An analysis of the impact of tax changes between 1996 and 2012 on the tax burden of individuals in South Africa
- Authors: Krug, Lee
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:885 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001639
- Description: The objective of the research was to determine whether the changes made to the Income Tax Act, 58 of 1962 between 1996 and 2012, in respect of fringe benefits, allowances, deductions, tax tables and rebates, where these changes apply to individuals, have resulted in relieving the tax burden placed on individuals in South Africa. The research was conducted by means of a critical analysis of documentary data with specific reference to the Income Tax Act, annual amendments to the Income Tax Act, statistics relating to tax collections, the National Budget and the Annual Budget Speeches as tabled by the Minister of Finance. These sources were utilised to analyse the amendments to the Act that have taken place over the last sixteen years, where they impact on the tax liability of an individual. A hypothetical example incorporating all the variables identified in the analysis of the tax amendments was used to provide a detailed analysis of the tax payable by an individual on an inflation-adjusted year-on-year basis. The research found that, whilst personal income tax is still the largest contributor to the national budget of South Africa, its contribution has decreased from 40.2 percent in 1996 to 34.3 percent in 2010. This decrease is partly attributable to the extensive tax reforms undertaken by Government with respect to the tax tables, resulting in a reduction in the marginal tax rates and increased tax rebates which had the effect that the individual taxpayer (as illustrated in the hypothetical example) experienced a decrease in the average rate of tax. In contrast to this, the increase in the taxable income of the hypothetical taxpayer exceeded the average rate of inflation over the period. Furthermore, the actual revenue collected by the government from personal income tax has increased by approximately eleven percent per annum, which far exceeds the average inflation rate of 6.23 percent. The research indicated that this could be the result of the increase in the taxable value of fringe benefits, specifically medical aid contributions and company cars, as well as the inclusion of the full amount of allowances in taxable income and the limits placed on the deductions an individual may claim. The result is a broadening of the tax base of the individual taxpayer. Therefore, although the government may have achieved its goal of a fairer tax system, the amendments made to fringe benefits, allowances and deductions have resulted in an increase in the average taxable income of individuals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Krug, Lee
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:885 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001639
- Description: The objective of the research was to determine whether the changes made to the Income Tax Act, 58 of 1962 between 1996 and 2012, in respect of fringe benefits, allowances, deductions, tax tables and rebates, where these changes apply to individuals, have resulted in relieving the tax burden placed on individuals in South Africa. The research was conducted by means of a critical analysis of documentary data with specific reference to the Income Tax Act, annual amendments to the Income Tax Act, statistics relating to tax collections, the National Budget and the Annual Budget Speeches as tabled by the Minister of Finance. These sources were utilised to analyse the amendments to the Act that have taken place over the last sixteen years, where they impact on the tax liability of an individual. A hypothetical example incorporating all the variables identified in the analysis of the tax amendments was used to provide a detailed analysis of the tax payable by an individual on an inflation-adjusted year-on-year basis. The research found that, whilst personal income tax is still the largest contributor to the national budget of South Africa, its contribution has decreased from 40.2 percent in 1996 to 34.3 percent in 2010. This decrease is partly attributable to the extensive tax reforms undertaken by Government with respect to the tax tables, resulting in a reduction in the marginal tax rates and increased tax rebates which had the effect that the individual taxpayer (as illustrated in the hypothetical example) experienced a decrease in the average rate of tax. In contrast to this, the increase in the taxable income of the hypothetical taxpayer exceeded the average rate of inflation over the period. Furthermore, the actual revenue collected by the government from personal income tax has increased by approximately eleven percent per annum, which far exceeds the average inflation rate of 6.23 percent. The research indicated that this could be the result of the increase in the taxable value of fringe benefits, specifically medical aid contributions and company cars, as well as the inclusion of the full amount of allowances in taxable income and the limits placed on the deductions an individual may claim. The result is a broadening of the tax base of the individual taxpayer. Therefore, although the government may have achieved its goal of a fairer tax system, the amendments made to fringe benefits, allowances and deductions have resulted in an increase in the average taxable income of individuals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An analysis of the judicial approach to the interpretation of tax avoidance legislation in South Africa
- Authors: Ogula, Diana Khabale
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Tax planning -- South Africa , Income tax --Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10284 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012093 , Tax planning -- South Africa , Income tax --Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: Tax evasion and avoidance costs South Africa billions of rand each year. This treatise examines the judiciary’s view and/or attitude to the dividing line between legitimate and illegitimate tax avoidance. It seeks to find out how South African courts have ultimately dealt with the old GAAR section 103(1). The treatise seeks to establish the role that the judiciary plays in tax avoidance and whether it has been pro-fiscus or pro-taxpayer in its deliberations of tax avoidance cases. The treatise focuses specifically on the judicial responses to the General Anti-avoidance Rule Section 103 of the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962. In order to show the judicial approaches and/or responses to tax avoidance in South Africa, a selection of income tax cases have been used to illustrate how the judges have interpreted the GAAR and whether they have been sympathetic to the tax payer or to the fiscus. The cases used in this study stem from the old GAAR section 103. There have not been important cases dealing with the new GAAR section 80A to 80L of the Income Tax Act. In the final analysis of this research it would seem that the effectiveness and scope of the GAAR depends ultimately on its interpretation by the courts. Many of the cases that have been decided under section 103 (1) have provided disappointing outcomes for SARS. However it is noteworthy that the courts which were previously taking a restrictive approach and were pro-taxpayer in their deliberations are beginning to take a different approach and are gallant in their interpretation of the GAAR. Judges are slowly abandoning the long standing judicial approach which was that taxpayers are entitled to arrange their affairs in any legal way in order to minimize their tax and are going further and examining the real substance and purpose of the transactions entered into by taxpayers as opposed to the form of the transactions. The Supreme Court of Appeal has now set a precedent which goes deeper and examines the true intention of parties in entering into transactions and does not tie itself to labels that parties have attached to their transactions. This recent judicial attitude and zeal exhibited by the courts will without a doubt hinder tax avoidance activity and strengthen the effectiveness and scope of the new GAAR sections 80A to 80L.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ogula, Diana Khabale
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Tax planning -- South Africa , Income tax --Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10284 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012093 , Tax planning -- South Africa , Income tax --Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: Tax evasion and avoidance costs South Africa billions of rand each year. This treatise examines the judiciary’s view and/or attitude to the dividing line between legitimate and illegitimate tax avoidance. It seeks to find out how South African courts have ultimately dealt with the old GAAR section 103(1). The treatise seeks to establish the role that the judiciary plays in tax avoidance and whether it has been pro-fiscus or pro-taxpayer in its deliberations of tax avoidance cases. The treatise focuses specifically on the judicial responses to the General Anti-avoidance Rule Section 103 of the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962. In order to show the judicial approaches and/or responses to tax avoidance in South Africa, a selection of income tax cases have been used to illustrate how the judges have interpreted the GAAR and whether they have been sympathetic to the tax payer or to the fiscus. The cases used in this study stem from the old GAAR section 103. There have not been important cases dealing with the new GAAR section 80A to 80L of the Income Tax Act. In the final analysis of this research it would seem that the effectiveness and scope of the GAAR depends ultimately on its interpretation by the courts. Many of the cases that have been decided under section 103 (1) have provided disappointing outcomes for SARS. However it is noteworthy that the courts which were previously taking a restrictive approach and were pro-taxpayer in their deliberations are beginning to take a different approach and are gallant in their interpretation of the GAAR. Judges are slowly abandoning the long standing judicial approach which was that taxpayers are entitled to arrange their affairs in any legal way in order to minimize their tax and are going further and examining the real substance and purpose of the transactions entered into by taxpayers as opposed to the form of the transactions. The Supreme Court of Appeal has now set a precedent which goes deeper and examines the true intention of parties in entering into transactions and does not tie itself to labels that parties have attached to their transactions. This recent judicial attitude and zeal exhibited by the courts will without a doubt hinder tax avoidance activity and strengthen the effectiveness and scope of the new GAAR sections 80A to 80L.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An analysis of the Libor and Swap market models for pricing interest-rate derivatives
- Authors: Mutengwa, Tafadzwa Isaac
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: LIBOR market model , Monte Carlo method , Interest rates -- Mathematical models , Derivative securities
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5573 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005535
- Description: This thesis focuses on the non-arbitrage (fair) pricing of interest rate derivatives, in particular caplets and swaptions using the LIBOR market model (LMM) developed by Brace, Gatarek, and Musiela (1997) and Swap market model (SMM) developed Jamshidan (1997), respectively. Today, in most financial markets, interest rate derivatives are priced using the renowned Black-Scholes formula developed by Black and Scholes (1973). We present new pricing models for caplets and swaptions, which can be implemented in the financial market other than the Black-Scholes model. We theoretically construct these "new market models" and then test their practical aspects. We show that the dynamics of the LMM imply a pricing formula for caplets that has the same structure as the Black-Scholes pricing formula for a caplet that is used by market practitioners. For the SMM we also theoretically construct an arbitrage-free interest rate model that implies a pricing formula for swaptions that has the same structure as the Black-Scholes pricing formula for swaptions. We empirically compare the pricing performance of the LMM against the Black-Scholes for pricing caplets using Monte Carlo methods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Mutengwa, Tafadzwa Isaac
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: LIBOR market model , Monte Carlo method , Interest rates -- Mathematical models , Derivative securities
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5573 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005535
- Description: This thesis focuses on the non-arbitrage (fair) pricing of interest rate derivatives, in particular caplets and swaptions using the LIBOR market model (LMM) developed by Brace, Gatarek, and Musiela (1997) and Swap market model (SMM) developed Jamshidan (1997), respectively. Today, in most financial markets, interest rate derivatives are priced using the renowned Black-Scholes formula developed by Black and Scholes (1973). We present new pricing models for caplets and swaptions, which can be implemented in the financial market other than the Black-Scholes model. We theoretically construct these "new market models" and then test their practical aspects. We show that the dynamics of the LMM imply a pricing formula for caplets that has the same structure as the Black-Scholes pricing formula for a caplet that is used by market practitioners. For the SMM we also theoretically construct an arbitrage-free interest rate model that implies a pricing formula for swaptions that has the same structure as the Black-Scholes pricing formula for swaptions. We empirically compare the pricing performance of the LMM against the Black-Scholes for pricing caplets using Monte Carlo methods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An analysis of the liquidity positions of South African companies by means of traditional liquidity and cash flow ratios
