. Within the existing network of marine protected areas (MPAs), none of the species’ targets are met by MPA sanctuary zones (zone As) alone, and all species require greater areas of protection. Three areas, namely offshore of the Tugela River mouth, the reefs offshore of Durban, and Aliwal Shoal, were consistently identified as being important in addition to existing MPAs for conservation of the fish species investigated. The greater efficiency of a seasonal MPA network to protect seasonally varying distributions of biodiversity, suggests that this may be a useful tool to consider in conservation management. The outcome of a conservation plan from this study (FishPLAN) was finally compared with the broader, more inclusive conservation plan, SeaPLAN. This comparison demonstrated how conservation plans based on a single group of species run the risk of identifying areas that are appropriate only for the relevant species, and might fail to conserve biodiversity as a whole.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The use of lean tools to increase productivity and improve efficiency in Port Elizabeth Enforcement Audit
- Authors: Bantom, Phumeza Patience
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Lean manufacturing , Quality control -- Auditing , Waste minimization , Auditing, Internal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8645 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008159 , Lean manufacturing , Quality control -- Auditing , Waste minimization , Auditing, Internal
- Description: Lean philosophy is based on the continuous quest to improve the organisation‟s processes by creating a culture and operating principles which eliminate all non value adding activities within organisation„s processes. Manufacturing firms consider the adoption of the Lean tools as basic requirements for achieving World Class operational excellence or Best Practice. For some time, lean has been used by the manufacturing organizations. Most organizations understand that lean will help them survive global competition and stay in business. The objective of this study is to investigate how lean manufacturing tools can be used to improve efficiency and enhance the embedding of a continuous improvement culture in the South African Revenue Service Enforcement Audit Port Elizabeth. The activities that took place in Enforcement Audit Port Elizabeth from September 2010 until 31 October 2011 were observed. During the study, an introductory presentation by the researcher was made to Regional Enforcement Management and staff in general, the presentation was to introduce the study highlighting different Lean tools. Thereafter the Port Elizabeth audit staff members were engaged formally, using surveys to assess their underlying mindset and behaviour as well as informally, using unstructured interviews to solicit more information on activities taking place and the reasoning behind certain actions. The results of the survey and observations are analysed and interpreted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Bantom, Phumeza Patience
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Lean manufacturing , Quality control -- Auditing , Waste minimization , Auditing, Internal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8645 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008159 , Lean manufacturing , Quality control -- Auditing , Waste minimization , Auditing, Internal
- Description: Lean philosophy is based on the continuous quest to improve the organisation‟s processes by creating a culture and operating principles which eliminate all non value adding activities within organisation„s processes. Manufacturing firms consider the adoption of the Lean tools as basic requirements for achieving World Class operational excellence or Best Practice. For some time, lean has been used by the manufacturing organizations. Most organizations understand that lean will help them survive global competition and stay in business. The objective of this study is to investigate how lean manufacturing tools can be used to improve efficiency and enhance the embedding of a continuous improvement culture in the South African Revenue Service Enforcement Audit Port Elizabeth. The activities that took place in Enforcement Audit Port Elizabeth from September 2010 until 31 October 2011 were observed. During the study, an introductory presentation by the researcher was made to Regional Enforcement Management and staff in general, the presentation was to introduce the study highlighting different Lean tools. Thereafter the Port Elizabeth audit staff members were engaged formally, using surveys to assess their underlying mindset and behaviour as well as informally, using unstructured interviews to solicit more information on activities taking place and the reasoning behind certain actions. The results of the survey and observations are analysed and interpreted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The use of learning support materials in the rural schools of Maputaland, Kwa-Zulu Natal
- Authors: Van der Merwe, Michelle
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Environmental education -- South Africa -- Maputaland African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme Coelacanthiformes -- South Africa -- Maputaland Teaching -- Aids and devices -- South Africa -- Maputaland Environmental education -- Curricula -- South Africa -- Maputaland
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1815 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003701
- Description: The African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme (ACEP) was established in 2002 after the discovery of a colony of coelacanths off the Maputaland coast at Sodwana Bay, KwaZulu Natal. The environmental education and awareness sub-programme developed learning support materials (LSM's) for use in schools and the materials were disseminated annually through teacher education workshops. This study aimed to uncover the use of these LSM's in the rural schools of Maputaland. The active learning framework was used to analyse the materials. Collectively, the ACEP materials cover a range of active learning aspects; however alignment with the curriculum has resulted in an increased focus on experiments, accompanied by a loss of environmental content and a narrowing scope for active environmental learning. Workshop questionnaires and four school case studies revealed the patterns of practice of use of materials in schools. The stated use of materials by teachers is not fully realized in the actual classroom practice which centres on learning content and concept definitions. There is no culture of use of materials in the schools following the annual introduction of ACEP materials. It was also found that the marine and coastal knowledge holding power is outside the realm of the teachers' practice and control. The findings of this study come at a time when there is uncertainty over the future of South African education and the curriculum. This research may inform the environmental education and coastal and marine education field as to their role in education and more specifically the development of learning support materials.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Van der Merwe, Michelle
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Environmental education -- South Africa -- Maputaland African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme Coelacanthiformes -- South Africa -- Maputaland Teaching -- Aids and devices -- South Africa -- Maputaland Environmental education -- Curricula -- South Africa -- Maputaland
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1815 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003701
