Gaining cyber security insight through an analysis of open source intelligence data: an East African case study
- Authors: Chindipha, Stones Dalitso
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Open source intelligence -- Africa, East , Computer security -- Africa, East , Computer networks -- Security measures -- Africa, East , Denial of service attacks -- Africa, East , Sentient Hvper-Optimised Data Access Network (SHODAN) , Internet Background Radiation (IBR)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60618 , vital:27805
- Description: With each passing year the number of Internet users and connected devices grows, and this is particularly so in Africa. This growth brings with it an increase in the prevalence cyber-attacks. Looking at the current state of affairs, cybersecurity incidents are more likely to increase in African countries mainly due to the increased prevalence and affordability of broadband connectivity which is coupled with lack of online security awareness. The adoption of mobile banking has aggravated the situation making the continent more attractive to hackers who bank on the malpractices of users. Using Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) data sources like Sentient Hvper-Optimised Data Access Network (SHODAN) and Internet Background Radiation (IBR), this research explores the prevalence of vulnerabilities and their accessibility to evber threat actors. The research focuses on the East African Community (EAC) comprising of Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi, and Uganda, An IBR data set collected by a Rhodes University network telescope spanning over 72 months was used in this research, along with two snapshot period of data from the SHODAN project. The findings shows that there is a significant risk to systems within the EAC, particularly using the SHODAN data. The MITRE CVSS threat scoring system was applied to this research using FREAK and Heartbleed as sample vulnerabilities identified in EAC, When looking at IBR, the research has shown that attackers can use either destination ports or IP source addresses to perform an attack which if not attended to may be reused yearly until later on move to the allocated IP address space once it starts making random probes. The moment it finds one vulnerable client on the network it spreads throughout like a worm, DDoS is one the attacks that can be generated from IBR, Since the SHODAN dataset had two collection points, the study has shown the changes that have occurred in Malawi and Tanzania for a period of 14 months by using three variables i.e, device type, operating systems, and ports. The research has also identified vulnerable devices in all the four countries. Apart from that, the study identified operating systems, products, OpenSSL, ports and ISPs as some of the variables that can be used to identify vulnerabilities in systems. In the ease of OpenSSL and products, this research went further by identifying the type of attack that can occur and its associated CVE-ID.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chindipha, Stones Dalitso
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Open source intelligence -- Africa, East , Computer security -- Africa, East , Computer networks -- Security measures -- Africa, East , Denial of service attacks -- Africa, East , Sentient Hvper-Optimised Data Access Network (SHODAN) , Internet Background Radiation (IBR)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60618 , vital:27805
- Description: With each passing year the number of Internet users and connected devices grows, and this is particularly so in Africa. This growth brings with it an increase in the prevalence cyber-attacks. Looking at the current state of affairs, cybersecurity incidents are more likely to increase in African countries mainly due to the increased prevalence and affordability of broadband connectivity which is coupled with lack of online security awareness. The adoption of mobile banking has aggravated the situation making the continent more attractive to hackers who bank on the malpractices of users. Using Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) data sources like Sentient Hvper-Optimised Data Access Network (SHODAN) and Internet Background Radiation (IBR), this research explores the prevalence of vulnerabilities and their accessibility to evber threat actors. The research focuses on the East African Community (EAC) comprising of Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi, and Uganda, An IBR data set collected by a Rhodes University network telescope spanning over 72 months was used in this research, along with two snapshot period of data from the SHODAN project. The findings shows that there is a significant risk to systems within the EAC, particularly using the SHODAN data. The MITRE CVSS threat scoring system was applied to this research using FREAK and Heartbleed as sample vulnerabilities identified in EAC, When looking at IBR, the research has shown that attackers can use either destination ports or IP source addresses to perform an attack which if not attended to may be reused yearly until later on move to the allocated IP address space once it starts making random probes. The moment it finds one vulnerable client on the network it spreads throughout like a worm, DDoS is one the attacks that can be generated from IBR, Since the SHODAN dataset had two collection points, the study has shown the changes that have occurred in Malawi and Tanzania for a period of 14 months by using three variables i.e, device type, operating systems, and ports. The research has also identified vulnerable devices in all the four countries. Apart from that, the study identified operating systems, products, OpenSSL, ports and ISPs as some of the variables that can be used to identify vulnerabilities in systems. In the ease of OpenSSL and products, this research went further by identifying the type of attack that can occur and its associated CVE-ID.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Generalized linear models, with applications in fisheries research
- Authors: Sidumo, Bonelwa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Western mosquitofish , Analysis of variance , Fisheries Catch effort South Africa Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Linear models (Statistics) , Multilevel models (Statistics) , Experimental design
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61102 , vital:27975
- Description: Gambusia affinis (G. affinis) is an invasive fish species found in the Sundays River Valley of the Eastern Cape, South Africa, The relative abundance and population dynamics of G. affinis were quantified in five interconnected impoundments within the Sundays River Valley, This study utilised a G. affinis data set to demonstrate various, classical ANOVA models. Generalized linear models were used to standardize catch per unit effort (CPUE) estimates and to determine environmental variables which influenced the CPUE, Based on the generalized linear model results dam age, mean temperature, Oreochromis mossambicus abundance and Glossogobius callidus abundance had a significant effect on the G. affinis CPUE. The Albany Angling Association collected data during fishing tag and release events. These data were utilized to demonstrate repeated measures designs. Mixed-effects models provided a powerful and flexible tool for analyzing clustered data such as repeated measures data and nested data, lienee it has become tremendously popular as a framework for the analysis of bio-behavioral experiments. The results show that the mixed-effects methods proposed in this study are more efficient than those based on generalized linear models. These data were better modeled with mixed-effects models due to their flexibility in handling missing data.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Sidumo, Bonelwa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Western mosquitofish , Analysis of variance , Fisheries Catch effort South Africa Sundays River (Eastern Cape) , Linear models (Statistics) , Multilevel models (Statistics) , Experimental design
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61102 , vital:27975
- Description: Gambusia affinis (G. affinis) is an invasive fish species found in the Sundays River Valley of the Eastern Cape, South Africa, The relative abundance and population dynamics of G. affinis were quantified in five interconnected impoundments within the Sundays River Valley, This study utilised a G. affinis data set to demonstrate various, classical ANOVA models. Generalized linear models were used to standardize catch per unit effort (CPUE) estimates and to determine environmental variables which influenced the CPUE, Based on the generalized linear model results dam age, mean temperature, Oreochromis mossambicus abundance and Glossogobius callidus abundance had a significant effect on the G. affinis CPUE. The Albany Angling Association collected data during fishing tag and release events. These data were utilized to demonstrate repeated measures designs. Mixed-effects models provided a powerful and flexible tool for analyzing clustered data such as repeated measures data and nested data, lienee it has become tremendously popular as a framework for the analysis of bio-behavioral experiments. The results show that the mixed-effects methods proposed in this study are more efficient than those based on generalized linear models. These data were better modeled with mixed-effects models due to their flexibility in handling missing data.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Geometry of deformed special relativity
- Authors: Sixaba, Vuyile
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Special relativity (Physics) , Quantum gravity , Quantum theory , Geometry , Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59478 , vital:27615
- Description: We undertake a study of the classical regime in which Planck's constant and Newton's gravitational constant are negligible, but not their ratio, the Planck mass, in hopes that this could possibly lead to testable quantum gravity (QG) effects in a classical regime. In this quest for QG phenomenology we consider modifications of the standard dispersion relation of a free particle known as deformed special relativity (DSR). We try to geometrize DSR to find the geometric origin of the spacetime and momentum space. In particular, we adopt the framework of Hamilton geometry which is set up on phase space, as the cotangent bundle of configuration space in order to derive a purely phase space formulation of DSR. This is necessary when one wants to understand potential links of DSR with modifications of quantum mechanics such as Generalised Uncertainty Principles. It is subsequently observed that space-time and momentum space emerge naturally as curved and intertwined spaces. In conclusion we mention examples and applications of this framework as well as potential future developments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Sixaba, Vuyile
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Special relativity (Physics) , Quantum gravity , Quantum theory , Geometry , Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59478 , vital:27615
- Description: We undertake a study of the classical regime in which Planck's constant and Newton's gravitational constant are negligible, but not their ratio, the Planck mass, in hopes that this could possibly lead to testable quantum gravity (QG) effects in a classical regime. In this quest for QG phenomenology we consider modifications of the standard dispersion relation of a free particle known as deformed special relativity (DSR). We try to geometrize DSR to find the geometric origin of the spacetime and momentum space. In particular, we adopt the framework of Hamilton geometry which is set up on phase space, as the cotangent bundle of configuration space in order to derive a purely phase space formulation of DSR. This is necessary when one wants to understand potential links of DSR with modifications of quantum mechanics such as Generalised Uncertainty Principles. It is subsequently observed that space-time and momentum space emerge naturally as curved and intertwined spaces. In conclusion we mention examples and applications of this framework as well as potential future developments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Graphite: origin, deposits and economics : an exploration study of the Orom Graphite project
- Van den Berg, Jacobus Petrus
- Authors: Van den Berg, Jacobus Petrus
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Graphite , Ore deposits , Geophysics , Graphite mines and mining Economic aspects Africa, East , Trenches , Project management
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63786 , vital:28489