- Authors: Kemp, Renier
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Liquidity (Economics) , Cash flow -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:8942 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010599 , Liquidity (Economics) , Cash flow -- South Africa
- Description: The first objective of the study is to determine the differences that exist between the two classes of ratios used to measure liquidity of a business entity. A comparison will then be made between these liquidity ratios. The second objective is to illustrate that cash flow ratios are a better indication of liquidity of an entity than the traditional ratios. The traditional and cash flow ratios will illustrate the position of liquidity with information utilised from the various bankrupt companies’ financial statements, including the statement of financial position and statement of cash flows. Four years’ financial statement data will be used to illustrate the deteriorating liquidity positions of the companies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Kemp, Renier
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Liquidity (Economics) , Cash flow -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:8942 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010599 , Liquidity (Economics) , Cash flow -- South Africa
- Description: The first objective of the study is to determine the differences that exist between the two classes of ratios used to measure liquidity of a business entity. A comparison will then be made between these liquidity ratios. The second objective is to illustrate that cash flow ratios are a better indication of liquidity of an entity than the traditional ratios. The traditional and cash flow ratios will illustrate the position of liquidity with information utilised from the various bankrupt companies’ financial statements, including the statement of financial position and statement of cash flows. Four years’ financial statement data will be used to illustrate the deteriorating liquidity positions of the companies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An analysis of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) preventive diplomacy in the kingdom of Lesotho: a case study
- Authors: Bukae, Nkosi Makhonya
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Southern African Development Community , Diplomatic negotiations in international disputes , Diplomacy , Conflict management -- Lesotho , Africa, Southern -- Politics and government , Lesotho -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:8196 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008296 , Southern African Development Community , Diplomatic negotiations in international disputes , Diplomacy , Conflict management -- Lesotho , Africa, Southern -- Politics and government , Lesotho -- Politics and government
- Description: The focus of this study is the Southern African Development Community (SADC) preventive diplomacy interventions in Lesotho in 1994, 1998 and 2007. The core aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the SADC security mechanism (the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS) in conflict prevention, management and resolution on the basis of the Lesotho experience. Data for this qualitative case study was collected through interviews and document analysis. The twenty four participants for the study were drawn from the SADC OPDS unit, Lesotho political parties, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), Academics from the University of Botswana (UB) and the National University of Lesotho (NUL), retired Botswana Defence officers who participated in the Lesotho missions and office of the post-2007election dispute dialogue facilitator in Lesotho. Documents on the SADC Treaties, Protocols, Communiqués and interventions in other set ups were used to highlight its operational policies, mandate, structures, successes and challenges. Lesotho was chosen as a case study because SADC employed both non-coercive (SADC Troika and Eminent Person mediation, 1994 and 2007 respectively) and coercive measures (the 1998 military intervention). The findings of the study revealed that SADC as a regional body had its own successes and challenges. Different perceptions on the SADC interventions in Lesotho emerged mainly between the participants from the ruling party and the opposition parties. While the former commended SADC for successfully mitigating the calamitous effects of 1994, 1998 and 2007 post-electoral violence, the opposition parties viewed the regional organisations as engaged in illegal interference in the domestic affairs of the country to defend the incumbent governing party. It also emerged from the study that the SADC security mechanism has numerous structural and operational flaws. There were several unanswered questions revolving around the legality and mandate of some of the missions. For instance, no concrete evidence emerged as to whether the 1998 military intervention was authorised by the SADC. The study also revealed that SADC has learnt valuable lessons from the Lesotho missions. Some of the reforms which the SADC has introduced in the OPDS such as the establishment of the SADC Stand by Force, Early Warning structures, the Mediation Unit, and a panel of expert mediators emanated mainly from the Lesotho experiences. The study recommends that SADC needs to harmonise the efforts of its OPDS structures such as the Mediation Unit; the Troika; the Inter-State Defence and Security Committee (ISDSC); the Inter-State Politics and Diplomacy Committee (ISPDC) and the Summit of Heads of States and Governments for rapid, coherent and well coordinated interventions in future regional preventive missions. It is also recommended that SADC should focus on identifying and mitigating underlying causal factors such as underdevelopment; poverty; deprivation of freedoms, marginalisation and other forms of social stratifications and oppression in its preventive diplomacy missions if durable peace is to be achieved in Lesotho and any other future cases.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Bukae, Nkosi Makhonya
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Southern African Development Community , Diplomatic negotiations in international disputes , Diplomacy , Conflict management -- Lesotho , Africa, Southern -- Politics and government , Lesotho -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:8196 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008296 , Southern African Development Community , Diplomatic negotiations in international disputes , Diplomacy , Conflict management -- Lesotho , Africa, Southern -- Politics and government , Lesotho -- Politics and government
- Description: The focus of this study is the Southern African Development Community (SADC) preventive diplomacy interventions in Lesotho in 1994, 1998 and 2007. The core aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the SADC security mechanism (the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS) in conflict prevention, management and resolution on the basis of the Lesotho experience. Data for this qualitative case study was collected through interviews and document analysis. The twenty four participants for the study were drawn from the SADC OPDS unit, Lesotho political parties, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), Academics from the University of Botswana (UB) and the National University of Lesotho (NUL), retired Botswana Defence officers who participated in the Lesotho missions and office of the post-2007election dispute dialogue facilitator in Lesotho. Documents on the SADC Treaties, Protocols, Communiqués and interventions in other set ups were used to highlight its operational policies, mandate, structures, successes and challenges. Lesotho was chosen as a case study because SADC employed both non-coercive (SADC Troika and Eminent Person mediation, 1994 and 2007 respectively) and coercive measures (the 1998 military intervention). The findings of the study revealed that SADC as a regional body had its own successes and challenges. Different perceptions on the SADC interventions in Lesotho emerged mainly between the participants from the ruling party and the opposition parties. While the former commended SADC for successfully mitigating the calamitous effects of 1994, 1998 and 2007 post-electoral violence, the opposition parties viewed the regional organisations as engaged in illegal interference in the domestic affairs of the country to defend the incumbent governing party. It also emerged from the study that the SADC security mechanism has numerous structural and operational flaws. There were several unanswered questions revolving around the legality and mandate of some of the missions. For instance, no concrete evidence emerged as to whether the 1998 military intervention was authorised by the SADC. The study also revealed that SADC has learnt valuable lessons from the Lesotho missions. Some of the reforms which the SADC has introduced in the OPDS such as the establishment of the SADC Stand by Force, Early Warning structures, the Mediation Unit, and a panel of expert mediators emanated mainly from the Lesotho experiences. The study recommends that SADC needs to harmonise the efforts of its OPDS structures such as the Mediation Unit; the Troika; the Inter-State Defence and Security Committee (ISDSC); the Inter-State Politics and Diplomacy Committee (ISPDC) and the Summit of Heads of States and Governments for rapid, coherent and well coordinated interventions in future regional preventive missions. It is also recommended that SADC should focus on identifying and mitigating underlying causal factors such as underdevelopment; poverty; deprivation of freedoms, marginalisation and other forms of social stratifications and oppression in its preventive diplomacy missions if durable peace is to be achieved in Lesotho and any other future cases.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An analysis of the sustainability of the lean manufacturing implementation at Volkswagen Group South Africa
- Authors: Williams, Anand
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Automobile industry and trade -- South Africa , Lean manufacturing -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8901 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020992
- Description: This research report examines the changing nature of the organisation of work, in particular, the production methods in the South African automotive industry. The competition in the local and global markets has increased significantly in recent years. The increased complexity of products and individuality of customers pose strong challenges for the automotive manufacturers, (OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturers), with regard to product Quality, Cost and Delivery. For these challenges, Volkswagen Group South Africa, has defined objectives that, when met, will contribute towards establishing it as a leading automotive brand. It is aligned to the Volkswagen Group AG, Strategy Mach18, increased vehicle production and the creation of long-term delighted customer base. To achieve these objectives, the Volkswagen Production System (VPS) is an imperative component of the Volkswagen Group South Africa (VWGSA) production strategy. The core elements consist of, “Cycle”, “Flow”, “Pull” and “Perfection”. These are the four fundamentals on which Lean Manufacturing is built, as first introduced and described by the Toyota Production System. Lean manufacturing is a whole-systems approach that creates a culture in which everyone in the organisation continuously improves the process and production. Volkswagen Group South Africa is facing increased competition in the South African and global marketplace. A search of the internet revealed that extensive research has been conducted into Lean manufacturing in South Africa. However, no research is noted with regard to the sustainability of Lean manufacturing at Volkswagen Group South Africa. The aim of this study is to analyse the sustainability of the lean manufacturing implementation at VWGSA.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Williams, Anand
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Automobile industry and trade -- South Africa , Lean manufacturing -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8901 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020992
- Description: This research report examines the changing nature of the organisation of work, in particular, the production methods in the South African automotive industry. The competition in the local and global markets has increased significantly in recent years. The increased complexity of products and individuality of customers pose strong challenges for the automotive manufacturers, (OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturers), with regard to product Quality, Cost and Delivery. For these challenges, Volkswagen Group South Africa, has defined objectives that, when met, will contribute towards establishing it as a leading automotive brand. It is aligned to the Volkswagen Group AG, Strategy Mach18, increased vehicle production and the creation of long-term delighted customer base. To achieve these objectives, the Volkswagen Production System (VPS) is an imperative component of the Volkswagen Group South Africa (VWGSA) production strategy. The core elements consist of, “Cycle”, “Flow”, “Pull” and “Perfection”. These are the four fundamentals on which Lean Manufacturing is built, as first introduced and described by the Toyota Production System. Lean manufacturing is a whole-systems approach that creates a culture in which everyone in the organisation continuously improves the process and production. Volkswagen Group South Africa is facing increased competition in the South African and global marketplace. A search of the internet revealed that extensive research has been conducted into Lean manufacturing in South Africa. However, no research is noted with regard to the sustainability of Lean manufacturing at Volkswagen Group South Africa. The aim of this study is to analyse the sustainability of the lean manufacturing implementation at VWGSA.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An application of the choice experiment method to estimate willingness-to-pay for and guide management on estuarine recreational services