- Description: The African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme (ACEP) was established in 2002 after the discovery of a colony of coelacanths off the Maputaland coast at Sodwana Bay, KwaZulu Natal. The environmental education and awareness sub-programme developed learning support materials (LSM's) for use in schools and the materials were disseminated annually through teacher education workshops. This study aimed to uncover the use of these LSM's in the rural schools of Maputaland. The active learning framework was used to analyse the materials. Collectively, the ACEP materials cover a range of active learning aspects; however alignment with the curriculum has resulted in an increased focus on experiments, accompanied by a loss of environmental content and a narrowing scope for active environmental learning. Workshop questionnaires and four school case studies revealed the patterns of practice of use of materials in schools. The stated use of materials by teachers is not fully realized in the actual classroom practice which centres on learning content and concept definitions. There is no culture of use of materials in the schools following the annual introduction of ACEP materials. It was also found that the marine and coastal knowledge holding power is outside the realm of the teachers' practice and control. The findings of this study come at a time when there is uncertainty over the future of South African education and the curriculum. This research may inform the environmental education and coastal and marine education field as to their role in education and more specifically the development of learning support materials.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The value added by facilities management services to an organisation's core business
- Authors: Relu, Lona
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Facility management , Production management , Operations management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:9724 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012047 , Facility management , Production management , Operations management
- Description: The main objective of the study was to define FM in its broader context and identify ways of exposing its value to the organisation’s core business. The study firstly included defining FM, its scope and nature to provide an in-depth overview and understanding of the discipline. Secondly, the study discussed in detail the level of support of FM by top or senior management. Thirdly, the study discussed the importance of quality management in enhancing the value of FM within an organisation. Lastly, the study discussed how service level agreements can be utilised to enhance the value of FM within the organisation. Questionnaires were distributed via electronic mail and some hand-delivered to private, public organisations and government parastatals to gather their views on how they think FM can add value to their organisations. Questionnaires were sent out to various professionals from various organisations that employ FM services based on the aforementioned objectives. The findings from the survey showed that most organisations understand and have the knowledge about FM but there is no set and defined scope; the scope of FM differs in various organisations; soft services are grouped together and branded as FM services; FM is moderately incorporated throughout and top management still sees FM as adding no value to the organisation’s core business. The results also show that FM needs to adopt strategies such as understanding and working towards the organisation’s goals and objectives; ensuring sustainability in FM services; providing superior quality service and projecting defined and improved levels of service linking service to the organisation’s culture and facilitating organisational change for it to gain support from top management. The majority of respondents incorporating FM in their organisations agree with the benefits afforded by this discipline and have developed and implemented quality management systems that are linked to their business strategies and, by doing so, have enhanced their organisation’s performance levels. Service Level agreements are not being utilised by the majority of the organisations the few organisations that utilise SLA’s, have benefited a great deal from SLAs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Relu, Lona
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Facility management , Production management , Operations management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:9724 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012047 , Facility management , Production management , Operations management
- Description: The main objective of the study was to define FM in its broader context and identify ways of exposing its value to the organisation’s core business. The study firstly included defining FM, its scope and nature to provide an in-depth overview and understanding of the discipline. Secondly, the study discussed in detail the level of support of FM by top or senior management. Thirdly, the study discussed the importance of quality management in enhancing the value of FM within an organisation. Lastly, the study discussed how service level agreements can be utilised to enhance the value of FM within the organisation. Questionnaires were distributed via electronic mail and some hand-delivered to private, public organisations and government parastatals to gather their views on how they think FM can add value to their organisations. Questionnaires were sent out to various professionals from various organisations that employ FM services based on the aforementioned objectives. The findings from the survey showed that most organisations understand and have the knowledge about FM but there is no set and defined scope; the scope of FM differs in various organisations; soft services are grouped together and branded as FM services; FM is moderately incorporated throughout and top management still sees FM as adding no value to the organisation’s core business. The results also show that FM needs to adopt strategies such as understanding and working towards the organisation’s goals and objectives; ensuring sustainability in FM services; providing superior quality service and projecting defined and improved levels of service linking service to the organisation’s culture and facilitating organisational change for it to gain support from top management. The majority of respondents incorporating FM in their organisations agree with the benefits afforded by this discipline and have developed and implemented quality management systems that are linked to their business strategies and, by doing so, have enhanced their organisation’s performance levels. Service Level agreements are not being utilised by the majority of the organisations the few organisations that utilise SLA’s, have benefited a great deal from SLAs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The value of remnant habitat patches for conserving butterflies (Lepidoptera) in King Sabata Dalindyebo (KSD) Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Avuletey, Richard
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Butterflies -- Research Butterflies -- Behaviour South Africa -- Transkei
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:18490 , http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1011285
- Description: Butterflies (Lepidoptera) have attracted more attention as indicators of terrestrial ecosystems than other invertebrates. This taxon is widely used as tools or subjects for biodiversity conservation planning in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The study determined butterfly species turnover at a-priori selected habitat patches in a protected area (Nduli Nature Reserve) and non-formally protected areas (outside Nduli Nature Reserve) of the KSD Local Municipality and their response to measured environmental variables. Using transect survey methods, 516 butterfly individuals belonging to 22 species were caught from 16 sampling units. Species dominance curves showed more butterfly species evenness outside reserve sites than inside. Hierarchical clustering using Bray-Curtis similarity matrices and Correspondence analysis (CA) grouped sampling units according to butterfly species sampled. Site habitat patches outside the reserve were richer in butterfly and overall abundance than inside the reserve. The Canonical Correspondence analysis (CCA) results revealed that certain site variables such as percentage herb cover, area of patch size, average grass height, grazing intensity, distance to the city centre and average flower density accounted for species distribution patterns at various sampling units. The conservation implications of the study suggest that patch level management of micro-habitats with sufficient flowering herbs, structural vegetation, and patch size with minimal disturbance within and outside reserve areas can encourage rare and common butterfly species richness and diversity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Avuletey, Richard
