Ti Gbeu
- Beta Simon (performer), Joe (bass), Alfred Young (guitar), Koukougnon, Kalua Dayag (percussion), Amos Stephen (pianos), Brass: Andre Laourou (trumpet), Manu Yodan (sax), Pinheiro Michel (trombone), Astrid, Brou Julie, Liazou Ped (chorus), Soro Mamadou (djembe), Amos Stephen (arranged by), Liazou Ped (duet), Sea Charif, Djedje Honorat
- Authors: Beta Simon (performer) , Joe (bass) , Alfred Young (guitar) , Koukougnon, Kalua Dayag (percussion) , Amos Stephen (pianos) , Brass: Andre Laourou (trumpet), Manu Yodan (sax), Pinheiro Michel (trombone) , Astrid, Brou Julie, Liazou Ped (chorus) , Soro Mamadou (djembe) , Amos Stephen (arranged by) , Liazou Ped (duet) , Sea Charif, Djedje Honorat
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Africa, West , Reggae music , Africa Cote d'Ivoire Bete f-iv
- Language: Bete
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128005 , vital:36065 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC08-04
- Description: Reggae style singing from Cote d'Ivoire
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Beta Simon (performer) , Joe (bass) , Alfred Young (guitar) , Koukougnon, Kalua Dayag (percussion) , Amos Stephen (pianos) , Brass: Andre Laourou (trumpet), Manu Yodan (sax), Pinheiro Michel (trombone) , Astrid, Brou Julie, Liazou Ped (chorus) , Soro Mamadou (djembe) , Amos Stephen (arranged by) , Liazou Ped (duet) , Sea Charif, Djedje Honorat
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Africa, West , Reggae music , Africa Cote d'Ivoire Bete f-iv
- Language: Bete
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128005 , vital:36065 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC08-04
- Description: Reggae style singing from Cote d'Ivoire
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Tieou magni
- Saly Sidibe, Harouna Bary (arrangement), Adama Drame (guitar solo), Batoss (bass guitar), Lamine Camara (electric piano), Mamadou Koita (Djembe), Harouna Samake (N'goni), Sidi Coulibaly (drums), Awa Diabate, Sanota Doumbie (chorus), Ali Landoure
- Authors: Saly Sidibe , Harouna Bary (arrangement) , Adama Drame (guitar solo) , Batoss (bass guitar) , Lamine Camara (electric piano) , Mamadou Koita (Djembe) , Harouna Samake (N'goni) , Sidi Coulibaly (drums) , Awa Diabate, Sanota Doumbie (chorus) , Ali Landoure
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Mali--1991-2000 , Africa Mali Wassoulou f-ml
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127357 , vital:36004 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDCO3-05
- Description: Singing accompanied by guitar and N'goni, electric piano
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Saly Sidibe , Harouna Bary (arrangement) , Adama Drame (guitar solo) , Batoss (bass guitar) , Lamine Camara (electric piano) , Mamadou Koita (Djembe) , Harouna Samake (N'goni) , Sidi Coulibaly (drums) , Awa Diabate, Sanota Doumbie (chorus) , Ali Landoure
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Mali--1991-2000 , Africa Mali Wassoulou f-ml
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127357 , vital:36004 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDCO3-05
- Description: Singing accompanied by guitar and N'goni, electric piano
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Tolo
- Banani Kone (composer, performer, arranger), Nalini, Mamani Keita, Bintou Camara (chorus), Dominique Sablier (piano), Raphael Chossin (drums), Julio (bass guitar), Mouriba Koita, Fousseni Kouyate (N'goni), Moussa Kone, Djelikedjan, Yacou (cora), Oumar Dagon, Moussa Kouyate, Partrick (guitars), Kerfala Kante (arranger), Eric Bono
- Authors: Banani Kone (composer, performer, arranger) , Nalini, Mamani Keita, Bintou Camara (chorus) , Dominique Sablier (piano) , Raphael Chossin (drums) , Julio (bass guitar) , Mouriba Koita, Fousseni Kouyate (N'goni) , Moussa Kone, Djelikedjan, Yacou (cora) , Oumar Dagon, Moussa Kouyate, Partrick (guitars) , Kerfala Kante (arranger) , Eric Bono
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Mali--1991-2000 , Africa Mali Souther Region f-ml
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127604 , vital:36025 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDCO5-02
- Description: Malian modern band, solo female vocalist and chorus sing accompanied by N'goni, cora, guitar, piano and drums
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Banani Kone (composer, performer, arranger) , Nalini, Mamani Keita, Bintou Camara (chorus) , Dominique Sablier (piano) , Raphael Chossin (drums) , Julio (bass guitar) , Mouriba Koita, Fousseni Kouyate (N'goni) , Moussa Kone, Djelikedjan, Yacou (cora) , Oumar Dagon, Moussa Kouyate, Partrick (guitars) , Kerfala Kante (arranger) , Eric Bono
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Mali--1991-2000 , Africa Mali Souther Region f-ml
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127604 , vital:36025 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDCO5-02
- Description: Malian modern band, solo female vocalist and chorus sing accompanied by N'goni, cora, guitar, piano and drums
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Tolon
- Adama Drame (performer, arranger, composer, djembe, tama, doumdoum, chekere, voice, harmonica), Yacouba Kone (djembe), Bakari Doumbia (zin-zin), Mamadou Diabate ( balafon), Djesou Mory Kante (accoustic and electric guitar), Adjara Cisse (lead vocal), Oulare, Mariame Sylla, Tagaly (chorus), Adama Troare (accoustic guitar), Augustin Lompo (bass), Bassirou Sanou (flute), Tinminu Adio (tama), Brass: Andre Laourou, Dadie, Franck Desamin, Dramane Kienou (djembe accompaniment), Lamine Soumano (kora), Seydoni Production B.F.