- Authors: Lee, Deborah Ellen
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Estuaries -- South Africa , Estuarine mitigation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8864 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020239
- Description: Among the world‘s ecosystems, estuaries have the highest total economic value per hectare. They are dynamic coastal biomes that provide a host of different goods and services to the surrounding terrestrial and aquatic environments and the people who utilise them. These goods and services include, inter alia, nursery areas for marine organisms, harvested natural resources (such as fish, shell-fish, bait organisms, reeds and mangroves), flood attenuation, water purification, nutrient and sediment sinks, waste disposal, transport, aesthetic beauty and areas for swimming, boating and fishing. Assessing the condition of estuaries is difficult as their state can change depending on what is being measured. Assessments have been carried out on the health of estuaries in South Africa with the results of these studies being used as inputs to the process of assessing the minimum water supply requirements for each estuary (ecological reserve) in order to maintain or improve its functionality. These ecological reserve requirements are assigned using Resource Directed Measures (RDM). These measures, however, have been criticised for being highly complex and too costly to implement for all South African estuaries within a reasonable time period. Another concern is that the levels of demand for recreational goods and services provided by the estuary are not taken into account when assessing estuarine value. It is important to understand that the use of estuaries for recreational purposes is inextricably linked to their health and sound ecological functioning. Although South African estuaries have been quite well buffered from impacts until only very recently, their use and pressures have escalated faster than what conservation authorities and policy makers have been prepared for over the last couple of decades. There is thus mounting pressure on estuaries as recreational outlets, which, in turn, has led to their functional deterioration as well as deterioration in the quality of the recreational experience as a whole. One implication for management is that more and more trade-offs have to be made in an attempt to balance the conservation and recreational use of estuaries.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Lee, Deborah Ellen
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Estuaries -- South Africa , Estuarine mitigation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8864 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020239
- Description: Among the world‘s ecosystems, estuaries have the highest total economic value per hectare. They are dynamic coastal biomes that provide a host of different goods and services to the surrounding terrestrial and aquatic environments and the people who utilise them. These goods and services include, inter alia, nursery areas for marine organisms, harvested natural resources (such as fish, shell-fish, bait organisms, reeds and mangroves), flood attenuation, water purification, nutrient and sediment sinks, waste disposal, transport, aesthetic beauty and areas for swimming, boating and fishing. Assessing the condition of estuaries is difficult as their state can change depending on what is being measured. Assessments have been carried out on the health of estuaries in South Africa with the results of these studies being used as inputs to the process of assessing the minimum water supply requirements for each estuary (ecological reserve) in order to maintain or improve its functionality. These ecological reserve requirements are assigned using Resource Directed Measures (RDM). These measures, however, have been criticised for being highly complex and too costly to implement for all South African estuaries within a reasonable time period. Another concern is that the levels of demand for recreational goods and services provided by the estuary are not taken into account when assessing estuarine value. It is important to understand that the use of estuaries for recreational purposes is inextricably linked to their health and sound ecological functioning. Although South African estuaries have been quite well buffered from impacts until only very recently, their use and pressures have escalated faster than what conservation authorities and policy makers have been prepared for over the last couple of decades. There is thus mounting pressure on estuaries as recreational outlets, which, in turn, has led to their functional deterioration as well as deterioration in the quality of the recreational experience as a whole. One implication for management is that more and more trade-offs have to be made in an attempt to balance the conservation and recreational use of estuaries.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An APPRAISAL analysis of the discourse of student assistants' reports at an Eastern Cape girls' boarding school
- Mpofu, Lindiwe, Adendorff, Ralph D
- Authors: Mpofu, Lindiwe , Adendorff, Ralph D
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/123052 , vital:35401 , https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2011.651943
- Description: This article reports on a pilot investigation into the language of assessment in a bi-weekly report system of an urban South African all-girls boarding school. The data are drawn principally from four student assistants working in one of the school’s hostels and are analysed using the theoretical framework of APPRAISAL. The focus is on the APPRAISAL resources that the stooges use in writing their reports, specifically their choices from the ATTITUDE and GRADUATION subsystems. Analysis indicates that Judgement and Affect instantiations, augmented by the use of Force rather than Focus, are dominant. There is also individual variation within the overarching prosody, indicating a difference between the ‘newer’ and the ‘older’ student assistants’ reports. We argue that such choices reflect and reaffirm the school’s core values and vision, the reports functioning as monitors of behaviour and as a means of aligning the learners with the school’s standards. The matron’s feedback is suggested to be an added measure of ensuring alignment with the school’s values.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Mpofu, Lindiwe , Adendorff, Ralph D
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/123052 , vital:35401 , https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2011.651943
- Description: This article reports on a pilot investigation into the language of assessment in a bi-weekly report system of an urban South African all-girls boarding school. The data are drawn principally from four student assistants working in one of the school’s hostels and are analysed using the theoretical framework of APPRAISAL. The focus is on the APPRAISAL resources that the stooges use in writing their reports, specifically their choices from the ATTITUDE and GRADUATION subsystems. Analysis indicates that Judgement and Affect instantiations, augmented by the use of Force rather than Focus, are dominant. There is also individual variation within the overarching prosody, indicating a difference between the ‘newer’ and the ‘older’ student assistants’ reports. We argue that such choices reflect and reaffirm the school’s core values and vision, the reports functioning as monitors of behaviour and as a means of aligning the learners with the school’s standards. The matron’s feedback is suggested to be an added measure of ensuring alignment with the school’s values.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An archaelogy of South Africanness: the conditions and fantasies of a post-apartheid festival
- Authors: Truscott, Ross
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Nationalism -- South Africa -- History -- 20th century , Whites -- Race identity -- South Africa , Afrikaner loyalists , Psychoanalysis , Discourse analysis , Multiculturalism -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , D Soc Sc (Psych)
- Identifier: vital:11610 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/539 , Nationalism -- South Africa -- History -- 20th century , Whites -- Race identity -- South Africa , Afrikaner loyalists , Psychoanalysis , Discourse analysis , Multiculturalism -- South Africa
- Description: It has become commonplace in academic studies, particularly those with a critical bent, to view nations as being historical constructs, as being without essence, though not without effects of exclusion and inclusion, of the constitution of the „authentic‟ national subject and the „other of the nation.‟ The critical impetus at work here is to show how a nation is constructed in order to bring into view the knowledge and power relations this construction entails, to show whose interests the construction serves, and whose it does not. This study examines the discursive production, the performative enactment and the spatial emplacement of post-apartheid „South Africanness‟ through a case study of Oppikoppi music festival. Oppikoppi is an annual event that emerged in 1994, on the threshold of the „new South Africa.‟ The festival is attended predominantly by young white Afrikaans-speaking South Africans and is held on a farm in the northernmost province of Limpopo, South Africa, an area notoriously conservative in its racial politics. Yet, curiously, Oppikoppi has been repeatedly referred to, and refers to itself with an almost obsessive regularity and repetitiveness, as a „truly South African‟ event. Indeed, the festival has been promoted, since 1998, as „The Home of South African Music,‟ and in 2009 the site of the festival was unofficially declared a „national monument.‟ Through the employment of concepts drawn from the writings of French philosopher and historian, Michel Foucault – particularly his earlier archaeological works – and from Sigmund Freud – particularly his metapsychological works – this study has posed two broad sets of questions. Firstly, from a Foucauldian perspective, what have been the conditions for the production of „South Africanness‟ at this festival? What have been the requirements, the discursive „rules of the game‟ for whiteness and Afrikanerness to become „South African‟? To what extent does this constitution of the festival as a „South African‟ event preserve older lines of division, difference and oppression? To what extent does this bring about meaningful social change? Secondly, from a psychoanalytic perspective, what are the fantasies constellated in the discourse of the festival as a „South African‟ event? Who, in these fantasies, is constituted as the „other of the post-apartheid nation‟? How has fantasy provided a kind of „hallucinatory gratification,‟ a phantasmatic compensation for, and a means of conserving, the losses of privilege in the new nation? And how has fantasy oriented the festival towards post-apartheid sociality, soliciting identifications with the post-apartheid nation? The overarching argument proposed is that anti-apartheid post-apartheid nation building has cultivated a melancholic loss of apartheid for whites in general and Afrikaners in particular, a loss that cannot be grieved – indeed, a loss that should not be grieved – and, as such, a grief that takes on an unconscious afterlife. Apartheid and the life it enabled – not only racialised privilege, but also a structure of identification and idealisation, of being and having – becomes a loss that is buried in, and by, the injunctions issued to post-apartheid memory and conduct. Without the discursive resources with which to symbolise this loss, disguised repetitions of the past, a neurotic refinding of the lost objects of apartheid, and melancholia are the likely outcomes, each of which engender a set of exclusions and enjoyments that run along old and new lines.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Truscott, Ross
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Nationalism -- South Africa -- History -- 20th century , Whites -- Race identity -- South Africa , Afrikaner loyalists , Psychoanalysis , Discourse analysis , Multiculturalism -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , D Soc Sc (Psych)
- Identifier: vital:11610 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/539 , Nationalism -- South Africa -- History -- 20th century , Whites -- Race identity -- South Africa , Afrikaner loyalists , Psychoanalysis , Discourse analysis , Multiculturalism -- South Africa