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Butterflies -- Research Butterflies -- Behaviour South Africa -- Transkei
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:18490 , http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1011285
- Description: Butterflies (Lepidoptera) have attracted more attention as indicators of terrestrial ecosystems than other invertebrates. This taxon is widely used as tools or subjects for biodiversity conservation planning in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The study determined butterfly species turnover at a-priori selected habitat patches in a protected area (Nduli Nature Reserve) and non-formally protected areas (outside Nduli Nature Reserve) of the KSD Local Municipality and their response to measured environmental variables. Using transect survey methods, 516 butterfly individuals belonging to 22 species were caught from 16 sampling units. Species dominance curves showed more butterfly species evenness outside reserve sites than inside. Hierarchical clustering using Bray-Curtis similarity matrices and Correspondence analysis (CA) grouped sampling units according to butterfly species sampled. Site habitat patches outside the reserve were richer in butterfly and overall abundance than inside the reserve. The Canonical Correspondence analysis (CCA) results revealed that certain site variables such as percentage herb cover, area of patch size, average grass height, grazing intensity, distance to the city centre and average flower density accounted for species distribution patterns at various sampling units. The conservation implications of the study suggest that patch level management of micro-habitats with sufficient flowering herbs, structural vegetation, and patch size with minimal disturbance within and outside reserve areas can encourage rare and common butterfly species richness and diversity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The xfn connection management and control protocol
- Foss, Richard, Gurdan, Robby, Klinkradt, Bradley, Chigwamba, Nyasha
- Authors: Foss, Richard , Gurdan, Robby , Klinkradt, Bradley , Chigwamba, Nyasha
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427137 , vital:72417 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=16143
- Description: With the advent of digital networks that link audio devices, there is a need for a protocol that integrates control and connection management, enables the streaming of all media content such as audio and video between devices from different manufacturers, and that provides a common approach to the control of these devices. This paper describes such a protocol, named XFN, currently being standardized as part of the AES X170 project. XFN is an IP-based peer to peer network protocol, in which any device on the network may send or receive connection management, control, and monitoring messages. Essential to the XFN protocol is the fact that each parameter in a device can be addressed via a hierarchical structure that reflects the functional layout of the device.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Foss, Richard , Gurdan, Robby , Klinkradt, Bradley , Chigwamba, Nyasha
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427137 , vital:72417 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=16143
- Description: With the advent of digital networks that link audio devices, there is a need for a protocol that integrates control and connection management, enables the streaming of all media content such as audio and video between devices from different manufacturers, and that provides a common approach to the control of these devices. This paper describes such a protocol, named XFN, currently being standardized as part of the AES X170 project. XFN is an IP-based peer to peer network protocol, in which any device on the network may send or receive connection management, control, and monitoring messages. Essential to the XFN protocol is the fact that each parameter in a device can be addressed via a hierarchical structure that reflects the functional layout of the device.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The zoogeography of the cetaceans in Algoa Bay
- Authors: Melly, Brigitte Leigh
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Cetacea -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Cetacea -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Cetacea -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay -- Geographical distribution , Cetacea -- Counting -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4858 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005534 , Cetacea -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Cetacea -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Cetacea -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay -- Geographical distribution , Cetacea -- Counting -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay
- Description: The most recent study on cetaceans in Algoa Bay, South Africa, was conducted over 14 years ago. Consequently, knowledge of the cetacean species visiting this bay is currently based on incidental observations and stranding data. A number of developments in recent years: a deepwater port, proposed oil refinery, increased boating and fishing (commercial and recreational), a proposed Marine Protected Area, and the release of a whale-watching permit, all of which may impact these animals in some way, highlight the need for a baseline study on cetaceans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal distribution, and habitat preference of cetaceans in Algoa Bay. Boat-based surveys were conducted monthly between March 2009 and July 2010. At each sighting the GPS location, species, group size and composition, and behaviour were recorded. Using GIS, the sighting data was related to data layers of geographical variables such as sea surface temperature, depth and sea-floor substrate. Approximately 365 hours of search effort were completed over 57 surveys, with a total of 346 sightings. Species observed were: southern right whales (Eubalaena australis), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera brydei), Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), and longbeaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis). Southern right whales were observed during austral winter, utilising the shallow, protected areas of the bay as a mating and nursery ground. Humpback whales were also recorded extensively during winter, in more offshore waters, with a significant number of mother-calf pairs sighted. Bryde’s whales were recorded in offshore waters during summer and autumn, where they were primarily observed travelling and foraging. Bottlenose dolphins were the most prolific species sighted. They were recorded year-round throughout the inshore waters of the bay, with large group sizes (up to 500 animals), and displayed a wide variety of behaviours. Humpback dolphins were observed in extremely shallow and inshore waters (mean bottom depth of 6.6 m) along the south-west corner of the bay, in small groups of approximately three individuals. Common dolphins were the least observed species, and were mainly observed foraging in large groups of up to 800 individuals. The results of this study indicate how cetaceans utilise the bay in significantly different ways. Geographical and anthropogenic factors have influenced the spatial and temporal distribution of these animals and have resulted in habitat preferences, as well as potential key habitats, in the bay. Thus, this study has provided baseline information for future research and for better informed conservation and management strategies in Algoa Bay.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Melly, Brigitte Leigh