- Authors: Adama Drame (performer, arranger, composer, djembe, tama, doumdoum, chekere, voice, harmonica) , Yacouba Kone (djembe) , Bakari Doumbia (zin-zin) , Mamadou Diabate ( balafon) , Djesou Mory Kante (accoustic and electric guitar) , Adjara Cisse (lead vocal) , Oulare, Mariame Sylla, Tagaly (chorus) , Adama Troare (accoustic guitar) , Augustin Lompo (bass) , Bassirou Sanou (flute) , Tinminu Adio (tama) , Brass: Andre Laourou, Dadie, Franck Desamin , Dramane Kienou (djembe accompaniment) , Lamine Soumano (kora) , Seydoni Production B.F.
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Africa, West , Africa Burkina Faso Ouagadougou f-uv
- Language: French
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128762 , vital:36150 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC14-07
- Description: Music from Burkino Faso played and sung in the griot style commenting on historical and contemporary events
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Adama Drame (performer, arranger, composer, djembe, tama, doumdoum, chekere, voice, harmonica) , Yacouba Kone (djembe) , Bakari Doumbia (zin-zin) , Mamadou Diabate ( balafon) , Djesou Mory Kante (accoustic and electric guitar) , Adjara Cisse (lead vocal) , Oulare, Mariame Sylla, Tagaly (chorus) , Adama Troare (accoustic guitar) , Augustin Lompo (bass) , Bassirou Sanou (flute) , Tinminu Adio (tama) , Brass: Andre Laourou, Dadie, Franck Desamin , Dramane Kienou (djembe accompaniment) , Lamine Soumano (kora) , Seydoni Production B.F.
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Africa, West , Africa Burkina Faso Ouagadougou f-uv
- Language: French
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128762 , vital:36150 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC14-07
- Description: Music from Burkino Faso played and sung in the griot style commenting on historical and contemporary events
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Tonetine Bi
- Selle Diop (comoser, performer), Souleymane Faye (arranged by), Lay Diagne (keyboards), Robson (accoustic guitar, percussion), Nagirou Dia, Selle Diop (chorus), Studio 2000
- Authors: Selle Diop (comoser, performer) , Souleymane Faye (arranged by) , Lay Diagne (keyboards) , Robson (accoustic guitar, percussion) , Nagirou Dia, Selle Diop (chorus) , Studio 2000
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Africa, West , Reggae music , Africa Senegal Dakar f-sg
- Language: Wolof
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128508 , vital:36118 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC11-06
- Description: Senegalese band featuring singing accompanied by keyboard, guitar and percussion
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Selle Diop (comoser, performer) , Souleymane Faye (arranged by) , Lay Diagne (keyboards) , Robson (accoustic guitar, percussion) , Nagirou Dia, Selle Diop (chorus) , Studio 2000
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Africa, West , Reggae music , Africa Senegal Dakar f-sg
- Language: Wolof
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128508 , vital:36118 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC11-06
- Description: Senegalese band featuring singing accompanied by keyboard, guitar and percussion
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Topical Opinion - Organising on the mines
- SAIRR
- Authors: SAIRR
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: SAIRR
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/111247 , vital:33420
- Description: When the National Union of Mineworkers was formed an experienced unionist said to me "organising workers in South Africa is the art of the possible". But organising workers in the mining industry is the art of the impossible. It has been the art of the impossible because it has been the art of trying to make a fundamental change in a system by using structures and instruments that were designed to perpetuate that system. It lias been the art of the impossible because it has been the art of trying to make a revolution with moderate tools tli at were invented to prevent a revolution. Because of the nature of the mining industry, which is conservative or ultraconservative by any definition, the black miner has been condemned to seek radical ends within a framework which was designed to prevent sudden and radical changes. For almost one hundred years now, black miners have not been able to change their status. The African Miners' Union in 1946 under J B Marks made an attempt but was brutally crushed by a combination of employer and government forces. It is against this background that our union has developed its organising strategies. Organising has taken place around a number of issues, some of which are safety, wages, and working- class unity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: SAIRR
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: SAIRR
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/111247 , vital:33420
- Description: When the National Union of Mineworkers was formed an experienced unionist said to me "organising workers in South Africa is the art of the possible". But organising workers in the mining industry is the art of the impossible. It has been the art of the impossible because it has been the art of trying to make a fundamental change in a system by using structures and instruments that were designed to perpetuate that system. It lias been the art of the impossible because it has been the art of trying to make a revolution with moderate tools tli at were invented to prevent a revolution. Because of the nature of the mining industry, which is conservative or ultraconservative by any definition, the black miner has been condemned to seek radical ends within a framework which was designed to prevent sudden and radical changes. For almost one hundred years now, black miners have not been able to change their status. The African Miners' Union in 1946 under J B Marks made an attempt but was brutally crushed by a combination of employer and government forces. It is against this background that our union has developed its organising strategies. Organising has taken place around a number of issues, some of which are safety, wages, and working- class unity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
Touba