- Description: Developing exploration projects successfully requires that the Reasonable Prospects for Eventual Economic Extraction (RPEEE) be confirmed and based on the global market perception and trend. The exploration methods applied in the attempt to establish this RPEEE must be based on a key management framework that assures the results, and eventually the conclusion, are obtained with best practical and technical approaches whilst managing the risks and capitalizing on each result. The Orom Graphite project is located within the East African Orogenic belt, a suture zone between the Congo craton and the SLAMIN shield, formed during the formation of Gondwana during the late Proterozoic to early-Phanerozoic era. The closing of the Mozambique ocean, and the eventual collision between the craton and shield, occurred along the paleo-earths equator and migrated towards lower latitudes. This, along with the period’s biodiversity boom, provided the perfect deposition environment for carbonaceous sediments which were later metamorphosed to amphibolite and granulites grade metamorphism, resulting in the carbonization and the eventual graphitization of these carbonaceous sediments. The project is located within a poorly developed part of Uganda with the closest port situated some 1 500 km to the east in Kenya. The poorly developed infrastructure along with probable high logistical cost assigns a low competitivity index if compared to the economic costs of peer projects. However, the potential resources of the Orom Graphite project suggest that the Life of Mine (LOM) can rival the largest resource currently reported within the market. The current market conditions suggest that a possible oversupply of graphite concentrate will dominate the market within the next 4 to 10 years. This suggests that new graphite projects such as the Orom Graphite project are likely to develop into the production phase once the global supply and demand stabilize. This requires the Orom Graphite project to develop from its current scoping study level to a project development study level associated with a definitive feasibility study. To date, the project developed through mapping, reconnaissance drilling, geophysical survey and trenching programs increasing the Net Present Value (NPV) considerably based upon a Cost-Based Valuation approach using Prospectivity Enhancement Multiplier (PEM). The metallurgical studies could however not produce a graphite concentrate product within industrial grade standards. The risk associated with developing the project further into the Mineral Resource Estimation (MRE) phase was quantified and risk was evaluated by implementing a point decision tree and calculating the Expected Monetary Value (EMV). Due to the unfavourable metallurgical results obtained to date, the risk associated with undertaking an additional metallurgical test is considerable with a slight chance of producing a negative project value estimated at 65%. JP van den Berg Rhodes University Overall, the Orom Graphite project contains favourable geological formations with a potential large resource. Market trends indicate that a considerable resource is currently being developed and can supply the global market for the next 4 to 10 years. The project’s location within a landlocked country decreases its economic competitiveness with peer project and the unfavourable, but not conclusive, metallurgical results obtained during the scoping phase do not instil confidence that the project will develop into a productive mine soon. Managing the project development with future graphite demand in mind is the key to determining whether the project still has future value.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Van den Berg, Jacobus Petrus
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Graphite , Ore deposits , Geophysics , Graphite mines and mining Economic aspects Africa, East , Trenches , Project management
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63786 , vital:28489
- Description: Developing exploration projects successfully requires that the Reasonable Prospects for Eventual Economic Extraction (RPEEE) be confirmed and based on the global market perception and trend. The exploration methods applied in the attempt to establish this RPEEE must be based on a key management framework that assures the results, and eventually the conclusion, are obtained with best practical and technical approaches whilst managing the risks and capitalizing on each result. The Orom Graphite project is located within the East African Orogenic belt, a suture zone between the Congo craton and the SLAMIN shield, formed during the formation of Gondwana during the late Proterozoic to early-Phanerozoic era. The closing of the Mozambique ocean, and the eventual collision between the craton and shield, occurred along the paleo-earths equator and migrated towards lower latitudes. This, along with the period’s biodiversity boom, provided the perfect deposition environment for carbonaceous sediments which were later metamorphosed to amphibolite and granulites grade metamorphism, resulting in the carbonization and the eventual graphitization of these carbonaceous sediments. The project is located within a poorly developed part of Uganda with the closest port situated some 1 500 km to the east in Kenya. The poorly developed infrastructure along with probable high logistical cost assigns a low competitivity index if compared to the economic costs of peer projects. However, the potential resources of the Orom Graphite project suggest that the Life of Mine (LOM) can rival the largest resource currently reported within the market. The current market conditions suggest that a possible oversupply of graphite concentrate will dominate the market within the next 4 to 10 years. This suggests that new graphite projects such as the Orom Graphite project are likely to develop into the production phase once the global supply and demand stabilize. This requires the Orom Graphite project to develop from its current scoping study level to a project development study level associated with a definitive feasibility study. To date, the project developed through mapping, reconnaissance drilling, geophysical survey and trenching programs increasing the Net Present Value (NPV) considerably based upon a Cost-Based Valuation approach using Prospectivity Enhancement Multiplier (PEM). The metallurgical studies could however not produce a graphite concentrate product within industrial grade standards. The risk associated with developing the project further into the Mineral Resource Estimation (MRE) phase was quantified and risk was evaluated by implementing a point decision tree and calculating the Expected Monetary Value (EMV). Due to the unfavourable metallurgical results obtained to date, the risk associated with undertaking an additional metallurgical test is considerable with a slight chance of producing a negative project value estimated at 65%. JP van den Berg Rhodes University Overall, the Orom Graphite project contains favourable geological formations with a potential large resource. Market trends indicate that a considerable resource is currently being developed and can supply the global market for the next 4 to 10 years. The project’s location within a landlocked country decreases its economic competitiveness with peer project and the unfavourable, but not conclusive, metallurgical results obtained during the scoping phase do not instil confidence that the project will develop into a productive mine soon. Managing the project development with future graphite demand in mind is the key to determining whether the project still has future value.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Grapple cable yarding: a productivity model for fast-growing tree plantations in Sarawak, Malaysia
- Authors: Engelbrecht, Riaan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Tree farms -- Malaysia -- Sarawak , Forests and forestry -- Malaysia -- Sarawak Forest productivity -- Malaysia -- Sarawak
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22049 , vital:29816
- Description: Today, the two most important tasks faced by harvesting foresters and contractors are selecting the equipment and systems best suited to the site, and then to use this equipment in the best way possible (MacDonald, 1999). Experts estimate that the importance of tree plantations will continue to grow and that by 2050 75 per cent of the global fibre supply will be sourced from dedicated plantations (Ragauskas et al., 2006). To meet this growing demand plantations will most likely expand to steep slopes due to the priority given to agricultural and urban development, on flat land. New technological advancements in both cable yarding and ground-based harvesting systems has to a certain extent provided forest engineers with more options to choose from. Whether considering these options individually or in combination, they will have to make good choices in order to realise the full potential of forest plantations. One of the most promising techniques consist of an excavator-based unguyed yarder equipped with a new radio-controlled grapple carriage, fed by another excavator stationed on the cut-over. This system is very productive, avoids in-stand traffic and removes operators from positions of high risk. This long-term study was conducted on 12 different teams equipped with the new technology, operating in the fast-growing Acacia mangium plantations of Sarawak, Malaysia. Data were collected continuously for almost 8 months and represented 555 shifts, or over 55,000 yarding cycles - each recorded individually. This large data pool allowed for the development of robust models for system production, utilization and availability estimated respectively at: 63 m3 per productive machine hour (excluding all delays), 63 per cent and 93 per cent. The study also determined the effects of yarder type and team competence on productivity and utilization. Regression analysis of experimental data yielded a strong productivity forecast model that was highly significant, which accounted for 50 per cent of the total variability in the dataset and was validated with a non-significant error estimated at less than 1 per cent. The models reported in this study are especially robust, because they were obtained from a long-term study that covered multiple teams and accumulated an exceptionally large number of observations. While gained specifically on one yarder make (Alpine Yarder) and a specific plantation type (Acacia mangium), the information in this study can be extended to other similar machines and plantations, because the sheer volume of data allows cautious generalization. The teachings of kaizen, which suggest small-step work improvements, was adopted in order to propose the process of possible improvements, by combining elements of other harvesting systems as shown in Figure 1 below (Vorn Industries, 2017). Forestry is essentially a problem of transportation (Schenck, 1911) and the efficiency of such a transportation system will ultimately be determined by technology developments which drive system productivity (Ger & Klvac, 2014). Therefore, when we talk about systems for the future we should view them not as predictions or as prescriptions but as options that may be selected or rejected (Wood, 1979).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Engelbrecht, Riaan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Tree farms -- Malaysia -- Sarawak , Forests and forestry -- Malaysia -- Sarawak Forest productivity -- Malaysia -- Sarawak
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22049 , vital:29816
- Description: Today, the two most important tasks faced by harvesting foresters and contractors are selecting the equipment and systems best suited to the site, and then to use this equipment in the best way possible (MacDonald, 1999). Experts estimate that the importance of tree plantations will continue to grow and that by 2050 75 per cent of the global fibre supply will be sourced from dedicated plantations (Ragauskas et al., 2006). To meet this growing demand plantations will most likely expand to steep slopes due to the priority given to agricultural and urban development, on flat land. New technological advancements in both cable yarding and ground-based harvesting systems has to a certain extent provided forest engineers with more options to choose from. Whether considering these options individually or in combination, they will have to make good choices in order to realise the full potential of forest plantations. One of the most promising techniques consist of an excavator-based unguyed yarder equipped with a new radio-controlled grapple carriage, fed by another excavator stationed on the cut-over. This system is very productive, avoids in-stand traffic and removes operators from positions of high risk. This long-term study was conducted on 12 different teams equipped with the new technology, operating in the fast-growing Acacia mangium plantations of Sarawak, Malaysia. Data were collected continuously for almost 8 months and represented 555 shifts, or over 55,000 yarding cycles - each recorded individually. This large data pool allowed for the development of robust models for system production, utilization and availability estimated respectively at: 63 m3 per productive machine hour (excluding all delays), 63 per cent and 93 per cent. The study also determined the effects of yarder type and team competence on productivity and utilization. Regression analysis of experimental data yielded a strong productivity forecast model that was highly significant, which accounted for 50 per cent of the total variability in the dataset and was validated with a non-significant error estimated at less than 1 per cent. The models reported in this study are especially robust, because they were obtained from a long-term study that covered multiple teams and accumulated an exceptionally large number of observations. While gained specifically on one yarder make (Alpine Yarder) and a specific plantation type (Acacia mangium), the information in this study can be extended to other similar machines and plantations, because the sheer volume of data allows cautious generalization. The teachings of kaizen, which suggest small-step work improvements, was adopted in order to propose the process of possible improvements, by combining elements of other harvesting systems as shown in Figure 1 below (Vorn Industries, 2017). Forestry is essentially a problem of transportation (Schenck, 1911) and the efficiency of such a transportation system will ultimately be determined by technology developments which drive system productivity (Ger & Klvac, 2014). Therefore, when we talk about systems for the future we should view them not as predictions or as prescriptions but as options that may be selected or rejected (Wood, 1979).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Guest inclusion behaviour of zirconium(IV)- based polycarboxylate complexes: a study of metal-organic frameworks
- Hulushe, Siyabonga Theophillus
- Authors: Hulushe, Siyabonga Theophillus
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63710 , vital:28474