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Cetacea -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Cetacea -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Cetacea -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay -- Geographical distribution , Cetacea -- Counting -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4858 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005534 , Cetacea -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Cetacea -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , Cetacea -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay -- Geographical distribution , Cetacea -- Counting -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay
- Description: The most recent study on cetaceans in Algoa Bay, South Africa, was conducted over 14 years ago. Consequently, knowledge of the cetacean species visiting this bay is currently based on incidental observations and stranding data. A number of developments in recent years: a deepwater port, proposed oil refinery, increased boating and fishing (commercial and recreational), a proposed Marine Protected Area, and the release of a whale-watching permit, all of which may impact these animals in some way, highlight the need for a baseline study on cetaceans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal distribution, and habitat preference of cetaceans in Algoa Bay. Boat-based surveys were conducted monthly between March 2009 and July 2010. At each sighting the GPS location, species, group size and composition, and behaviour were recorded. Using GIS, the sighting data was related to data layers of geographical variables such as sea surface temperature, depth and sea-floor substrate. Approximately 365 hours of search effort were completed over 57 surveys, with a total of 346 sightings. Species observed were: southern right whales (Eubalaena australis), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera brydei), Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), and longbeaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis). Southern right whales were observed during austral winter, utilising the shallow, protected areas of the bay as a mating and nursery ground. Humpback whales were also recorded extensively during winter, in more offshore waters, with a significant number of mother-calf pairs sighted. Bryde’s whales were recorded in offshore waters during summer and autumn, where they were primarily observed travelling and foraging. Bottlenose dolphins were the most prolific species sighted. They were recorded year-round throughout the inshore waters of the bay, with large group sizes (up to 500 animals), and displayed a wide variety of behaviours. Humpback dolphins were observed in extremely shallow and inshore waters (mean bottom depth of 6.6 m) along the south-west corner of the bay, in small groups of approximately three individuals. Common dolphins were the least observed species, and were mainly observed foraging in large groups of up to 800 individuals. The results of this study indicate how cetaceans utilise the bay in significantly different ways. Geographical and anthropogenic factors have influenced the spatial and temporal distribution of these animals and have resulted in habitat preferences, as well as potential key habitats, in the bay. Thus, this study has provided baseline information for future research and for better informed conservation and management strategies in Algoa Bay.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The ‘refeudalisation’ or the ‘return of the repressed’ of the public sphere?:
- Authors: Garman, Anthea
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159857 , vital:40350 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2011.621293
- Description: The prevalent depiction of the heyday of the public sphere and its fall from grace under present-day, publicity-ridden, highly commercialised media, with their individualised address of entertainment, is an inadequate conception of today's complex public spheres. The 18th-century bourgeois public sphere had a number of features – often repressed in practice and in theory – which were bound to have their outcomes and a/effects in the public spaces, practices and vehicles we experience today.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Garman, Anthea
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159857 , vital:40350 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2011.621293
- Description: The prevalent depiction of the heyday of the public sphere and its fall from grace under present-day, publicity-ridden, highly commercialised media, with their individualised address of entertainment, is an inadequate conception of today's complex public spheres. The 18th-century bourgeois public sphere had a number of features – often repressed in practice and in theory – which were bound to have their outcomes and a/effects in the public spaces, practices and vehicles we experience today.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus infection induces a redistribution of heat shock proteins 70 and 90 in BHK-21 cells, and is inhibited by novobiocin and geldanamycin:
- Mutsvunguma, Lorraine Z, Moetlhoa, Boitumelo, Edkins, Adrienne L, Luke, Garry A, Blatch, Gregory L, Knox, Caroline M
- Authors: Mutsvunguma, Lorraine Z , Moetlhoa, Boitumelo , Edkins, Adrienne L , Luke, Garry A , Blatch, Gregory L , Knox, Caroline M
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/165085 , vital:41207 , DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0262-x
- Description: Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Cardiovirus genus in the family Picornaviridae. In addition to other host cellular factors and pathways, picornaviruses utilise heat shock proteins (Hsps) to facilitate their propagation in cells. This study investigated the localisation of Hsps 70 and 90 in TMEV-infected BHK-21 cells by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. The effect of Hsp90 inhibitors novobiocin (Nov) and geldanamycin (GA) on the development of cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by infection was also examined. Hsp90 staining was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells but was found concentrated in the perinuclear region during late infection where it overlapped with the signal for non-structural protein 2C within the viral replication complex.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Mutsvunguma, Lorraine Z , Moetlhoa, Boitumelo , Edkins, Adrienne L , Luke, Garry A , Blatch, Gregory L , Knox, Caroline M
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/165085 , vital:41207 , DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0262-x
- Description: Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Cardiovirus genus in the family Picornaviridae. In addition to other host cellular factors and pathways, picornaviruses utilise heat shock proteins (Hsps) to facilitate their propagation in cells. This study investigated the localisation of Hsps 70 and 90 in TMEV-infected BHK-21 cells by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. The effect of Hsp90 inhibitors novobiocin (Nov) and geldanamycin (GA) on the development of cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by infection was also examined. Hsp90 staining was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of uninfected cells but was found concentrated in the perinuclear region during late infection where it overlapped with the signal for non-structural protein 2C within the viral replication complex.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Thermal degradation of diamond compacts: a TEM investigation