- Musa Afia Ngum (writer, composer, arranger, lead vocal), Mbaye Gaye, Amie Cham (backing vocal), Sara Ba (flute), Bakery Cissokho (kora), Alioun Manneh (balafon), Pape Ndiaye Guewell (percussion), Malick Soce (xalam), Wole Rendall
- Authors: Musa Afia Ngum (writer, composer, arranger, lead vocal) , Mbaye Gaye, Amie Cham (backing vocal) , Sara Ba (flute) , Bakery Cissokho (kora) , Alioun Manneh (balafon) , Pape Ndiaye Guewell (percussion) , Malick Soce (xalam) , Wole Rendall
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Folk music , Popular music--Africa, West , Africa Senegal Dakar f-sg
- Language: Wolof
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128860 , vital:36174 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC15-05
- Description: The songs are mostly about the ancient kingdoms of the Senegambia region and its landscapes, community belonging and values, and he favoured reuniting the Gambia with Senegal
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Musa Afia Ngum (writer, composer, arranger, lead vocal) , Mbaye Gaye, Amie Cham (backing vocal) , Sara Ba (flute) , Bakery Cissokho (kora) , Alioun Manneh (balafon) , Pape Ndiaye Guewell (percussion) , Malick Soce (xalam) , Wole Rendall
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Folk music , Popular music--Africa, West , Africa Senegal Dakar f-sg
- Language: Wolof
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128860 , vital:36174 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC15-05
- Description: The songs are mostly about the ancient kingdoms of the Senegambia region and its landscapes, community belonging and values, and he favoured reuniting the Gambia with Senegal
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Tougan
- Founy Faya (author, composer, lead vocal), Marcelin Yace (flute), Evan's Yace (guitar, arrangement), Jojo (bass), Kone Ibrahim, Founy Faya (percussion), Astride, Oliza, Hariton T Cheky (chorus), Showbiz
- Authors: Founy Faya (author, composer, lead vocal) , Marcelin Yace (flute) , Evan's Yace (guitar, arrangement) , Jojo (bass) , Kone Ibrahim, Founy Faya (percussion) , Astride, Oliza, Hariton T Cheky (chorus) , Showbiz
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Reggae music , Africa Cote d'Ivoire Abidjan f-iv
- Language: French
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/129668 , vital:36318 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC31-05
- Description: Reggae music from Cote d'Ivoire's Burkinabe's diaspora
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Founy Faya (author, composer, lead vocal) , Marcelin Yace (flute) , Evan's Yace (guitar, arrangement) , Jojo (bass) , Kone Ibrahim, Founy Faya (percussion) , Astride, Oliza, Hariton T Cheky (chorus) , Showbiz
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Reggae music , Africa Cote d'Ivoire Abidjan f-iv
- Language: French
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/129668 , vital:36318 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC31-05
- Description: Reggae music from Cote d'Ivoire's Burkinabe's diaspora
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Tougan (Dub)
- Founy Faya (author, composer, lead vocal), Marcelin Yace (flute), Evan's Yace (guitar, arrangement), Jojo (bass), Kone Ibrahim, Founy Faya (percussion), Astride, Oliza, Hariton T Cheky (chorus), Showbiz
- Authors: Founy Faya (author, composer, lead vocal) , Marcelin Yace (flute) , Evan's Yace (guitar, arrangement) , Jojo (bass) , Kone Ibrahim, Founy Faya (percussion) , Astride, Oliza, Hariton T Cheky (chorus) , Showbiz
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Reggae music , Africa Cote d'Ivoire Abidjan f-iv
- Language: French
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/129646 , vital:36316 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC31-03
- Description: Reggae music from Cote d'Ivoire's Burkinabe's diaspora
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Founy Faya (author, composer, lead vocal) , Marcelin Yace (flute) , Evan's Yace (guitar, arrangement) , Jojo (bass) , Kone Ibrahim, Founy Faya (percussion) , Astride, Oliza, Hariton T Cheky (chorus) , Showbiz
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Reggae music , Africa Cote d'Ivoire Abidjan f-iv
- Language: French
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/129646 , vital:36316 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC31-03
- Description: Reggae music from Cote d'Ivoire's Burkinabe's diaspora
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Towards an understanding of the role of commercialisation in programming at the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation from 1995 to 1998 : a case study
- Chikunkhuzeni, Francis Chim'ndomo
- Authors: Chikunkhuzeni, Francis Chim'ndomo
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Malawi Broadcasting Corporation , Broadcasting -- Malawi , Public broadcasting -- Malawi , Broadcasting policy -- Malawi , Broadcast advertising -- Malawi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3422 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002875 , Malawi Broadcasting Corporation , Broadcasting -- Malawi , Public broadcasting -- Malawi , Broadcasting policy -- Malawi , Broadcast advertising -- Malawi
- Description: Competition in many market-driven media systems in advanced industrial countries can sometimes compromise traditional public service broadcast values such as programming for diversity, citizenship, minority interests and national identity. This study investigates the presence and effects of commercial-logic in a state-owned broadcaster in a developing country: the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation. Using indepth interviews and analysis of records on finance and programme schedules, the study finds overwhelming indicators of the presence of commercial logic, not driven by competition, but a commitment to provide a public service under deteriorating financial conditions. Distinguishing between the impacts of advertising and sponsorship markets on media output, the study finds contradictory effects of commercialisation. Some effects confirm some of the adverse effects of commercialisation such as heavy sponsorinfluence on programme content, self-censorship among programme producers who avoid injuring sponsors and producers paying more attention to sponsored programmes at the expense ofthe quality of some non-sponsored public service programmes. However, effects are not always contrary to public service broadcasting but may Indeed reinforce such broadcasting. Commercialisation in some instances has led to the sustenance of a range of non-sponsored public service programmes including programmes to promote culture and civic rights. In general, this study highlights the need to focus on what is realistically possible within the dynamics of the Malawi Society as a precondition for a proactive and elaborate strategy for commercialisation ofthe country's public broadcaster.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Chikunkhuzeni, Francis Chim'ndomo