- Description: It has become commonplace in academic studies, particularly those with a critical bent, to view nations as being historical constructs, as being without essence, though not without effects of exclusion and inclusion, of the constitution of the „authentic‟ national subject and the „other of the nation.‟ The critical impetus at work here is to show how a nation is constructed in order to bring into view the knowledge and power relations this construction entails, to show whose interests the construction serves, and whose it does not. This study examines the discursive production, the performative enactment and the spatial emplacement of post-apartheid „South Africanness‟ through a case study of Oppikoppi music festival. Oppikoppi is an annual event that emerged in 1994, on the threshold of the „new South Africa.‟ The festival is attended predominantly by young white Afrikaans-speaking South Africans and is held on a farm in the northernmost province of Limpopo, South Africa, an area notoriously conservative in its racial politics. Yet, curiously, Oppikoppi has been repeatedly referred to, and refers to itself with an almost obsessive regularity and repetitiveness, as a „truly South African‟ event. Indeed, the festival has been promoted, since 1998, as „The Home of South African Music,‟ and in 2009 the site of the festival was unofficially declared a „national monument.‟ Through the employment of concepts drawn from the writings of French philosopher and historian, Michel Foucault – particularly his earlier archaeological works – and from Sigmund Freud – particularly his metapsychological works – this study has posed two broad sets of questions. Firstly, from a Foucauldian perspective, what have been the conditions for the production of „South Africanness‟ at this festival? What have been the requirements, the discursive „rules of the game‟ for whiteness and Afrikanerness to become „South African‟? To what extent does this constitution of the festival as a „South African‟ event preserve older lines of division, difference and oppression? To what extent does this bring about meaningful social change? Secondly, from a psychoanalytic perspective, what are the fantasies constellated in the discourse of the festival as a „South African‟ event? Who, in these fantasies, is constituted as the „other of the post-apartheid nation‟? How has fantasy provided a kind of „hallucinatory gratification,‟ a phantasmatic compensation for, and a means of conserving, the losses of privilege in the new nation? And how has fantasy oriented the festival towards post-apartheid sociality, soliciting identifications with the post-apartheid nation? The overarching argument proposed is that anti-apartheid post-apartheid nation building has cultivated a melancholic loss of apartheid for whites in general and Afrikaners in particular, a loss that cannot be grieved – indeed, a loss that should not be grieved – and, as such, a grief that takes on an unconscious afterlife. Apartheid and the life it enabled – not only racialised privilege, but also a structure of identification and idealisation, of being and having – becomes a loss that is buried in, and by, the injunctions issued to post-apartheid memory and conduct. Without the discursive resources with which to symbolise this loss, disguised repetitions of the past, a neurotic refinding of the lost objects of apartheid, and melancholia are the likely outcomes, each of which engender a set of exclusions and enjoyments that run along old and new lines.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of African traditional medicines in pregnancy and on birth outcomes: pharmacists' perceptions of complementary medicines in pregnancy
- Authors: Mupfumira, Rudo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Traditional medicine -- South Africa Pharmacists -- Attitudes -- South Africa Medical ethics -- South Africa Medical anthropology -- South Africa Alternative medicine -- South Africa Prenatal care -- South Africa Pregnancy -- South Africa Abnormalities, Human -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPharm
- Identifier: vital:3778 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003256
- Description: Increasing numbers of medicines are being used by pregnant South African women in the public sector during pregnancy, for the treatment of different biomedical and supernatural disease states and conditions. The motivation for the research is to support the development of more local pregnancy registries in order to strengthen evidence for the safety and efficacy of medicines used in pregnancy. A mixed methods approach was used. Women in their ninth month of pregnancy in a public sector setting, and four community pharmacists were identified. The women who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. One in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted with each woman before giving birth and data on their pregnancy outcomes were collected after labour. Coincidentally, the mother of one of the participants was found to be a traditional healer. She was also interviewed on the topic. A structured questionnaire was administered to the pharmacists. Ten pregnant women between the ages of 19 to 39 who had used or were using a traditional medicine during the pregnancy were recruited. All the participants had had at least one antenatal check up during their pregnancy with one having attended five times. No abnormal results were reported from any of the check ups or tests done during the visits. All of them had been to school and had at least Standard 8/Grade 10 education. Ten babies were seen between one and four days postpartum and no birth defects were obvious or were reported for any of them. The traditional healer did not provide additional information to what the women had said and confirmed that some of the practices the women reported were known to her as traditional medicine practices. All four pharmacists indicated that they considered complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) to be “somewhat effective” and sold them at their pharmacies although none of them were aware of whether or not they were registered with the MCC. None of the pharmacists appeared to have an in-depth knowledge of traditional, complementary and alternative medicines (TCAMs). All four pharmacists said that it is important to have a basic understanding of TCAMs before using them, although they did not agree on the reasons for this. All of them felt that pharmacists have a professional responsibility to provide information on TCAMs (especially herbal preparations) and two felt that providing this information is part of a medical doctors’ responsibility. No harm from taking TCAMs could be shown. However herbal medicines have numerous ingredients some of which are unknown and taking these medicines is risky. The pharmacists in this sample were unsure whether they were accessing unreliable CAM information. Reliable sources of information and reference materials on CAMs to assist pharmacists and other healthcare professionals are needed. The apparent widespread use of TCAM in pregnancy indicates a need for documentation about its efficacy and safety. The establishing of TCAM pregnancy registries should seriously be considered. Due to the increase in CAM use, CAM education during pharmacists’ training as well as continuing professional development (CPD) in CAM for pharmacists in practice should be encouraged.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Mupfumira, Rudo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Traditional medicine -- South Africa Pharmacists -- Attitudes -- South Africa Medical ethics -- South Africa Medical anthropology -- South Africa Alternative medicine -- South Africa Prenatal care -- South Africa Pregnancy -- South Africa Abnormalities, Human -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPharm
- Identifier: vital:3778 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003256
- Description: Increasing numbers of medicines are being used by pregnant South African women in the public sector during pregnancy, for the treatment of different biomedical and supernatural disease states and conditions. The motivation for the research is to support the development of more local pregnancy registries in order to strengthen evidence for the safety and efficacy of medicines used in pregnancy. A mixed methods approach was used. Women in their ninth month of pregnancy in a public sector setting, and four community pharmacists were identified. The women who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. One in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted with each woman before giving birth and data on their pregnancy outcomes were collected after labour. Coincidentally, the mother of one of the participants was found to be a traditional healer. She was also interviewed on the topic. A structured questionnaire was administered to the pharmacists. Ten pregnant women between the ages of 19 to 39 who had used or were using a traditional medicine during the pregnancy were recruited. All the participants had had at least one antenatal check up during their pregnancy with one having attended five times. No abnormal results were reported from any of the check ups or tests done during the visits. All of them had been to school and had at least Standard 8/Grade 10 education. Ten babies were seen between one and four days postpartum and no birth defects were obvious or were reported for any of them. The traditional healer did not provide additional information to what the women had said and confirmed that some of the practices the women reported were known to her as traditional medicine practices. All four pharmacists indicated that they considered complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) to be “somewhat effective” and sold them at their pharmacies although none of them were aware of whether or not they were registered with the MCC. None of the pharmacists appeared to have an in-depth knowledge of traditional, complementary and alternative medicines (TCAMs). All four pharmacists said that it is important to have a basic understanding of TCAMs before using them, although they did not agree on the reasons for this. All of them felt that pharmacists have a professional responsibility to provide information on TCAMs (especially herbal preparations) and two felt that providing this information is part of a medical doctors’ responsibility. No harm from taking TCAMs could be shown. However herbal medicines have numerous ingredients some of which are unknown and taking these medicines is risky. The pharmacists in this sample were unsure whether they were accessing unreliable CAM information. Reliable sources of information and reference materials on CAMs to assist pharmacists and other healthcare professionals are needed. The apparent widespread use of TCAM in pregnancy indicates a need for documentation about its efficacy and safety. The establishing of TCAM pregnancy registries should seriously be considered. Due to the increase in CAM use, CAM education during pharmacists’ training as well as continuing professional development (CPD) in CAM for pharmacists in practice should be encouraged.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of caracal population density and human-predator conflict in the Winterberg, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Smith, Emma Ruth
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Felis -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Felis -- Effect of human beings on -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Predatory animals -- Control -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife depredation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Human-animal relationships , Felis -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Felis -- Monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Animal populations -- Estimates
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5644 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005326 , Felis -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Felis -- Effect of human beings on -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Predatory animals -- Control -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife depredation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Human-animal relationships , Felis -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Felis -- Monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Animal populations -- Estimates
- Description: Human-wildlife conflict frequently involves carnivores, mainly because of their large home ranges and dietary requirements. As such, carnivores tend to be the first animals to be lost in human-dominated ecosystems. This is significant because the removal of carnivores can alter the functionality of ecosystems. However, the conservation of carnivores depends as much on the socio-political and socio-economic landscapes as it does on the ecological one. The consolidation of vast, un-fragmented conservation areas in Africa and the world is unlikely. Thus, unravelling the factors (both biological and sociological) responsible for and influencing human-predator conflict is critical for carnivore conservation. The Winterberg district in the Eastern Cape, South Africa has been a sheep (Ovis aries) farming stronghold for nearly 200 years. Consequently, conflict between farmers and predators is commonplace and depredation of livestock by caracals (Caracai caracal) remains a perennial problem. However, the extent of this human-predator conflict (including a reliable assessment of caracal density) has not been quantified. This study used camera trapping to estimate the density of caracals (a nonindividually recognisable species) in the Winterberg and a structured questionnaire to gauge the general attitudes of the farmers of the region. Caracal density was estimated to be 0.20 caracals/km². This estimate equates to a population of approximately 54 caracals across the entire district. Therefore, caracals do not appear to occur at high densities in the Winterberg. However, the survey of the residents of the Winterberg Conservancy revealed that predators were rated as the greatest problem faced by farmers in the area. Although not significant, it also showed that the size of a respondent's property and sheep mortality due to caracals had the greatest probability of affecting attitudes towards predators. The farmers lost less than 10% of their stock to caracal depredation on an annual basis. Therefore, the general perception that predators were the most important factor in stock loss in the area does not appear to be fully supported by my data. The Winterberg is a male-dominated, multigenerational society and it is likely this propagates certain perceptions towards predators which are a reflection of long-held family traditions and beliefs. Such situations can result in reactions which are disproportionate to the actual scale of the problem. However, my study was limited to a sub-set of the landowners in the Winterberg. Thus, more intensive assessments of caracal space use and community attitudes towards predators are recommended.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Smith, Emma Ruth