- Description: Expected release date-April 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Hulushe, Siyabonga Theophillus
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63710 , vital:28474
- Description: Expected release date-April 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Health and activity monitoring to support the self-management of chronic diseases of lifestyle using smart devices
- Authors: Mujuru, George Tungamirai
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Computer vision in medicine , Self-care, Health Chronic diseases
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33076 , vital:32516
- Description: Chronic diseases of lifestyle (CDLs) are non-infectious medical conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. These conditions are the second leading cause of death and disease in Africa. Failure to modify primary risk factors, such as an unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity and tobacco use, can give rise to intermediate risk factors such as hypertension and obesity, which predispose individuals to CDLs. The aim of the research was to investigate the use of smart devices to facilitate the self-management of health and health behaviours. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model of health behaviour change was adopted, which focuses on the correction of modifiable risk factors. Two smart devices were selected, namely the Fitbit Charge 2 and Fitbit Aria, which monitor specific physiological information. The Fitbit Charge 2 can determine health activity, and the Fitbit Aria can determine the weight, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage of an individual. A field study was conducted with 22 participants (11 males and 11 females) to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of the smart devices. The participants were sampled from Nelson Mandela University staff and were aged between 30 and 60 years of age. The field study was conducted over two weeks in two one-week long phases. The first phase was used to obtain subjective data (using a lifestyle questionnaire), and objective health data (collected by the smart devices) from the participants. The purpose of the first phase was to form intentions. The second phase was the goal setting phase, where each participant was assisted in setting manageable personal goals. The results show that the smart devices used in the research could be used to provide motivation and monitor health data to support self-management of CDLs. The use of these smart devices was included in an updated HAPA model.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mujuru, George Tungamirai
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Computer vision in medicine , Self-care, Health Chronic diseases
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33076 , vital:32516
- Description: Chronic diseases of lifestyle (CDLs) are non-infectious medical conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. These conditions are the second leading cause of death and disease in Africa. Failure to modify primary risk factors, such as an unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity and tobacco use, can give rise to intermediate risk factors such as hypertension and obesity, which predispose individuals to CDLs. The aim of the research was to investigate the use of smart devices to facilitate the self-management of health and health behaviours. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model of health behaviour change was adopted, which focuses on the correction of modifiable risk factors. Two smart devices were selected, namely the Fitbit Charge 2 and Fitbit Aria, which monitor specific physiological information. The Fitbit Charge 2 can determine health activity, and the Fitbit Aria can determine the weight, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage of an individual. A field study was conducted with 22 participants (11 males and 11 females) to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of the smart devices. The participants were sampled from Nelson Mandela University staff and were aged between 30 and 60 years of age. The field study was conducted over two weeks in two one-week long phases. The first phase was used to obtain subjective data (using a lifestyle questionnaire), and objective health data (collected by the smart devices) from the participants. The purpose of the first phase was to form intentions. The second phase was the goal setting phase, where each participant was assisted in setting manageable personal goals. The results show that the smart devices used in the research could be used to provide motivation and monitor health data to support self-management of CDLs. The use of these smart devices was included in an updated HAPA model.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Health and fitness of young, healthy adult females and the effect of an eight week pilates intervention
- Authors: Eaton, Lara Lee
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Physical fitness for women -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Pilates method , Exercise for women -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Exercise -- Health aspects -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Exercise -- Physiological aspects -- South Africa -- Makhanda
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/58267 , vital:27112
- Description: Purpose: The first phase of this study aimed to investigate the health and fitness status of young adult females in the local community. The second phase of this study investigated the impact of an eight week progressive Pilates intervention on selected health and fitness parameters in this cohort. Methods: Healthy young adult females aged 18-26 years (n=96), from the local community, partook in once-off tests including anthropometric measures (stature, body mass, Body Mass Index and waist circumference) as well as fitness parameters including balance, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, and lastly lumbo-pelvic stability. Health measures investigated included blood pressure and spirometry. Where possible, results were compared to those of similar populations from national surveys or published normative data. Sedentary volunteers from this cohort were then randomised into a Pilates Exercise (PEx, n=12) or an inactive Control (Con, n=11) group, with their results from Phase 1 serving as baseline measures. Pilates classes were held twice weekly (60 minutes per session). All the measures from phase 1 were repeated at weeks 4 and 8. An additional intervention test included Transversus abdominis recruitment. Participants maintained habitual dietary intake and energy expenditure throughout. Nine PEx group and eight Con group participants completed the intervention. Results: The current sample (phase 1) was found to be healthier than comparative populations from national surveys, and significant differences (p<0.05) were found for all comparisons except Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), (p=0.64). Physical activity levels (230 min.week-1) exceeded that of the recommend weekly threshold (150 min.week-1). BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure and spirometry measures were all found to be within suggested healthy normal ranges. Pilates significantly improved lumbo-pelvic stability in the PEx group at weeks 4 (p<0.005) and 8 (p<0.002). Similarly, abdominal (p=0.00, d=1.1), upper limb (p=0.037, d=0.9) and lower limb endurance (p=0.02, d=1.0, between group d=0.73 for PEx) also improved with no changes in the Con group. PEx energy expenditure significantly increased from baseline to weeks 4 (p=0.007, d=10.7) and 8 (p=0.027, d=0.64), however body mass was maintained throughout. Conversely, Minute Ventilation decreased in the PEx cohort (p=0.010, d=0.95) from weeks 4 to 8. The Con group showed significant increases in body mass (p=0.018), leg strength (within-group Cohen’s d=-1.08 between weeks 0-8; d=-2 between weeks 4-8) and dynamic balance (p=0.01, d=-0.5). While no within-group changes were observed, Protein intake was significantly greater (p=0.036, d>0.8 at baseline and week 8) in the PEx group throughout the intervention. Medium between-group effect sizes (d>0.5) were noted for PEx BMI and waist circumference measures at all time points. Further, although not significant, the large within-group effect size (d=-0.84) between baseline and week 8 for PEx systolic blood pressure, suggested the 9 mm Hg was meaningful. The same time period also indicated a large within-group effect size (d=-0.8) for PEx dynamic balance, and a medium Cohen’s d for (d=0.57) PEx static balance. Conclusion: The local population of young adult females was found to be significantly healthier than those of comparable national samples. Further, Pilates participation significantly improved lumbo-pelvic stability and muscular endurance with meaningful changes in systolic blood pressure, and balance in previously sedentary young, adult females. Body mass was also maintained.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Eaton, Lara Lee
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Physical fitness for women -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Pilates method , Exercise for women -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Exercise -- Health aspects -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Exercise -- Physiological aspects -- South Africa -- Makhanda
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/58267 , vital:27112
- Description: Purpose: The first phase of this study aimed to investigate the health and fitness status of young adult females in the local community. The second phase of this study investigated the impact of an eight week progressive Pilates intervention on selected health and fitness parameters in this cohort. Methods: Healthy young adult females aged 18-26 years (n=96), from the local community, partook in once-off tests including anthropometric measures (stature, body mass, Body Mass Index and waist circumference) as well as fitness parameters including balance, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, and lastly lumbo-pelvic stability. Health measures investigated included blood pressure and spirometry. Where possible, results were compared to those of similar populations from national surveys or published normative data. Sedentary volunteers from this cohort were then randomised into a Pilates Exercise (PEx, n=12) or an inactive Control (Con, n=11) group, with their results from Phase 1 serving as baseline measures. Pilates classes were held twice weekly (60 minutes per session). All the measures from phase 1 were repeated at weeks 4 and 8. An additional intervention test included Transversus abdominis recruitment. Participants maintained habitual dietary intake and energy expenditure throughout. Nine PEx group and eight Con group participants completed the intervention. Results: The current sample (phase 1) was found to be healthier than comparative populations from national surveys, and significant differences (p<0.05) were found for all comparisons except Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), (p=0.64). Physical activity levels (230 min.week-1) exceeded that of the recommend weekly threshold (150 min.week-1). BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure and spirometry measures were all found to be within suggested healthy normal ranges. Pilates significantly improved lumbo-pelvic stability in the PEx group at weeks 4 (p<0.005) and 8 (p<0.002). Similarly, abdominal (p=0.00, d=1.1), upper limb (p=0.037, d=0.9) and lower limb endurance (p=0.02, d=1.0, between group d=0.73 for PEx) also improved with no changes in the Con group. PEx energy expenditure significantly increased from baseline to weeks 4 (p=0.007, d=10.7) and 8 (p=0.027, d=0.64), however body mass was maintained throughout. Conversely, Minute Ventilation decreased in the PEx cohort (p=0.010, d=0.95) from weeks 4 to 8. The Con group showed significant increases in body mass (p=0.018), leg strength (within-group Cohen’s d=-1.08 between weeks 0-8; d=-2 between weeks 4-8) and dynamic balance (p=0.01, d=-0.5). While no within-group changes were observed, Protein intake was significantly greater (p=0.036, d>0.8 at baseline and week 8) in the PEx group throughout the intervention. Medium between-group effect sizes (d>0.5) were noted for PEx BMI and waist circumference measures at all time points. Further, although not significant, the large within-group effect size (d=-0.84) between baseline and week 8 for PEx systolic blood pressure, suggested the 9 mm Hg was meaningful. The same time period also indicated a large within-group effect size (d=-0.8) for PEx dynamic balance, and a medium Cohen’s d for (d=0.57) PEx static balance. Conclusion: The local population of young adult females was found to be significantly healthier than those of comparable national samples. Further, Pilates participation significantly improved lumbo-pelvic stability and muscular endurance with meaningful changes in systolic blood pressure, and balance in previously sedentary young, adult females. Body mass was also maintained.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Household's perceptions and determinants of participation in harvesting rangeland products :|bthe case of Dyamala community, Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Mdiya, Lwandiso
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Rangelands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Communal rangelands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9187 , vital:34303