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Malawi Broadcasting Corporation , Broadcasting -- Malawi , Public broadcasting -- Malawi , Broadcasting policy -- Malawi , Broadcast advertising -- Malawi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3422 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002875 , Malawi Broadcasting Corporation , Broadcasting -- Malawi , Public broadcasting -- Malawi , Broadcasting policy -- Malawi , Broadcast advertising -- Malawi
- Description: Competition in many market-driven media systems in advanced industrial countries can sometimes compromise traditional public service broadcast values such as programming for diversity, citizenship, minority interests and national identity. This study investigates the presence and effects of commercial-logic in a state-owned broadcaster in a developing country: the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation. Using indepth interviews and analysis of records on finance and programme schedules, the study finds overwhelming indicators of the presence of commercial logic, not driven by competition, but a commitment to provide a public service under deteriorating financial conditions. Distinguishing between the impacts of advertising and sponsorship markets on media output, the study finds contradictory effects of commercialisation. Some effects confirm some of the adverse effects of commercialisation such as heavy sponsorinfluence on programme content, self-censorship among programme producers who avoid injuring sponsors and producers paying more attention to sponsored programmes at the expense ofthe quality of some non-sponsored public service programmes. However, effects are not always contrary to public service broadcasting but may Indeed reinforce such broadcasting. Commercialisation in some instances has led to the sustenance of a range of non-sponsored public service programmes including programmes to promote culture and civic rights. In general, this study highlights the need to focus on what is realistically possible within the dynamics of the Malawi Society as a precondition for a proactive and elaborate strategy for commercialisation ofthe country's public broadcaster.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
Towards reconciliation of structure with function in plasmodesmata—who is the gatekeeper?
- Botha, Christiaan E J, Cross, Robin H M
- Authors: Botha, Christiaan E J , Cross, Robin H M
- Date: 2000
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6497 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004493
- Description: Whilst the structure of higher plant plasmodesmata was first described by Robards (1963. Desmotubule—a plasmodesmatal substructure. Nature 218, 784), and despite many subsequent intensive investigations, there is still much that remains unclear relating to their ultrastructure and functioning in higher plants. We have examined chemically fixed plant material, and suggest that the conformational changes seen in plasmodesmatal substructure, particularly the deposition of electron-dense extra-plasmodesmal material, is linked to either manipulation of the hormonal balance (as in Avocado fruit), or of osmotic potential in leaf blade material. These changes result in the deposition of β 1,3-glucan (callose) at the neck region of these plasmodesmata. This electron-dense material is deposited at the neck region of plasmodesmata, and forms a collar-like structure. The formation of a collar is shown to be coupled with loss of lucence within the cytoplasmic sleeve. The formation of a collar at the plasmodesmatal orifice thus results in encapsulation and closure of the plasmodesmatal orifice. Closure of the orifice coincides with a loss of electron-lucence and a lack of resolution of the desmotubule. These ultrastructural changes are potentially significant and could contribute to, result in, or assist in the down-regulation of cell to cell trafficking via plasmodesmata.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Botha, Christiaan E J , Cross, Robin H M
- Date: 2000
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6497 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004493
- Description: Whilst the structure of higher plant plasmodesmata was first described by Robards (1963. Desmotubule—a plasmodesmatal substructure. Nature 218, 784), and despite many subsequent intensive investigations, there is still much that remains unclear relating to their ultrastructure and functioning in higher plants. We have examined chemically fixed plant material, and suggest that the conformational changes seen in plasmodesmatal substructure, particularly the deposition of electron-dense extra-plasmodesmal material, is linked to either manipulation of the hormonal balance (as in Avocado fruit), or of osmotic potential in leaf blade material. These changes result in the deposition of β 1,3-glucan (callose) at the neck region of these plasmodesmata. This electron-dense material is deposited at the neck region of plasmodesmata, and forms a collar-like structure. The formation of a collar is shown to be coupled with loss of lucence within the cytoplasmic sleeve. The formation of a collar at the plasmodesmatal orifice thus results in encapsulation and closure of the plasmodesmatal orifice. Closure of the orifice coincides with a loss of electron-lucence and a lack of resolution of the desmotubule. These ultrastructural changes are potentially significant and could contribute to, result in, or assist in the down-regulation of cell to cell trafficking via plasmodesmata.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
Transcribing tales, creating cultural identities an analysis of selected written english texts of Xhosa folktales