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Felis -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Felis -- Effect of human beings on -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Predatory animals -- Control -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife depredation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Human-animal relationships , Felis -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Felis -- Monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Animal populations -- Estimates
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5644 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005326 , Felis -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Felis -- Effect of human beings on -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Predatory animals -- Control -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Wildlife depredation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Human-animal relationships , Felis -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Felis -- Monitoring -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Animal populations -- Estimates
- Description: Human-wildlife conflict frequently involves carnivores, mainly because of their large home ranges and dietary requirements. As such, carnivores tend to be the first animals to be lost in human-dominated ecosystems. This is significant because the removal of carnivores can alter the functionality of ecosystems. However, the conservation of carnivores depends as much on the socio-political and socio-economic landscapes as it does on the ecological one. The consolidation of vast, un-fragmented conservation areas in Africa and the world is unlikely. Thus, unravelling the factors (both biological and sociological) responsible for and influencing human-predator conflict is critical for carnivore conservation. The Winterberg district in the Eastern Cape, South Africa has been a sheep (Ovis aries) farming stronghold for nearly 200 years. Consequently, conflict between farmers and predators is commonplace and depredation of livestock by caracals (Caracai caracal) remains a perennial problem. However, the extent of this human-predator conflict (including a reliable assessment of caracal density) has not been quantified. This study used camera trapping to estimate the density of caracals (a nonindividually recognisable species) in the Winterberg and a structured questionnaire to gauge the general attitudes of the farmers of the region. Caracal density was estimated to be 0.20 caracals/km². This estimate equates to a population of approximately 54 caracals across the entire district. Therefore, caracals do not appear to occur at high densities in the Winterberg. However, the survey of the residents of the Winterberg Conservancy revealed that predators were rated as the greatest problem faced by farmers in the area. Although not significant, it also showed that the size of a respondent's property and sheep mortality due to caracals had the greatest probability of affecting attitudes towards predators. The farmers lost less than 10% of their stock to caracal depredation on an annual basis. Therefore, the general perception that predators were the most important factor in stock loss in the area does not appear to be fully supported by my data. The Winterberg is a male-dominated, multigenerational society and it is likely this propagates certain perceptions towards predators which are a reflection of long-held family traditions and beliefs. Such situations can result in reactions which are disproportionate to the actual scale of the problem. However, my study was limited to a sub-set of the landowners in the Winterberg. Thus, more intensive assessments of caracal space use and community attitudes towards predators are recommended.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of community participation in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) development projects in Zimbabwe: the case of Bulilima and Mangwe Districts, Matabeleland South
- Moyo, Phoebe Michelle Zibusiso Sandi
- Authors: Moyo, Phoebe Michelle Zibusiso Sandi
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Political participation -- Zimbabwe , Community development -- Zimbabwe -- Citizen participation , Rural development projects -- Planning -- Citizen participation , Rural development -- Zimbabwe -- Citizen participation , Non-governmental organizations -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc (Dev)
- Identifier: vital:11441 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007232 , Political participation -- Zimbabwe , Community development -- Zimbabwe -- Citizen participation , Rural development projects -- Planning -- Citizen participation , Rural development -- Zimbabwe -- Citizen participation , Non-governmental organizations -- Zimbabwe
- Description: Since the mid 1970s there has been an increasing effort to adopt community participation as a necessary instrument for people driven development. NGOs and governments have come to use this participatory approach not only to empower local people, but also to give them a platform to plan and implement their own development projects. However in Zimbabwe, the government has failed to fund most projects and it has created a gap for NGOs to provide most, if not all services in rural communities. NGOs have been seen as better institutions to facilitate development projects and to engage local people to actively participate in development issues. Community participation is a central component in development projects as the projects respond to the people’s needs and that local people are in full control and ownership of these projects. This study is an assessment of community participation in NGO development projects in Zimbabwe. The study investigates the extent of community participation in development projects and it is guided by the Participatory Development (PD) theory. Research findings reveal that community participation is minimal in development projects of Bulilima and Mangwe districts in Zimbabwe. Local people are just passive participants of the development projects who are told what to do. The local people’s contributions and influences are sidelined in the planning and decision-making processes; instead these are made by the rural elite who plan and make decisions on behalf of the local people. It is the view of this study that the purpose of community participation is to create opportunities for local people to participate in planning, decision making, implementation, allocation and distribution of resources. The development projects should be responsive to the people’s needs. Similarly, participatory development just like community participation is a process whereby communities are given the opportunity to determine their future in terms of their needs and resources. In this regard, it is relevant that rural communities actively participate in planning, decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development projects. By so doing, the projects become not only successful but also sustainable.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Moyo, Phoebe Michelle Zibusiso Sandi
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Political participation -- Zimbabwe , Community development -- Zimbabwe -- Citizen participation , Rural development projects -- Planning -- Citizen participation , Rural development -- Zimbabwe -- Citizen participation , Non-governmental organizations -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc (Dev)
- Identifier: vital:11441 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007232 , Political participation -- Zimbabwe , Community development -- Zimbabwe -- Citizen participation , Rural development projects -- Planning -- Citizen participation , Rural development -- Zimbabwe -- Citizen participation , Non-governmental organizations -- Zimbabwe
- Description: Since the mid 1970s there has been an increasing effort to adopt community participation as a necessary instrument for people driven development. NGOs and governments have come to use this participatory approach not only to empower local people, but also to give them a platform to plan and implement their own development projects. However in Zimbabwe, the government has failed to fund most projects and it has created a gap for NGOs to provide most, if not all services in rural communities. NGOs have been seen as better institutions to facilitate development projects and to engage local people to actively participate in development issues. Community participation is a central component in development projects as the projects respond to the people’s needs and that local people are in full control and ownership of these projects. This study is an assessment of community participation in NGO development projects in Zimbabwe. The study investigates the extent of community participation in development projects and it is guided by the Participatory Development (PD) theory. Research findings reveal that community participation is minimal in development projects of Bulilima and Mangwe districts in Zimbabwe. Local people are just passive participants of the development projects who are told what to do. The local people’s contributions and influences are sidelined in the planning and decision-making processes; instead these are made by the rural elite who plan and make decisions on behalf of the local people. It is the view of this study that the purpose of community participation is to create opportunities for local people to participate in planning, decision making, implementation, allocation and distribution of resources. The development projects should be responsive to the people’s needs. Similarly, participatory development just like community participation is a process whereby communities are given the opportunity to determine their future in terms of their needs and resources. In this regard, it is relevant that rural communities actively participate in planning, decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development projects. By so doing, the projects become not only successful but also sustainable.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of factors influencing staff turnover at Walter Sisulu University: 2010-2012
- Authors: Mpofu, Malibongwe
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Labor turnover -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Human capital , Universities and colleges -- Professional staff
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:8339 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020629
- Description: Staff turnover is a human resource management aspect which occurs in any organisation. It involves the replacement of incumbents who have vacated their posts and left the organisation by the appointment of new incumbents in those posts The purpose of the study was to investigate factors influencing the high staff turnover at Walter Sisulu University and to explore strategies which could be utilized to address it. Management has a responsibility of ensuring that staff turnover remains at acceptable levels within the organisation. Causes of labour turnover and their consequences were investigated. High staff turnover could have negative consequences for an organization. It can dent the image of the institution and also have a negative impact on the productivity, especially when it involves the loss of highly skilled and productive workers. Measurement of staff turnover and models of turnover are also discussed and analysed. Job dissatisfaction as a determinant of voluntary turnover is categorically discussed as well as its components. The relationships between management, job satisfaction, performance and turnover as well as the possibility of reducing staff turnover are also explored. An empirical study was undertaken to determine individual, job, organisational and environmental factors influencing staff turnover among staff at all levels at WSU. Interviews were used in gathering data and the findings include the fact that the high staff turnover at this university is attributed to, among others, job dissatisfaction, lack of job security, lack of development and promotion opportunities. Recommendations were made to address factors that may have an impact on staff turnover at WSU as well as strategies that could be utilised to retain staff.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Mpofu, Malibongwe
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Labor turnover -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Human capital , Universities and colleges -- Professional staff
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:8339 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020629