- Authors: Westraadt, Johan Ewald
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Materials -- Thermal properties Chemical weathering
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10829 , vital:26827
- Description: Diamond compacts consist of fine diamond grains bonded together by using high pressure and high temperature. In this study transmission electron microscopy (TEM)was used to study thermal degradation of diamond compacts. Three different types of diamond compacts – namely cobalt polycrystalline diamond (PCD), calcium carbonate PCD, and diamond-SiC composites – were investigated with TEM to understand the processes that occur during synthesis. These compacts were then heated in inert atmospheres and the chemical changes studied with TEM. It was found that PCD, using cobalt as a bonding agent, will degrade after exposure to temperatures above 750ºC. The cobalt pools contain tungsten in solid solution. During heat treatment above 700ºC the solid solution tungsten combines with cobalt and dissolved carbon to form η-phase particles at the cobalt/diamond interface. At higher temperatures or insufficient tungsten levels the rate of dissolved carbon, into the cobalt pool, is too high and the excess carbon will form as graphite in the cobalt pool. Increased levels of solid solution tungsten, in the cobalt, is expected to delay the onset of graphitization in the diamond compact, thereby increasing the thermal stability of the diamond compact. Non-metallic PCD using calcium carbonate as a bonding agent was successfully sintered in this study. TEM revealed similar micro-structural features as in cobalt based PCD. No signs of thermal degradation were found after exposure to 1200ºC in vacuum for this PCD. Contaminants introduced during processing prevented a detailed study of the binder in this system. The effect of substitutional metal atoms and plastic deformation of diamond on the thermal stability of diamond-SiC composites were investigated. A piston cylinder press was developed and used to synthesize diamond-SiC composites with different levels of plastically deformed diamond. It was concluded that substitutional metal atoms and plastic deformation of diamond grains play no role in the thermal degradation of diamond compacts at 750ºC. The thermal degradation of cobalt PCD is therefore completely determined by the cobalt/diamond interaction at 750ºC.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Westraadt, Johan Ewald
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Materials -- Thermal properties Chemical weathering
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10829 , vital:26827
- Description: Diamond compacts consist of fine diamond grains bonded together by using high pressure and high temperature. In this study transmission electron microscopy (TEM)was used to study thermal degradation of diamond compacts. Three different types of diamond compacts – namely cobalt polycrystalline diamond (PCD), calcium carbonate PCD, and diamond-SiC composites – were investigated with TEM to understand the processes that occur during synthesis. These compacts were then heated in inert atmospheres and the chemical changes studied with TEM. It was found that PCD, using cobalt as a bonding agent, will degrade after exposure to temperatures above 750ºC. The cobalt pools contain tungsten in solid solution. During heat treatment above 700ºC the solid solution tungsten combines with cobalt and dissolved carbon to form η-phase particles at the cobalt/diamond interface. At higher temperatures or insufficient tungsten levels the rate of dissolved carbon, into the cobalt pool, is too high and the excess carbon will form as graphite in the cobalt pool. Increased levels of solid solution tungsten, in the cobalt, is expected to delay the onset of graphitization in the diamond compact, thereby increasing the thermal stability of the diamond compact. Non-metallic PCD using calcium carbonate as a bonding agent was successfully sintered in this study. TEM revealed similar micro-structural features as in cobalt based PCD. No signs of thermal degradation were found after exposure to 1200ºC in vacuum for this PCD. Contaminants introduced during processing prevented a detailed study of the binder in this system. The effect of substitutional metal atoms and plastic deformation of diamond on the thermal stability of diamond-SiC composites were investigated. A piston cylinder press was developed and used to synthesize diamond-SiC composites with different levels of plastically deformed diamond. It was concluded that substitutional metal atoms and plastic deformation of diamond grains play no role in the thermal degradation of diamond compacts at 750ºC. The thermal degradation of cobalt PCD is therefore completely determined by the cobalt/diamond interaction at 750ºC.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The design of a visitor education and research centre for Sutherland, Western Cape
- Du Toit, David Jacob Johannes
- Authors: Du Toit, David Jacob Johannes
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Visitors' centers -- South Africa -- Western Cape -- Designs and plans Visitors' centers -- South Africa -- Western Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MArch
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/38934 , vital:35014
- Description: The modern visitor centre evolved rapidly with the world wide growth in tourism and its significant contribution to local economies. This new building type has provided many new opportunities for architects to work on small to medium size building with a greater meaning attached to them. However, architects would now have to deal with the problems that tourists bring! How must architects incorporate local history, culture and memory? The visitor centre is the combination of the local tourism office and museum. This new type of building is a combination of those formerly distinct building types which had two separate and different functions. “gateway building” The contemporary visitor centre combines the distribution of tourist/visitor information with the interpretation of particular regions. This interpretation of cultural and natural history links the visitor centre to the local history museum, however whereas local history museums often struggle with expanding collections, limited resources and low visitation levels, visitor centres have been able to attract greater government funding. The media of interpretation also differs dramatically, with visitor’s centres often using multimedia technology to enliven cultural history or educational displays. However they can also suffer from static displays which having been viewed once, discourage repeat visits. What is a contemporary visitor centre? Figure 1: Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao. Showing centre as “icon” building. This interpretation role of visitor centres has resulted in them becoming a major focus for visitation. The must-see status of these buildings is often pursued through dramatic form. Briefs for visitor centres often demand an “icon” envisaging that the building will itself, become a marketable destination. Buildings that try and become destinations in themself often run the risk of not promoting the area or location but rather them self. Visitor centres can therefor contribute to the transformation of destinations in both positive and negative ways. They can either help with economic, environmental and cultural revival of regions or they can be involved in changing places and overshadowing the very features they are meant to enhance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Du Toit, David Jacob Johannes
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Visitors' centers -- South Africa -- Western Cape -- Designs and plans Visitors' centers -- South Africa -- Western Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MArch
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/38934 , vital:35014