- Authors: Naidu, Samantha
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Tales -- South Africa , Folklore -- South Africa , Xhosa literature -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2187 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002229 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-8657 , Tales -- South Africa , Folklore -- South Africa , Xhosa literature -- History and criticism
- Description: This thesis maps a marriage of postcolonial theory and folklore studies. The progeny of this marriage is an analytic tool which can suitably and effectively tackle the subject of written folktale texts, whether they be part of a nineteenth century colonialist discourse, or a twenty-first century nationalist discourse. First, GM Theal's collection of folktale texts, Kaffir Folklore (1882), is analysed as part of his specific colonialist discourse. Theal formulated for himself, and for the Xhosa peoples, identities which consolidated the colonialisms he supported. I argue that these folktale texts, although a part of Theal's colonialist discourse, are hybrid, containing the voices of both coloniser and colonised. Second, the position of contemporary written folktales in a neo-colonialist and >new nationalist discourse=, is examined. The optimistic belief of scholars and authors, that folktales are a means of bridging cultural gaps, is questioned. Finally, it is shown that authors of folktale texts can synthesise diverse literary traditions in a hybrid artform. This synthesis, to some extent, embodies the >new nationalist= aim of a unified national cultural identity in South Africa. The central value of recognising the role of folktale texts in colonialist and nationalist discourses lies in the awareness that this type of literary activity in South Africa is a cross-cultural practice. The confluence of voices which constitutes these folktale texts, reveals that our stories are intertwined. In the past, the discourses of colonialism and apartheid controlled the formation of the diverse and hierarchised cultural identities of South Africa. But this is not to say that alternative stories of self-fashioning and cultural self-determination did not exist. In the folktale texts of writers such as Mhlope, Jordan, and even in Theal's colonial collection, different mediums, literary heritages and styles converge to create narratives which speak of cross-cultural interaction and the empowerment of the black voice. In post-apartheid South Africa, there is even greater opportunity to reshape stories, to recreate selves, and to redefine intercultural relations. This thesis has outlined how some of those stories, which use folktale texts as their central trope, are constructed and commodified. Not only do these reinvented folktale texts embody the heterogeneous cultural influences of South Africa, they also have the potential to promote, first, the understanding of cultural differences, and second, the acceptance of the notion of cultural hybridity in our society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Naidu, Samantha
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Tales -- South Africa , Folklore -- South Africa , Xhosa literature -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2187 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002229 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-8657 , Tales -- South Africa , Folklore -- South Africa , Xhosa literature -- History and criticism
- Description: This thesis maps a marriage of postcolonial theory and folklore studies. The progeny of this marriage is an analytic tool which can suitably and effectively tackle the subject of written folktale texts, whether they be part of a nineteenth century colonialist discourse, or a twenty-first century nationalist discourse. First, GM Theal's collection of folktale texts, Kaffir Folklore (1882), is analysed as part of his specific colonialist discourse. Theal formulated for himself, and for the Xhosa peoples, identities which consolidated the colonialisms he supported. I argue that these folktale texts, although a part of Theal's colonialist discourse, are hybrid, containing the voices of both coloniser and colonised. Second, the position of contemporary written folktales in a neo-colonialist and >new nationalist discourse=, is examined. The optimistic belief of scholars and authors, that folktales are a means of bridging cultural gaps, is questioned. Finally, it is shown that authors of folktale texts can synthesise diverse literary traditions in a hybrid artform. This synthesis, to some extent, embodies the >new nationalist= aim of a unified national cultural identity in South Africa. The central value of recognising the role of folktale texts in colonialist and nationalist discourses lies in the awareness that this type of literary activity in South Africa is a cross-cultural practice. The confluence of voices which constitutes these folktale texts, reveals that our stories are intertwined. In the past, the discourses of colonialism and apartheid controlled the formation of the diverse and hierarchised cultural identities of South Africa. But this is not to say that alternative stories of self-fashioning and cultural self-determination did not exist. In the folktale texts of writers such as Mhlope, Jordan, and even in Theal's colonial collection, different mediums, literary heritages and styles converge to create narratives which speak of cross-cultural interaction and the empowerment of the black voice. In post-apartheid South Africa, there is even greater opportunity to reshape stories, to recreate selves, and to redefine intercultural relations. This thesis has outlined how some of those stories, which use folktale texts as their central trope, are constructed and commodified. Not only do these reinvented folktale texts embody the heterogeneous cultural influences of South Africa, they also have the potential to promote, first, the understanding of cultural differences, and second, the acceptance of the notion of cultural hybridity in our society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
VIP
- Didier Sourou Awadi aka DJ Awadi (performer), Amadou Barry aka Doug E Tee or Duggy-Tee (performer), Positive Black Soul (band name aka PBS), MALI K7 S.A. Ali Furka Toure Associe, Bamako