- Description: Staff turnover is a human resource management aspect which occurs in any organisation. It involves the replacement of incumbents who have vacated their posts and left the organisation by the appointment of new incumbents in those posts The purpose of the study was to investigate factors influencing the high staff turnover at Walter Sisulu University and to explore strategies which could be utilized to address it. Management has a responsibility of ensuring that staff turnover remains at acceptable levels within the organisation. Causes of labour turnover and their consequences were investigated. High staff turnover could have negative consequences for an organization. It can dent the image of the institution and also have a negative impact on the productivity, especially when it involves the loss of highly skilled and productive workers. Measurement of staff turnover and models of turnover are also discussed and analysed. Job dissatisfaction as a determinant of voluntary turnover is categorically discussed as well as its components. The relationships between management, job satisfaction, performance and turnover as well as the possibility of reducing staff turnover are also explored. An empirical study was undertaken to determine individual, job, organisational and environmental factors influencing staff turnover among staff at all levels at WSU. Interviews were used in gathering data and the findings include the fact that the high staff turnover at this university is attributed to, among others, job dissatisfaction, lack of job security, lack of development and promotion opportunities. Recommendations were made to address factors that may have an impact on staff turnover at WSU as well as strategies that could be utilised to retain staff.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of factors that impact on the performance of Cisco Academies: the South African situation
- Authors: Kudyachete, Gratitude
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Information technology -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Software-defined networking (Computer network technology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8789 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014720
- Description: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a catalyst for economic development and has been seen to provide new business opportunities and a source of competitive advantage. The acute ICT skills gap in South Africa is widely acknowledged. Such a shortage has cost the South African economy dearly, resulting in the government adopting a multi-pronged approach to the problem. The various interventions have yielded limited success leaving room for other players to contribute to the solution. The Cisco Academy programme, executed through the establishment of Cisco Academies in educational institutions, is a professional education programme focused on the provision of computer networking skills and other basic information technology technical skills. Its comprehensive approach has seen it playing a complementary role to those of the government and other stakeholders. This study focused on the factors that affect Cisco Academy performance. The primary objective was to improve the academic performance of the Cisco Academies in South Africa. More specifically the study assessed the effect of instructor quality, use of technology tools, multi-culture needs, motivation, supporting infrastructure and accessibility on academy performance. The sample consisted of 166 respondents from five Cisco Academies in South Africa. Techniques such as multiple regression analysis, two sample t-tests and analysis of variance were employed on the empirical data. It was established that instructor quality and use of technology tools were the significant determinants of academy performance. It was also established that the Cisco Academy programme is making a significant contribution towards addressing the ICT skills shortage. A number of recommendations are made for the government, Cisco Academies and Cisco systems itself. Recommendations for future research are also provided.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Kudyachete, Gratitude
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Information technology -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Software-defined networking (Computer network technology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8789 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014720
- Description: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a catalyst for economic development and has been seen to provide new business opportunities and a source of competitive advantage. The acute ICT skills gap in South Africa is widely acknowledged. Such a shortage has cost the South African economy dearly, resulting in the government adopting a multi-pronged approach to the problem. The various interventions have yielded limited success leaving room for other players to contribute to the solution. The Cisco Academy programme, executed through the establishment of Cisco Academies in educational institutions, is a professional education programme focused on the provision of computer networking skills and other basic information technology technical skills. Its comprehensive approach has seen it playing a complementary role to those of the government and other stakeholders. This study focused on the factors that affect Cisco Academy performance. The primary objective was to improve the academic performance of the Cisco Academies in South Africa. More specifically the study assessed the effect of instructor quality, use of technology tools, multi-culture needs, motivation, supporting infrastructure and accessibility on academy performance. The sample consisted of 166 respondents from five Cisco Academies in South Africa. Techniques such as multiple regression analysis, two sample t-tests and analysis of variance were employed on the empirical data. It was established that instructor quality and use of technology tools were the significant determinants of academy performance. It was also established that the Cisco Academy programme is making a significant contribution towards addressing the ICT skills shortage. A number of recommendations are made for the government, Cisco Academies and Cisco systems itself. Recommendations for future research are also provided.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of infant and young child feeding policy implementation of HIV mother-to-child transmission in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality health care facilities
- Authors: Mkontwana, Phumeza Eudicia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: HIV infections -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Communicable diseases in children -- Transmission , HIV-positive women , Medical care -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Communicable diseases in children -- Prevention
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10040 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011632 , HIV infections -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Communicable diseases in children -- Transmission , HIV-positive women , Medical care -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Communicable diseases in children -- Prevention
- Description: This descriptive study aimed to assess the Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) policy implementation in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) among healthcare workers in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality public health care facilities. A convenience sampling method was used to gather information from nurses (n=32) rendering maternal and child health services in nineteen permanent Nelson Mandela Bay public health care facilities (MOU’s, paediatric sections, well baby clinics and PMTCT sites). Recommendations included to the need develop indicators for measuring the IYCF policy objectives and regularly collect data on infant and young child feeding, standardising infant feeding education given by peer educators / lay counsellors from various organisations, capacity building and training of staff on IYCF and scaling up monitoring and evaluation of the IYCF policy impact.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Mkontwana, Phumeza Eudicia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: HIV infections -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Communicable diseases in children -- Transmission , HIV-positive women , Medical care -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Communicable diseases in children -- Prevention
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10040 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011632 , HIV infections -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Communicable diseases in children -- Transmission , HIV-positive women , Medical care -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Communicable diseases in children -- Prevention
- Description: This descriptive study aimed to assess the Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) policy implementation in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) among healthcare workers in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality public health care facilities. A convenience sampling method was used to gather information from nurses (n=32) rendering maternal and child health services in nineteen permanent Nelson Mandela Bay public health care facilities (MOU’s, paediatric sections, well baby clinics and PMTCT sites). Recommendations included to the need develop indicators for measuring the IYCF policy objectives and regularly collect data on infant and young child feeding, standardising infant feeding education given by peer educators / lay counsellors from various organisations, capacity building and training of staff on IYCF and scaling up monitoring and evaluation of the IYCF policy impact.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of inland fisheries in South Africa using fisheries-dependent and fisheries-independent data sources
- Authors: McCafferty, James Ross
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Fisheries -- South Africa , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fisheries -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Food security -- South Africa , Poverty -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Fishing -- South Africa , Fisheries -- Catch effort -- South Africa , Fish stock assessment -- South Africa , Fish populations -- South Africa , Linear models (Statistics)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5229 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005072 , Fisheries -- South Africa , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fisheries -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Food security -- South Africa , Poverty -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Fishing -- South Africa , Fisheries -- Catch effort -- South Africa , Fish stock assessment -- South Africa , Fish populations -- South Africa , Linear models (Statistics)
- Description: The role of inland fisheries as contributors to local and national economies in developing African countries is well documented. In South Africa, there is increasing interest in inland fisheries as vehicles for achieving national policy objectives including food security, livelihoods provision, poverty alleviation and economic development but there is surprisingly little literature on the history, current status, and potential of inland fishery resources. This lack of knowledge constrains the development of management strategies for ensuring the biological sustainability of these resources and the economic and social sustainability of the people that are dependent on them. In order to contribute to the knowledge base of inland fisheries in South Africa this thesis: (1) presents an exhaustive review of the available literature on inland fisheries in South Africa; (2) describes the organisation of recreational anglers (the primary users of the resource); (3) compiles recreational angling catch records and scientific gill net survey data, and assesses the applicability of these data for providing estimates of fish abundance (catch-per-unit effort [CPUE]); and finally, (4) determines the potential for models of fish abundance using morphometric, edaphic, and climatic factors. The literature review highlighted the data-poor nature of South African inland fisheries. In particular information on harvest rates was lacking. A lack of knowledge regarding different inland fishery sectors, governance systems, and potential user conflicts was also found. Recreational anglers were identified as the dominant user group and catch data from this sector were identified as potential sources of fish abundance and harvest information. Formal freshwater recreational angling in South Africa is a highly organised, multi-faceted activity which is based primarily on angling for non-native species, particularly common carp Cyprinus carpio and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Bank anglers constituted the largest number of formal participants (5 309 anglers affiliated to formal angling organisations) followed by bass anglers (1 184 anglers affiliated to formal angling organisations). The highly structured nature of organised recreational angling and dominant utilisation of inland fisheries resources by this sector illustrated not only the vested interest of anglers in the management and development of inland fisheries but also the role that anglers may play in future decision-making and monitoring through the dissemination of catch data from organised angling events. Generalised linear models (GLMs) and generalised additive models (GAMs) were used to standardise CPUE estimates from bass- and bank angling catch records, which provided the most suitable data, and to determine environmental variables which most influenced capture probabilities and CPUE. Capture probabilities and CPUE for bass were influenced primarily by altitude and conductivity and multiple regression analysis revealed that predictive models incorporating altitude, conductivity, surface area and capacity explained significant (p<0.05) amounts of variability in CPUE (53%), probability of capture (49%) and probability of limit bag (74%). Bank angling CPUE was influenced by conductivity, surface area and rainfall although an insignificant (p>0.05) amount of variability (63%) was explained by a predictive model incorporating these variables as investigations were constrained by small sample sizes and aggregated catch information. Scientific survey data provided multi-species information and highlighted the high proportion of non-native fish species in Eastern Cape impoundments. Gillnet catches were influenced primarily by species composition and were less subject to fluctuations induced by environmental factors. Overall standardised gillnet CPUE was influenced by surface area, conductivity and age of impoundment. Although the model fit was not significant at the p<0.05 level, 23% of the variability in the data was explained by a predictive model incorporating these variables. The presence of species which could be effectively targeted by gillnets was hypothesised to represent the most important factor influencing catch rates. Investigation of factors influencing CPUE in impoundments dominated by Clarias gariepinus and native cyprinids indicated that warmer, younger impoundments and smaller, colder impoundments produced higher catches of C. gariepinus and native cyprinids respectively. A predictive model for C. gariepinus abundance explained a significant amount of variability (77%) in CPUE although the small sample size of impoundments suggests that predictions from this model may not be robust. CPUE of native cyprinids was influenced primarily by the presence of Labeo umbratus and constrained by small sample size of impoundments and the model did not adequately explain the variability in the data (r² = 0.31, p>0.05). These results indicate that angling catch- and scientific survey data can be useful in providing predictions of fish abundance that are biologically realistic. However, more data over a greater spatial scale would allow for more robust predictions of catch rates. This could be achieved through increased monitoring of existing resource users, the creation of a centralised database for catch records from angling competitions, and increased scientific surveys of South African impoundments conducted by a dedicated governmental function.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: McCafferty, James Ross