- Description: The modern visitor centre evolved rapidly with the world wide growth in tourism and its significant contribution to local economies. This new building type has provided many new opportunities for architects to work on small to medium size building with a greater meaning attached to them. However, architects would now have to deal with the problems that tourists bring! How must architects incorporate local history, culture and memory? The visitor centre is the combination of the local tourism office and museum. This new type of building is a combination of those formerly distinct building types which had two separate and different functions. “gateway building” The contemporary visitor centre combines the distribution of tourist/visitor information with the interpretation of particular regions. This interpretation of cultural and natural history links the visitor centre to the local history museum, however whereas local history museums often struggle with expanding collections, limited resources and low visitation levels, visitor centres have been able to attract greater government funding. The media of interpretation also differs dramatically, with visitor’s centres often using multimedia technology to enliven cultural history or educational displays. However they can also suffer from static displays which having been viewed once, discourage repeat visits. What is a contemporary visitor centre? Figure 1: Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao. Showing centre as “icon” building. This interpretation role of visitor centres has resulted in them becoming a major focus for visitation. The must-see status of these buildings is often pursued through dramatic form. Briefs for visitor centres often demand an “icon” envisaging that the building will itself, become a marketable destination. Buildings that try and become destinations in themself often run the risk of not promoting the area or location but rather them self. Visitor centres can therefor contribute to the transformation of destinations in both positive and negative ways. They can either help with economic, environmental and cultural revival of regions or they can be involved in changing places and overshadowing the very features they are meant to enhance.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Time series models for paired comparisons
- Authors: Sjolander, Morne Rowan
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Paired comparisons (Statistics)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:10577 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012858
- Description: The method of paired comparisons is seen as a technique used to rank a set of objects with respect to an abstract or immeasurable property. To do this, the objects get to be compared two at a time. The results are input into a model, resulting in numbers known as weights being assigned to the objects. The weights are then used to rank the objects. The method of paired comparisons was first used for psychometric investigations. Various other applications of the method are also present, for example economic applications, and applications in sports statistics. This study involves taking paired comparison models and making them time-dependent. Not much research has been done in this area. Three new time series models for paired comparisons are created. Simulations are done to support the evidence obtained, and theoretical as well as practical examples are given to illustrate the results and to verify the efficiency of the new models. A literature study is given on the method of paired comparisons, as well as on the areas in which we apply our models. Our first two time series models for paired comparisons are the Linear-Trend Bradley- Terry Model and the Sinusoidal Bradley-Terry Model. We use the maximum likelihood approach to solve these models. We test our models using exact and randomly simulated data for various time periods and various numbers of objects. We adapt the Linear-Trend Bradley-Terry Model and received our third time series model for paired comparisons, the Log Linear-Trend Bradley-Terry Model. The daily maximum and minimum temperatures were received for Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage and Coega for 2005 until 2009. To evaluate the performance of the Linear-Trend Bradley-Terry Model and the Sinusoidal Bradley-Terry Model on estimating missing temperature data, we artificially remove observations of temperature from Coega’s temperature dataset for 2006 until 2008, and use various forms of these models to estimate the missing data points. The exchange rates for 2005 until 2008 between the following currencies: the Rand, Dollar, Euro, Pound and Yen, were obtained and various forms of our Log Linear-Trend Bradley-Terry Model are used to forecast the exchange rate for one day ahead for each month in 2006 until 2008. One of the features of this study is that we apply our time series models for paired comparisons to areas which comprise non-standard paired comparisons; and we want to encourage the use of the method of paired comparisons in a broader sense than what it is traditionally used for. The results of this study can be used in various other areas, like for example, in sports statistics, to rank the strength of sports players and predict their future scores; in Physics, to calculate weather risks of electricity generation, particularly risks related to nuclear power plants, and so forth, as well as in many other areas. It is hoped that this research will open the door to much more research in combining time series analysis with the method of paired comparisons.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Sjolander, Morne Rowan
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Paired comparisons (Statistics)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:10577 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012858
- Description: The method of paired comparisons is seen as a technique used to rank a set of objects with respect to an abstract or immeasurable property. To do this, the objects get to be compared two at a time. The results are input into a model, resulting in numbers known as weights being assigned to the objects. The weights are then used to rank the objects. The method of paired comparisons was first used for psychometric investigations. Various other applications of the method are also present, for example economic applications, and applications in sports statistics. This study involves taking paired comparison models and making them time-dependent. Not much research has been done in this area. Three new time series models for paired comparisons are created. Simulations are done to support the evidence obtained, and theoretical as well as practical examples are given to illustrate the results and to verify the efficiency of the new models. A literature study is given on the method of paired comparisons, as well as on the areas in which we apply our models. Our first two time series models for paired comparisons are the Linear-Trend Bradley- Terry Model and the Sinusoidal Bradley-Terry Model. We use the maximum likelihood approach to solve these models. We test our models using exact and randomly simulated data for various time periods and various numbers of objects. We adapt the Linear-Trend Bradley-Terry Model and received our third time series model for paired comparisons, the Log Linear-Trend Bradley-Terry Model. The daily maximum and minimum temperatures were received for Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage and Coega for 2005 until 2009. To evaluate the performance of the Linear-Trend Bradley-Terry Model and the Sinusoidal Bradley-Terry Model on estimating missing temperature data, we artificially remove observations of temperature from Coega’s temperature dataset for 2006 until 2008, and use various forms of these models to estimate the missing data points. The exchange rates for 2005 until 2008 between the following currencies: the Rand, Dollar, Euro, Pound and Yen, were obtained and various forms of our Log Linear-Trend Bradley-Terry Model are used to forecast the exchange rate for one day ahead for each month in 2006 until 2008. One of the features of this study is that we apply our time series models for paired comparisons to areas which comprise non-standard paired comparisons; and we want to encourage the use of the method of paired comparisons in a broader sense than what it is traditionally used for. The results of this study can be used in various other areas, like for example, in sports statistics, to rank the strength of sports players and predict their future scores; in Physics, to calculate weather risks of electricity generation, particularly risks related to nuclear power plants, and so forth, as well as in many other areas. It is hoped that this research will open the door to much more research in combining time series analysis with the method of paired comparisons.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Towards a critical understanding of media assistance for "new media" development