- Authors: Didier Sourou Awadi aka DJ Awadi (performer) , Amadou Barry aka Doug E Tee or Duggy-Tee (performer) , Positive Black Soul (band name aka PBS) , MALI K7 S.A. Ali Furka Toure Associe, Bamako
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Rap (Music) , Folk music , Africa Senegal Dakar f-sg
- Language: Wolof
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/129794 , vital:36332 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC33-04
- Description: Senegalese hip hop song accompanied by traditional Senegalese instruments
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Didier Sourou Awadi aka DJ Awadi (performer) , Amadou Barry aka Doug E Tee or Duggy-Tee (performer) , Positive Black Soul (band name aka PBS) , MALI K7 S.A. Ali Furka Toure Associe, Bamako
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Rap (Music) , Folk music , Africa Senegal Dakar f-sg
- Language: Wolof
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/129794 , vital:36332 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC33-04
- Description: Senegalese hip hop song accompanied by traditional Senegalese instruments
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Visual literacy in adult basic education : a study of ABET learners' visual perception with regard to their general level of English second language learning
- Authors: Bouwer, Anne Margaret
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- Foreign speakers Visual literacy -- South Africa Adult education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1821 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003707
- Description: Adult learners face many difficulties in their learning programmes, particularly due to the fact that having mastered literacy in their mother tongues, they move on to further educational programmes which are mostly produced in English. In contemporary society, people need to be adept in a number of literacies, termed multiliteracies. Adult learners are rarely taught visual competence as visual images are relegated to illustrations for written texts, and attention is mainly focussed on the all-important written word. Adult basic education learners need to be able to interpret pictures in books, newspapers and magazines, just as much as they need to be able to read and write. It is the premise of this research that visual literacy enhances thinking skills and that adult learners need to be actively taught how to interpret visual images in order to more ably deal with the written word, the more 'important' part of literacy. The goals of this research are to develop understanding of the processes which go into understanding images and text, and to examine how pictures can be used to help adult learners develop proficiency in English. Another goal is to teach learners the basics of visual literacy so as to improve their comprehension of the plethora of images surrounding them. The research findings could help to inform adult educators facing the current crisis in Adult Basic Education and Training in South Africa, focusing on a little-studied aspect of literacy, visual literacy, one of the critical outcomes in the new South African curriculum for Adult Education and one of the multiliteracies required by citizens of today's world.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Bouwer, Anne Margaret
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- Foreign speakers Visual literacy -- South Africa Adult education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1821 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003707
- Description: Adult learners face many difficulties in their learning programmes, particularly due to the fact that having mastered literacy in their mother tongues, they move on to further educational programmes which are mostly produced in English. In contemporary society, people need to be adept in a number of literacies, termed multiliteracies. Adult learners are rarely taught visual competence as visual images are relegated to illustrations for written texts, and attention is mainly focussed on the all-important written word. Adult basic education learners need to be able to interpret pictures in books, newspapers and magazines, just as much as they need to be able to read and write. It is the premise of this research that visual literacy enhances thinking skills and that adult learners need to be actively taught how to interpret visual images in order to more ably deal with the written word, the more 'important' part of literacy. The goals of this research are to develop understanding of the processes which go into understanding images and text, and to examine how pictures can be used to help adult learners develop proficiency in English. Another goal is to teach learners the basics of visual literacy so as to improve their comprehension of the plethora of images surrounding them. The research findings could help to inform adult educators facing the current crisis in Adult Basic Education and Training in South Africa, focusing on a little-studied aspect of literacy, visual literacy, one of the critical outcomes in the new South African curriculum for Adult Education and one of the multiliteracies required by citizens of today's world.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
Wale Niouma
- Banani Kone (composer, performer, arranger), Nalini, Mamani Keita, Bintou Camara (chorus), Dominique Sablier (piano), Raphael Chossin (drums), Julio (bass guitar), Mouriba Koita, Fousseni Kouyate (N'goni), Moussa Kone, Djelikedjan, Yacou (cora), Oumar Dagon, Moussa Kouyate, Partrick (guitars), Kerfala Kante (arranger), Eric Bono
- Authors: Banani Kone (composer, performer, arranger) , Nalini, Mamani Keita, Bintou Camara (chorus) , Dominique Sablier (piano) , Raphael Chossin (drums) , Julio (bass guitar) , Mouriba Koita, Fousseni Kouyate (N'goni) , Moussa Kone, Djelikedjan, Yacou (cora) , Oumar Dagon, Moussa Kouyate, Partrick (guitars) , Kerfala Kante (arranger) , Eric Bono
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Mali--1991-2000 , Africa Mali Souther Region f-ml
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127649 , vital:36030 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDCO5-07
- Description: Malian modern band, solo female vocalist and chorus sing accompanied by N'goni, cora, guitar, piano and drums