- Description: The study reviews the household’s perceptions and determinants of sustainable products harvesting. Communal rangelands are vast natural landscapes in the form of grasslands, shrubs, woodlands, wetlands and deserts with multiple functions to the rural households. Most rural communities share boundaries and interact with rangelands for multiple socioeconomic and environmental reasons. Since most of these interactions are external to the price mechanism, the actual contribution of rangelands to communities has largely been missed. In an effort to appraise and explore the communal rangeland contribution to households, a study from Dyamala community in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality under Amathole District in Eastern Cape was conducted using cross-sectional data. Descriptive results revealed that the majority of the respondents (71 percent) from the study area positively perceived communal rangelands as safety nets. however, there also emerged a fair share of challenges namely, (bad spirit, host predators, compete with arable land) leading to negative perceptions towards communal rangelands. It was also evident that, the majority of respondents from the study area use communal rangelands for fuel wood, construction poles, traditional medicine, with minor harvests of wild food (flora and fauna) and thatch grass. The results of the study also revealed that, rural people depend more on social grants for their income followed by incomes from remittances, agricultural activities and communal rangelands. However, it was established from the results that though communal rangelands provided commercial products capable of generating household income, rangeland users trading such products were receiving meagre incomes. This might be caused by the lack of institutional support to rural households thus, the low incomes received from communal rangelands. To that effect, main communal rangeland products such as, fuel wood, poles and medicine were cited as being more valuable for local domestic use than for the external market. Regression estimates further indicated that participation in communal rangeland products harvesting is more conditioned by perception-related factors as compared to socioeconomic attributes of rural households worth understanding for strategic targeting to promote their conservation. The extant literature and the study results, evidently show that communal rangelands provide a livelihood among rural households although it has a low direct household income potential. Therefore, the respondents were of the view that the use of campaigns targeting several perceptions (such as communal rangelands act as a source of medicinal plants, arable land and income etc) as suggested by the regression estimates may be very useful. The support from the extension department and further research may be necessary for purposes of quantifying harvestable rangeland products capable of enhancing rural livelihoods. Moreover, the observed low income potential of communal rangeland products suggests several technical and institutional challenges worth addressing to promote value addition of rangeland products.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mdiya, Lwandiso
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Rangelands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Communal rangelands -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9187 , vital:34303
- Description: The study reviews the household’s perceptions and determinants of sustainable products harvesting. Communal rangelands are vast natural landscapes in the form of grasslands, shrubs, woodlands, wetlands and deserts with multiple functions to the rural households. Most rural communities share boundaries and interact with rangelands for multiple socioeconomic and environmental reasons. Since most of these interactions are external to the price mechanism, the actual contribution of rangelands to communities has largely been missed. In an effort to appraise and explore the communal rangeland contribution to households, a study from Dyamala community in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality under Amathole District in Eastern Cape was conducted using cross-sectional data. Descriptive results revealed that the majority of the respondents (71 percent) from the study area positively perceived communal rangelands as safety nets. however, there also emerged a fair share of challenges namely, (bad spirit, host predators, compete with arable land) leading to negative perceptions towards communal rangelands. It was also evident that, the majority of respondents from the study area use communal rangelands for fuel wood, construction poles, traditional medicine, with minor harvests of wild food (flora and fauna) and thatch grass. The results of the study also revealed that, rural people depend more on social grants for their income followed by incomes from remittances, agricultural activities and communal rangelands. However, it was established from the results that though communal rangelands provided commercial products capable of generating household income, rangeland users trading such products were receiving meagre incomes. This might be caused by the lack of institutional support to rural households thus, the low incomes received from communal rangelands. To that effect, main communal rangeland products such as, fuel wood, poles and medicine were cited as being more valuable for local domestic use than for the external market. Regression estimates further indicated that participation in communal rangeland products harvesting is more conditioned by perception-related factors as compared to socioeconomic attributes of rural households worth understanding for strategic targeting to promote their conservation. The extant literature and the study results, evidently show that communal rangelands provide a livelihood among rural households although it has a low direct household income potential. Therefore, the respondents were of the view that the use of campaigns targeting several perceptions (such as communal rangelands act as a source of medicinal plants, arable land and income etc) as suggested by the regression estimates may be very useful. The support from the extension department and further research may be necessary for purposes of quantifying harvestable rangeland products capable of enhancing rural livelihoods. Moreover, the observed low income potential of communal rangeland products suggests several technical and institutional challenges worth addressing to promote value addition of rangeland products.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Hydrochemical assessment of mine water discharging into the surface and groundwater systems that flow through the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, South Africa
- Authors: Long, Chazanne Anita
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (South Africa) , Environmental chemistry Mine water -- South Africa Acid mine drainage -- South Africa Geochemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30928 , vital:31225
- Description: The UNESCO site known as the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (COH WHS) is a globally important cultural heritage area that hosts some of the oldest discovered hominid fossils and is a major contributor to our understanding of the evolution of modern hominids over the past 3.5 million years. The area is locally referred to as the Cradle of Humankind that flanks a densely populated region in South Africa, and which hosts a large sector of the Witwatersrand Basin, known as the West Rand. The Witwatersrand Basin contains the world’s largest gold deposits, some of which have been mined for more than 130 years. This study characterises the West Rand mine drainage to determine the extent of the hydrochemical interaction within the COH WHS and beyond. The hydrochemistry of surface waters was analysed across a sub-catchment draining the West Rand, using standard q-ICPMS and IC techniques. A total of 32 samples were collected quarterly for an annual cycle during 2011 to 2012. The median data were used for standard hydrochemical classifications for surface waters and two mine water classification systems. This is the first time this type of quantitative and comparative study has been performed in South Africa. The results of these classifications show that the mine drainage generated from the West Rand Goldfield can be described as an acidic (pH = 3.19 to 3.36), highly metalliferous (ΣMetals = 2564 to 3 141 μg/L) mine drainage, and with (SO42- = 3217 to 3532 mg/L) and (TDScalc = 3217 to 3536 mg/L). This mine drainage has been allowed to discharge continuously into the environment for fifteen years following the flooding of the mine voids in 2002. The extent of the mine drainage signature was determined to flow through the southern portion of the COH WHS and into the Crocodile River up to 54.2 km (CA24) downstream of the point source from Randfontein Estates mine property in the West Goldfield. In addition to the surficial contamination, there is evidence of groundwater – surface water interactions within the karstic terrain of the COH WHS. The findings highlight the need for on-going monitoring and further research to determine the possible consequences that acidic mine drainage discharge has on the environment and on the yet undiscovered fossils within the cave systems of the COH WHS. The GARD and Ficklin mine water classifications are used and compared in this thesis. A single universal hydrochemical classification system, capable of becoming a globally robust and standardised approach for mine waters is a valuable contribution that is needed within this field of study, along with the inclusion of uncertainty presented graphically in a clear and unambiguous way. Research is needed to provide realistic solutions that can be implemented to mitigate potential negative outcomes identified and that are in-line with national and global legislation to preserve and protect this world heritage area. The study has implications for mine water legislation and monitoring in areas of active and historic mining, and for water resource management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Long, Chazanne Anita
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (South Africa) , Environmental chemistry Mine water -- South Africa Acid mine drainage -- South Africa Geochemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30928 , vital:31225
- Description: The UNESCO site known as the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (COH WHS) is a globally important cultural heritage area that hosts some of the oldest discovered hominid fossils and is a major contributor to our understanding of the evolution of modern hominids over the past 3.5 million years. The area is locally referred to as the Cradle of Humankind that flanks a densely populated region in South Africa, and which hosts a large sector of the Witwatersrand Basin, known as the West Rand. The Witwatersrand Basin contains the world’s largest gold deposits, some of which have been mined for more than 130 years. This study characterises the West Rand mine drainage to determine the extent of the hydrochemical interaction within the COH WHS and beyond. The hydrochemistry of surface waters was analysed across a sub-catchment draining the West Rand, using standard q-ICPMS and IC techniques. A total of 32 samples were collected quarterly for an annual cycle during 2011 to 2012. The median data were used for standard hydrochemical classifications for surface waters and two mine water classification systems. This is the first time this type of quantitative and comparative study has been performed in South Africa. The results of these classifications show that the mine drainage generated from the West Rand Goldfield can be described as an acidic (pH = 3.19 to 3.36), highly metalliferous (ΣMetals = 2564 to 3 141 μg/L) mine drainage, and with (SO42- = 3217 to 3532 mg/L) and (TDScalc = 3217 to 3536 mg/L). This mine drainage has been allowed to discharge continuously into the environment for fifteen years following the flooding of the mine voids in 2002. The extent of the mine drainage signature was determined to flow through the southern portion of the COH WHS and into the Crocodile River up to 54.2 km (CA24) downstream of the point source from Randfontein Estates mine property in the West Goldfield. In addition to the surficial contamination, there is evidence of groundwater – surface water interactions within the karstic terrain of the COH WHS. The findings highlight the need for on-going monitoring and further research to determine the possible consequences that acidic mine drainage discharge has on the environment and on the yet undiscovered fossils within the cave systems of the COH WHS. The GARD and Ficklin mine water classifications are used and compared in this thesis. A single universal hydrochemical classification system, capable of becoming a globally robust and standardised approach for mine waters is a valuable contribution that is needed within this field of study, along with the inclusion of uncertainty presented graphically in a clear and unambiguous way. Research is needed to provide realistic solutions that can be implemented to mitigate potential negative outcomes identified and that are in-line with national and global legislation to preserve and protect this world heritage area. The study has implications for mine water legislation and monitoring in areas of active and historic mining, and for water resource management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Image processing and data analysis tools of a remote sensing-based euthrophication monitoring system
- Authors: Chamunorwa, Brighton
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Eutrophication Image processing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10210 , vital:35376