- Authors: Mathurine, Jude
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Mass media -- Technological innovations , Mass media -- Political aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3459 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002914 , Mass media -- Technological innovations , Mass media -- Political aspects
- Description: The field of media assistance has grown ever more complex with the inclusion of ‘new media’ networks, channels, tools and practices (such as the Internet, satellite television, mobile devices, social media and citizen journalism) to the media development mix. Adding to the ferment is the increasing convergence between the formerly discrete terrains of ICT for development, media for development and (mass) media development. Much of the discussion regarding the utility and objectives of media development in general and ‘new media’ in particular has been viewed through a modernist and techno-determinist prism which offers a limited ideological view of media development and its objects and consequently, a limited set of communication approaches and strategies. This study contextualises the assumptions of media development historically and critically, with particular focus on new media’s roles and relationships with the media environment, and its objectives democratisation and development. Through the application of literature, theory and various research studies, this thesis establishes a broader view of new media’s role and diverse consequences for media development, democracy and development. The study recommends greater collaboration, contextual research and theorisation of media development and new media as part of mixed media systems and cognisant of the multi-dimensional natures of its objects of democracy and development. One implication is the need for professionalisation of the media development and media assistance sector. In relation to the influences of new media on media use and the media as an institution, it motivates the need to address digital divides and emphasise the sustainability of the practice of journalism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Mathurine, Jude
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Mass media -- Technological innovations , Mass media -- Political aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3459 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002914 , Mass media -- Technological innovations , Mass media -- Political aspects
- Description: The field of media assistance has grown ever more complex with the inclusion of ‘new media’ networks, channels, tools and practices (such as the Internet, satellite television, mobile devices, social media and citizen journalism) to the media development mix. Adding to the ferment is the increasing convergence between the formerly discrete terrains of ICT for development, media for development and (mass) media development. Much of the discussion regarding the utility and objectives of media development in general and ‘new media’ in particular has been viewed through a modernist and techno-determinist prism which offers a limited ideological view of media development and its objects and consequently, a limited set of communication approaches and strategies. This study contextualises the assumptions of media development historically and critically, with particular focus on new media’s roles and relationships with the media environment, and its objectives democratisation and development. Through the application of literature, theory and various research studies, this thesis establishes a broader view of new media’s role and diverse consequences for media development, democracy and development. The study recommends greater collaboration, contextual research and theorisation of media development and new media as part of mixed media systems and cognisant of the multi-dimensional natures of its objects of democracy and development. One implication is the need for professionalisation of the media development and media assistance sector. In relation to the influences of new media on media use and the media as an institution, it motivates the need to address digital divides and emphasise the sustainability of the practice of journalism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Towards a standard model for networked audio devices
- Eales, Andrew, Foss, Richard
- Authors: Eales, Andrew , Foss, Richard
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427151 , vital:72418 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/online/browse.cfm?elib=16144
- Description: Different control protocols for networked audio devices typically emphasize particular aspects of a device, such as the representation of parameter data, or a representation of the functional structure of a device. A sophisticated device model must represent parameter data, device structure and the visual presentation of controls. Parameter data should be related to the device structure, while also being represented within a flexible, logical hierarchy. The development of a standard device model is proposed and discussed with reference to the OSC, IEC62379, ACN and X170 control protocols. This abstract model is independent of any specific control protocol, and provides support for interoperability between control protocols. The proposed model is also discussed within the context of an object-based approach to service enumeration and control using an associative, shared memory model.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Eales, Andrew , Foss, Richard
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427151 , vital:72418 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/online/browse.cfm?elib=16144
- Description: Different control protocols for networked audio devices typically emphasize particular aspects of a device, such as the representation of parameter data, or a representation of the functional structure of a device. A sophisticated device model must represent parameter data, device structure and the visual presentation of controls. Parameter data should be related to the device structure, while also being represented within a flexible, logical hierarchy. The development of a standard device model is proposed and discussed with reference to the OSC, IEC62379, ACN and X170 control protocols. This abstract model is independent of any specific control protocol, and provides support for interoperability between control protocols. The proposed model is also discussed within the context of an object-based approach to service enumeration and control using an associative, shared memory model.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Towards a sustainable bioprocess for the remediation of acid mine drainage
- Authors: Mambo, Mutsa Prudence
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Acid mine drainage , Algae culture , Reduction (Chemistry) , Hydrolysis , ASPAM model (Acid mine drainage) , Water -- Purification