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Banani Kone (composer, performer, arranger) , Nalini, Mamani Keita, Bintou Camara (chorus) , Dominique Sablier (piano) , Raphael Chossin (drums) , Julio (bass guitar) , Mouriba Koita, Fousseni Kouyate (N'goni) , Moussa Kone, Djelikedjan, Yacou (cora) , Oumar Dagon, Moussa Kouyate, Partrick (guitars) , Kerfala Kante (arranger) , Eric Bono
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Mali--1991-2000 , Africa Mali Souther Region f-ml
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127649 , vital:36030 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDCO5-07
- Description: Malian modern band, solo female vocalist and chorus sing accompanied by N'goni, cora, guitar, piano and drums
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Wali Diawara
- Saly Sidibe, Harouna Bary (arrangement), Adama Drame (guitar solo), Batass (bass guitar), Lamine Camara (electric piano), Mamadou Koita (Djembe), Sidi Coulibaly (drums), Awa Diabate, Sanota Doumbie (chorus), Ali Landoure
- Authors: Saly Sidibe , Harouna Bary (arrangement) , Adama Drame (guitar solo) , Batass (bass guitar) , Lamine Camara (electric piano) , Mamadou Koita (Djembe) , Sidi Coulibaly (drums) , Awa Diabate, Sanota Doumbie (chorus) , Ali Landoure
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Mali--1991-2000 , Africa Mali Wassoulou f-ml
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127349 , vital:36003 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDCO3-04
- Description: Singing accompanied by guitar and N'goni, electric piano
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Saly Sidibe , Harouna Bary (arrangement) , Adama Drame (guitar solo) , Batass (bass guitar) , Lamine Camara (electric piano) , Mamadou Koita (Djembe) , Sidi Coulibaly (drums) , Awa Diabate, Sanota Doumbie (chorus) , Ali Landoure
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Mali--1991-2000 , Africa Mali Wassoulou f-ml
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127349 , vital:36003 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDCO3-04
- Description: Singing accompanied by guitar and N'goni, electric piano
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Wali nyuman don
- Saly Sidibe, Harouna Bary (arrangement), Adama Drame (guitar solo), Batoss (bass guitar), Lamine Camara (electric piano), Mamadou Koita (Djembe), Harouna Samake (N'goni), Sidi Coulibaly (drums), Awa Diabate, Sanota Doumbie (chorus), Ali Landoure
- Authors: Saly Sidibe , Harouna Bary (arrangement) , Adama Drame (guitar solo) , Batoss (bass guitar) , Lamine Camara (electric piano) , Mamadou Koita (Djembe) , Harouna Samake (N'goni) , Sidi Coulibaly (drums) , Awa Diabate, Sanota Doumbie (chorus) , Ali Landoure
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Mali--1991-2000 , Africa Mali Wassoulou f-ml
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127391 , vital:36009 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDCO3-09
- Description: Singing accompanied by guitar and N'goni, electric piano and flute
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Saly Sidibe , Harouna Bary (arrangement) , Adama Drame (guitar solo) , Batoss (bass guitar) , Lamine Camara (electric piano) , Mamadou Koita (Djembe) , Harouna Samake (N'goni) , Sidi Coulibaly (drums) , Awa Diabate, Sanota Doumbie (chorus) , Ali Landoure
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Mali--1991-2000 , Africa Mali Wassoulou f-ml
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/127391 , vital:36009 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDCO3-09
- Description: Singing accompanied by guitar and N'goni, electric piano and flute
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Wanita
- Rokia Traore (author, composer, arranger, interpreter, lead singer, guitar), Coco Mbassi, Rokia Traore (chorus), Adama Diarra (balafon), Mamah Diabate, Andra Kouyate (N'Goni), Sidiki Camara (percussion), Label Bleu
- Authors: Rokia Traore (author, composer, arranger, interpreter, lead singer, guitar) , Coco Mbassi, Rokia Traore (chorus) , Adama Diarra (balafon) , Mamah Diabate, Andra Kouyate (N'Goni) , Sidiki Camara (percussion) , Label Bleu
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Africa, West , Africa Cameroon Yaounde f-cm
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/131018 , vital:36515 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC49-02
- Description: Non-Malian vocal style and multilayered singing accompanied by traditional Malian instuments played with a modern edge
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Rokia Traore (author, composer, arranger, interpreter, lead singer, guitar) , Coco Mbassi, Rokia Traore (chorus) , Adama Diarra (balafon) , Mamah Diabate, Andra Kouyate (N'Goni) , Sidiki Camara (percussion) , Label Bleu
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Popular music , Popular music--Africa, West , Africa Cameroon Yaounde f-cm
- Language: Bambara
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/131018 , vital:36515 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC49-02
- Description: Non-Malian vocal style and multilayered singing accompanied by traditional Malian instuments played with a modern edge
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000
Water requirements and distribution of Ammophila arenaria and Scaevola plumieri on South African coastal dunes
- Authors: Peter, Craig Ingram
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Scaevola plumieri , Sand dune plants , Sand dune planting , Plants -- Transpiration , Sandworts , Plant-water relationships , Evapotranspiration , Plants, Effect of heat on
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4219 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003788 , Scaevola plumieri , Sand dune plants , Sand dune planting , Plants -- Transpiration , Sandworts , Plant-water relationships , Evapotranspiration , Plants, Effect of heat on