- Description: Numerous surface water bodies in South Africa face serious challenges of eutrophication despite several initiatives from government to solve the problem. Government efforts have not been successful particularly because of three issues: 1) insufficient and inconsistent water quality data and 2) the costly nature of collecting this data. Third, the limited uptake of remote sensing based technologies in water quality management due to lack of skills, as well as the lengthy and complex procedures involved in retrieving water quality parameters. This thesis aims to explore the possibilities of using satellite data and simple software for mapping and collecting water quality data. The broad goal was to determine the function of software dedicated to meet the requirements of a remote sensing-based eutrophication-monitoring system. Two specific goal were set in this study: 1. To extract software requirements from available eutrophication management documentation. This was necessary to determine the functions of the dedicated software that matches the legislative requirements and 2. To determine a design capable of handling spatial and temporal requirement of a remote sensing based eutrophication-monitoring system. The study applied Goal Based Requirement Analysis Model [GBRAM] model to extract goals from the National Eutrophication Monitoring Programme [NEMP] implementation plan document and recent publication on remote sensing of water quality monitoring conducted in South Africa. Afterwards, the study used object-oriented concepts to model suitable data objects and processes to implement spatial-temporal requirements of a remote sensing-based eutrophication-monitoring system. Based on the study findings the following are essential functions of a remote sensing based eutrophication-monitoring system. A graphical user interface that allows the user to set up a monitoring programming. Automated image processing procedures. Data assessment methods used to generate eutrophication status information. Numerous display options for viewing data in several perfectives.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Image processing and data analysis tools of a remote sensing-based euthrophication monitoring system
- Authors: Chamunorwa, Brighton
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Eutrophication Image processing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10210 , vital:35376
- Description: Numerous surface water bodies in South Africa face serious challenges of eutrophication despite several initiatives from government to solve the problem. Government efforts have not been successful particularly because of three issues: 1) insufficient and inconsistent water quality data and 2) the costly nature of collecting this data. Third, the limited uptake of remote sensing based technologies in water quality management due to lack of skills, as well as the lengthy and complex procedures involved in retrieving water quality parameters. This thesis aims to explore the possibilities of using satellite data and simple software for mapping and collecting water quality data. The broad goal was to determine the function of software dedicated to meet the requirements of a remote sensing-based eutrophication-monitoring system. Two specific goal were set in this study: 1. To extract software requirements from available eutrophication management documentation. This was necessary to determine the functions of the dedicated software that matches the legislative requirements and 2. To determine a design capable of handling spatial and temporal requirement of a remote sensing based eutrophication-monitoring system. The study applied Goal Based Requirement Analysis Model [GBRAM] model to extract goals from the National Eutrophication Monitoring Programme [NEMP] implementation plan document and recent publication on remote sensing of water quality monitoring conducted in South Africa. Afterwards, the study used object-oriented concepts to model suitable data objects and processes to implement spatial-temporal requirements of a remote sensing-based eutrophication-monitoring system. Based on the study findings the following are essential functions of a remote sensing based eutrophication-monitoring system. A graphical user interface that allows the user to set up a monitoring programming. Automated image processing procedures. Data assessment methods used to generate eutrophication status information. Numerous display options for viewing data in several perfectives.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Impact of dietary factors on drug adherence and the nutritional status of tuberculosis patients in the Nelson Mandela Bay Health District
- Authors: Human, Wieda
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Patients -- Nutritional aspects -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality , Tuberculosis -- Patients -- Nutritional aspects -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality Drug-nutrient interactions Appetite -- Effect of drugs on
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22265 , vital:29929
- Description: The prevalence of poor adherence by Tuberculosis (TB) patients to their drug regimens poses a major public health problem in South Africa. Many South Africans are the victims of poverty and unemployment and, as a result, may face food insecurity, hunger and have diets lacking diversity. Malnutrition is commonly noted in patients with TB. Poor immunity as a result of TB further compromises the nutritional status of the patient and thus the prognosis. Chronic hunger together with food insecurity and inadequate dietary diversity can lead to poor drug adherence amongst patients. This highlights the fact that dietary factors may pose a threat to TB drug adherence. There is limited information available regarding the impact of dietary factors on drug adherence and the nutritional status in patients with TB, especially in the Eastern Cape. This emphasises the need for more research focusing on the impact that dietary factors have on drug adherence and nutritional status of patients with TB from underprivileged areas. The aim of the study was to describe the impact of dietary factors on drug adherence and the nutritional status of patients with TB from underprivileged areas in the Nelson Mandela Bay Health District (NMBHD) in order to revise current guidelines to standardise the nutrition management in patients with TB who are initiated on treatment. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted using a quantitative approach. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee (NMU) and the Eastern Cape Department of Health Provincial Research Committee. All participants provided written, informed consent prior to participation. A representative sample was drawn from each of the three sub-districts in the NMBHD to include a total of 256 participants. The following clinics were randomly selected: Max Madlingozi, Tshangana, Soweto clinic (sub-district A), Laetitia Bam, Middle Street, Rosedale (sub-district B) while clinics in sub-district C included Korsten, Walmer, Gelvandale and Helenvale. The population for the study included patients with TB older than 18 years treated at these specific clinics. Patients with Drug- Resistant TB were excluded. A structured interview was conducted by the researcher and three fieldworkers to obtain information on socio-demographics, drug adherence, food insecurity and dietary diversity. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were also obtained to determine the nutritional status of participants. The majority of participants were male (59%; n=150). The mean age of participants was 35,03 years (SD=11.97). Of the total sample, 70% (n=179) reported being currently unemployed, while 59% of the total sample were also unemployed prior to TB diagnosis. Fifty percent of participants (n=127) were HIV co-infected, while only a marginal percentage (3%; n=7) had Diabetes Mellitus. Treatment adherence was considered 'good' as 94% (n=240) reported taking their TB treatment daily while 92% (n=121) reported taking their antiretroviral therapy (ART) daily. About a third (32%; n=81) of the total sample experienced low appetite, followed by nausea (21%; n=53) and vomiting (20%; n=50). A large percentage (48%; n=123) of participants experienced severe hunger. The mean individual dietary diversity score (DDS) for this sample was below 3 (2.81/9) and could be classified as being moderately diverse. Forty-three percent (n=110) had a low DDS of 2 or less food groups. Only 2% (n=5) had a high DDS of more than 7 food groups. A statistically significant association was found between employment status and food insecurity and poor DDS. Previous TB infection was also significantly associated with food insecurity and poor DDS. Although so many participants were food insecure, 74% (n=188) reported taking their TB treatment with food. Regarding substance use, 24% (n=88) consumed alcohol weekly, whereas 31% (n=80) of participants smoked cigarettes. The mean BMI value for males was 20.93 kg/m2 (SD=4.19) and for females at 20.91 kg/m2 (SD=5.10). However, 30% (n=76) had BMI values below 18.5 kg/m2 and 16% (n=40) had BMI values above 25 kg/m2. Majority of the participants (91%; n=233) had lost weight prior to data collection. Furthermore, 75% (n=175) reported having experienced involuntary weight loss in the preceding 3 months, while 17% (n=43) reported having lost more than 10% of their body weight in the last 3 months. Almost all participants reported taking their TB treatment as prescribed. However, the study results echo the findings of other studies that a large cohort of participants are currently unemployed and food insecure. Many participants were consuming monotonous diets, consisting primarily of starch with little vegetables and fruits. As a result, the nutritional status of the sample population was compromised. This sample also reflected unhealthy lifestyle habits which included substance use (alcohol and cigarette smoking). As so many participants self-reported adhering to TB treatment, it was challenging to determine the impact that dietary factors have on TB drug adherence. Government, NGO's and other private stakeholders should make nutrition a priority especially in vulnerable groups such as patients with TB. Dietitians and nutritionists should be involved in the care of all patients with TB by providing relevant nutrition counselling. Although malnourished patients with TB are currently receiving nutrition supplementation, the amount and sustainability thereof should be revised. Food gardens may further be a safety net against food insecurity, hunger and inadequate dietary diversity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Human, Wieda
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Patients -- Nutritional aspects -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality , Tuberculosis -- Patients -- Nutritional aspects -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality Drug-nutrient interactions Appetite -- Effect of drugs on
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22265 , vital:29929
- Description: The prevalence of poor adherence by Tuberculosis (TB) patients to their drug regimens poses a major public health problem in South Africa. Many South Africans are the victims of poverty and unemployment and, as a result, may face food insecurity, hunger and have diets lacking diversity. Malnutrition is commonly noted in patients with TB. Poor immunity as a result of TB further compromises the nutritional status of the patient and thus the prognosis. Chronic hunger together with food insecurity and inadequate dietary diversity can lead to poor drug adherence amongst patients. This highlights the fact that dietary factors may pose a threat to TB drug adherence. There is limited information available regarding the impact of dietary factors on drug adherence and the nutritional status in patients with TB, especially in the Eastern Cape. This emphasises the need for more research focusing on the impact that dietary factors have on drug adherence and nutritional status of patients with TB from underprivileged areas. The aim of the study was to describe the impact of dietary factors on drug adherence and the nutritional status of patients with TB from underprivileged areas in the Nelson Mandela Bay Health District (NMBHD) in order to revise current guidelines to standardise the nutrition management in patients with TB who are initiated on treatment. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted using a quantitative approach. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee (NMU) and the Eastern Cape Department of Health Provincial Research Committee. All participants provided written, informed consent prior to participation. A representative sample was drawn from each of the three sub-districts in the NMBHD to include a total of 256 participants. The following clinics were randomly selected: Max Madlingozi, Tshangana, Soweto clinic (sub-district A), Laetitia Bam, Middle Street, Rosedale (sub-district B) while clinics in sub-district C included Korsten, Walmer, Gelvandale and Helenvale. The population for the study included patients with TB older than 18 years treated at these specific clinics. Patients with Drug- Resistant TB were excluded. A structured interview was conducted by the researcher and three fieldworkers to obtain information on socio-demographics, drug adherence, food insecurity and dietary diversity. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were also obtained to determine the nutritional status of participants. The majority of participants were male (59%; n=150). The mean age of participants was 35,03 years (SD=11.97). Of the total sample, 70% (n=179) reported being currently unemployed, while 59% of the total sample were also unemployed prior to TB diagnosis. Fifty percent of participants (n=127) were HIV co-infected, while only a marginal percentage (3%; n=7) had Diabetes Mellitus. Treatment adherence was considered 'good' as 94% (n=240) reported taking their TB treatment daily while 92% (n=121) reported taking their antiretroviral therapy (ART) daily. About a third (32%; n=81) of the total sample experienced low appetite, followed by nausea (21%; n=53) and vomiting (20%; n=50). A large percentage (48%; n=123) of participants experienced severe hunger. The mean individual dietary diversity score (DDS) for this sample was below 3 (2.81/9) and could be classified as being moderately diverse. Forty-three percent (n=110) had a low DDS of 2 or less food groups. Only 2% (n=5) had a high DDS of more than 7 food groups. A statistically significant association was found between employment status and food insecurity and poor DDS. Previous TB infection was also significantly associated with food insecurity and poor DDS. Although so many participants were food insecure, 74% (n=188) reported taking their TB treatment with food. Regarding substance use, 24% (n=88) consumed alcohol weekly, whereas 31% (n=80) of participants smoked cigarettes. The mean BMI value for males was 20.93 kg/m2 (SD=4.19) and for females at 20.91 kg/m2 (SD=5.10). However, 30% (n=76) had BMI values below 18.5 kg/m2 and 16% (n=40) had BMI values above 25 kg/m2. Majority of the participants (91%; n=233) had lost weight prior to data collection. Furthermore, 75% (n=175) reported having experienced involuntary weight loss in the preceding 3 months, while 17% (n=43) reported having lost more than 10% of their body weight in the last 3 months. Almost all participants reported taking their TB treatment as prescribed. However, the study results echo the findings of other studies that a large cohort of participants are currently unemployed and food insecure. Many participants were consuming monotonous diets, consisting primarily of starch with little vegetables and fruits. As a result, the nutritional status of the sample population was compromised. This sample also reflected unhealthy lifestyle habits which included substance use (alcohol and cigarette smoking). As so many participants self-reported adhering to TB treatment, it was challenging to determine the impact that dietary factors have on TB drug adherence. Government, NGO's and other private stakeholders should make nutrition a priority especially in vulnerable groups such as patients with TB. Dietitians and nutritionists should be involved in the care of all patients with TB by providing relevant nutrition counselling. Although malnourished patients with TB are currently receiving nutrition supplementation, the amount and sustainability thereof should be revised. Food gardens may further be a safety net against food insecurity, hunger and inadequate dietary diversity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Improving the exhaust pigment dyeing of cotton garments
- Authors: Harilal, Shantha
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Dyes and dyeing -- Textile fibers , Dyes and dyeing -- Chemistry Textile fabrics -- Coloring Textile fabrics Cotton -- Coloring
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22231 , vital:29895
- Description: Due to the rapid changes in fashion trends, garment dyeing is gaining popularity because of its quick response time and reduced costs, especially when dyeing with pigments. However, a drawback of pigment dyeing of cotton garments is the problem of unlevel dyeing and poor wet fastness, together with the high amount of staining of the dyeing equipment. This research has focused on investigating the effects of varying dyeing parameters on the colour strength and fastness of exhaust pigment dyed cotton garments, with the ultimate aim to improve colour strength, wet rub fastness and wash fastness; as well as try to reduce the amount of staining of the equipment, and in so doing reducing production and effluent treatment costs. The research was undertaken at a textile company, Spectrum Textiles (Pty) Ltd, which has been experiencing problems with poor wet fastness, unlevel dyeing and high staining of equipment for both knitted and woven cotton garments. Trials on knitted and woven garments were carried out in which the effects of the concentrations of the cationising agent, pigment and binder/fixer, on colour strength and dye fastness were investigated, as was also the effects of temperature, pH, material-to-liquor ratio and process route. The dyed fabrics were analysed in terms of colour strength, wash fastness and wet and dry rub fastness. It was found that, in general, increasing the amount of cationising agent, pigment, binder/fixer, pH, temperature and material-to-liquor ratio decreased the colour strength (K/S), with applying the binder/fixer prior to pigmenting mostly producing a higher K/S than when applying the binder/fixer after pigmenting. Furthermore, the use of a fixer achieved higher K/S values than when the binder was used. By the selection of the correct chemical levels and dyeing conditions, level pigment dyeing of cotton garments, with high colour strength, was achieved with Grey Scale ratings of 4 or higher for all the fastness criteria. A single optimum dyeing combination, which produced a high K/S and a Grey Scale rating of 4 or higher for wash fastness and wet and dry rub fastness, was derived.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Harilal, Shantha
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Dyes and dyeing -- Textile fibers , Dyes and dyeing -- Chemistry Textile fabrics -- Coloring Textile fabrics Cotton -- Coloring
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/22231 , vital:29895
- Description: Due to the rapid changes in fashion trends, garment dyeing is gaining popularity because of its quick response time and reduced costs, especially when dyeing with pigments. However, a drawback of pigment dyeing of cotton garments is the problem of unlevel dyeing and poor wet fastness, together with the high amount of staining of the dyeing equipment. This research has focused on investigating the effects of varying dyeing parameters on the colour strength and fastness of exhaust pigment dyed cotton garments, with the ultimate aim to improve colour strength, wet rub fastness and wash fastness; as well as try to reduce the amount of staining of the equipment, and in so doing reducing production and effluent treatment costs. The research was undertaken at a textile company, Spectrum Textiles (Pty) Ltd, which has been experiencing problems with poor wet fastness, unlevel dyeing and high staining of equipment for both knitted and woven cotton garments. Trials on knitted and woven garments were carried out in which the effects of the concentrations of the cationising agent, pigment and binder/fixer, on colour strength and dye fastness were investigated, as was also the effects of temperature, pH, material-to-liquor ratio and process route. The dyed fabrics were analysed in terms of colour strength, wash fastness and wet and dry rub fastness. It was found that, in general, increasing the amount of cationising agent, pigment, binder/fixer, pH, temperature and material-to-liquor ratio decreased the colour strength (K/S), with applying the binder/fixer prior to pigmenting mostly producing a higher K/S than when applying the binder/fixer after pigmenting. Furthermore, the use of a fixer achieved higher K/S values than when the binder was used. By the selection of the correct chemical levels and dyeing conditions, level pigment dyeing of cotton garments, with high colour strength, was achieved with Grey Scale ratings of 4 or higher for all the fastness criteria. A single optimum dyeing combination, which produced a high K/S and a Grey Scale rating of 4 or higher for wash fastness and wet and dry rub fastness, was derived.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Improving understanding of the ecology of Indo-pacific bottlenose dolphins (tursiops aduncus) in Algoa Bay, South Africa
- Shaanika, Titus Mwiitantandje
- Authors: Shaanika, Titus Mwiitantandje
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Bottlenose dolphin -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Bottlenose dolphin -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Dolphins -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/34788 , vital:33451
- Description: Site fidelity and spatial distribution of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) were assesed using mark-recapture from opportunistic photographs collected between June 2008-May 2011 in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Over 10 000 photographs were collected, and assessed, resulting in 2472 photographs being catalogued and analysed. In total, 2002 individual dolphins were photographically identified. The discovery curve does not reach a plateau, indicating a large, open population, as a result, the re-sighting rate over the study period was low. 178 (8.9%) animals were re-sighted, and 32 animals these were seen three times or more. The individual which was re-sighted most often was sighted five times. The residency index averaged 0.05 and reached a maximum at 0.25. 41% of the data were collected in 2009, which skewed the identifications per unit effort (IDsPUE) across years (Kruskal-Wallis Anova, KW= 11.59 n=60, p= 0.009) and seasons (KW= 17.47, n= 60, p=0.007). Due to the relatively higher data collection in 2009, identifications across years (KW=13.29, n=60, P= 0.004) and across seasons (KW=17.81 n=60, P=0.007) also differed significantly. In contrast, there was no significant difference is re-sighting across years (KW = 6.9, n=56, p= 0.8) and seasons (KW=12.26, n=56, p=0.6). The association between the 32 individuals seen three times or more was measured using the Half Weight Index, the index ranged from 0 to 1. A dendrogram revealed two social clusters consisting of 23 and 8 animals each, with one individual having no associations. Xenobalanus was recorded on all but five surveys over the study period. Xenobalanus occurrence did not significantly differ across years (KW=1.49, n=42, p=0.68) and seasons (KW= 6.59, n=43, p=0.36). Dolphins were mostly sighted in depths of <15 metres all around the bay. Travelling (36%) behaviour was the most recorded, followed by feeding (29 %), socialising (15%), milling (11 %), Slow travel (6%), resting (2%) and fast travelling (1%). Other than milling the spatial distribution of all behaviours were similar to the general spatial distribution of sightings. The project provides information that can be used for further research and conservation management of T. aduncus. Photographs used in this project were opportunistically collected, which has resulted in the underestimation of photo-identified individuals and consequently results of this project.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Shaanika, Titus Mwiitantandje
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Bottlenose dolphin -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Bottlenose dolphin -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Dolphins -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/34788 , vital:33451
- Description: Site fidelity and spatial distribution of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) were assesed using mark-recapture from opportunistic photographs collected between June 2008-May 2011 in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Over 10 000 photographs were collected, and assessed, resulting in 2472 photographs being catalogued and analysed. In total, 2002 individual dolphins were photographically identified. The discovery curve does not reach a plateau, indicating a large, open population, as a result, the re-sighting rate over the study period was low. 178 (8.9%) animals were re-sighted, and 32 animals these were seen three times or more. The individual which was re-sighted most often was sighted five times. The residency index averaged 0.05 and reached a maximum at 0.25. 41% of the data were collected in 2009, which skewed the identifications per unit effort (IDsPUE) across years (Kruskal-Wallis Anova, KW= 11.59 n=60, p= 0.009) and seasons (KW= 17.47, n= 60, p=0.007). Due to the relatively higher data collection in 2009, identifications across years (KW=13.29, n=60, P= 0.004) and across seasons (KW=17.81 n=60, P=0.007) also differed significantly. In contrast, there was no significant difference is re-sighting across years (KW = 6.9, n=56, p= 0.8) and seasons (KW=12.26, n=56, p=0.6). The association between the 32 individuals seen three times or more was measured using the Half Weight Index, the index ranged from 0 to 1. A dendrogram revealed two social clusters consisting of 23 and 8 animals each, with one individual having no associations. Xenobalanus was recorded on all but five surveys over the study period. Xenobalanus occurrence did not significantly differ across years (KW=1.49, n=42, p=0.68) and seasons (KW= 6.59, n=43, p=0.36). Dolphins were mostly sighted in depths of <15 metres all around the bay. Travelling (36%) behaviour was the most recorded, followed by feeding (29 %), socialising (15%), milling (11 %), Slow travel (6%), resting (2%) and fast travelling (1%). Other than milling the spatial distribution of all behaviours were similar to the general spatial distribution of sightings. The project provides information that can be used for further research and conservation management of T. aduncus. Photographs used in this project were opportunistically collected, which has resulted in the underestimation of photo-identified individuals and consequently results of this project.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
In silico analysis, isolation and kinetic characterisation of red algae (Rhodophyta) catalases
- Authors: Nodangala, Sinovuyo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Red algae Marine algae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14626 , vital:40024