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Fisheries -- South Africa , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fisheries -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Food security -- South Africa , Poverty -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Fishing -- South Africa , Fisheries -- Catch effort -- South Africa , Fish stock assessment -- South Africa , Fish populations -- South Africa , Linear models (Statistics)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5229 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005072 , Fisheries -- South Africa , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fisheries -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Food security -- South Africa , Poverty -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Fishing -- South Africa , Fisheries -- Catch effort -- South Africa , Fish stock assessment -- South Africa , Fish populations -- South Africa , Linear models (Statistics)
- Description: The role of inland fisheries as contributors to local and national economies in developing African countries is well documented. In South Africa, there is increasing interest in inland fisheries as vehicles for achieving national policy objectives including food security, livelihoods provision, poverty alleviation and economic development but there is surprisingly little literature on the history, current status, and potential of inland fishery resources. This lack of knowledge constrains the development of management strategies for ensuring the biological sustainability of these resources and the economic and social sustainability of the people that are dependent on them. In order to contribute to the knowledge base of inland fisheries in South Africa this thesis: (1) presents an exhaustive review of the available literature on inland fisheries in South Africa; (2) describes the organisation of recreational anglers (the primary users of the resource); (3) compiles recreational angling catch records and scientific gill net survey data, and assesses the applicability of these data for providing estimates of fish abundance (catch-per-unit effort [CPUE]); and finally, (4) determines the potential for models of fish abundance using morphometric, edaphic, and climatic factors. The literature review highlighted the data-poor nature of South African inland fisheries. In particular information on harvest rates was lacking. A lack of knowledge regarding different inland fishery sectors, governance systems, and potential user conflicts was also found. Recreational anglers were identified as the dominant user group and catch data from this sector were identified as potential sources of fish abundance and harvest information. Formal freshwater recreational angling in South Africa is a highly organised, multi-faceted activity which is based primarily on angling for non-native species, particularly common carp Cyprinus carpio and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Bank anglers constituted the largest number of formal participants (5 309 anglers affiliated to formal angling organisations) followed by bass anglers (1 184 anglers affiliated to formal angling organisations). The highly structured nature of organised recreational angling and dominant utilisation of inland fisheries resources by this sector illustrated not only the vested interest of anglers in the management and development of inland fisheries but also the role that anglers may play in future decision-making and monitoring through the dissemination of catch data from organised angling events. Generalised linear models (GLMs) and generalised additive models (GAMs) were used to standardise CPUE estimates from bass- and bank angling catch records, which provided the most suitable data, and to determine environmental variables which most influenced capture probabilities and CPUE. Capture probabilities and CPUE for bass were influenced primarily by altitude and conductivity and multiple regression analysis revealed that predictive models incorporating altitude, conductivity, surface area and capacity explained significant (p<0.05) amounts of variability in CPUE (53%), probability of capture (49%) and probability of limit bag (74%). Bank angling CPUE was influenced by conductivity, surface area and rainfall although an insignificant (p>0.05) amount of variability (63%) was explained by a predictive model incorporating these variables as investigations were constrained by small sample sizes and aggregated catch information. Scientific survey data provided multi-species information and highlighted the high proportion of non-native fish species in Eastern Cape impoundments. Gillnet catches were influenced primarily by species composition and were less subject to fluctuations induced by environmental factors. Overall standardised gillnet CPUE was influenced by surface area, conductivity and age of impoundment. Although the model fit was not significant at the p<0.05 level, 23% of the variability in the data was explained by a predictive model incorporating these variables. The presence of species which could be effectively targeted by gillnets was hypothesised to represent the most important factor influencing catch rates. Investigation of factors influencing CPUE in impoundments dominated by Clarias gariepinus and native cyprinids indicated that warmer, younger impoundments and smaller, colder impoundments produced higher catches of C. gariepinus and native cyprinids respectively. A predictive model for C. gariepinus abundance explained a significant amount of variability (77%) in CPUE although the small sample size of impoundments suggests that predictions from this model may not be robust. CPUE of native cyprinids was influenced primarily by the presence of Labeo umbratus and constrained by small sample size of impoundments and the model did not adequately explain the variability in the data (r² = 0.31, p>0.05). These results indicate that angling catch- and scientific survey data can be useful in providing predictions of fish abundance that are biologically realistic. However, more data over a greater spatial scale would allow for more robust predictions of catch rates. This could be achieved through increased monitoring of existing resource users, the creation of a centralised database for catch records from angling competitions, and increased scientific surveys of South African impoundments conducted by a dedicated governmental function.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of rural women's co-operatives in the Tsojana Village as regards meeting the objectives of sustainable livelihood and socio-economic development
- Authors: Ntsaluba, Joyce Thembela
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Women in cooperative societies -- South Africa -- Queenstown , Women in development -- South Africa -- Queenstown
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9141 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018758
- Description: This thesis is based on an in-depth assessment of the three rural women co-operatives in the Tsojana village, within the Intsika Yethu Local Municipality, which is the largest and most rural municipality within the Chris Hani District Municipality. 95 percent of households in this municipality live in rural areas or villages (Integrated Development Plan (IDP), 2010-2011). Rural areas are characterised by high levels of poverty, deprivation, poor infrastructure, and poor linkages to markets. Rural women are the ones experiencing poverty at first hand due to the fact that they are less mobile; when food crisis hits, men tend to leave to look for work or income in towns/cities, while women stay behind to look after their families (Moyo-Mhlanga, 2001). In 1975, the World Bank addressed the question of how women can become effective in economic development, hence the establishment of Women in Development Projects to encourage them to be more involved in income-generating activities like rural projects, co-operatives (co-ops) and self-help groups. A co-operative is an autonomous association of people who join voluntarily to meet their socio-economic and cultural needs through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise (International Labour Organization (ILO), 2002). The United Nations (UN) recognized the contribution cooperatives can make to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) through productive employment, eradicating poverty, enhancing social integration and promoting the advancement of women. This research study was motivated by the fact that- there are various women development projects/co-operatives in Tsojana Administrative Area (A/A) which aim to improve the lives of the rural people for the better, but most of these co-ops are not sustainable and financially viable. Rural women have realized that in order to sustain development they have to integrate themselves into village development structures, as in various co-operatives, informal rural entrepreneurs and agricultural and non-farm income-generating activities. The study proposes to investigate the reasons for the failure of these co-ops to create sustainable rural livelihoods. The study further attempts to explore development strategies that will assist to transform and advance the co-ops towards sustainable development for all. It also aims to explore strategies that will alleviate poverty, create jobs, and address all factors of underdevelopment and deprivation. The overall methodological approach in this study is qualitative in nature, as it is based on the understanding of the situation from the participant‟s point of view, or perspective. It seeks to describe, investigate and explore aspects of development projects, and to also understand the aspects of socio-economic life of rural women. It combines three traditions of enquiry, i.e. case study, phenomenology, and ethnography. A non-probability type of sampling, in particular purposive sampling, was used for the study because the researcher‟s samples are based on her judgement. Interpretive research paradigm was used to allow the researcher to study meaningful social action, not just the external or observable behaviour of people, and various research tools were used to collect data. These co-operatives have been identified as struggling for survival, and lacking training, and material and financial resources. The co-operatives require support for expansion and modernizing their operations.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ntsaluba, Joyce Thembela
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Women in cooperative societies -- South Africa -- Queenstown , Women in development -- South Africa -- Queenstown
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9141 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018758