- Description: Phenomenological models are presented which predicts transpiration rates (E) of individual leaves of Scaevola plumieri, an indigenous dune pioneer, and Ammophila arenaria, an exotic grass species introduced to stabilise mobile sand. In both cases E is predictably related to atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD). VPD is calculated from measurements of ambient temperature and humidity, hence, where these two environmental variables are known, E can be calculated. Possible physiological reasons for the relationships of E to VPD in both species are discussed. Scaling from measurements of E at the leaf level to the canopy level is achieved by summing the leaf area of the canopy in question. E is predicted for the entire canopy leaf area by extrapolation to this larger leaf area. Predicted transpiration rates of individual shoot within the canopy were tested gravimetrically and shown to be accurate in the case of S. plumieri, but less so in the case of A. arenaria. Using this model, the amount of water used by a known area of sand dune is shown to be less than the rainfall input in the case of S. plumieri in wet and dry years. The water use of A. arenaria exceeds rainfall in the low-rainfall year of 1995, while in 1998 rainfall input is slightly higher than water extraction by the plants. Using a geographic information system (GIS), regional maps (surfaces) of transpiration were calculated from surfaces of mean monthly temperature and mean monthly relative humidity. Monthly surfaces of transpiration were subtracted from the monthly median rainfall to produce a surface of mean monthly water deficit. Areas of water surpluses along the coast correspond with the recorded distribution of both species in the seasons that the plants are most actively growing and reproducing. This suggests that unfavourable water availability during these two species growth periods limit their distributions along the coast. In addition to unfavourable water deficits, additional climatic variables that may be important in limiting the distribution of these two species were investigated using a discriminant function analysis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: Peter, Craig Ingram
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: Scaevola plumieri , Sand dune plants , Sand dune planting , Plants -- Transpiration , Sandworts , Plant-water relationships , Evapotranspiration , Plants, Effect of heat on
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4219 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003788 , Scaevola plumieri , Sand dune plants , Sand dune planting , Plants -- Transpiration , Sandworts , Plant-water relationships , Evapotranspiration , Plants, Effect of heat on
- Description: Phenomenological models are presented which predicts transpiration rates (E) of individual leaves of Scaevola plumieri, an indigenous dune pioneer, and Ammophila arenaria, an exotic grass species introduced to stabilise mobile sand. In both cases E is predictably related to atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD). VPD is calculated from measurements of ambient temperature and humidity, hence, where these two environmental variables are known, E can be calculated. Possible physiological reasons for the relationships of E to VPD in both species are discussed. Scaling from measurements of E at the leaf level to the canopy level is achieved by summing the leaf area of the canopy in question. E is predicted for the entire canopy leaf area by extrapolation to this larger leaf area. Predicted transpiration rates of individual shoot within the canopy were tested gravimetrically and shown to be accurate in the case of S. plumieri, but less so in the case of A. arenaria. Using this model, the amount of water used by a known area of sand dune is shown to be less than the rainfall input in the case of S. plumieri in wet and dry years. The water use of A. arenaria exceeds rainfall in the low-rainfall year of 1995, while in 1998 rainfall input is slightly higher than water extraction by the plants. Using a geographic information system (GIS), regional maps (surfaces) of transpiration were calculated from surfaces of mean monthly temperature and mean monthly relative humidity. Monthly surfaces of transpiration were subtracted from the monthly median rainfall to produce a surface of mean monthly water deficit. Areas of water surpluses along the coast correspond with the recorded distribution of both species in the seasons that the plants are most actively growing and reproducing. This suggests that unfavourable water availability during these two species growth periods limit their distributions along the coast. In addition to unfavourable water deficits, additional climatic variables that may be important in limiting the distribution of these two species were investigated using a discriminant function analysis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
What is the StreetNet Association?
- Authors: StreetNet Association
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: StreetNet Association
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/162148 , vital:40765
- Description: StreetNet was conceived by a network of individual vendors, activists, researchers and other people and institutions, who came together to look at how to increase the visibility, voice and bargaining power of street vendors throughout the world. StreetNet aims to promote the exchange of information and ideas on critical issues facing street vendors and on practical organizing and advocacy strategies. Through StreetNet, members should gain an understanding of the common problems of street vendors, develop new ideas for strengthening their organizing and advocacy efforts and join in international campaigns to promote policies and actions that can contribute to improving the lives of millions of street vendors.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000
- Authors: StreetNet Association
- Date: 2000
- Subjects: StreetNet Association
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/162148 , vital:40765
- Description: StreetNet was conceived by a network of individual vendors, activists, researchers and other people and institutions, who came together to look at how to increase the visibility, voice and bargaining power of street vendors throughout the world. StreetNet aims to promote the exchange of information and ideas on critical issues facing street vendors and on practical organizing and advocacy strategies. Through StreetNet, members should gain an understanding of the common problems of street vendors, develop new ideas for strengthening their organizing and advocacy efforts and join in international campaigns to promote policies and actions that can contribute to improving the lives of millions of street vendors.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2000