- Description: Catalase (EC: 1.11.1.6) is produced by almost all aerobic organism ranging from bacteria to human and is an essential antioxidant enzyme that catalyses the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen, therefore neutralising hydrogen peroxide toxicity. The present study aimed to purify and characterise catalase from Pachymenia orbitosa, a marine red algae found in the Algoa Bay region of South Africa. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to confirm the presence of a catalase gene in the red algae genome. In silico analysis of the Chondrus crispus genome was performed to predict the functional and structural characterisation of the protein encoded by the gene. The Pachymenia orbitosa catalase enzyme was purified to homogeneity using 60% ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration chromatography. InterProScan confirmed that the Chondrus crispus genome encodes a catalase protein, which is from the mono-functional and heme-dependent catalase-like superfamily. The purified Pachymenia orbitosa catalase enzyme displayed a specific activity of 23 000 units per mg of protein with a 14.94% recovery and 222.91 fold purification. Sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a single band, with a molecular weight of around 50kDa. The catalase enzyme exhibited a maximum activity at pH 7 and a temperature of 30℃. It was stable up to 40℃ and rapidly denatured at temperatures above this. The Km and Vmax values for the purified catalase, using hydrogen peroxide as a substrate, were determined from the Lineweaver-Burk plot to be 22.22mM and 1.11x10-4mM.min-1 , respectively, while from the Hanes-Woolf plot, to be 23.4mM and 1.17x10-4mM.min-1 , respectively. The Heme catalase inhibitor (ferricyanide) inhibited the enzyme activity markedly, while sodium chloride and citric acid had only a slight inhibitory effect. Copper sulphate showed a slight stimulatory effect. The physiochemical properties suggest a good application potential in both the pharmaceutical and food industries
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Nodangala, Sinovuyo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Red algae Marine algae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14626 , vital:40024
- Description: Catalase (EC: 1.11.1.6) is produced by almost all aerobic organism ranging from bacteria to human and is an essential antioxidant enzyme that catalyses the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen, therefore neutralising hydrogen peroxide toxicity. The present study aimed to purify and characterise catalase from Pachymenia orbitosa, a marine red algae found in the Algoa Bay region of South Africa. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to confirm the presence of a catalase gene in the red algae genome. In silico analysis of the Chondrus crispus genome was performed to predict the functional and structural characterisation of the protein encoded by the gene. The Pachymenia orbitosa catalase enzyme was purified to homogeneity using 60% ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration chromatography. InterProScan confirmed that the Chondrus crispus genome encodes a catalase protein, which is from the mono-functional and heme-dependent catalase-like superfamily. The purified Pachymenia orbitosa catalase enzyme displayed a specific activity of 23 000 units per mg of protein with a 14.94% recovery and 222.91 fold purification. Sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a single band, with a molecular weight of around 50kDa. The catalase enzyme exhibited a maximum activity at pH 7 and a temperature of 30℃. It was stable up to 40℃ and rapidly denatured at temperatures above this. The Km and Vmax values for the purified catalase, using hydrogen peroxide as a substrate, were determined from the Lineweaver-Burk plot to be 22.22mM and 1.11x10-4mM.min-1 , respectively, while from the Hanes-Woolf plot, to be 23.4mM and 1.17x10-4mM.min-1 , respectively. The Heme catalase inhibitor (ferricyanide) inhibited the enzyme activity markedly, while sodium chloride and citric acid had only a slight inhibitory effect. Copper sulphate showed a slight stimulatory effect. The physiochemical properties suggest a good application potential in both the pharmaceutical and food industries
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
In silico characterization of plasmodial transketolases as potential malaria drug target
- Authors: Boateng, Rita Afriyie
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63540 , vital:28433
- Description: Expected release date-April 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Boateng, Rita Afriyie
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63540 , vital:28433
- Description: Expected release date-April 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
In silico study of Plasmodium 1-deoxy-dxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) for identification of novel inhibitors from SANCDB
- Authors: Diallo, Bakary N'tji
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Plasmodium 1-deoxy-dxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase , Isoprenoids , Plasmodium , Antimalarials , Malaria -- Chemotherapy , Molecules -- Models , Molecular dynamics , South African Natural Compounds Database
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/64012 , vital:28523
- Description: Malaria remains a major health concern with a complex parasite constantly developing resistance to the different drugs introduced to treat it, threatening the efficacy of the current ACT treatment recommended by WHO (World Health Organization). Different antimalarial compounds with different mechanisms of action are ideal as this decreases chances of resistance occurring. Inhibiting DXR and consequently the MEP pathway is a good strategy to find a new antimalarial with a novel mode of action. From literature, all the enzymes of the MEP pathway have also been shown to be indispensable for the synthesis of isoprenoids. They have been validated as drug targets and the X-ray structure of each of the enzymes has been solved. DXR is a protein which catalyses the second step of the MEP pathway. There are currently 255 DXR inhibitors in the Binding Database (accessed November 2017) generally based on the fosmidomycin structural scaffold and thus often showing poor drug likeness properties. This study aims to research new DXR inhibitors using in silico techniques. We analysed the protein sequence and built 3D models in close and open conformations for the different Plasmodium sequences. Then SANCDB compounds were screened to identify new potential DXR inhibitors with new chemical scaffolds. Finally, the identified hits were submitted to molecular dynamics studies, preceded by a parameterization of the manganese atom in the protein active site.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Diallo, Bakary N'tji
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Plasmodium 1-deoxy-dxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase , Isoprenoids , Plasmodium , Antimalarials , Malaria -- Chemotherapy , Molecules -- Models , Molecular dynamics , South African Natural Compounds Database
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/64012 , vital:28523
- Description: Malaria remains a major health concern with a complex parasite constantly developing resistance to the different drugs introduced to treat it, threatening the efficacy of the current ACT treatment recommended by WHO (World Health Organization). Different antimalarial compounds with different mechanisms of action are ideal as this decreases chances of resistance occurring. Inhibiting DXR and consequently the MEP pathway is a good strategy to find a new antimalarial with a novel mode of action. From literature, all the enzymes of the MEP pathway have also been shown to be indispensable for the synthesis of isoprenoids. They have been validated as drug targets and the X-ray structure of each of the enzymes has been solved. DXR is a protein which catalyses the second step of the MEP pathway. There are currently 255 DXR inhibitors in the Binding Database (accessed November 2017) generally based on the fosmidomycin structural scaffold and thus often showing poor drug likeness properties. This study aims to research new DXR inhibitors using in silico techniques. We analysed the protein sequence and built 3D models in close and open conformations for the different Plasmodium sequences. Then SANCDB compounds were screened to identify new potential DXR inhibitors with new chemical scaffolds. Finally, the identified hits were submitted to molecular dynamics studies, preceded by a parameterization of the manganese atom in the protein active site.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Incidence of bacterial infections and colonisation in patients admitted to a tuberculosis hospital
- Authors: Annear, Dale John
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Medical microbiology , Microbiology Bacteriology Tuberculosis -- Hospitals -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21482 , vital:29526
- Description: Patients with drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) are treated with multiple antibiotics including moxifloxacin, linezolid, and meropenem, which puts them at greater risk for colonisation by multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess the antimicrobial prescribing patterns practiced within the hospital by retrospective patient file review; (ii) determine the spectrum of bacterial colonisation in TB patients upon admission and during hospitalisation; (iii) identify bacterial isolates and evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility profiles; (iv) detect antimicrobial resistance genes in the bacterial isolates by PCR and DNA sequencing; and (v) investigate genetic relatedness of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using Multi Locus Sequence Typing. Nasal, groin and rectal swabs [for the detection of extended spectrum beta lactamases (EBSLs), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)] were analysed from a cohort of patients (n=37) admitted either from the community (n = 28) or from other healthcare facilities (n=9) to a TB hospital. Swab samples were collected at admission and at four week intervals thereafter during hospitalization. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates (n=62) were determined at the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) by the VITEK-MS and Vitek 2 systems respectively. Additional antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted by Sensititre Gram Negative Xtra (GNFX2) MIC plates. PCR and DNA sequencing were used for detection of resistance genes. Patients (n=13/37; 35%) were colonized by MDR bacteria (ESBLs [n=11], MRSA [n=2]) on admission. Colonization rates were lower in patients admitted from the community (9/28; 32%) compared to those transferred from other healthcare facilities (4/9; 44%). All admitted patients who did not exhibit colonization at baseline and who were resident within the hospital for longer than 4 weeks (17/37; 46% of total patients) became colonised by an ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae species. No patients acquired MRSA during hospitalisation. Among ESBL Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli (41/62; 66%) and K. pneumoniae [14/62; 23%]) predominated. Nineteen percent (7/37) of patients demised during their hospitalization. Both the Vitek system and Sensititre Gram Negative Xtra (GNFX2) MIC plates susceptibilities were similar for most antimicrobials, however there were discrepancies for tigecycline susceptibility profiles. A high number of isolates exhibited resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Genes encoding for ESBLs (CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15, SHV-28, OXA-1, and OXY-2-9) were detected among ESBL Enterobacteriaceae. Two Enterobacteriaceae isolates with reduced carbapenem susceptibility did not contain carbapenemase-encoding genes. MLST revealed unique sequence types and genetic diversity among the K. pneumoniae isolates from hospitalised patients. However, the source and colonization routes of these isolates could not be determined, which requires further investigation. This study provides insight into the spectrum of bacterial pathogen colonisation in hospitalised TB patients and suggests a review of infection control programs and practices at the TB hospital.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Annear, Dale John
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Medical microbiology , Microbiology Bacteriology Tuberculosis -- Hospitals -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21482 , vital:29526