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5955 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006167 , Acid mine drainage , Algae culture , Reduction (Chemistry) , Hydrolysis , ASPAM model (Acid mine drainage) , Water -- Purification
- Description: Acid mine drainage is of growing concern for both developing and developed economies. Thus there is increasing pressure to develop alternative remediation strategies. Biological sulphidogenic mechanisms have long since been studied but, very few have been implemented on a large scale. Limitations are due to the inability to acquire a suitable, low cost, environmentally friendly, renewable carbon source. The present study investigated the use of an algae biomass generated by the HRAOP of an IAPS as a carbon source for the EBRU 00AB/06 SRB consortium. The algae biomass and consortium were utilized together to remediate simulated AMD. Remediation involved decreasing the sulphate and metal concentrations in solution and decreasing the acidity of a simulated AMD. Experiments were carried out to investigate the capability of the EBRU 00AB/06 SRB consortium for sulphate reduction and sulphide generation. The consortium produced colonies when grown under anaerobic conditions in Petri dishes containing modified lactate SRB medium. The SRB consortium reduced the sulphate concentration of modified Postgates medium B and generated sulphide. Further analysis of the EBRU 00AB/06 SRB consortium revealed that the consortium was minimally impacted at pH 5 and by sulphate and iron at 3 g.L-1 and 0.5 g.L-1 respectively. The EBRU 00AB/06 SRB consortium was exposed to Actinomycin D and Ethidium Bromide to determine whether transcription and translation of proteins was required for sulphate reduction. Results indicated that sulphide generation and sulphate reduction were inducible. Analysis of the algae biomass used in this study revealed the empirical formula C1.0H1.91N0.084S0.003O0.36 indicating a carbon source rich in the nutrients required to sustain microbial development. Light microscopy revealed that algae cell walls and in particular those of Pediastrum were susceptible to acid hydrolysis. Dinitrosalicylic acid, Nile red, Bradford and Ninhydrin assays were used to determine the reducing sugar, lipid, protein and amino acid content respectively, of the mixed algae biomass. Results showed that upon exposure of the biomass to simulated AMD at pH 1 and pH 3, the concentration of reducing sugars and amino acids in solution increased. Whereas levels of lipids remained unchanged while the protein concentration decreased, indicating that, upon exposure of algae biomass to AMD, simulated or otherwise, cells ruptured, proteins were hydrolyzed and polysaccharides were broken down to sugars which are immediately available for SRB utilization. Exposure of biomass to simulated AMD revealed further that the presence of algae biomass increased the pH of simulated AMD (pH 3) to pH 7.67 after 4 d. Likewise, the pH of simulated AMD at 1 increased to 1.77 after 2 d while pH of the neutral control increased to 8.1 after 4 d. A direct comparison between lactate and algae biomass revealed 94 % sulphate removal after 23 d in the presence of algae biomass while 82 % sulphate removal was measured in the presence of lactate. Thus the EBRU 00AB/06 SRB consortium successfully utilized algae biomass for sulphate reduction and sulphide generation. In another experiment to establish if the consortium could remediate simulated AMD (pH 5) containing 0.5 g.L-1 iron and 3 g.L-1 sulphate while utilizing an algae biomass as the carbon source no residual iron was detected after 14 d and by day 23, an 89.07 % reduction in sulphate was measured. The results of this investigation are discussed in terms of utilizing a readily available and renewable biomass in the form of microalgae produced in HRAOPs as an effective carbon source in the SRB catalysed remediation of AMD.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Mambo, Mutsa Prudence
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Acid mine drainage , Algae culture , Reduction (Chemistry) , Hydrolysis , ASPAM model (Acid mine drainage) , Water -- Purification
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5955 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006167 , Acid mine drainage , Algae culture , Reduction (Chemistry) , Hydrolysis , ASPAM model (Acid mine drainage) , Water -- Purification
- Description: Acid mine drainage is of growing concern for both developing and developed economies. Thus there is increasing pressure to develop alternative remediation strategies. Biological sulphidogenic mechanisms have long since been studied but, very few have been implemented on a large scale. Limitations are due to the inability to acquire a suitable, low cost, environmentally friendly, renewable carbon source. The present study investigated the use of an algae biomass generated by the HRAOP of an IAPS as a carbon source for the EBRU 00AB/06 SRB consortium. The algae biomass and consortium were utilized together to remediate simulated AMD. Remediation involved decreasing the sulphate and metal concentrations in solution and decreasing the acidity of a simulated AMD. Experiments were carried out to investigate the capability of the EBRU 00AB/06 SRB consortium for sulphate reduction and sulphide generation. The consortium produced colonies when grown under anaerobic conditions in Petri dishes containing modified lactate SRB medium. The SRB consortium reduced the sulphate concentration of modified Postgates medium B and generated sulphide. Further analysis of the EBRU 00AB/06 SRB consortium revealed that the consortium was minimally impacted at pH 5 and by sulphate and iron at 3 g.L-1 and 0.5 g.L-1 respectively. The EBRU 00AB/06 SRB consortium was exposed to Actinomycin D and Ethidium Bromide to determine whether transcription and translation of proteins was required for sulphate reduction. Results indicated that sulphide generation and sulphate reduction were inducible. Analysis of the algae biomass used in this study revealed the empirical formula C1.0H1.91N0.084S0.003O0.36 indicating a carbon source rich in the nutrients required to sustain microbial development. Light microscopy revealed that algae cell walls and in particular those of Pediastrum were susceptible to acid hydrolysis. Dinitrosalicylic acid, Nile red, Bradford and Ninhydrin assays were used to determine the reducing sugar, lipid, protein and amino acid content respectively, of the mixed algae biomass. Results showed that upon exposure of the biomass to simulated AMD at pH 1 and pH 3, the concentration of reducing sugars and amino acids in solution increased. Whereas levels of lipids remained unchanged while the protein concentration decreased, indicating that, upon exposure of algae biomass to AMD, simulated or otherwise, cells ruptured, proteins were hydrolyzed and polysaccharides were broken down to sugars which are immediately available for SRB utilization. Exposure of biomass to simulated AMD revealed further that the presence of algae biomass increased the pH of simulated AMD (pH 3) to pH 7.67 after 4 d. Likewise, the pH of simulated AMD at 1 increased to 1.77 after 2 d while pH of the neutral control increased to 8.1 after 4 d. A direct comparison between lactate and algae biomass revealed 94 % sulphate removal after 23 d in the presence of algae biomass while 82 % sulphate removal was measured in the presence of lactate. Thus the EBRU 00AB/06 SRB consortium successfully utilized algae biomass for sulphate reduction and sulphide generation. In another experiment to establish if the consortium could remediate simulated AMD (pH 5) containing 0.5 g.L-1 iron and 3 g.L-1 sulphate while utilizing an algae biomass as the carbon source no residual iron was detected after 14 d and by day 23, an 89.07 % reduction in sulphate was measured. The results of this investigation are discussed in terms of utilizing a readily available and renewable biomass in the form of microalgae produced in HRAOPs as an effective carbon source in the SRB catalysed remediation of AMD.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011