- Description: This thesis is based on an in-depth assessment of the three rural women co-operatives in the Tsojana village, within the Intsika Yethu Local Municipality, which is the largest and most rural municipality within the Chris Hani District Municipality. 95 percent of households in this municipality live in rural areas or villages (Integrated Development Plan (IDP), 2010-2011). Rural areas are characterised by high levels of poverty, deprivation, poor infrastructure, and poor linkages to markets. Rural women are the ones experiencing poverty at first hand due to the fact that they are less mobile; when food crisis hits, men tend to leave to look for work or income in towns/cities, while women stay behind to look after their families (Moyo-Mhlanga, 2001). In 1975, the World Bank addressed the question of how women can become effective in economic development, hence the establishment of Women in Development Projects to encourage them to be more involved in income-generating activities like rural projects, co-operatives (co-ops) and self-help groups. A co-operative is an autonomous association of people who join voluntarily to meet their socio-economic and cultural needs through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise (International Labour Organization (ILO), 2002). The United Nations (UN) recognized the contribution cooperatives can make to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) through productive employment, eradicating poverty, enhancing social integration and promoting the advancement of women. This research study was motivated by the fact that- there are various women development projects/co-operatives in Tsojana Administrative Area (A/A) which aim to improve the lives of the rural people for the better, but most of these co-ops are not sustainable and financially viable. Rural women have realized that in order to sustain development they have to integrate themselves into village development structures, as in various co-operatives, informal rural entrepreneurs and agricultural and non-farm income-generating activities. The study proposes to investigate the reasons for the failure of these co-ops to create sustainable rural livelihoods. The study further attempts to explore development strategies that will assist to transform and advance the co-ops towards sustainable development for all. It also aims to explore strategies that will alleviate poverty, create jobs, and address all factors of underdevelopment and deprivation. The overall methodological approach in this study is qualitative in nature, as it is based on the understanding of the situation from the participant‟s point of view, or perspective. It seeks to describe, investigate and explore aspects of development projects, and to also understand the aspects of socio-economic life of rural women. It combines three traditions of enquiry, i.e. case study, phenomenology, and ethnography. A non-probability type of sampling, in particular purposive sampling, was used for the study because the researcher‟s samples are based on her judgement. Interpretive research paradigm was used to allow the researcher to study meaningful social action, not just the external or observable behaviour of people, and various research tools were used to collect data. These co-operatives have been identified as struggling for survival, and lacking training, and material and financial resources. The co-operatives require support for expansion and modernizing their operations.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of service delivery challenges: Intsika Yethu Municipality
- Authors: Shasha, Zamuxolo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Government productivity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Evaluation , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water-supply
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:8272 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015965
- Description: This study assesses service delivery challenges in Intsika Yethu Municipality with reference to water and electricity. This report presents the findings of a study conducted to identify the service delivery challenges related to the provision of basic services such as water and electricity, together with the recommendations on how these challenges can be resolved. This study was prompted by the huge number of backlogs experienced regarding water and electricity as well as complaints of non-service delivery and little understanding of the programme and plans within Intsika Yethu Municipality. The results of this study show that the communities do not fully participate in their development planning processes and they do not understand the purpose and existence of IDP document. The researcher hopes that this study will sensitise the community to participate in the affairs of their development that will change the quality of their lives. Intsika Yethu Municipality should improve their strategies and consultation structures in the implementation of water and electricity projects as well as the IDP processes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Shasha, Zamuxolo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Government productivity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Evaluation , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water-supply
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:8272 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015965
- Description: This study assesses service delivery challenges in Intsika Yethu Municipality with reference to water and electricity. This report presents the findings of a study conducted to identify the service delivery challenges related to the provision of basic services such as water and electricity, together with the recommendations on how these challenges can be resolved. This study was prompted by the huge number of backlogs experienced regarding water and electricity as well as complaints of non-service delivery and little understanding of the programme and plans within Intsika Yethu Municipality. The results of this study show that the communities do not fully participate in their development planning processes and they do not understand the purpose and existence of IDP document. The researcher hopes that this study will sensitise the community to participate in the affairs of their development that will change the quality of their lives. Intsika Yethu Municipality should improve their strategies and consultation structures in the implementation of water and electricity projects as well as the IDP processes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of the impact of HIV/Aids on the children’s right to education: a case study of HIV/Aids orphans and vulnerable children in the Amathole district
- Authors: Ndonga, Moreblessing Memory
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc (Dev)
- Identifier: vital:11450 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1018651
- Description: The research investigated the impact of HIV/AIDS on the children’s right to education with special focus on OVCs. The main aim of the research was to assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on the children’s right to education through examining its impact on children’s experiences and opportunities for meaningful access to education in the Amathole district of the Eastern Cape Province. The study also sought to investigate how HIV/AIDS programmes can be made an effective part of the education system in terms of the rights-based approach. The study adopted qualitative methods of research and semi-structured interviews, direct observation and literature review as methods of data collection. The findings and responses of all the respondents were analysed and discussed within a rights-based framework. The study identified four pertinent issues which include denial of children’s rights to education, to non-discrimination, to parental care and to lack of protection from abuse as four structural issues that need urgent attention. Thus, the study found out that HIV/AIDS is indeed a development problem and that it can be dealt with using some existing development approaches such as the rights-based approaches. Key recommendations are that HIV/AIDS programmes which are meant to benefit children must be made an effective part of the education system in terms of the rights-based approach. The findings of this research can be used by the Department of Social Development (DoSD), Department of Education (DoE), Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs), social workers, Community Based Organisations (CBOs), Politicians and other professionals who work closely with the Orphaned and vulnerable children (OVCs). These findings can be used to broaden people’s understanding on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the children’s right to education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ndonga, Moreblessing Memory
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc (Dev)
- Identifier: vital:11450 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1018651
- Description: The research investigated the impact of HIV/AIDS on the children’s right to education with special focus on OVCs. The main aim of the research was to assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on the children’s right to education through examining its impact on children’s experiences and opportunities for meaningful access to education in the Amathole district of the Eastern Cape Province. The study also sought to investigate how HIV/AIDS programmes can be made an effective part of the education system in terms of the rights-based approach. The study adopted qualitative methods of research and semi-structured interviews, direct observation and literature review as methods of data collection. The findings and responses of all the respondents were analysed and discussed within a rights-based framework. The study identified four pertinent issues which include denial of children’s rights to education, to non-discrimination, to parental care and to lack of protection from abuse as four structural issues that need urgent attention. Thus, the study found out that HIV/AIDS is indeed a development problem and that it can be dealt with using some existing development approaches such as the rights-based approaches. Key recommendations are that HIV/AIDS programmes which are meant to benefit children must be made an effective part of the education system in terms of the rights-based approach. The findings of this research can be used by the Department of Social Development (DoSD), Department of Education (DoE), Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs), social workers, Community Based Organisations (CBOs), Politicians and other professionals who work closely with the Orphaned and vulnerable children (OVCs). These findings can be used to broaden people’s understanding on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the children’s right to education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
An assessment of the impact of labour unions on school governance processes and service delivery :a case-study of the King William's Town district
- Ngumbela, Nositembele Anahopia
- Authors: Ngumbela, Nositembele Anahopia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor unions -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Responsibility -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11670 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007114 , Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor unions -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Responsibility -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The demise of apartheid and the ushering in of the New Dispensation in 1994 necessitated the dismantling of the old structures of government which divided the people along racial lines and building a united South Africa based on the principles of the new Constitution.Chapter 10 of the Constitution No. 108 of the Republic of South Africa gives guidelines and principles on how Public Administration should be governed. Section 195 provides for the basic values and principles which govern public administration. The Eastern Cape Department of Education is faced with a problem where the basic values and principles which govern public administration in schools had either not been observed or are completely compromised despite the involvement of labour unions. This is evident in the final results of matrics year after year which became a social concern and the national question. The state of affairs is not improving despite the involvement of labour unions and this prompted the National government to intervene through Section 100. This study will try to explore and mitigate this undesirable state of affairs. The involvement of labour unions is a critical question as to whether their involvement enhances proper governance and policy intentions in schools which will enhance service delivery and increase performance and output results. The researcher followed a multi-method approach to benefit from the diversity of opinions and understand the problem better.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ngumbela, Nositembele Anahopia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor unions -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Responsibility -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11670 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007114 , Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor unions -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Responsibility -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The demise of apartheid and the ushering in of the New Dispensation in 1994 necessitated the dismantling of the old structures of government which divided the people along racial lines and building a united South Africa based on the principles of the new Constitution.Chapter 10 of the Constitution No. 108 of the Republic of South Africa gives guidelines and principles on how Public Administration should be governed. Section 195 provides for the basic values and principles which govern public administration. The Eastern Cape Department of Education is faced with a problem where the basic values and principles which govern public administration in schools had either not been observed or are completely compromised despite the involvement of labour unions. This is evident in the final results of matrics year after year which became a social concern and the national question. The state of affairs is not improving despite the involvement of labour unions and this prompted the National government to intervene through Section 100. This study will try to explore and mitigate this undesirable state of affairs. The involvement of labour unions is a critical question as to whether their involvement enhances proper governance and policy intentions in schools which will enhance service delivery and increase performance and output results. The researcher followed a multi-method approach to benefit from the diversity of opinions and understand the problem better.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012