- Description: Patients with drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) are treated with multiple antibiotics including moxifloxacin, linezolid, and meropenem, which puts them at greater risk for colonisation by multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess the antimicrobial prescribing patterns practiced within the hospital by retrospective patient file review; (ii) determine the spectrum of bacterial colonisation in TB patients upon admission and during hospitalisation; (iii) identify bacterial isolates and evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility profiles; (iv) detect antimicrobial resistance genes in the bacterial isolates by PCR and DNA sequencing; and (v) investigate genetic relatedness of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using Multi Locus Sequence Typing. Nasal, groin and rectal swabs [for the detection of extended spectrum beta lactamases (EBSLs), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)] were analysed from a cohort of patients (n=37) admitted either from the community (n = 28) or from other healthcare facilities (n=9) to a TB hospital. Swab samples were collected at admission and at four week intervals thereafter during hospitalization. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates (n=62) were determined at the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) by the VITEK-MS and Vitek 2 systems respectively. Additional antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted by Sensititre Gram Negative Xtra (GNFX2) MIC plates. PCR and DNA sequencing were used for detection of resistance genes. Patients (n=13/37; 35%) were colonized by MDR bacteria (ESBLs [n=11], MRSA [n=2]) on admission. Colonization rates were lower in patients admitted from the community (9/28; 32%) compared to those transferred from other healthcare facilities (4/9; 44%). All admitted patients who did not exhibit colonization at baseline and who were resident within the hospital for longer than 4 weeks (17/37; 46% of total patients) became colonised by an ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae species. No patients acquired MRSA during hospitalisation. Among ESBL Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli (41/62; 66%) and K. pneumoniae [14/62; 23%]) predominated. Nineteen percent (7/37) of patients demised during their hospitalization. Both the Vitek system and Sensititre Gram Negative Xtra (GNFX2) MIC plates susceptibilities were similar for most antimicrobials, however there were discrepancies for tigecycline susceptibility profiles. A high number of isolates exhibited resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Genes encoding for ESBLs (CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15, SHV-28, OXA-1, and OXY-2-9) were detected among ESBL Enterobacteriaceae. Two Enterobacteriaceae isolates with reduced carbapenem susceptibility did not contain carbapenemase-encoding genes. MLST revealed unique sequence types and genetic diversity among the K. pneumoniae isolates from hospitalised patients. However, the source and colonization routes of these isolates could not be determined, which requires further investigation. This study provides insight into the spectrum of bacterial pathogen colonisation in hospitalised TB patients and suggests a review of infection control programs and practices at the TB hospital.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Ineffective quality management on civil engineering projects
- Authors: Kruger, Casper Stephanus
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Total quality management , Quality management -- South Africa Civil engineering -- South Africa Construction industry -- South Africa -- Management Project management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30984 , vital:31243
- Description: Quality is a fundamental expectancy in the construction industry. Together with cost and time, it is one of the basic and most important performance indicators in construction projects. The non-achievement of such a crucial aspect of construction can result in construction failures and client dissatisfaction (Zunguzane et al., 2012: 20). The increased pressure on project stakeholders to produce projects that achieve these aspects can become unrealistic, which in turn can contribute to the development of disputes within the construction sector (Love et al., 2010a: 405). Civil engineering project stakeholders employ Quality Management Systems as a tool to increase industry quality performance. The effective implementation of these systems contribute to the mitigation and elimination of rework/non-conformances while enhancing client satisfaction and increasing the project performance concerning cost, quality and time (Bello et al., 2010: 9). The main objectives of this study were to determine whether quality management is implemented effectively on civil engineering projects in order prevent claims against consulting engineers and to further investigate the barriers that impact quality management on civil engineering projects. In addition, the research aimed to determine what impact, if any, the aspects of public sector procurement policy, implementation and management have on the ability of civil engineering stakeholders to manage quality during the design, procurement and construction phases of a project. The study therefore focussed on quality management in the civil engineering industry and investigated the barriers that contribute to ineffective quality management on civil engineering projects under design, procurement and construction related barriers. This study was done in two parts. Firstly, the research adopted a quantitative research approach with a descriptive research strategy. The second part entailed an in-depth study of the current existing theory by means of a literature review. Data was collected via a questionnaire survey and analysed to test the three hypotheses and answer questions relating to the current status of the subject of inquiry. iv The findings of the research confirmed the challenges and frustrations experienced during the procurement implementation activities of public sector clients. The results confirmed that the appointment of incompetent and unqualified civil engineering contractors has a direct impact on the quality of civil engineering projects and the effective implementation of quality management systems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Kruger, Casper Stephanus
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Total quality management , Quality management -- South Africa Civil engineering -- South Africa Construction industry -- South Africa -- Management Project management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30984 , vital:31243
- Description: Quality is a fundamental expectancy in the construction industry. Together with cost and time, it is one of the basic and most important performance indicators in construction projects. The non-achievement of such a crucial aspect of construction can result in construction failures and client dissatisfaction (Zunguzane et al., 2012: 20). The increased pressure on project stakeholders to produce projects that achieve these aspects can become unrealistic, which in turn can contribute to the development of disputes within the construction sector (Love et al., 2010a: 405). Civil engineering project stakeholders employ Quality Management Systems as a tool to increase industry quality performance. The effective implementation of these systems contribute to the mitigation and elimination of rework/non-conformances while enhancing client satisfaction and increasing the project performance concerning cost, quality and time (Bello et al., 2010: 9). The main objectives of this study were to determine whether quality management is implemented effectively on civil engineering projects in order prevent claims against consulting engineers and to further investigate the barriers that impact quality management on civil engineering projects. In addition, the research aimed to determine what impact, if any, the aspects of public sector procurement policy, implementation and management have on the ability of civil engineering stakeholders to manage quality during the design, procurement and construction phases of a project. The study therefore focussed on quality management in the civil engineering industry and investigated the barriers that contribute to ineffective quality management on civil engineering projects under design, procurement and construction related barriers. This study was done in two parts. Firstly, the research adopted a quantitative research approach with a descriptive research strategy. The second part entailed an in-depth study of the current existing theory by means of a literature review. Data was collected via a questionnaire survey and analysed to test the three hypotheses and answer questions relating to the current status of the subject of inquiry. iv The findings of the research confirmed the challenges and frustrations experienced during the procurement implementation activities of public sector clients. The results confirmed that the appointment of incompetent and unqualified civil engineering contractors has a direct impact on the quality of civil engineering projects and the effective implementation of quality management systems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Influence of knowledge of the end-point on pacing during a 2000m rowing time trial
- Authors: Ferreira, Dean
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Rowing -- Training , Rowing -- Coaching , Endurance sports -- Training , Rowers -- Ability testing , Rowing -- Training -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61636 , vital:28044
- Description: Introduction: A typical 2000 m rowing race requires maximal force production over six to eight minutes. Optimal distribution of energetic resources during such a race is vital for optimal performance. There is little research examining the pacing strategies employed by rowers, particularly at the sub-elite level. Aim: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of knowledge of the end-point on pacing during a 2000 m rowing time trial. Methods: Eleven male rowers from a university rowing club volunteered to partake in the study. Each participant completed three experimental trials on an indoor rowing ergometer, each 2000 m. The only difference between the trials was the nature of the information provided beforehand. At the start of the control trial, participants were correctly informed about the distance to be covered. Participants were not informed of the distance to be completed in the unknown trial. For the deceptive trial, participants were told 1000 m would be completed, but when this distance was reached, they were told to continue for another 1000 m. During each trial muscle activity, power output, heart rate, performance time and perceptions of effort were measured.Results: The control trial was significantly (p<0.05) faster than both the unknown and deceptive trials, however the deceptive trial was the fastest of all trials at the 1000 m distance. The unknown trial was slowest at 1000 m and at 2000 m. Muscle activity, RPE, heart rate and power output were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the unknown trial compared to the control and deceptive trial. The control trial exhibited a reverse J-shape pacing profile. The deceptive trial revealed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in performance time, heart rate, power output and muscle activity after the 1000 m interval. The first 500 m interval had the fastest performance and highest power output in all trials. In all trials, RPE was highest at the end of the 2000 m, the greatest reading being obtained at the end of the control trial. During the first 1000 m of the deceptive trial, the dependant variables were similar to those in the control trial. Once the deception was revealed, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the muscle activity, heart rate and power output. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that accurate end-point information is crucial to the development of an optimal pacing strategy, and ultimately to successful performance. Rowers tend to adopt the reverse J-shape pacing profile most often due to the tactical and physiological benefits offered by this strategy. Unknown or inaccurate end-point information resulted in performance decrements due to the uncertainty associated with the exercise bout.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Ferreira, Dean
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Rowing -- Training , Rowing -- Coaching , Endurance sports -- Training , Rowers -- Ability testing , Rowing -- Training -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61636 , vital:28044
- Description: Introduction: A typical 2000 m rowing race requires maximal force production over six to eight minutes. Optimal distribution of energetic resources during such a race is vital for optimal performance. There is little research examining the pacing strategies employed by rowers, particularly at the sub-elite level. Aim: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of knowledge of the end-point on pacing during a 2000 m rowing time trial. Methods: Eleven male rowers from a university rowing club volunteered to partake in the study. Each participant completed three experimental trials on an indoor rowing ergometer, each 2000 m. The only difference between the trials was the nature of the information provided beforehand. At the start of the control trial, participants were correctly informed about the distance to be covered. Participants were not informed of the distance to be completed in the unknown trial. For the deceptive trial, participants were told 1000 m would be completed, but when this distance was reached, they were told to continue for another 1000 m. During each trial muscle activity, power output, heart rate, performance time and perceptions of effort were measured.Results: The control trial was significantly (p<0.05) faster than both the unknown and deceptive trials, however the deceptive trial was the fastest of all trials at the 1000 m distance. The unknown trial was slowest at 1000 m and at 2000 m. Muscle activity, RPE, heart rate and power output were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the unknown trial compared to the control and deceptive trial. The control trial exhibited a reverse J-shape pacing profile. The deceptive trial revealed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in performance time, heart rate, power output and muscle activity after the 1000 m interval. The first 500 m interval had the fastest performance and highest power output in all trials. In all trials, RPE was highest at the end of the 2000 m, the greatest reading being obtained at the end of the control trial. During the first 1000 m of the deceptive trial, the dependant variables were similar to those in the control trial. Once the deception was revealed, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the muscle activity, heart rate and power output. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that accurate end-point information is crucial to the development of an optimal pacing strategy, and ultimately to successful performance. Rowers tend to adopt the reverse J-shape pacing profile most often due to the tactical and physiological benefits offered by this strategy. Unknown or inaccurate end-point information resulted in performance decrements due to the uncertainty associated with the exercise bout.
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- Date Issued: 2018